HIS 126 TE: Chapter 33: The Cold War and Decolonization

Main Points 1. Germany and Berlin divided; West Berlin saved from Soviet blockade by Berlin Airlift 2. Berlin Wall put up to stop escapes from East. 3. Nuclear arms race between US and USSR 4. Space Race: Soviets have first satellite and first man in space; US has first man on the moon, 1969 5. US has McCarthyism and prosperity; USSR has repression and fewer consumer goods Main Points 2 6. Korean War: Communist North invades South Korea. US aids South, China aids North. Stalemate. 7. US fails to overthrow Cuban Communist Fidel Castro at Bay of Pigs, but forces removal of Soviet missiles in Cuban Middle Crisis. 8. British India partitioned into independent India and Muslim Pakistan, 1947. Massacres follow. 9. North Vietnamese defeat French, then US, conquer South Vietnam by 1975. Main Points 3 10. Communists led by Mao defeat Nationalists in China. Maos later policies (Great Leap Forward, Cultural Revolution) are disastrous. 11. After Mao dies, Deng Xiao-ping modernizes economy but represses dissent in Tiananmen Sq. 12. Arabs oppose Jewish state of Israel in Palestine. 13. Egypts Pres. Nasser nationalizes Suez Canal. 14. Islamists overthrow Shah of Iran, take US Embassy hostage. Main Points 4 15. African decolonization begins in Ghana, 1957; continues with Kenyatta in Kenya; apartheid ends in South Africa with election of Nelson Mandela 1994 16. Prime Minister Lumumba of Congo replaced by dictator Mobotu Seke with US support. 17. Sandinistas overthrow Dictator Somoza in Nicaragua. US under Reagan backs Contras. 18. Soviets suppress dissent in Hungary and Prague, but fail in Afghanistan and Poland Main Points 5

19. Solidaritys success in Poland sparks collapse of Communist governments through Eastern Europe. 20. Mikhail Gorbachevs reforms lead to fall of Communist government in Russia, and independence of many Russian-held nations. 21. Soviet Union breaks up and Cold War ends.
Ho Chi Minh and Harry Truman Ho sought support against French Truman supported French re-colonization Cold War complicated decolonization The Formation of a Bipolar World Winston Churchill: the iron curtain Division of post-war Germany, especially Berlin Western powers merged occupation zones Soviets feared economic consequences of merger Soviet blockade of Berlin Occupied Germany, 1945-1949 Berlin Airlift 11 months of air shipments to Berlin, beginning June 1948 Cold war did not go hot Soviets lifted blockade in summer 1949 East Berlin capital of German Democratic Republic Bonn capital of Federal Republic of Germany Construction of the Berlin Wall 19491961: 3.5 million East Germans fled to West Germany Especially younger, highly skilled workers August 1961 construction of wall separating East and West Symbol of the Cold War The Arms Race North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 1949 Warsaw Treaty Organization (Warsaw Pact), 1955 Nuclear proliferation Mutually assured destruction (MAD) The Space Race Initial Soviet successes: 1957: Sputnik, first satellite 1961: Yuri Gagarin orbited earth U.S. set up NASA, landed Apollo XI on the moon, July 1969 Cold War Societies United States Anti-Communism Joseph McCarthy and domestic containment Unprecedented prosperity and leisure

Soviet Union Repression of artistic dissent Paucity of material goods Division of Korea Korea divided along 38th parallel after WWII 1948, two Koreas Republic of Korea (South) Seoul is capital Syngman Rhee is president Peoples Democratic Republic of Korea (North) Pyongyang is capital Kim Il Sung is leader Korean War North Korea invaded in 1950, captured Seoul U.S. drove North Koreans back to 38th parallel, captured Pyongyang Chinese invaded, pushed U.S. back to 38th 3 million killed by ceasefire in summer 1953 No peace treaty signed; continued tensions Containment U.S. would contain communism and prevent its spread Eisenhower articulated domino theory, 1954 Policy of containment applied across the entire globe Cuba Fidel Castro Ruiz led 1959 revolution against Fulgencio Batista y Zaldivar Castro expropriated foreign properties, most owned by U.S. interests U.S. imposed trade embargo, cut off diplomatic relations Soviets stepped in with massive aid, gaining foothold off U.S. shores The Bay of Pigs Castro declared allegiance to Soviet foreign policy, 1960 Kennedy and CIA sent 1,500 Cubans into Bay of Pigs to spur revolution Fiasco and embarrassment for U.S. Contributed to planting of Soviet missiles in Cuba Fidel Castro at the Bay of Pigs (picture) Cuban Missile Crisis October 22, 1962Kennedy publicly announced existence of Soviet missiles in Cuba Kennedy publicly challenged USSR U.S. forces quarantined Cuba Khrushchev removed missiles in return for U.S. pledge not to invade Cuba; private pledge to remove missiles from Turkey The Cold War, 1949-1962 (map) Content Questions 1 1. What were two ways the Communists tried to deal with West Berlin? What was the US response to the first one? 2. How did the US and USSR compete in the arms race and the space race?

3. In the Korean War, what nations supported North Korea and what nations supported South Korea? 4. What were two responses by the US to the Cuban ties with the Soviet Union? Decolonization in Asia (map) Vivisection of India (Gandhi) Divisions between Hindus, Muslims Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Muslim League Jawaharlal Nehru, Congress Party 1947 partition 500,0001,000,000 killed 10,000,000 refugees India moves toward nonalignment position The third path Muslims leave India, 1947 (picture) Nationalist Struggles in Vietnam French reasserted control after WWII Ho Chi Minh (18901969) and Vo Nguyen Giap defeated France in 1954 Geneva Conference (1954) divided Vietnam at 17th parallel Civil war between north (communist) and south U.S. forces entered struggle South Vietnam conquered by North in 1975 Vietnamese Protest French Occupation (picture) The Peoples Republic of China Civil war between Communists and Nationalists continued after defeat of Japan Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kaishek) forced to retreat to island of Taiwan with nationalist forces Takes most of Chinas gold reserves Mao Zedong proclaims Peoples Republic of China, 1949 Begins dramatic transformation of Chinese society into communist mold Social and Economic Transformations Power concentrated in Communist Party Repression of political opposition Rapid industrialization under Soviet-style Five-Year Plan, 1955 Massive land redistribution Collective farms replaced private farming Universal health care, education Dramatic challenges to gender discrimination Beijing-Moscow Relations Close ties at first Mutual concern over U.S. rehabilitation of Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan Beijing recognized primacy of USSR as communist leader Growing divide Moscow neutral in Chinas conflict with India over Tibet

Open competition for influence after 1964 Communism and Democracy in China Massive, pervasive policies of economic and cultural engineering with disastrous consequences Great Leap Forward (19581961)devastating famines Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (19661976)brutal and destabilizing Deng Xiaopeng (19041997) moderated Maoism Economic development Relations with U.S. Continued repression: Tiananmen Square (1989) The Issue of Palestine After World War II, Arab states increasingly gained independence Palestine governed by Great Britain between the wars Balfour Declaration (1917)British support for Jewish homeland Holocaust intensified support for Jewish state Arabs viewed Jews as interlopers Demonstration against the Balfour Declaration (picture) Creation of the State of Israel Jewish, Arab pressure drives British to hand Palestine over to United Nations for a resolution May 1948: Jews declared independence of state of Israel Arab states invaded, Israel successfully defended itself Palestine divided between Israel and Jordan, 1949 The Arab-Israeli Conflict, 19491982 Egypt and Arab Nationalism Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt, 19181970) took leadership position in Arab world Suez crisis, 1956 Nasser nationalized Suez Canal British, French, and Israeli forces seized canal Canal returned to Egyptian control in response to U.S. and USSR protests Halting Movements toward Peace in the Middle East Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin (19221995) signed peace accords with Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) chairman Yasser Arafat (19292004) Yitzhak Rabin assassinated by Jewish extremist Limited Palestinian autonomy in Israeli-occupied territories Continuing violence in the region Islamism Rejection of Western values, reassertion of Islamic values Iranian Revolution, 1979 Overthrow of U.S.-backed Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi (19191980) Power seized by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini Held U.S. diplomats hostage for two years Shut down U.S. facilities, confiscated economic ventures Blindfolded U.S. Diplomats (picture)

 Content Questions 2 1. What ethnic/religious groups were separated by the partition of India? What were the results of the partition for the people involved? 2. What nations were involved in the Vietnamese conflicts? What group finally won there? 3. Who was the first leader of the Chinese Peoples Republic? What were his policies? Who changed them after his death? 4. What groups were in conflict in Palestine? How was Egypt involved? Why has peace in the region been hard to achieve? 5. What movement overthrew the Shah of Iran? How did this cause a crisis for the United States? Decolonization in Africa Legacy of colonial competition Internal divisions Tribal Ethnic Linguistic Religious Decolonization in Africa Ghana Kwame Nkrumah Led mass action against British colonial rule Supported pan-African unity Imprisonment of nationalists Gradual implementation of reforms Independence in 1957first in sub-Saharan Africa Kwame Nkrumah Leading Independence Celebrations (picture) Kenya Kikuyu ethnic group begins attacks on British and collaborationist Africans, 1947 1952 state of emergency declared Overwhelming British military response12,000 Africans killed, vs. 100 Europeans Revolt bloodily suppressed, but followed by negotiated withdrawal; independence 1962 South Africa Apartheid Established by white South Africans Afrikaner National Party Division of South Africas peoples by race African National Congress Led by Nelson Mandela Brutally repressed by government forces Repression of ANC caused worldwide ostracism of South Africa Nelson Mandela (picture) Dismantling of Apartheid

President F. W. de Klerk (elected 1989) began to end apartheid Release of Nelson Mandela from prison, 1990 Negotiation of end of white minority rule 1994 elections brought ANC to power Democratic Republic of the Congo Gained independence from Belgium in 1960 Popular leader Patrice Lumumba killed in coup, 1961 Mobutu Sese Seko Led military coup against Lumumba Established brutal dictatorship Devastated national economy Received Western support Nicaragua and Iran-Contra Dominated by Somoza family, backed by U.S. Sandinistas seized power in 1979 U.S. President Ronald Reagan covertly funded anti-Sandinista Contras with funds acquired by selling weapons to Iran Challenges to Soviet Hegemony De-Stalinization, 19561964 Rebellions quashed: Hungary, 1956 Prague Spring, 1968 Brezhnev doctrine: right to invade any socialist country threatened by elements hostile to socialism Detente Reduction in hostility between nuclear superpowers Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (1972, 1979) Friction in early 1980s Soviet invasion of Afghanistan Dramatic rise in U.S. military spending Soviet setbacks in Afghanistan Soviet Union intervened to protect fragile pro-Soviet government Mujahideen rebels received weapons and money from U.S., others 1989, USSR forced to pull out 1996, Taliban takes over, after civil war End of the Cold War President Ronald Reagan (in office 19811989) promoted massive military spending, beyond Soviet economy to keep up Soviet Mikhail S. Gorbachev (1931) implemented reforms Repudiation of Brezhnev doctrine Revolutions in Eastern and Central Europe

Solidarity movement opposed Polish Communist Party rule, forced multiparty elections, 1989 Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania follow Velvet revolution in Czechoslovakia East Germany decides to open the Berlin Wall East and West Germany reunite (1990) Collapse of the Soviet Union Reforms under Gorbachev Economic: perestroika (restructuring) Social: glasnost (openness) Baltic republics seceded, August 1991 Twelve more republics quickly follow Soviet Union ceased to exist in 1991 The Collapse of the Soviet Union and European Communist Regimes, 1991(map) Review Main Points

1. Germany and Berlin divided; West Berlin saved from Soviet blockade by Berlin Airlift 2. Berlin Wall put up to stop escapes from East. 3. Nuclear arms race between US and USSR 4. Space Race: Soviets have first satellite and first man in space; US has first man on the moon, 1969 5. US has McCarthyism and prosperity; USSR has repression and fewer consumer goods Review Main Points 2 6. Korean War: Communist North invades South Korea. US aids South, China aids North. Stalemate. 7. US fails to overthrow Cuban Communist Fidel Castro at Bay of Pigs, but forces removal of Soviet missiles in Cuban Middle Crisis. 8. British India partitioned into independent India and Muslim Pakistan, 1947. Massacres follow. 9. North Vietnamese defeat French, then US, conquer South Vietnam by 1975. Review Main Points 3 10. Communists led by Mao defeat Nationalists in China. Maos later policies (Great Leap Forward, Cultural Revolution) are disastrous. 11. After Mao dies, Deng Xiao-ping modernizes economy but represses dissent in Tiananmen Sq. 12. Arabs oppose Jewish state of Israel in Palestine. 13. Egypts Pres. Nasser nationalizes Suez Canal. 14. Islamists overthrow Shah of Iran, take US Embassy hostage.

Review Main Points 4 15. African decolonization begins in Ghana, 1957; continues with Kenyatta in Kenya; apartheid ends in South Africa with election of Nelson Mandela 1994 16. Prime Minister Lumumba of Congo replaced by dictator Mobotu Seke with US support. 17. Sandinistas overthrow Dictator Somoza in Nicaragua. US under Reagan backs Contras. 18. Soviets suppress dissent in Hungary and Prague, but fail in Afghanistan and Poland Review Main Points 5 19. Solidaritys success in Poland sparks collapse of Communist governments through Eastern Europe. 20. Mikhail Gorbachevs reforms lead to fall of Communist government in Russia, and independence of many Russian-held nations. 21. Soviet Union breaks up and Cold War ends. Content Questions 3 1. What African nation was the first to become independent? Who was its leader? 2. What policy did the Nationalist Party impose in South Africa? Who led the opposition to its policy? 3. What movement took control of Nicaragua? How did President Reagan respond to it? 4. What nations rebelled against Soviet control? How did the USSR respond? What did Solidarity do in Poland? What followed elsewhere in Eastern Europe? 5. Who tried to reform the Soviet Union? What changes resulted?