Halliday Resnick Walker

FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICS SIXTH EDITION

Selected Solutions Chapter 36 36.21 36.29 36.37 36.45

21. Consider the two waves, one from each slit, that produce the seventh bright fringe in the absence of the mica. They are in phase at the slits and travel dierent distances to the seventh bright fringe, where they have a phase dierence of 2m = 14 . Now a piece of mica with thickness x is placed in front of one of the slits, and an additional phase dierence between the waves develops. Specically, their phases at the slits dier by 2x 2x 2x = (n 1) m where m is the wavelength in the mica and n is the index of refraction of the mica. The relationship m = /n is used to substitute for m . Since the waves are now in phase at the screen, 2x (n 1) = 14 or x= 7 7(550 109 m) = = 6.64 106 m . n1 1.58 1

29. We take the electric eld of one wave, at the screen, to be E1 = E0 sin(t) and the electric eld of the other to be E2 = 2E0 sin(t + ) , where the phase dierence is given by =
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2d

sin .

2E

E t

Here d is the center-to-center slit separation and is the wavelength. The resultant wave can be written E = E1 + E2 = E sin(t + ), where is a phase constant. The phasor diagram is shown above. The resultant amplitude E is given by the trigonometric law of cosines:
2 2 2 E 2 = E0 + (2E0 )2 4E0 cos(180 ) = E0 (5 + 4 cos ) .

The intensity is given by I = I0 (5 + 4 cos ), where I0 is the intensity that would be produced by the rst wave if the second were not present. Since cos = 2 cos2 (/2) 1, this may also be written I = I0 1 + 8 cos2 (/2) .

37. For complete destructive interference, we want the waves reected from the front and back of the coating to dier in phase by an odd multiple of rad. Each wave is incident on a medium of higher index of refraction from a medium of lower index, so both suer phase changes of rad on reection. If L is the thickness of the coating, the wave reected from the back surface travels a distance 2L farther than the wave reected from the front. The phase dierence is 2L(2/c ), where c is the wavelength in the coating. If n is the index of refraction of the coating, c = /n, where is the wavelength in vacuum, and the phase dierence is 2nL(2/). We solve 2nL for L. Here m is an integer. The result is L= (2m + 1) . 4n 2 = (2m + 1)

To nd the least thickness for which destructive interference occurs, we take m = 0. Then, L= 600 109 m = = 1.2 107 m . 4n 4(1.25)

45. Assume the wedge-shaped lm is in air, so the wave reected from one surface undergoes a phase change of rad while the wave reected from the other surface does not. At a place where the lm thickness is L, the condition for fully constructive interference is 2nL = (m + 1 2 ), where n is the index of refraction of the lm, is the wavelength in vacuum, and m is an integer. The ends of the lm are bright. Suppose the end where the lm is narrow has thickness L1 and the bright fringe there corresponds to m = m1 . Suppose the end where the lm is thick has thickness L2 and the bright fringe there corresponds to m = m2 . Since there are ten bright fringes, m2 = m1 + 9. Subtract 2nL1 = (m1 + 1 2 ) from 2nL2 = (m1 + 9 + 1 ) to obtain 2 n L = 9 , where L = L L is the change in the lm 2 1 2 thickness over its length. Thus, L = 9 9(630 109 m) = = 1.89 106 m . 2n 2(1.50)