LONG TERM EVALUATION ASHRITHA B S 4CI09CS002 CSE DEPT CIT INTRODUCTION Telecommunications devices and systems transmit electronic

signals across long distances. Telecommunications enables people around the world to contact one another, to access information instantly, and to communicate from remote areas. Telecommunications usually involves a sender of information and one or more recipients linked by a technology, such as a telephone system, that transmits information from one place to another. Telecommunications devices convert different types of information, such as sound and video, into electronic signals. The signals can then be transmitted by means of media such as telephone wires or radio waves. When a signal reaches its destination, the device on the receiving end converts the electronic signal back into an understandable message, such as sound over a telephone, moving images on a television, or words and pictures on a computer screen. Telecommunications enables people to send and receive personal messages across town, between countries, and to and from outer space. It also provides the key medium for news, data, information, and entertainment. Telecommunications Systems Individual people, businesses, and governments use many different types of telecommunications systems. Some systems, such as the telephone system, use a network of cables, wires, and switching stations for point-topoint communication. Other systems, such as radio and television, broadcast signals through space that can be received by anyone who has a device to receive them. Some systems make use of several types of media to complete a transmission. For example, a telephone call may travel by means of copper wire, fiber-optic cable, and radio waves as the call is sent from sender to receiver. All telecommunications systems are constantly evolving as telecommunications technology improves. A. Telegraph Telegraph services use both wire line and wireless media for transmissions. Soon after the introduction of the telegraph in 1844, telegraph wires spanned the country. Telegraph companies

maintained a system of wires and offices located in numerous cities. A message sent by telegraph was called a telegram. Telegrams were printed on paper and delivered to the receiving party by the telegraph company. With the invention of the radio in the early 1900s, telegraph signals could also be sent by radio waves. Wireless telegraphy made it practical for oceangoing ships as well as aircraft to stay in constant contact with land-based stations. B. Telephone The telephone network also uses both wireline and wireless methods to deliver voice communications between people, and data communications between computers and people or other computers. The part of the telephone network that currently serves individual residences and many businesses operates in an analog mode and relays electronic signals that are continuous, such as the human voice. Digital transmission is now used in some sections of the telephone network that send large amounts of calls over long distances. However, since the rest of the telephone system is still analog, these digital signals must be converted back to analog before they reach users. The telephone network is stable and reliable, because it uses its own wire system that is powered by low-voltage direct current from the telephone company. Telephone networks modulate voice communications over these wires. A complex system of

network switches maintains the telephone links between callers. Telephone networks also use microwave relay stations to send calls from place to place on the ground. Satellites are used by telephone networks to transmit telephone calls across countries and oceans. C. Teletype, Telex, Facsimile Transmission and

Teletype, telex, and facsimile transmission are all methods for transmitting text rather than sounds. These text delivery systems evolved from the telegraph. Teletype and telex systems still exist, but they have been largely replaced by facsimile machines, which are cheaper and better able to operate over the existing telephone network. The teletype, essentially a printing telegraph, is primarily a point-tomultipoint system for sending text. The teletype converts the same pulses used by telegraphs into letters and numbers, and then prints out readable text. It was often used by news media organizations to provide newspaper stories and stock market data to subscribers. Telex is primarily a point-to-point system that uses a keyboard to transmit typed text over telephone lines to similar terminals situated at individual company locations. Facsimile transmission now provides a cheaper and easier way to transmit text and graphics over distances. Fax machines contain an optical scanner that converts

text and graphics into digital, or machine-readable, codes. This coded information is sent over ordinary analog telephone lines through the use of a modem included in the fax machine. The receiving fax machine's modem demodulates the signal and sends it to a printer also contained in the fax machine. D. Radio Radios transmit and receive communications at various preset frequencies. Radio waves carry the signals heard on AM and FM radio, as well as the signals seen on a television set receiving broadcasts from an antenna. Radio is used mostly as a point-tomultipoint medium for commercial broadcasts, but it can also be used for personal point-topoint transmissions. Two-way radios, cordless telephones, and cellular radio telephones are common examples of transceivers, which are devices that can both transmit and receive messages. Personal radio communication is generally limited to short distances (usually a few kilometers), but powerful transmitters can send radio signals hundreds of kilometers. Shortwave radio, popular with amateur, or ham, radio enthusiasts, uses a range of radio frequencies that are able to bounce off the ionosphere. This electrically charged layer of the atmosphere reflects certain frequencies of radio waves, such as shortwave frequencies, while

allowing higher-frequency waves, such as microwaves, to pass through it. Shortwave radio operators use the ionosphere to bounce their radio signals to other radio operators thousands of kilometers away. E. Television Television is primarily a point-tomultipoint technology that is broadcast to any user within range of the transmitter. Televisions transmit news and information, as well as entertainment. Commercial television is broadcast over high-frequency radio waves and can be received by any television set within range of the transmitter. Televisions have also been used for point-topoint, two-way telecommunications. Teleconferencing, in which a television picture links two physically separated parties, is a convenient way for businesspeople to meet and communicate without the expense or inconvenience of travel. Video cameras on computers now allow personal computer users to teleconference over the Internet. Cable television is a commercial service that links televisions to a source of many different types of video programming using coaxial cable. The cable provider obtains coded, or scrambled, programming from a communications satellite, as well as from terrestrial links, including broadcast television stations. The signal is scrambled to prevent

unpaid access to the programming. The cable provider electronically unscrambles the signal and supplies the decoded signals by cable to subscribers. Television users with personal satellite dishes can access satellite programming directly without a cable installation. Personal satellite dishes are also a subscriber service. Fees are paid to the network operator in return for access to the satellite channels. Television sets outside of the United States that receive programming use different types of standards for receiving television signals. The European Phase Alternative Line standard generates a higher-resolution picture than the sets used in the United States, but television sets are more expensive. The next generation of televisions will feature digital video and audio signal processing, which will result in even higher picture resolution and sound quality. The shape of the television screen will be different as well, reflecting the aspect ratio (ratio of image height to width) used for movie presentation. F. Global Positioning Navigation Systems and

systems use a group of satellites that orbit around the north and south poles at an altitude of 17,500 km (10,900 mi). These satellites constantly broadcast the time and their location above Earth. A GPS receiver picks up broadcasts from these satellites and determines its own position through the process of triangulation. Using the time information from each satellite, the receiver calculates the time the signal takes to reach it. Factoring in this time with the speed at which radio signals travel, the receiver calculates its distance from the satellite. Finally, using the location of three satellites and its distance from each satellite, the receiver determines its own position. GPS services, originally designed for military use, are now available to civilians. Handheld GPS receivers allow users to pinpoint their location on Earth to within a few meters. One type of navigational tool integrates a GPS receiver with an intelligent compact disc player capable of displaying road maps and other graphical information. Upon receiving the GPS location data, the CD player can pinpoint the location visually on one of the road maps contained on disc. G. Internet Computer telecommunications, with the ability to send and receive audio, video, text, software, and multimedia, is one of the fastest-growing segments of

The United States Global Positioning System (GPS) and the Russian Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) are networks of satellites that provide highly accurate positioning information from anywhere on Earth. Both

the telecommunications market. Computer telecommunications takes advantage of existing telephone connections to transmit digital data. This type of transmission is frequently done over the Internet, a decentralized network of personal, business, government, educational computers, and sources of information. Some computers connect directly to the digital portion of the telephone network using the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), but this requires the installation of special devices and telephone line conditioning. Telecommunications companies are expanding their use of Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), an improved modem system for regular phone lines that increases modem speed tremendously. Electronic mail, or e-mail, is a key attraction of the Internet and a common form of computer telecommunications. E-mail is a text-based message delivery system that allows information such as typed messages and multimedia to be sent to individual computer users. Local e-mail messages (within a building or a company) typically reach addressees by traveling through wire-based internal networks. E-mail that must travel across town or across a country to reach the final destination usually travels through the telephone network. Other computer telecommunications technologies that businesses frequently use include automated banking terminals and devices for credit

card transactions that bill charges directly to a customer's bank account. EVOLUTION OF TELECOMMUNICATION S TECHNOLOGY The Evolution of telecommunication began with the use of smoke signals and drums in Africa,the A mericas and parts of Asia. In the 1790s, the first fixed semaphore systems emerged in Europe; however it was not until the 1830s that electrical telecommunication systems started to appear. In 1792, a French engineer, Claude Chappe built the first visual telegraphy (or semaphore) system between Lille and Paris. This was followed by a line from Strasbourg to Paris. In 1794, a Swedish engineer, Abraham Edelcrantz built a quite different system from Stockholm to Drottningholm . As opposed to Chappe's system which involved pulleys rotating beams of wood, Edelcrantz's system relied only upon shutters and was therefore faster. However semaphore as a communication system suffered from the need for skilled operators and expensive towers often at intervals of only ten to thirty kilometres (six to nineteen miles). As a result, the

last commercial abandoned in 1880.

line

was

works in opposite directions, but not at the same time. In telecommunications and compu ter networks, multiplexing (also known as muxing) is a method by which multiple analog message signals or digital data streams are combined into one signal over a shared medium. The aim is to share an expensive resource. For example, in telecommunications, several telephone calls may be carried using one wire. Multiplexing originated in telegraphy in the 1870s, and is now widely applied in communications. In telephony, George Owen Squier is credited with the development of telephone carrier multiplexing in 1910.

Beginning in 1836, the American artist Samuel F. B. Morse, the American physicist Joseph Henry, and Alfred Vail developed anelectrical telegraph system. This system sent pulses of electric current along wires which controlled an electromagnet that was located at the receiving end of the telegraph system. A code was needed to transmit natural language using only these pulses, and the silence between them. Morse therefore developed the forerunner to modern International Morse code. Later duplexing was introduced. A duplex communication system is a method of transmitting signals, allowing for two people, or pieces of equipment, to communicate with each other in opposite directionsmeaning at the same time. The duplex communication system has become an important standard in the area of telecommunications, especially in telephony and computer networking. Although the definition of duplex means to transmit in opposite directions at the same time, this is not the case in every duplex communication system. Two primary areas exist: full-duplex and half-duplex. In the half-duplex system, both parties can transmit data, so it technically

DIFFERENT TYPES OF TELECOMMUNICATION S TECHNOLOGY

LONG TERM EVALUATION (LTE ) LTE is a standard for wireless data communications technology and an evolution of the GSM/UMTS standards. The goal of LTE was to increase the capacity and speed of wireless data networks using new DSP (digital signal processing) techniques and modulations that were developed around the turn of the millennium. A further goal was the redesign and simplification of the network architecture to an IP-based system with significantly reduced transfer latency compared to the 3G architecture. The LTE wireless interface is incompatible with 2G and 3G networks, so that it must be operated on a separate wireless spectrum. LTE was first proposed by NTT DoCoMo of Japan in 2004, and studies on the new standard officially commenced in 2005. In May 2007, the LTE/SAE Trial Initiative (LSTI) alliance was founded as a global collaboration between vendors and operators with the goal of verifying and promoting the new standard in order to ensure the global introduction of the technology as quickly as possible. The LTE standard was finalized in December 2008, and the first publicly available LTE service was launched

by TeliaSonera in Oslo andStockh olm on December 14, 2009 as a data connection with a USB modem. In 2011, LTE services were launched by major North American carriers as well, with the Samsung Galaxy Indulge offered by MetroPCS starting on February 10, 2011 being the first commercially available LTE smartphone and HTC ThunderBolt offered by Verizon starting on March 17 being the second LTE smartphone to be sold commercially.[15][16] In Canada, Rogers Wireless was the first to launch LTE network on July 7, 2011 offering the Sierra Wireless AirCard 313U USB mobile broadband modem, known as the "LTE Rocket stick" then followed closely by mobile devices from both HTC and Samsung. Initially, CDMA operators planned to upgrade to rival standards called UMB and WiMAX, but all the major CDMA operators (such as Verizon, Sprint and MetroPCS i n the United States, Bell and Telus in Canada, au by KDDI in Japan,SK Telecom in South Korea and China Telecom/China Unicom in China) have announced that they intend to migrate to LTE after all. The evolution of LTE is LTE Advanced, which was standardized in March 2011. Services are expected to commence in 2013.

The LTE specification provides downlink peak rates of 300 Mbit/s, uplink peak rates of 75 Mbit/s and QoS provisions permitting a transferlatency of less than 5 ms in the radio access network. LTE has the ability to manage fast-moving mobiles and supports multi-cast and broadcast streams. LTE supports scalable carrier bandwidths, from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz and supports both frequency division duplexing(FDD) and time-division duplexing (TDD). The IP-based network architecture, called the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) and designed to replace the GPRS Core Network, supports seamless handovers for both voice and data to cell towers with older network technology such as GSM, UMTS and CDMA2000. [20] The simpler architecture results in lower operating costs (for example, each E-UTRAN cell will support up to four times the data and voice capacity supported by HSPA). ADVANTAGES TERM OF LONG EVOLUTION

(OPEX).

LTE

will

also

support seamless connection to existing networks, such as GSM, CDMA and WCDMA. However LTE requires a completely new RAN and core network deployment and is not backward compatible with existing UMTS systems.

LTE & OTHER TECHNOLOGIES OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) for downlink Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a multi-carrier transmission technique, which divides the available spectrum into many subcarriers, each one being modulated by a low data rate stream. Because of its high-speed data transmission and effectiveness in combating the frequency selective fading channel, OFDM technique is widely used in wireless communication nowadays. The advantages of OFDM Immunity to delay spread and multipath Resistance to frequency selective fading

LTE advantages include high throughput, low latency, plug and play from day one, FDD and TDD in the same platform, superior end-user experience and simple architecture resulting in low operating expenditures

Simple equalization Efficient bandwidth usage

improve performance.

communication

The disadvantages of OFDM Synchronization Need FFT units at transmitter, receiver Sensitive to carrier frequency offset High peak to average power ratio

The advantages of MIMO are Capacity scales linearly with number of antennas MIMO offers potential for o larger data rate o larger number of users o improved range/coverage
o

SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access) for uplink A multiplexing technique similar to OFDMA but where the subcarriers assigned to each user must be contiguous, which reduces the processing power and battery requirements for mobile devices. The advantages of SC FDM are The disadvantages of SC FDM are MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) MIMO is a technique for boosting wireless bandwidth and range by taking advantage of multiplexing. In radio, multiple-input and multiple-output, or MIMO is the use of multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to

better quality service (QoS)

of

o lower Tx power The disadvantages of MIMO are Hardware complexity Software complexity Power consumption Battery lifetime of mobile devices Thermal problems Antenna spacing Architecture

SAE (System Evolution)

TECHINICAL ARCHITECTURE

connected by a single S-GW. The S-GW is the network element that provides connectivity and software implementations for lawful interception. Packet Data Network Gateway (PDN GW) The PDN GW provides connectivity to the UE to external packet data networks by being the point of exit and entry of traffic for the UE. A UE may have simultaneous connectivity with more than one PDN GW for accessing multiple PDNs. The PDN GW performs policy enforcement, packet filtering for each user, charging support, lawful Interception and packet screening. Mobility Management (MME) Entity

LTE NETWORK ELEMENTS Evolved Node B (eNB) E-UTRAN Node B, also known as Evolved Node B, (abbreviated as eNodeB or eNB) is the element in E-UTRA of LTE that is the evolution of the element Node B in UTRA ofUMTS. It is the hardware that is connected to the mobile phone network that communicates directly with mobile handsets (UEs), like a base transceiver station (BTS) in GSM networks. Traditionally, a Node B has minimum functionality, and is controlled by an RNC (Radio Network Controller). However, with an eNB, there is no separate controller element. This simplifies the architecture and allows lower response times. Serving Gateway (SGW) The S-GW is the gateway which terminates the interface to the E-UTRAN. A particular LTE subscriber will always be

manages and stores UE context (for idle state: UE/user identities, UE mobility state, user security parameters). It generates temporary identities and allocates them to UEs. It checks the authorization whether the UE may camp on the TA or on the PLMN. It also authenticates the user. BACKWARD SUPPORT TO EARLIER STANDARD. ADVANCEMENTS FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS OR

As predicted by experts, the mass development of LTE networks should be expected in 2015. XXXX LTE Advanced is a mobile communication standard, formally submitted as a candidate 4G system to ITUT in late 2009, was approved into ITU, International Telecommunications Union, IMT-Advanced and was finalized by 3GPP in March 2011. It is standardized by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) as a major enhancement of the Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard. The technology received its first commercial implementation in October 2012 by Russian network Yota. mobile communication industry and standards organizations have therefore started work on 4G access technologies, such as LTE Advanced. At a workshop in April 2008 in China, 3GPP agreed the plans for work on Long Term Evolution (LTE). A first set of specifications were approved in June 2008. Besides the peak data rate 1 Gb/s as defined by the ITUR, it also targets faster switching between power states and improved performance at the cell edge.

One

of the important LTE Advanced benefits is the ability to take advantage of advanced topology networks; optimized heterogeneous networks with a mix of macrocells with low power nodes such as picocells, femtocells and new relay nodes. The next significant performance leap in wireless networks will come from making the most of topology, and brings the network closer to the user by adding many of these low power nodes LTE Advanced further improves the capacity and coverage, and ensures user fairness. LTE Advanced also introduces multicarrier to be able to use ultra wide bandwidth, up to 100 MHz of spectrum supporting very high data rates.

The

CONCLUSION Data rates are growing rapidly in the mobile networks which are a very good sign for LTE. End users are starting to use the data services which are available for them. More and more new services are launched to boost the usage of data in the mobile networks. To fulfill the growing demand operators needs to upgrade their networks to serve their customers better. LTE will bring 10 times higher data rates with 10 times lower Latency. LTE equipments are using less electricity, needs

less cooling and are smaller in size. These advantages bring huge savings for operators. It is also good to remember that LTE technology is very complicated especially when the network include GSM and UMTS parts. This causes great challenges to telecommunications infrastructure companies to make the needed inventions and make the new technology as reliable as the existing one. Also fierce competition on the telecommunications industry and global regression could cause delays to the LTE launches. Despite the great challenges that the new technology and global economics I would predict that during the next five years. REFERENCES:

www.google.com http://en.wikipedia.org/wik i/Wiki http://www.radioelectronics.com/info/cellul artelecomms/lte-longterm-evolution/3g-ltebasics.php http://tech.saroscorner.com /2009/10/are-you-lookingfor-long-termevolution.html http://www.ericsson.com/e ricsson/corpinfo/publicatio ns/review/2007_03/files/5_ LTE_SAE.pdf