(40-A): Indias Nuclear Programme

Chapter in detail:

Atomic Energy
The department of atomic energy (DAE), established on 3 august 1954 is engaged in the development of nuclear power technology, applications of radiations technologies in the field of agriculture, medicine, industry and basic research. Following are the profile of DAEs achievements and activities under its major programmes.

Nuclear Power Programme

DAE has been pursing the following 3 stages nuclear power programme : The first stage comprises setting up of pressurized heavy water reactors (PHWRs) and associated fuel cycle facilities. In PHWRs natural uranium as fuel and heavy water as modulator and coolant. The second stage envisages setting up of fast breeder reactors (FBIs) backed by reprocessing plants and plutonium based fuel fabrication plants. Plutonium is produced by irradiation -238. The third stage is based on the thorium -uranium 233 cycles. Uranium 233 is obtained by irradiation of thorium.

The first stage comprises of nuclear power programme is already in commercial domain.

The nuclear power cooperation of India ltd. (NPCIL), a public sector undertaking of DAE, is responsible for the design, construction and operation of nuclear power reactors. The company operates 17 reactors. With a total capacity of 4120 MWe. The fast breeder programme is in the technology demonstration stage. To gain experience in the second stage, the Indian Gandhi center for atomic research (IGCAR) has been engaged in the design and developed of liquid sodium cooled fast breeder reactors. IGCAR has successfully developed the fast breeder reactor (FBR) technology. The operational experience of FBTR of more than two decades and further technology developments have facilated the design of a 500 MWe protype fast breeder reactor ( currently under construction in kalpakkam). A new public sector undertaking bhartiya nabhikiya vidhut nigam (BHAVINI) of DAE is implementing this project which is expected to add 500 MWe to the southern grid by the year 2010-11. The third stage of the nuclear power programme is in technology development stage. The ongoing development of 300 MWe advanced heavy water reactor (AHWR) at BARC aims at developing expertise for thorium utilization and demonstrating advanced safety concepts. Thorium based system such as AHWR can be set up on commercial scale only after a large capacity based on fast breeder reactors, is built up.

Nuclear power programme: stage-1 (A) Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors

For the Indian nuclear power programme, which took off in the sixties, PHWR was the reactors of choice for the first stage of the programme. However, to gain operational experience, initially an atomic power station comprising two boiling water reactors (BWR) was set up at tarapur, Maharastra. This was a turnkey project of the general electric of USA. Commissioned in 1969, the station is still in operation. The first two PHWRs, at rawatbhata, Rajasthan, started commercial production in 1973 and 1981. The first unit (RAPS-1) was built with the help of the atomic energy of Canada ltd. (AECL). However, the second unit was completed with the indigenous research and development endeavour and the support of the Indian industry. This success followed commissioning of the two 220 MWe reactors at kalpakkam near Chennai, Tamil Nadu, in the years 1884 and 1986. Later, the design of the 20 MWe PHWR was standardized and two reactors of this design were commissioned at Narora, Uttar Pradesh, in 1991 and 1992. The design standardization has markedly reduced gestation period of new reactors. This technology of PHWR reached commercial maturity with the commissioning of two 220 MWe PHWRs at kakrapar (Gujarat) in 1993 and 1995. in the year 2000, four state willing to installed 220 MWe PHWRs, two each at kaiga ( Karnataka) and rawatbhata (Rajasthan) com

online. One more 220 MWe PHWR was commissioned at kaiga in May 2007. DAE has an ambitious nuclear power programme thats aims at achieving an installed nuclear power capacity of 20,000 MWe by the year 2020, through internal recourses and external collaborations.

(B) The Nuclear Cycle

The nuclear power programme has a number of ancillary operations which form the nuclear fuel cycle. The front-end of this cycle includes minerals exploration, mining and processing of ore, and fuel fabrication. Reprocessing of spent uranium fuel management of nuclear waste form part of the back-end of the cycle. India has acquired comprehensive capacity in PHWR design, construction and operation of associated plants/ facilities covering the entire nuclear fuel cycle of the nuclear power programme based on pressurized heavy water reactors. This includes production of heavy water that is used as moderator and coolant in PHWR. The DAE organizations contributing to the front end of the nuclear fuel cycle programme these are the atomic minerals directorate for research and exploration (AMD), Hyderabad; Uranium corporation of India ltd (UCIL), Jadugura (Jharkhand); Nuclear Fuel complex (NFC), Hyderabad; and heavy water board (HWB) , Mumbai. BARC and IGCAR administrator the back end of the cycle.

(C) Survey and exploration

Survey and exploration for atomic minerals had commenced in 1949. over the years , uranium deposits has been located at jadugura, Bhatin, Narwapahar, Turamdih (east and south), Banduhuran (turamdih west), central keruadungri, bagjata, kanyaluka, mohulih and nandup in jharkhand; domiasiat and wahkyn in meghalaya; lambapurpeddagattu, koppunuru and tummalapalle in Andhra Pradesh; gogi in Karnataka and rohil in Rajasthan. So far, AMD has established 61,000 tonnes of uranium metal.

(D) Mining and Ore Processing

The exploratory efforts of AMD, made earlier, had led to the opening of four underground uranium mines at jadugura, bhatin, narwapahar and turamdih all in singbhum (east), jharkhand state. A new open cast mine was also commissioned at Banduhurang in singbhum in 2007. These mines, being operated by the uranium corporation of India ltd. (UCIL), a public sector undertaking of DAE, have been meting the needs of the Indian nuclear power programme. To meet the projected demand of the nuclear power programe, UCIL has taken up the work to develop mines at Bagjata (in jharkhand), lambopur (Andhra Pradesh) and domiasiat (Meghalaya). Efforts are being made for exploiting other secondary recourses.

(E) Nuclear Fuel Fabrication

Nuclear fuel fabrication for power reactors and research reactors is done respectively at the nuclear fuel complex, Hyderabad, and BARC. In the development of new fuels, BARC and IGCAR are engaged. The Indian PHWR uses natural uranium based fuel. A major milestone was achieved with the fabrications of the first fuel element at Trombay in 1959. (F) Back-end of Nuclear Fuel Cycle

The back- end of the nuclear fuel cycle comprises fuel reprocessing and unclear waste management.

Fuel Reprocessing
The Indian nuclear power generation programme is based on closed cycle approach that involves reprocessing of spent fuel and recycle of plutonium and uranium -233 for power generation. DAE has a pilot plant for fuel reprocessing at trombay and industrial scale plants at tarapur and kalpakkam. The plant at trombay process spent fuel from research reactors while the other two plants process spent fuel from power reactors.

Nuclear Waste Management

The radioactive wastes generated at various stages of nuclear fuel cycle are categories low, intermediate and high level wastages. The plants for management of all types of radioactive wastages have been in operation at many nuclear facilities. The high level processes, generated in very small quantities, are fixed in a glass matrix. Verifications, a complex technology possed by a few nations only, have been successfully developed at trombay. Based on this technology, two waste immobilization plants (WIPs) have been operating at tarapur and trombay. A facility for the immobilization of waste in a cement matrix has been commissioned at kalpakkam. BARC has constructed an advanced verifications system at tarapur at high level waste immobilization based on joule meter technology. India has become one of the six countries who have developed the joule heated ceramic mixer (JHCM) and set up such facilities for verifications of high level waste. Vitrified waste is stored in a specially designed solid storage surveillance facility (SSSF) for about 30 years prior to its disposal in deep geological formation. The first such facility has been in operation at tarapur since 1999.

Support to Nuclear Power The programmers relating to nuclear and the nuclear power and the nuclear fuel cycle have built on the multidisciplinary R & D infrastructure of the development. The research and development relating to PHWR programme encompasses practically all the aspects of design, manufacture, construction, commission, operation and maintain of power plant. The R & D efforts are focused on reducing the unit energy cost through improving plant efficiency as well as plant availability factors, decreasing the project gestation period and improving plant safety. R & D has contributed immensely to plant life management. The 2 MW in- pipe loop in dhruva reactor installed for nuclear fuel studies is a major achievement. A remotely operated hydraulic trolley & manipulator (ROHYTAM) developed for handling of nuclear power plant emergencies, successufully completed its test run.

(H) Electronics & Instrumentation

To meet the hi-tech instrumentation needs of the nuclear technology, a strong R & D base was created in electronics and instrumental, first at TIFR and later at BARC. The knowledge and the products developed at trombay in the area of electronics have led to the setting up of the electronics of India ltd.(ECIL) at Hyderabad in 1967.the company pioneered the electronics and computer revolution in India. During seventies and eighties, ECIL led to the television sets and also rural rebroadcast system. ECIL, through its software expertise, has contributed to automation in the banking sector, control room and dial-100 automation for the police, message switching systems for defense and telecom sectors. Nuclear and thermal power plants, steel plants and process industries are equipped with ECIls control system developed through in house R & D.

Nuclear power programme stage: II (A) Fast Reactor Programme

The second stage of nuclear power generation envisages setting up of fast breeder reactors (FBRs) backed by reprocessing plants and plutonium based fuel fabrication plants. These fast breeder system produce more fuel than what they consume. FBRs can increase fuel utilization by about sixty times of what is possible with PHWRs. IGCAR started the breeder programme with the setting up of a fast breeder test reactor (FBTR) at kalpakkam. Tamil Nadu in October 1985.this reactor, operating with indigenously developed mixed uranium- plutonium carbide fuel has achieved its technology objectives. Based on the experience gained with the FBTRs, the Bharatiya nabhikiya vidut nigam ltd. (BHAVINI-formed in October 2003) is constructing a 500 megawatt (e) protype fast breeder reactor (PFBR) at kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu. The thrust of the R & D programme at IGCAR is oriented towards the design validation of PFBR in the first instance, and subsequently, the design optimization for future FBRs, to reduce the cost.

(B) Fast Reactor Fuel Fabrication

The mark I mixed carbide fuel core, with high plutonium content, has been developed for the first time in the world. Fabrication of mark- II core is progressing at trombly. A number of PFBR MOX fuel elements for making experimental PFBR subassembly, for irradiation in FBTR, have been fabricated by BARC.

(C) Fast Reactor Fuel Reprocessing

For reprocessing of FBTR fuel, the lead mini cell, henceforth known as compact reprocessing facility for advanced fuels in leads cells (CORAL) has been commissioned at kalpakkam.it is aimed at establishing the fast reactor reprocessing process flow sheet. For reprocessing of fuel from breeders, IGCAR is setting up the fast reactors fuel reprocessing plant (FRFRP).

Nuclear power programme stage: III (A) Thorium based Reactors

Thorium utilization is the long term core objective of the Indian nuclear power programme for providing energy for the country a sustainable basis. The third stage of the Indian nuclear power programe is based on the thoriumuranium-322 cycle. A beginning has already been made by introducing thorium, in a limited way, in research reactors and in pressurized heavy water reactors. The research reactor KAMINI operating up to a normal power of 30 k w for neutron radiography of various materials, at kalpakkam, uses uranium-23 fuel derived from thorium. This fuel is bred, reprocessed and fabricated indigenously. BARC is engaged in developing 300 MWe advanced heavy water reactors (AHWR). This endeavour aims at developing expertise for thorium utilization and demonstrating advanced safety concepts. Mixed thoria-urania and thoria-plutonia are the candidate fuels foe the AHWR. Design and development of a high temperature reactor system including compact high temperature reactor, nuclear power pack and high temperature reactor for hydrogen

generation, mainly for process heat and non-grid based electricity generation applications are also continuing at trombay. For breeding fissile uranium-233 from thorium, development of accelater driven subcritical system (ADS) for nuclear reactor is the latest addition to the Indian nuclear programme. ADS can provide a strong technology base for large scale thorium utilization. As a first step towards realization of ADS, DAE has launched development of proton injector.

Radiation Technologies & Applications

DAEs programme relating to radiation technologies and application covers building and operation of research reactors for production of radioisotopes, and other sources of radiation such as radiation such as accelerators and lasers and developing and deploying radiation technology applications in the field of medicine, agriculture and industry.

(A) Research Reactors

The research reactors set up by DAE so far, have been apsara (1mW,fuel: enriched uranium-aluminum alloy), CIRUS (40 MW,fuel:Natural uranium), zerlina (zero

energy , natural; uranium), purnima I-III(Fuel: plutonium/uranium-233), Dhruva(100 MW, fuel: Natural uranium) at trombay (maharastra) and kamini (30kW,feul:uranium233-A1 alloy) and fast breeder test reactors (40 MW, Fuel: uranium-plutonium carbide) at kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu) of the research reactors, zerlina was decommissioned in 1984, and purnima serious made way for kamini. Dhruva, CIRUS and Apsara are used for producing radioisotopes besides their use in research and development relating to nuclear technology and materials, applied and basic research, and training kamini is used mainly for radiography of various materials, and FBTR is the test bed for the development of fuel, blanket and structural materials for fast breeder reactor programme.

(B) Radioisotope Production & Processing

India is a leading producer of radioisotopes in the world. Radioisotopes are produced in the research reactors at trombay, atomic power reactors at various places in the country and cyclotron at Kolkata.

(C) Applications of Radioisotopes

The radioisotopes produced at trombay find wide applications in the field of agriculture and food, medicine and health care, industry, and research. Based on these applications, the following programmers have been established.

(D) Nuclear Agriculture

The nuclear agriculture programme of DAE focuses on the use of radiation technology for the development of high yielding crop seeds, radiation processing of food items, fertilizer and pesticide-realated studies and other areas.

(E) Crop Improvement

BARC in collaboration with agricultural universities has been engaged in research and development in the field of crop improvement. The center has successfully developed several high yielding crop verities. Of these 29 varieties have been notified and released for commercial cultivation by the ministry of agriculture government of India. BARC has successfully developed green manure crop sesbania rostrata that is proving highly cost effective for small farmers a tissue culture-based protocol for rapid multiplication of some commercial cultivars of banana has been developed here. This technology has been transferred to the maharastra state seeds cooperation. The center has made good progress in developing hardened plants for acacia victoriae a plant suitable for desert areas. Here, several insect pheromones have been synthesized and techniques for determination of nutrients in soils have been developed.

(F) Food Processing

These are radiation for demonstration of high and low does applications of radiations. These are radiation processing plant set up BRIT at navi Mumbai for high does radiation processing of spices, and KRUSHAK (krushi utpadan sanrakshan Kendra), set up by BARC at lasalgaon near nashik, for low dose applications of radiations for food preservation. This plant processes onion, pulses, rawa and turmeric. The first radiation processing plant in private sector by M/s organic green foods ltd is operating in kolkata. Three gamma processing plants have been completed in sonepat (haryana), ambernath (maharastra) and vadodara (Gujarat). In April 2007, the KRUSHAK radiation processing facility become the first cobalt-60 gamma irradiation facility in the world to be certified by the united states department of agriculture animal & plant health inspection services (USDA_APHIS) for phytonsanitary treatment of mangoes , enabling export of mangoes from India to USA. India exported the first consignment of 720 kg Alfonzo and kesar mangoes to the US.

(G) Nuclear Medicine and Health Care

Radioisotopes and their formulations find wide applications in diagnosis, therapy and health care. BARC and BRIT are the main centers of this activity. At BARC, cesium-137 based brachy therapy sources are routinely produced. For treatment of cancer of eye, radiations sources of the size of rice grain, containing 2-3 mille curie of lodine-125, have been produced here. Another salient development is the digital medical imaging system based on a charge coupled device (CCD). BARC has successfully developed radiation-processed hydrogel for treating burns, wounds and leprosy; holmium-166-hydroxy apatite (hoha) and samarium-153hydroxy apatite (smha) radiopharmaceuticals for treatment of arthritis and radiolabelling of phosphonates with luthinium-177 for intemalised radiotherapy. For detection of the T.B infection, BARC developed a sero-diagnostic test-kit with xray imaging using a three dimensional cone- beam tonography which is another important development. BARCs radiation medicine center (RMC) in Mumbai is involved in research and development in nuclear medicine and allied science. BRIT process and formulates radioisotopes produced in the research reactors Dhruva and Apsara at trombay and also in the power reactors of NPCIL. Another technique known as immuno-radiometric assay (IRMA) is also used for such estimations. BRITs biomolecules producing laboratory jonaki at Hyderabad supplies over a dozen labeled nucleotides and molecular biology kits to user institutions across the country on a regular basis. BRITs produces and supplies sealed radiation sources of cobalt-60 and iridium-192 to a number of radiotherapy centers in the country, for cancer treatment.

(H) Industrial Applications of Radioisotopes

The studies conducted by BARC have immensely contributed to the detection and recharge conditions of ground water bodies. Major activ ities relating to hydrology cover evolution of recharge measures at coastal fresh groundwater system, detection of fluoride contamination of deep ground waters, seepage problems of a few dams. The studies conducted by BARC on sediment transport almost all the major ports have resulted in increasing the intervals between desilting campaigns, which saved huge cost of desilting operations. BARC expertise in gamma scanning is being used by the major petrochemical industries for trouble shooting in process equipment, detecting leaks in buried pipelines, industrial process control etc. BARC radio tracing expertise is being used by the industrial units in many drivers ways, gamma scanning is an indispensable non-destructive technique for solving online problems in industrial process columns. Automated gamma scanning system is developed for on line inspection trouble shooting and process optimization of industrial process plant, petrochemical oil, heavy water plants etc. A large number of radiography cameras and gamma chambers manufactured by BRIT are already in the use of Indian industry. Blood irradiator developed at the regional centers of BRIT in Bangalore and Delhi.

(I) Beam Technologies

Laser systems and electron beam accelerators are the areas where India is one of the front runners. The DAEs research organizations viz. raja ramanna centre for advanced technology (RRCAT) in Indore, Madhya Pradesh and Bhabha atomic research centre (BARC) in Mumbai, are engaged in the development of applications in the areas of laser system, electron beam process and devices ,and plasma devices. In collaboration with Sriram Institute of Chemical Research, New Delhi, ARC developed a special formulation of PVC based material which on radiation crosslinking, leads to a product that can withstand temperature up to 105 deg. Celsius.

(40-B): Indias Defence

Chapter in detail: The Supreme command of the Armed forces vests in the President of India. The responsibility for national defence, however, rests with the Cabinet. The Defence Minister (Raksha Mantri) is responsible to Parliament. for all matters concerning defence of the country. Administrative and operational control of the armed forces is exercised by the Ministry of Defence and the three Service Headquarters.

Army
The Army is organized into the following seven command: S.No. 1 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Command Western Command Eastern Command Northern Command Southern Command Central Command Training Command Headquarters Chandirnandji Kolkata Udhampur Pune Lucknow Mhow

South-Western Command Jaipur (newly established in 2005)

Organisation
Tie principal task of the Ministry is to frame policy directions on Defence and security related matters and communicate them for implementation to the Services Headquarters, Inter- Service Organi-sations, Production Establish-ments and Research & Development Organisations. The principal functions of the Departments are as follows: After Independence, Ministry of Defence was created under the charge of a Cabinet Minister and each service was placed under its own Commander-in -chief, (tn 1955, the Commanders- in-chief were renamed as the Chief of the Army Staff, the Chief of the Nval Staff and Chief of the Air Staff, in November, 1962 a Department of Defence Supplies was created for planning and execution of schemes for import substitution of defence requirements! In 2004, the name of the Department of Defence Production and Supplies was changed to Department of Defence Production. In 1980, the Department of Ex-Servicemen Welfare was-created (i) The Department of Defence deals with the Integrated Defence Staff (IDS) and three Services and various Inter-Service Organisations. It is also responsible for the Defence Budget, establishment matters, Defence policy, matters relating to Parliament. (ii) The Department of Defence Production deals with matters pertaining to defence production, indigenisation of imported stores, equipment and spares, planning and control of departmental production units of the Ordnance Factory Board. (iii) The Department of Defence Research and Development is headed by a Secretary, who is the Scientific Adviser to the Raksha Mantri. Its function is on advise the Government on scientific aspects of military equipment and logistics and the

formulation of research, design and development plans for equipment required by the Services. (iv) The Department of Ex-Servicemen Welfare, deals with all resettlement, welfare and pensionary matters of Ex-Servicemen.

Integrated Defence Staff (IDS) was created on October 1,2001. Since then, HQ IDS has been-acting as the single point organisation inculcating judments and synergy between the Armed Forces, by way of integrating policy, doctrine, war fighting and procurement. The three Services Headquarters, viz., the Army Headquarters, the Naval Headquarters and the Air Headquarters function under the Chief of the Army Staff (COAS), the Chief of the Naval Staff (CNS) and the Chief of the Air Staff (CAS) respectively. The Inter-Service Organisations, under the Department of Defence are responsible for carrying out tasks related to common needs of the three Services such as medical care, public relations and personnel management of civilian staff in the Defence Headquarters.

Army Training Institutions

S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Name National Defence Academy Indian Minitary Academy Rashtriya Indian Military College National Defence College Defence Services Staff College Armed Forces Medical College Officers Training School College of Combat Armoured Corps Centre and School Infantry Schools School of Artillery College of Military Engineering College of Defence Management Located at Khadkvasla Dehradun Dehradun New Delhi Willington Pune Chennai Mhow Ahmednagar Mhow & Belgaum Deolali Kirke Secunderabad

14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.

Army Cadet College Army Ordinance Corps School High Altitude Warefare School Remound and Veterinary Corps Centre School

Dehradun Jabalpur Gulmarg Meerut

Army Education Corps Training College and Centre Pachmarhi Army School of Physical Training Military Intelligence Training School and Depot Corps of Military Police Centre and School Counter Insurgency and Jungle Warfare School Institute of National Integration Pune Pune Bengaluru Vairengte Pune

Army
It is organized into operational commands, each under a General Officer of the rank of Lieutenant General. The field formations in army are Corps, Division, and Brigade commanded by a General Commanding Officer and his rank is as follows: 1. Corps - Lieutenant General. 2. Division - Major General 3. Brigade - Brigadier Towards the modernization of the Mechanised Infantry, contracts for procurement of Environmental Control System and Instant Fire Detection and Suppression System tbr BMP-2/2K, Battle Field Surveillance Radar (Medium Range on TATRA8x8 and Thermal Imaging Sight to replace Mia Infra Red have been included during the year. A proposal for procurement of Brahmos Supersonic Cruise Missle System for two regiments of the Indian Army has been approved. The contract has been concluded in March 2010.

Territorial Army
The Territorial Army was established in 1948. The Territorial Army is a voluntary, part-time citizens Army. In recent times, a maximum of 22 units were embodied in Operational Rakshak, Operation Vijay and Operation Parakram.

Navy
The Navy is organized into the following three command S.No. Command 1. 2. 3. Headquarters

Western Naval Command Mumbai Eastern Naval Command Vishakhapatnam Southern Naval Command Cochin

Navy Training Institutions S.No. Name 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Naval Academy INS Chilka INS Shivaji INS Asvini (INM) Located at Goa Orissa Lonavala Mumbai

College of Naval Welfare Mumbai INS Garuda INS Hansa INS Dronacharya INS Zamorin Cochin Goa Cochin Ezhimala (Kerala)

Around 97 per cent of Indias trade amounting to 273 million tonnes and valued at $83 billion annually comes from the seas. The entire import of more than 50 million tonnes of oil and gas comes by the sea. The air squadrons INAS311 and IN AS 350 were commissioned on 24th March, 2009. Indian Naval Air Station Parundu was commissioned on26th March, 2009 a Uchipull in Ramnad District Tamil Nadu. INS Airavat, The fifth LST (L) Class Ship was Commissioned on 19th May, 2009 at Visakhapatnam.INS Chetlat and Car Nicobar were commissioned on 16th February, 2009. ENS Cheriyarn and Cora Divh were Commissioned on 10th September, 2009. INS Shivalik was commissioned on 29th April, 2010 INS Shardul, landing ship tank (large), was commissioned at Naval base, Karwar on January 4, 2007. INS Jalashwa acquired from US was commissioned at Norfolk (USA) on June. 22, 20O7. The ship is the first Landing, Platform Dock (LDP) in the Indian Navy.

The Indian Navy (IN), by virtue of its capability, strategic positioning and robust presence in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR), has been a catalyst for peace, tranquility and stability in the IOR. The firing of Beyond Visual Range (BVR) Derby Missile has been conducted successfully. Six UH3H Utility helicopters have been inducted in the service. In continuation with the policy of enhancing co-operation with foreign navies, a series of exercises were conducted. This included Indra 01/09, Konkan O9, Malabar 10, Varuna 10 and SIMBEK 10. Intensive Flying Training Unit (IFTU) for UH3H helicopters has been set up. The unit was commissioned as Indian Naval Air Squadron (INAS) 350 on March 23, 2009. Indigenously built INS Kesari was commissioned into the Indian Navy in April 2008. Two Water Jet-Fast Attack Crafts Chetlat and Car Nicobar were commissioned into the Indian Navy in February 2009.

Coastguard
The Coast Guard was established as an independent service on August 19, I978as per the Coast Guard Act, 1978. Since its inception, the Coast Guard has acquired-a wide range of platforms both surface and airborne to undertake the assigned tasks during peace time and to supplement the efforts of Indian Navy during war. The command and control of the Coast Guard - rests with the Director General of Indian Coast Guard at New Delhi. The Organisation has four Regional Headquarters i.e. Mumbai, Chennai, Gandhinagar and Port Blair. The Coast Guard is mandated to keep Indias EEZ measuring over 2.02 million Sq Km. (a) Safety and protection of artificial islands and offshore terminals, installations and devices in Maritime Zones. (b) Protection and assistance to fishermen at sea while in distress. (c) Preservation and protection of marine environment. (d) Prevention and control of marine pollution. (e) Other matters, including measures for the safety of life and property at sea and collection of scientific data. In addition to the mandate laid down under section 14 of Coast Guard Act, 1975, the Indian Coast Guard has also been entrusted the following lead roles:(a) Offshore Security Co-ordination Committee. (b) National Maritime Search and Rescue Co-ordinating Authority. (c) Lead Intelligence Agency for Coastal and Sea Border. (d) Coastal Security in territorial waters.

11 Coast Guard District Headquarters located along the coastal States of India

Air Force
The Air Force is organized into the following five (operation and two (functional) command; S.No. Command 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Western Air Command Headquarters Delhi

South-Western Air Command Gandhi Nagar Central Air Command Eastern Air Command Southern Air Command Allahabad Shillong Thiruvananthapuram

II. Functional Commands 1. Training Command Bengaluru

2. Maintenance Command Nagpur Air Force Training Institutions S.No. Name 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Located at

Air Force Administrative College Coimbatore Air Force Academy Air Force Technical College Air Force School Flying Instructors School Ground Training School Hyderabad Jalahalli Sambra (Belgaum) Tambaram Avadi

Navigation and Signals School Hyderabad College of Air Welfare Secunderbad It was formed on October 8, 1932. The Chief of Air Staff at Air Headquarters in New Delhi is assisted by the Vice-Chief of Air Staff. The Vice Chief of Air Staff is responsible for operations whereas the Deputy Chief of Air Staff is responsible for acquisition and planning. The Inspector General looks after the operational readiness, flight safety and inspection.

The IAF has inducted state-of-the-art Su-3OMKI aircraft in operational squadrons. Twenty Hawk AJT aircraft have also been inducted procurement contract of C-13030 aircraft for special operations from US Government has been signed. A contract has been signed with M/s Rosonboron Export Russia for delivery of Mi17V5 helicopters. Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) are being procured to significantly enhance the effectiveness of both Offensive and Defensive operations of the IAF. Contract for MiG-29 mid life upgrade and extension of total technical life was signed with RAC MIG, Russia. IAF is also processing upgradation of the Mirage-2000 and Jaguar aircrafts and Mi- 17 helicopters in order to optimise their utilization. To keep the DO-228 aircraft abreast with the latest technology, all the existing aircrafts are being upgraded with the latest avionics. The upgrade of DARIN-I Jaguar aircraft to DARIN-III standard has been approved and is planned to be completed by 2017-2018.

Commissioned Ranks
The following are the commissioned ranks in the three Services; each rank is shown opposite its equivalent in the other Service: Navy Admiral Marshal Air Force Air Chief Air Marshal Air Vice-Marshal Air Commodore Group Captain Wing Commander

Army General

Lieutenant General Vice-Admiral Major General Brigadier Colonel Rear Admiral Commodore Captain

Lieutenant Colonel Commander Major Captain Lieutenant

Lieutenant Commander Squadron Leader Lieutenant Sub-Lieutenant Flight Lieutenant Flying Officer

Recruitment
8 Recruitment of Commissioned Officers in Armed Forces through UPSC: Commissioned Officers in the Armed Forces are recruited mainly through the UPSC which conducts the following two All India Competitive Examinations: -(a) National Defence Academy (NDA) and Naval Academy (NA) and (b) Combined Defence Service Examination (CDSE). Defence Production Units

S.No. Name & Established in

Factories at

1.

Bengaluru (Five factories), oraput, Nasilc, Karwa, Hindustan Aeronautics (HAL) 1964 Kanpur, Lucknow, Ltd. arrackpore, Hyderabad. Bengaluru, haziabad, Pune, Machilipatnarn, in Bharat Electronics Ltd. (BEL) 1952, 2007 Taloja Maharashtra, Navratna Status Panchkula (Haryana), Kotdwara (U.P.), Hyderabad, Chennai Bharat Earth Movers Ltd.(BEML) 1965 Bharat Dynamics Ltd. (BDL) 1970 Mazagaon Docks Ltd. (MDL) 1960 Garden Reach Ship- builders and Engineers Ltd. (GRSE) 1934 (Govt. acquired in 1960) Goa Shipyards Ltd. (GSL) 1967 Bengaluru, Mysore, Kolar Hyderabad Mumbai

2.

3. 4. 5.

6.

Kolkata

7. 8. 9.

Goa

Mishra Dhatu Nigam Ltd. (MIDHANI) Hyderabad 1973 Heavy Vehicles Factory Avadi

National Cadet Corps

The National Cadet Corps (NCC) was established under the (NNC) Act, 1948. It has completed 61 years of existence. The NCC strives to provide the youth of the country opportunities for all round development with a sense of commitment, dedication, selfdiscipline me and moral values, so that they become useful citizens of tomorrow. Director General, NCC located at New Delhi controls and overseas various activities of the NCC through 16 NCC Directorates spread across the country

Training for Defence Services

Sainik Schools: Sainik Schools were established as a joint venture of the Central and State Governments. These are under the overall governance of Sainik Schools Society.

Rashtriya Military Schools: The Five Rashtriya Military Schools (earlier known as Military Schools) affiliated to CBSE are functioning at Ajmer, Bangalore, Belgaum,

Dholpur and Chail.

National Defence Academy (NDA): The National Defence Academy (INDIA) is the country s premier inter-service training institution. The three years course at the NDA is covered in six semesters.

Rashtriya Indian Military College (RIMC): The Rashtriya Indian Military College (RIMC) was founded on March 3, 1922, with the objective of providing the necessary preliminary training for boys of Indian birth or domicile, wishing to become officers in the Armed Forces of India.

Warships
1. INS Savitri : First warship fabricated at the Hindustan Shipyard Limited; joined the
Navy in 1990.

2. INS Ghariyal : It is indigeneously built warship. It was commissioned into the Navy in
1997 at the Garden Reach Ship Builders and Engineers Ltd. Kolkata.

3. INS Mysore : It is the second of the most powerful class of warships built
indigenously by Mazagaon Docks Limited. It was commissioned in 1999.

4. INS Brahmaputra : It has 16 Russian made Uran surface-to-surface missiles and its
helicopters carry two long-range Sea Eagle air-to-surface missiles. It was commissioned in 2000.

5. INS Tillanchang : It ws commissioned in March 2001 at Vishakhapatnam. This is the

second indigenous warship in the Trinkat class fast attack craft series.

6. INS Talwar : It was built by Russia for the Indian Navy. It was commissioned in St.
Petersburg in 2003. It boasts of weapons and sensors with a far greater range than what the Indian Navy has at present. Its main attack weapon is the vertical-launch club-N missile system.

7. INS Satpura : It is the second indigenously built stealth warship; second of the P-17
frigate series. It was launched at the Mazagon Docks (Mumbai) in June 2004. It has advanced surface-to-air missiles and hi-tech radar and communication equipment on board.

Missile Boats
1. INS Vibhuti : First indigeneously built missile boat, launched at the Mazagaon Docks,
Mumbai in 1991.

2. INS Nashak : Countrys third missile boat. Built at the Mazagaon Docks; it was
launched in 1993.

3. INS Prahar : It is the indigenously built fastest missile boat in the world. It was
inducted into Navy in 1997. It packs a powerful punch in the form of Ship-to-Surface KT 138 Missile.

4. INS Prabhat : It is built by Mazagaon Dock Limited to belongs to Nashak class of

boats. Its weapon package includes surface-to-surface missiles with associated surveillance system. Indian Military Academy (IMA): Founded in 1932, Indian Military Academy, Dehradun aims at the fullest development of intellectual, moral and physical qualities of persons joining the Army as officers.

Officer Training Academy (OTA): The Academy trains cadets for Short Service Commission. With the entry of women officers in the Army since September 21, 1992.

College of Military Engineering (CME): The College of Military Engineering at Pune is a premier technical for personnel of the Corps of Engineers, other Arms and Services, Navy, Air Force, Para Military Forces, Police and Civilians.

National Defence College: The National Defence College (NDC) has established a name for itself as a centre of excellence on mattes pertaining to national security and strategic studies.

College of Defence Management: The College of Defence Management (CDM) is a Tri-Service category A training establishment in existence for over three decades now. It is entrusted with the responsibility of instilling contemporary management thoughts, concepts and practices in the senior leadership of the Armed Forces.

Defence Services Staff College (DSSC): The Defence Services Staff College (DSSC) is one of the oldest military institutions in India.

Defence Production
The Department of Defence Production deals with the indigenization, develop-ment and production of defence equipment both in the public and private sectors. Ordnance Factories The Ordnance Factories Organisation is the largest and oldest departmentally run production organisation in the country. It is primarily engaged in the manufacture of Defence hardware for the Armed forces.

There are 39 ordnance factories that- manufacture a wide variety of arms, ammunition, battle tanks, armoured vehicles, heavy duty vehicles, military electronic products and other defence equipment for the armed forces two new 1actories, one for artillery communication and other for carbines are under construction. Ordnance factories are managed by the Ordnance Factory Board which has its headquarters in Kolkata The first ordinance factory was established in 1801 at Cossipore near Kolkata.

Defence Undertakings
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)s core business activities comprise of design, development and production of fixed wing aircraft (Fighters, Trainers and Transport) and Helicopters, their avionics and accessories and life cycle customer support through Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul (MRO) of aerospace and products. Missile Boats 1. INS Vibhuti : First indigeneously built missile boat, launched at the Mazagaon Docks, Mumbai in 1991. 2. INS Nashak : Countrys third missile boat. Built at the Mazagaon Docks; it was launched in 1993. 3. INS Prahar : It is the indigenously built fastest missile boat in the world. It was inducted into Navy in 1997. It packs a powerful punch in the form of Ship-to-Surface KT 138 Missile. 4. INS Prabhat : It is built by Mazagaon Dock Limited to belongs to Nashak class of boats. Its weapon package includes surface-to-surface missiles with associated surveillance system.

Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) has been accorded NAVRATNA status company in 2007. BEL was established at Begalore by the Government in the year 1954 to meet the needs of the Indian Defence Services. The Company has developed core competencies in areas of (i) Radars, (ii) Sonars (iii) Communi-cation (iv) Electronic Warfare System (v) Electro Optics, and (vi) Tank Electronics. About 85 per cent of the turnover of the company comes from these business segments.

Bharat Earth Movers Ltd. (BEML Ltd.) is engaged in the design, manufacturing, marketing and after sales support of a wide range of Mining & Construction equipment, Defence products and Railway & Metro products. BEML was established in 1965 and commenced operations from January 1965.

Mazagair Dock Limited (MDL) is a Premier Ship Builder of the Nation. MDL is engaged in construction of warships including Destroyers, Corvettes, Submarines, New Generation Stealth Frigates, Offshore Patrol Vessels; construction of various types of merchant ships and repairs/ modernization of warships, submarines and merchant ships.

Goa Shipyard Ltd (GSL) is one of the leading shipyards, building medium- sized sophisticated vessels for Indian Navy, Indian Coast Guard and others. It commenced functioning with its own Board of Directors since September 29, 1967. Government of India has conferred the status of Mini Ratna, Category-I in March 2007. Goa Shipyard Limited is an ISO- 9001 certified company.

Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers Limited (GRSE) has kept pace with the expanding maritime interests of India. The Company has been granted the Category-i Mini Ratna status. The main business activity of GRSE is shipbuilding and ship repair for the Indian Navy and Coast Guard.

Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL) was established in 1970 for manufacture of Guided Missiles. It is one of the few strategic industries in the world that possesses the capability to produce state-of-the-art missiles. BDL is engaged in the production of Konkurs-M and Invar (3UBK-20) Anti Guided Missiles in collaboration with Russian developed CMDS (Counter Measures Dispensing System) has been accepted by the Indian Air Force. BDL is working in close association with DRDO for technology absorption/assimilation and extending support by providing missile subsystems integration of missiles for conducting trials of missiles like Akash, Nag, Article K-15 and Agni Variants (Al, A2 and A3). Advanced Light Weight Tropedo (TAL); Heavy Weight Rorpedo (Varunastra) anI Light Weight Mines in Concurrent Engineering mode in association with NSTL, Visakhapatanam.

Mishra Dhatu Nigam Limited (MIDHANI) was incorporated as a Public Sector Undertaking under the Administrative Control of Department of Defence Production & Supplies, Ministry of Defence in 1973.

Defence Research and Development Organisation

DRDO, came into existence in 1958 with the amalgamation of Technical Development Establishment (TDES) of Indian Army and Directorate of Technical Development & Production (DTD&P) with Defence Science Organisation (DSO). DRDO is headed by the Scientific Advisor to Raksha Mantri, who is also the Secretary, Department of Defence R&D and Director General R&D. Dr. DS Kothari, the eminent scientist and educationist was the first to head the organisation. The corporate headquarter of DRDO-is at DRDO Bhawan, an environment friendly building located at Rajaji Marg, New Delhi. Balasya mulam vi am i.e. The source of strength is Science is the tag line of DRDO. It is Science that drives the nation in war and peace. The Organisation has two tier structure, viz, the Corporate Hqrs at New Delhi; and laboratories establishments, regional centres, field stations, etc. across the length and breadth of the country. DRDO Hqrs, under the Department of Defence Research and Development, is organized into two sets of Directorates i.e. the Corporate

Directorates and the Technical Directorates. The laboratories, based on their corecompetence, are classified into to nine clusters namely, Aeronautics, Armaments, Combat Vehicles and Engineering, Electronics and Computer Sciences, Materials, Missiles and Strategic Systems, Micro Electronics and Devices, Naval Research and Development, and Life Sciences.

Resettlement of Ex-Servicemen
The Department of Ex-servicemen Welfare (ESW) formulates various policies and programmes for the welfare and resettlement of Ex-servicemen (ESM) in the country.

Entrepreneur Schemes
The schemes in operation at present are SEMFEX-II and SEMFEX-III comprising ventures in rural areas in agriculture, industry and service sectors. The lending institutions are Nationalised Banks, Cooperative Banks, Regional/Rural Banks etc. Subsidy of 25%-30% is available for these schemes. Application for loan is submitted by ex-servicemen directly to the Bank through concerned Zila Sainik Boards.

SEMFEX-II Scheme : The Scheme was started in 1988 with the assistance of National Bank for Agriculture and (NABARD) for funding the entrepreneurship in agriculture, industry and service sectors in rural areas. Subsidy upto 25% of project cost is provided.

SE1PEX-III : The scheme was started in 1992 with the assistance of Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) for setting up of textile, village, cottage, tiny and small scale industries in rural areas. Loan up to Rs. 25 lakhs and subsidy upto 30% is provided under the scheme.

41-A): Indias Space Programme

Introduction
The setting up of the Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station in 1963 marked the beginning of the Indian space program. The Space Commission and the Department of Space (DOS) were established by the Government of India in 1972 to promote unified development and application of space science and technology for national objectives. The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) was set up as the research and development wing of DOS and is responsible for the execution of Indias national space program. In the early years, Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, a scientist and a visionary who laid the foundations of the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), Accordingly, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has successfully operationalised two major satellite systems namely Indian National Satellites (INSAT) for communication services and Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) is used satellites for

management of natural resources Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) is used for launching IRS type of satellites and Geostationary Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) for launching INSAT type of satellites.

The Space Commission formulates the policies and oversees the implementation of the Indian space programme to promote the development and application of space science and technology for the socio-economic benefit of the country. DOS implements these programmes through, mainly Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), National Atmospheric Research. Laboratory (NARL), North Eastern-Space Applications Centre (NE-SAC) and Semi-Conductor Laboratory (SCL). The Antrix Corporation,commercial wing of (ISRO) was established in 1992 as a government owned company, markets the space products and services.

Current Program Indian National Satellite (INSAT) System

The INSAT series, commissioned in 1983, has today become one of the largest domestic satellites systems in the Asia, pacific region comprising Eleven satellites in service 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. INSAT-2E Launched on Apr 03,1999 INSAT-3B Launched on Mar 22,2000 INSAT-3C Launched on Jan 24,2002 INSAT-3A Launched on Apr 10,2003 INSAT-3E Launched on Sep 28,2003 INSAT-4A Launched on Dec 22,2005 INSAT-4B Launched on Mar 12,2007 INSAT-4CR Launched on Sep 02,2007 KALPANA-1 Launched on Sep 12,2002 GSAT-2 Launched on May 08,2003 EDUSAT Launched on Sept 20,2004

Indian Remote Sensing Satellites System (IRS)

The Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellite system is one of the largest constellations of remote sensing satellites in operation in the world today. The IRS programme commissioned with launch of IRS-1A in 1988 and presently includes Nine satellites that continue to provide imageries in variety of spatial resolutions from better than a metre ranging upto 500 metres. 1. RESOURCESAT-1 Launched on Oct 17, 2003 by PSLV-C5

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

CARTOSAT-1 Launched on May 05, 2005 by PSLV-C6 CARTOSAT - 2 Launched on Jan 10, 2007 by PSLV-C7 CARTOSAT-2A Launched on Apr 28, 2008 by PSLV-C9 IMS-1 Launched on Apr 28, 2008 by PSLV-C9 RISAT-2 Launched on Apr 20, 2009 by PSLV-C12 OCEANSAT-2 Launched on Sept 23, 2009 by PSLV-C14 CARTOSAT-2B Launched on July 12, 2010 by PSLV-C15

Launch Vehicles
Today, Indian space programme has become self-reliant with the operationalisation of two satellite launch vehicles, Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), mainly for launching IRS class of satellites in polar orbits and Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) for launching communication satellites into geo-synchronous transfer orbit. GSLV can carry 22.5 tonne satellite in to 36,000 Kilometer range for geo stationery transfer orbit and India is only the sixth country in the world to have this capability. So far ; PSLV has sixteen consecutively successful flights out of seventeen launches GSLV has four successful flights of six launches

Future Program GSLV-Mark III

GSLV-Mark III is envisaged to launch 4 tonne satellite into geosynchronous transfer orbit. GSLV-Mark III is a three-stage vehicle with a 110 tonne core liquid propellant stage (L-110) and a strap-on stage with two solid propellant motors, each with 200 tonne propellant (S-200). The upper stage will be cryogenic with a propellant loading of 25 tonne (C-25). GSLV Mark-III will have a lift-off weight of about 629 tonne and will be 42.4 m tall. The payload fairing will have a diameter of 5 metre and a payload volume of 100 cubic metre. GSLV Mark III is planned to be launched during 2011-12

Reusable Launch Vehicle-Technology Demonstrator (RLV-TD)

As a first step towards realizing a Two Stage To Orbit (TSTO) fully re-usable launch vehicle, a series of technology demonstration missions have been conceived. For this purpose a Winged Reusable Launch Vehicle technology Demonstrator (RLV-TD) has been configured. The RLV-TD will act as a flying test bed to evaluate various technologies viz., hypersonic flight, autonomous landing, powered cruise flight and hypersonic flight using air breathing propulsion.

Human Space Flight Mission Programme

Proposal for a management plan for Human Spaceflight Programme (HSP) was prepared and pre-project activities were approved. The program envisages development of a fully autonomous orbital vehicle carrying two or three crew members to about 300 km low earth orbit and their safe return. It is planned to realise the programme in 2015-16 time frame.

Space Science Missions Space Capsule Recovery Experiment (SRE-II)

The main objective of SRE II is to realize a fully recoverable capsule and provide a platform to conduct microgravity experiments on Micro-biology, Agriculture, Powder Metallurgy, etc. SRE2 is proposed to be launched onboard PSLV-C19 in of 2010 - 11.

Chandrayaan-2
Chandrayaan-2 mission is planned to have an orbiter/lander/rover configuration. The mission is expected to be realised by 2012 - 13. The science goals of the mission is to further improve our understanding of origin and evolution of the Moon using instruments onboard Orbiter and in-situ analysis of lunar samples and studies of lunar regolith properties (remote & direct analysis) using Robots/Rovers

Aditya-1
The First Indian space based Solar Coronagraph to study solar Corona in visible and near IR bands. Launch of the Aditya mission is planned during the next high solar activity period ~ 2012. The main objectives is to study the Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) and consequently the crucial physical parameters for space weather such as the coronal magnetic field structures, evolution of the coronal magnetic field etc. This will provide completely new information on the velocity fields and their variability in the inner corona having an important bearing on the unsolved problem of heating of the corona would be obtained.

YOUTHSAT
YOUTHSAT is a participatory scientific mission with payloads from both Russia and India. It would be carrying three scientific payloads one from Russia and two from India. It is a micro satellite carrying scientific payloads with participation from universities at graduate, postgraduate and research scholar level and would participate from testing of the payloads in laboratory to the utilisation of the data from payloads. Participation of young scientists will inculcate interest in space related activities and provide opportunities for realisation of future scientific payloads at the university level. YOUTHSAT is scheduled to be launched as auxiliary satellite along with Indian remote sensing satellite during 2010 with an orbital altitude of 630 km at an inclination of 97.9.

Satellite Navigation GAGAN

The Ministry of Civil Aviation has decided to implement an indigenous Satellite-Based Regional GPS Augmentation System also known as Space-Based Augmentation System (SBAS) as part of the Satellite-Based Communications, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS)/Air Traffic Management (ATM) plan for civil aviation. The Indian SBAS system has been given an acronym GAGAN - GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation. A national plan for satellite navigation including implementation of Technology Demonstration System (TDS) over the Indian air space as a proof of concept has been prepared jointly by Airports Authority

of India (AAI) and ISRO. TDS was successfully completed during 2007 by installing eight Indian Reference Stations (INRESs) at eight Indian airports and linked to the Master Control Center (MCC) located near Bangalore. The first GAGAN navigation payload has been fabricated and it was proposed to be flown on GSAT-4 during Apr 2010. However, GSAT-4 was not placed in orbit as GSLV-D3 could not complete the mission. Two more GAGAN payloads will be subsequently flown, one each on two geostationary satellites, GSAT-8 and GSAT-10.

Landmark Achievements in ISROs Launch Vehicle Development

PSLV has 16 consecutively successful flights out of 17 launches PSLV used for launching a total of 25 satellites for foreign customers under commercial agreements, demonstrating its multi-satellite launch capability PSLV used to launch Space capsule Recovery Experiment (SRE-1), Chandrayaan-1 and ISROs exclusive meteorological satellite, KALPANA-1, proving its versatility GSLV with four successful flights of six launches can launch 2 to 2.5 tonne satellite into Geo-synchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO) Successful testing of indigenously developed cryogenic upper stage on November 15, 2007.

ISROs Launch Fleet at a Glance

ISRO developed two experimental satellite launch vehicles, SLV-3 and ASLV Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle(PSLV) commissioned in 1997 Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV-Mk I) commissioned after second successful flight in May 2003 GSLV - MK II will

use indigenously developed cryogenic Upper Stage GSLV - MK III is under development

PSLV
The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle,usually known by its abbreviation PSLV is the first operational launch vehicle of ISRO. PSLV is capable of launching 1600 kg satellites in 620 km sun-synchronous polar orbit and 1050 kg satellite in geo-synchronous transfer orbit. In the standard configuration, it measures 44.4 m tall, with a lift off weight of 295 tonnes. PSLV has four stages using solid and liquid propulsion systems alternately. The first stage is one of the largest solid propellant boosters in the world and carries 139 tonnes of propellant. A cluster of six strap-ons attached to the first stage motor, four of which are ignited on the ground and two are air-lit. The reliability rate of PSLV has been superb. There had been 16 continuously successful flights of PSLV, till July 2010. With its variant configurations, PSLV has proved its multipayload, multi-mission capability in a single launch and its geosynchronous launch capability. In the recent Chandrayaan-mission, another variant of PSLV with an extended version of

strap-on motors, PSOM-XL, the payload haul was enhanced to 1750 kg in 620 km SSPO. PSLV has rightfully earned the status of workhorse launch vehicle of ISRO.

Typical Parameters of PSLV

Lift-off weight 295 tonne Pay Load 1600 kg in to 620 km Polar Orbit,1060 kg in to Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO) Height 44 metre

PSLV Milestones
PSLV-C15 launched CARTOSAT-2B, ALSAT-2A, NLS 6.1 & 6.2 and STUDSAT on July 12, 2010 (Successful) PSLV-C14 launched Oceansat - 2 and Six Nanosatellites on September 23, 2009 (Successful) PSLV-C12 launched RISAT-2 and ANUSAT on April 20, 2009 (Successfully)PSLVC11 launched CHANDRAYAAN-I, on October 22, 2008 (Successful) PSLV-C9 launched CARTOSAT-2A, IMS-1 and Eight nano-satellites on April 28, 2008 (Successful) PSLV-C10 launched TECSAR on January 23, 2008 (Successful) PSLV-C8 launched AGILE on April 23, 2007 (Successful) PSLV-C7 launched CARTOSAT-2, SRE-1, LAPAN-TUBSAT and PEHUENSAT-1 on January 10, 2007 (Successful) PSLV-C6 launched CARTOSAT-1 and HAMSAT on May 5, 2005 (Successful) PSLV-C5 launched RESOURCESAT-1(IRS-P6) on October 17, 2003 (Successful) PSLV-C4 launched KALPANA-1(METSAT) on September 12, 2002 (Successful) PSLV-C3 launched TES on October 22, 2001 (Successful) PSLV-C2 launched OCEANSAT(IRS-P4), KITSAT-3 and DLR-TUBSAT on May 26, 1999 (Successful) PSLV-C1 launched IRS-1D on September 29, 1997 (Successful) PSLV-D3 launched IRS-P3 on March 21, 1996 (Successful) PSLV-D2 launched IRS-P2 on October 15, 1994 (Successful) PSLV-D1 launched IRS-1E on September 20, 1993 (Unsuccessful)

GSLV)-Mark I&II
Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle(GSLV)-Mark I&II ,is capable of placing INSATII class of satellites (2000 2,500 kg) into Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO). GSLV is a three stage vehicle GSLV is 49 m tall, with 414 t lift off weight. It has a maximum diameter of

3.4 m at the payload fairing. First stage comprises S125 solid booster with four liquid (L40) strap-ons. Second stage (GS2) is liquid engine and the third stage (GS3) is a cryo stage. The vehicle develops a lift off thrust of 6573 kn. The first flight of GSLV took place from SHAR on April 18, 2001 by launching 1540 kg GSAT-1. It was followed by four more launches , GSLV-D2 on May 8, 2003 (GSAT-2 1825 kg), GSLV-F01 on September 20, 2004 (EDUSAT 1950 kg), GSLV-F02 on July 10, 2006, GSLV-F04 on September 2, 2007 (INSAT-4CR 2130 kg) and GSLV-D3 on April 15, 2010.

Typical Parameters of GSLV

Lift-off weight 414 tonne Pay Load 2 to 2.5 Tonne in to Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO) Height 49 metre

GSLV Milestones
GSLV-D3 launched GSAT-4 on April 15, 2010 (Unsuccessful) GSLV-F04 launched INSAT-4CR on September 2, 2007 (Successful) GSLV-F02 launched INSAT-4C on July 10, 2006 (Unsuccessful) GSLV-F01 launched EDUSAT(GSAT-3) on September 20, 2004 (Successful) GSLV-D2 launched GSAT-2 on May 8, 2003 (Successful) GSLV-D1 launched GSAT-1 on April 18, 2001 (Successful)

The GSLV-III
The GSLV-III or Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III , is a launch vehicle currently under development by the Indian Space Research Organization. GSLV Mk III is conceived and designed to make ISRO fully self reliant in launching heavier communication satellites of INSAT-4 class, which weigh 4500 to 5000 kg. It would also enhance the capability of the country to be a competitive player in the multimillion dollar commercial launch market. The vehicle envisages multi-mission launch capability for GTO, LEO, Polar and intermediate circular orbits. GSLV-Mk III is designed to be a three stage vehicle, with 42.4 m tall with a lift off weight of 630 tonnes. First stage comprises two identical S200 Large Solid Booster (LSB) with 200 tonne solid propellant, that are strapped on to the second stage, the L110 re-startable liquid stage. The third stage is the C25 LOX/LH2 cryo stage. The large payload fairing measures 5 m in diameter and can accommodate a payload volume of 100 cu m. The development work on Mk III is progressing as per schedule for a launch in 2012.

Typical Parameters of GSLV Mark III

Lift-off weight 630 Tonne Pay Load 4 Tonne in to Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO) Height 49 metre

Satellite
S.No Satellite 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. STUDSAT CARTOSAT-2B GSAT-4 Oceansat-2 ANUSAT RISAT-2 Chandrayaan-1 CARTOSAT - 2A IMS-1 INSAT-4B CARTOSAT - 2 SRE - 1 INSAT-4CR INSAT-4C INSAT-4A HAMSAT CARTOSAT-1 EDUSAT (GSAT-3) Resourcesat-1(IRSP6) INSAT-3A INSAT-3E GSAT-2 KALPANA1(METSAT) INSAT-3C Technology Experiment Satellite (TES) Launch Date 12.07.2010 12.07.2010 15.04. 2010 23.09.2009 20.04.2009 20.04.2009 22.10.2008 28.04.2008 28.04.2008 12.03.2007 10.01.2007 10.01.2007 02.09.2007 10.07.2006 22.12.2005 05.05.2005 05.05.2005 20.09.2004 17.10.2003 10.04.2003 28.09.2003 08.05.2003 12.09.2002 Launch Vehicle PSLV-C15 PSLV-C15 GSLV-D3 PSLV-C14 PSLV-C12 PSLV-C12 PSLV-C11 PSLV-C9 PSLV-C9 Ariane-5ECA PSLV-C7 PSLV-C7 GSLV-F04 GSLV-F02 Ariane-5GS PSLV-C6 PSLV-C6 GSLV-F01 PSLV-C5 Ariane-5G Ariane-5G GSLV-D2 PSLV-C4 Type of Satellite Experimental/Small Satellite Earth Observation Satellite Geo-Stationary Satellite Earth Observation Satellite Experimental/Small Satellite Earth Observation Satellite Space Mission Earth Observation Satellite

Earth Observation Satellite Geo-Stationary Satellite Earth Observation Satellite Experimental/Small Satellite Geo-Stationary Satellite Geo-Stationary Satellite Geo-Stationary Satellite Experimental/Small Satellite Earth Observation Satellite Geo-Stationary Satellite Earth Observation Satellite Geo-Stationary Satellite Geo-Stationary Satellite Geo-Stationary Satellite Geo-Stationary Satellite

24.

24.01.2002

Ariane-42L H10Geo-Stationary Satellite 3 PSLV-C3 Earth Observation Satellite

25. 26.

22.10.2001

27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54.

GSAT-1 INSAT-3B Oceansat(IRS-P4) INSAT-2E INSAT-2DT RS-1D INSAT-2D RS-P3 IRS-1C INSAT-2C IRS-P2 Stretched Rohini Series (SROSS-C2) IRS-1E INSAT-2B INSAT-2A Stretched Rohini Series (SROSS-C) IRS-1B INSAT-1D INSAT-1C Stretched Rohini Series (SROSS-2) IRS-1A Stretched Rohini Series (SROSS-1) INSAT-1B Rohini (RS-D2)

18.04.2001 22.03.2000 26.05.1999 03.04.1999

GSLV-D1 Ariane-5G PSLV-C2 Ariane-42P H10-3

Geo-Stationary Satellite Geo-Stationary Satellite Earth Observation Satellite Geo-Stationary Satellite Geo-Stationary Satellite I Earth Observation Satellite

January 1998 Ariane-44L H10 29.09.1997 04.06.1997 21.03.1996 28.12.1995 07.12.1995 15.10.1994 04.05.1994 PSLV-C1

Ariane-44L H10Geo-Stationary Satellite I 3 PSLV-D3 Molniya Earth Observation Satellite Earth Observation Satellite

Ariane-44L H10Geo-Stationary Satellite 3 PSLV-D2 ASLV Earth Observation Satellite Space Mission Satellite

20.09.1993 23.07.1993 10.07.1992 20.05.1992

PSLV-D1 Ariane-44L H10+ Ariane-44L H10 ASLV

Earth Observation Satellite Geo-Stationary Satellite Geo-Stationary Satellite Space Mission I Satellite

29.08.1991 12.06.1990 21.07.1988 13.07.1988

Vostok Delta 4925 Ariane-3 ASLV

Earth Observation Satellite Geo-Stationary Satellite Geo-Stationary Satellite Earth Observation Satellite

17.03.1988 24.03.1987

Vostok ASLV

Earth Observation Satellite Space Mission Satellite

30.08.1983 17.04.1983

Shuttle [PAMD] SLV-3

Geo-Stationary Satellite Earth Observation Satellite

55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63.

INSAT-1A Bhaskara-II Ariane Passenger Experiment (APPLE) Rohini(RS-D1) Rohini(RS-1) Rohini Technology Payload 1Bhaskara-I Aryabhata

10.04.1982 20.11.1981 19.06.1981

Delta 3910 PAM-D

Geo-Stationary Satellite

C-1 Intercosmos Earth Observation Satellite Ariane-1(V-3) Geo-Stationary Satellite

31.05.1981 18.07.1980 10.08.1979 07.06.1979 19.04.1975 C-1

SLV-3 SLV-3 SLV-3 C-1Intercosmos Intercosmos

Earth Observation Satellite Experimental/Small Satellite Experimental/Small Satellite(RTP) Earth Observation Satellite Experimental / Small Satellite

(41-B): Science and Technological Development in India

Contents of the Chapter Evaluate Yourself
Science and Technology Infrastructure: Scientific and technological activities in India are carried out under a wide set-up consisting of Central government, State Governments, higher educational sector, pubic and private sector industry and nonprofit institutions/associations. Notable among these are: the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR); Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR); and Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). In addition, there are many laboratories of various departments / ministries, viz. Department of Atomic Energy, Department of Electronics, Department of Space, Department of Ocean Development. Defence Research and Development Organisation, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources and the Ministry of Science and Technology. Further, there are over 1,200 in-house research and development units in industrial undertakings supporting research in their respective industries. New Science and Technology Policy 2003 : The policy outlines the approach to S & T governance, optimal utilisation of existing physical and knowledge resources, development of innovative technologies, systems and technologies for mitigation and management of natural hazards, generation and management of intellectual property and creation of awareness amongst general masses about the use and benefits of science and technology.

Department of Science and Technology

The Department of Science and Technology was set up in May 1971 with the objective of promoting research in new areas and to play the role of a nodal

department for organising, co-ordinating and promoting science and technology activities in the country.

Research and Development Programmes

The Department of Science and Technology has been playing a crucial role in identifying and promoting front-line and priority areas on Research and Development (R&D) in various disciplines of science and engineering. This support is provided through (Science and Engineering Research Council (SERC) - an advisory body consisting of eminent scientists and technologists draw) from academic institutions like IITs, universities, national laboratories and industry. The Council through its advisory committees, assists the Department not only in peer reviewing the proposals but also identifies newer and inter-disciplinary areas of R&D for concerted efforts. Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB) has been established by the Department in 2010 as an autonomous body for promoting basic research. The Board is expected to play a major role in promotion of extra mural research in the country. Assessing the importance of the emerging, highly interdisciplinary field of Nanoscience and Technology, (a national programme titled Nanomaterials Science and Technology Initiative (NSTI) has been started. The programme focuses at overall research and development in nanoscience and technology) with givour so that India can become a significant player in the area and contribute to the development of new technologies. On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of Indias Independence, the Government launched (Swaranjayanti Fellowships for enabling outstanding young scientists to attain world class levels in science). The Fellowships are open to (Indian scientists in the age group of 30-40 years), with proven capability for outstanding research work exploring new frontiers in their field of specialisation. Infrastructure Development: Intensifica-tion of Research in High Priority Areas IRHPA has helped in strengthening the infrastructure and research capabilities in selected areas of science and engineering. In order to provide and improve basic infrastructure in academic sector for research and teaching a scheme viz. (Fund for Improvement of S&T Infrastructure in Universities and Higher Educational Institutions (FIST) was initiated during the 9th Five Year Plan). Human Resource Development: In order (to motivate bright young minds at their secondary school / college levels and to encourage them to stick on to a career in science, a new scheme called Kishore Vaigyanik Protsahan Yojana has been initiated). Women Scientists Scheme (was launched during the year 2002 by the Department of Science and Technology. The scheme provides support to women scientists, with or without a break in career, to pursue science in all its aspects and encourage them to continue in the scientific profession and also contribute towards application of science and technology to societal development.

Technology Development and related Programmes

Specific mention may be made of the Medium Throughout Facility, Pharmacological Testing Facility and Centre for Pharmacokinetic and Metabolic Studies at CDRI, Lucknow, Immunomodulatory Potential Testing Facility at IICB, Kolkata; National Facility on Transgenic and Gene Knockout Mice at CCMB, Hyderabad; and National Centre for Bioavailability at National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Mohali). The Department has set up an autonomous body - Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council (TIFAC).

Technology Development Board

The (Technology Development Board) was constituted in September 1996. The Board (provides financial assistance to) industrial concerns and other agencies for attempting development and commercial application of indigenous technology or adapting imported technology for wider domestic application. The TDB institute a National Award for successful commercialaisation of indigenous technology by an industrial concern to be given away on the (Technology Day, i.e. 11 May every year commencing from 1999). (The National Award consists of two components : (i) to the industrial concern which has successfully commercialised the indigenous technology and (ii) to the developer / provider of such technology).

National Accrediation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories

The National Accrediation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL) provides formal recognition for technical competence of testing, calibration and medical laboratories. Based on evaluation, of NABL operations by APLAC in 2000, NABL has been granted signatory member status by APLAC and International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC) under their Mutual Recognition Arrangements (MRAs).

S & T Programmes for Socio-Economic Development

The Department of Science and Technology is also devoted to evolving and implementing specific programmes to promote applications of S & T to improve the quality of life especially for the disadvantaged sections of the society. The areas in which significant achievements have been made are setting-up of Technology Parks for women; low-cost housing and sanitation; integrated land water and cover management; eco-restoration and sustainable use of biomass in the hilly region; artisanal pottery; artisanal blacksmithy; artisanal leather tanning; training agricultural labour (SC youth) in the use of modern agricultural appliances for improved agricultural productivity; farm-oriented low-cost technology for utilisation of Azolla as biofertilizer; developing livelihood base for tribals in Melghat region through watershed development, etc.

Technology Interventions for Addressing Societal Needs (TIASN) programme aims at developing and facilitating research and application S&T based solution to identified problems and societal needs. The National Science and Technology Entrepreneurship Development Board (NSTEDB) established in January 1982 has been implementing several schemes and programmes on promotion of entrepreneurship and creation of sustainable employment through the application of S&T. A scheme for establishment of Technology Business Incubators (TBIs) was launched in 2000-2001 to promote the growth of technology-based enterprises and to foster faster commercialisation of R & D results. Science and Technology Entrepreneurship Development (STED) projects are in operation in backward districts. STED projects aim at establishment of micro-enterprises in the district of its operation. For those unable to join regular Entrepreneurship Development Programmes (EDPs), Open Learning Programmes in Entrepreneurship (OLPE) was initiated in 1994-95 in collaboration with Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India (EDII), Ahmedabad.

Natural Resources Data Management Systems

The Natural Resources Data Management programme is being implemented to upgrade the existing data management methodologies at the district level to facilitate decision making process with regard to local area management and development. Launched in 1982-83, the programme involves several R&D institutes of national repute, universities and non-governmental agencies in a consortium mode.

National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI)

(NSDI was initiated in the year 2000 in R&D mode to provide collated Geo-Spatial data to user community). The Government approved creation of NSDI in June 2006.

State S & T Programme

(The Department of Science and Technology has been operating a scheme entitled Assistance for Development of State Councils on Science and Technology since 1980). The State Councils on Science and Technology have been set-up in all States and UTs.

Science Communication and Popularisation

The National Council for Science and Technology Communication (NCSTC), has been engaged in science and technology communication/popularization and inculcation of scientific temper among the people. (The National Childrens Science Congress is an important activity involving children in the age group of 10-17 years from all over the country. The programme is envisaged to encourage the students to relate the learning of science to the environment around, to their immediate social and physical environment and provide them a forum to interact with scientists to quench their curiosity and thirst for creativity).

(Year 2004 was declared as the year of Scientific Awareness by the Government). Vigyan Rail, Scientific Jathas, interaction of scientists with common man were some of

the activities taken up to celebrate the year of scientific awareness. An extended run of Vigyan Rail and Vigyan Mail (Science and Technology Exhibition on wheels) was done in 2005 to cover a few selected smaller towns throughout the country. Vigyan Prasar : Vigyan Prasar was established in 1989 to take up large scale science popularisation programmes.

S & T Resources Information

The Department of Science and Technology makes available on a continuous basis information on both manpower and financial resources devoted to science and technology activities.

International Co-operation
International Science and Technology co-operation such as with SAARC, ASEAN and BIMST countries; and multilateral co-operation through NAM Science and Technology Centre, COSTED, UNESCO, etc. India has got bilateral science and technology co-operation with 56 countries. Indo-French Centre for Promotion of Advanced Research (IFCPAR) is one more initiative between India and France for promotion of collaborative research in advanced areas of fundamental and applied science and technology. A major bilateral programme in the form of Indo-US Science and Technology Forum has been launched. A new project-based personnel exchange programme with German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) is being implemented. Under international science and technology co-operation programme the following Joint R&D Centres have been established : Indo-Russian Research Centre in Advanced Computing at Moscow; International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy (ARC-I) at Hyderabad; and Indo-Uzbek Centre for Medical Application of Low Level Lesers for treatment of Tuberculosis and allied diseases at New Delhi. A number of collaborative national programmes, viz. design and development of INDUS-I, and INDUS-II synchrotron radiation sources at Indore with Russian collaboration; characterisation of Lakakh (Hanle) site for installation of the 2-m telescope and setting up of 14 GFLOP computer at Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Bangalore for N-Body simulations with Japanese experts; Development of gamma ray telescope at Mount Abu with Russain collaboration; a plant for collaboration; and superconducting cyclotron and cryogenics at VECC, Kolkata have been established. To mobilize the skills and expertise of Indian scientists and technologists working abroad, a new programme known as Collaborative Projects with Projects with Scientists and Technologists of Indian origin abroad (CP-DTIOs) have been launched for strengthening Indian institutional and human capacity in frontier areas of science

and cutting edge technologies as well as for accelerating achievements of goals set out in ongoing nationally important Indian Research Programmes.

Meteorological Services
(The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) was established in 1875). It is the National Meteorological Service and the principal Government agency in all matters relating to meteorology, seismology and allied subjects. (India launched a geostationary meteorological satellite METSAT in September 2002, and re-named it KALPANA-I). Another geostationary (multipurpose) satellite, INSAT3A was launched in April, 2003. Meteorological Data is being received from Kalpana INSAT - 3A and NOAA Series of Satellites for Meteorological Analysis and Weather forecasting apart from generating hourly could imagery, INSAT Meteorological Data Processing System (IMDPS), producing the following products from the data received: Cloud Motion Vectory (CMVs). Sea Surface Temperatures (SSTs). Outgoing longwave Radiation (LR). Quantitative Precipitation Estimates (QPE). A National Satellite Date Centre (NSDC) was commissioned w.e.f. October 2005. The IMD has a network of 40 RADARS installed throughout the country. Under modernisation scheme of RADAR network, one S-Band, Doppler Weather Radar Metero 1500S imported from Germany was installed at Visakhapatnam. (The India Meteorological Department is maintaining 51 seismological observatories) under the national network to monitor the seismic activity in and around the country. A Central Receiving Station (CRS) and a National Seismological Data Base Centre (NSDC) have been established at New Delhi to receive analyse and systematically achieve the seismic data. The IMD continues to participate in multi-disciplinary scientific cruises of Ocean Research Vessels in the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean, etc. during pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon periods. (The first operational Long Range forecast of seasonal southwest monsoon rainfall (June-September) of India was issued by IMD in 1986). IMD has developed new long range forecast models which were introduced in 2003. IMD has also installed 250 (Cyclone Warning Dissemination Systems (CWDS). This is unique in the world and helps in direct broadcast of Cyclone warning to the public in general) and coastal authorities) in particular. (IMD publishers its quarterly journal MAUSAM), annual publications of Indian Astronomical Ephemeris, Rashtriya Panchang in 13 languages and Sunrise, Sunset, Moonrise and Moonset tables are brought out by the Positional Astronomy Centre, Kolkata.

Survey of India
(Survey of India (SOI), the national survey and mapping organization under the Ministry of Science & Technology was set up in 1767). Survey Training

Institute, Hyderabad established under UNDP assistance is a premier institution for training in various disciplines of surveying and mapping to the trainees sponsored by the department, other State / Central Government Organisations and neighbouring countries The Great Trigonometrical Survey Triangulation Network of India and adjacent countries started in the year 1802. Keeping in view a new National Map Policy announced on May, 2005, Open Series Maps based on UTM projection and WGS-84 datum which is compatible with the coordinate system of GPs, used in all activities of surveying and mapping, are being published for users community. National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organisation : While Survey of India meets the national needs in cartography, some specialised thematic maps required to meet the needs of the specific users are taken care of by the National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organisation (NATMO), operating under the Department. It also concentrates its attention in a number of areas to integrate resource maps with other relevant socio-economic data and represent them in spatial forms, useful for development planning.

Autonomous Scientific Institutions

The Department of Science and Technology provides grants-in-aid to the following 19 autonomous scientific research institutions engaged in frontier areas of research in basic and applied sciences : (i) Bose Institute, Kolkata; (ii) Agharkar Research Institute, Pune; (iii Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram; (iv) Indian Association for the Cultivation of Sciences, Kolkata; (v) Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune; (vi) Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Bangalore; (vii) Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore; (viii) Raman Research Institute, Bangalore; (ix) S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Kolkata; (x) Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow; (xi) Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, Mumbai; (xii) Wadi Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun; (xiii) International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials, Hyderabad; (xiv) Technology Information Forecasting and Assessment Council, New Delhi; (xv) Vigyan Prasar, New Delhi; (xvi) National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories, New Delhi; (xvii) Centre for Liquid Crystal Research, bangalore and (xviii) Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), Nainital. (XIX) National Innovation Foundation Ahmedabad. The DST also extends financial and administrative support to the following academies and professional bodies which are engaged in the promotion of S&T in the country through the involvement of scientists and engineers; (i) Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore; (ii) Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi; (iii) Indian National

Academy of Engineering, New Delhi; (iv) National Academy of Sciences, Allahabad and (v) Indian Science Congress Association, Kolkata.

Department of Scientific and Industrial Research

The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR), is a part of the Ministry of Science and Technology with the mandate for indigenous technology promotion, development, utilization and transfer. DSIR implements the Plan scheme Technology Promotion, Development and Utilization (TPDU_ Programme apart from coordinating the activities of two autonomous bodies, namely Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and Consultancy Development Centre (CDC) and two public sector undertakings, National Research Development Corporation (NRDC) and Central Electronics Limited (CEL).

Industrial R & D Promotion Programme

DSIR is the nodal department for granting recognition to in-house research and development centres.

The Technopreneur Promotion Programme (TePP)

The programme aims to tap the vast innovative potential of the citizens of India. The activities under TePP include providing financial support to individual innovators having original ideas and convert them into working modes, prototypes, etc.

Technology Management Programme

The programme aims to enhance knowledge and skills in the efficient management and transfer of technology.

International Technology Transfer Programme

The Programme aims to promote international technology transfer and trade including exports of technologies, projects services and hi-tech products.

National Research Development Corporation (NRDC)

The Corporation was established in December 1953 as a company, under Section 25 of the Companies Act to commercialise the research and development outputs of publicly funded R&D institutions as well as to promote the growth of indigenous technology.

Central Electronics Limited (CEL)

CELs operations can be broadly grouped into three areas, viz, solar photovoltaics (SPV), strategic electronic and railway electronics. (CEL is the pioneer and a leading manufacturer of SPV cells, module and systems and railway safety signaling equipment).

Consultancy Development Centre (CDC)

The Consultancy Development Centre (CDC) came into being as a registered society in January 1986, and is functioning from its office at India Habitat Centre Complex since May 1994. The CDC was approved as Autonomous institution of Department of Scientific & Industrial Research (DSIR) in December 2004. (Recently, CDC launched e-coaching mode for MS programme). It held discussions on model

accreditation grading and ranking system for consultants in India and (took new initiatives in the area of safe drinking water).

Council of Scientific and Industrial Research

CSIR an ensemble of 37 national laboratories and 39 outreach centres, spread across the length and breadth of India. Contribution to Chandrayaan : (In October 2008 India launched Chandrayaan-I, Indias first scientific mission to the Moon). As many seven CSIR laboratories have contributed in significant way to this prestigious mission. It includes space weather information / alerts, zinc oxide-based microelectro mechanical systems acoustic sensor, acoustic testing, wind tunnel tests, designing of various civil structures etc. In the area of Healthcare : One of the major initiatives is launching of OSDD. Modeled on development www and Linux, this programme was launched on September 15, 2008 and so far more than 1300 registered participants are on the portal. To begin with, (OSDD seeks to develop low cost molecules for the treatment of tuberculosis, an infectious disease widely prevalent in India). Another significant achievement is the development of Indian Genome Variation Database (IGVDB), which houses Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) frequency data in over 1000 genes from disease and drug response candidates in population representing the entire genetic diversity of India. It has also developed an ayurvedic formulation namely Prostalyn for treatment of prostate cancer. (CSIR-800: The programme has a mission, that is to increase per capita income by Rs. 15.00 per day of the target group which 800 million people of India living in the bottom half to the development pyramid). The focus areas are affordable health, sustainable energy, waste to wealth, potable water, low-cost housing and empowering masses. In first of its new endevours, CSIR has launched Soleckshaw, an optimally designed, pedal operated-moto-assisted, zero carbon emission urban transport vehicle. In the area of Sustainable Energy: (CSIR has developed Indias first push-button type 300 W self-supported Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell System). Taking forward the concept of waste of wealth, CSIR had developed a technology for conversion of bagasse to biofuel which has already been transferred to sugar industry. Augmenting its technology for conversion of jatropha to biodiesel, CSIR has installed ITPD plant in collaboration with Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO). CSIR has significant contribution in the area of solar energy

research also. Technology for production of solar water heater Nalsun has been developed and commercialized. In the area of Ecology & Environment : CSIR has come up with a first-ever long climate simulation with a global general circulation model with a spatial resolution of 20-km. In the area of Biology & Biotechnology : CSIR has recently reported discovery of two spermicidal compounds (DSE-36, and DSE-37, disulphide esters of carbothioic acid) with extremely potent spermicidal action that killed 100% human sperm at just 4% of EC 100 of N-9. Another significant contribution is the development of (FishMap, a unified and centralized resource for storage, retrieval, and display of genomic information of zebrafish). In the area of Chemical Technology : It has established 20,000 tap plant at (Digboi Refinery Plant, the oldest refinery of the country). In the area of Earth System Science : In a collaborative effort with Geological Survey of India and Oil and Natural Gas Commission, CSIR has prepared and released Gravity Map series of India-2006. CSIR also studied lower crustal and mantle xenoliths from the mimberlite clusters combining geothermobarometry, age and petrophysical properties and subsequently mapped 4-D lithospheric of the eastern Dharwar craton. In the area of Engineering Design and Structure : CSIR has re-engineered the navigational span of Pamban railway bridge from metre gauge to broad gauge. Another achievement is setting up of an excellent tower testing facility at Chennai which ranks among the best in the world for testing towers upto a height of 65 m and a base dimension of 22.5m 22.5m and cross-arm width up to 36m using electrohydraulic servo system. In the area of Information : CSIR continued its efforts towards dissemination of science & technology information in the form of three well-circulated popular science magazines, Science Reporter (English monthly), Vigyan Pragati (Hindi monthly) and Science ki Duniya (Urdu quarterly), number of popular science books, and 16 scholarly science journals. Human Resource Developments : CSIR is committed to develop and nurture S & T manpower at the national level. Some of the activities are : award of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prizes (SSB) and CSIr Young scientist Awards, (YSA); selection of Junior Research Fellows (JRF) through National Eligibility Test (NET); selection of Senior Research Fellows (SRF), Extended Research

Associates (RA), Senior Research Associates (SRA) and Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Fellows (SPMF); funding of Extra Mural Research (EMR) schemes at Universities / R&D organizations; visiting Associateship scheme; travel/conference/symposium grants; CSIR Programme on Youth for Leadership in Science (CPYLS).

Atomic Energy
The Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), established on 3 August 1954 is engaged in the development of nuclear power technology, applications of radiation technologies in the fields of agriculture, medicine, industry, and basic research. The Department comprises five research centres, three Industrial Organisations, five Public Sector Undertakings and three Service Organisations.

Nuclear Power Programme

DAE has been pursuing the following 3-stage Nuclear Power Programme: The first stage comprises setting up of Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors (PWHRs) and associated fuel cycle facilities. HHWRs use natural uranium as fuel and heavy water as moderator and coolant. The second stage envisages setting up of Fast Breeder Reactors (FBRs) backed by reprocessing plants and plutonium-based fuel fabrication plants. Plutonium is produced by irradiation of uranium-238. The third stage is based on the thorium-uranium-233 cycle. Uranium-233 is obtained by irradiation of thorium. The first stage of Nuclear Power Programme is already in commercial domain. The Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd. (NPCIL), a public sector undertaking of DAE, is responsible for the design, construction and operation of nuclear power reactors. To gain experience in the second stage, the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR) has been engaged in the design and development of liquid sodium cooled fast breeder reactors. IGCAR has successfully developed the Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR) technology. The operational experience of FBTR of more than two decades and further technology developments have facilitated the design of a 500 MWe Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (currently under construction of Kalpakkam). A new public sector undertaking Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam (BHAVINI) of DAE is implementing this project which is expected to add 500 MWe to the Southern grid by the year 2010-11. The third stage of the Nuclear Programme is in technology development stage. The onoging development of 300 MWE Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR) at BARC aims at developing expertise for thorium utilization and demonstrating advanced safety concepts.

Nuclear Power Programme: Stage-I Pressurised Heady Water Reactors

For the Indian Nuclear Power Programme, that took off in the sixties, PHWR was the reactor of choice for the first stage of the programme. However, to gain operational experience, initially an atomic power system comprising two boiling water reactors (BWR) was set up at Tarapur, Maharashtra. This was a turnkey project of the General Electric of USA. Commissioned in 1969, the station is still in operation.

The first two PHWRs, at Rawatbhata, Rajasthan, started commercial producted in 1973 and 1981. (The first unit (RAPS-I) was built with the help of the Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd. (AECL)). However, the second unit was completed with the indigenous research and development endeavour and the support of the Indian industry. This success followed commissioning of the two 220 MWe reactors at Kalpakkam near Chennai, Tamil Nadu, in the years 1984 and 1986. Later, the design of the 220 MWe PHWR was standardized and two reactors of this design were commissioned at Narora, Uttar Pradesh, in 1991 and 1992. This technology of PHWR reached commercial maturity with the commissioning of two 220 MWe PHWRs at Kakrapar (Gujarat) in 1993 and 1995. In the year 2000, four state-of-the-art 220 MWe PHWRs, two each at Kaiga (Karnataka) and Rawatbhata (Rajasthan) came online. One more 220 MWe PHWR was commissioned at Kaiga in May 2007. The reactor design of 220 MWe PHWR was successfully scaled up to 540 MWe. Two reactors of this scaled-up design have been successfully commissioned at Tarapur, in the years 2005 and 2006. The gestation period of the reactors has also been reduced drastically. The nuclear power generation has risen from 3000 million units in the year 1981-82 to 17016 million units for the calendar year 2009. The electricity generation, since commencement of commercial operation of NPCIL units till end of December 2009 was 3,06,139 Mus.

Ongoing Projects
A total capacity of 3160 megawatt is under construction. It comprises three 220 MWe Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors, two at Rawatbhata (RAPP-5&6) and one at Kaiga (Kaiga-2&$), two Pressurised Water Reactors of 1000 MWe each at Kudankulam and one 500 MWe prototype fast breeder reactor (PFBR) at Kalpakkam.

New Projects
The Government of India has also given, in principle, site approvals for setting up 8 additional nuclear power reactors aggregating 6800 MWe. These will consist of 700 MWe. PHWrs and 1000

Mwe Light Water Reactors to be located at Kudankulam (Tamil Nadu), Kakrapar (Gujarat), Tawatbhata (Rajasthan) and Jaitapur (Maharashtra).

The Nuclear Fuel Cycle

The DAE organizations contributing to the Front-End of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle Programme are the Atomic Minerals Directorate for Research and Exploration (AMD), Hyderabad; Uranium Corporation of India Ltd. (UCIL), Jaduguda (Jharkhand); Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC), Hyderabad; and Heavy Water Board (HWB), Mumbai. BARC and IGCAR administer the Back End of they Cycle.

Survey and Exploration

The Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research (AMD) is engaged in survey, exploration and evaluation of resources of uranium, thorium, niobium, tantalum, beryllium, zirconium, lithium, yttrium and rare earth elements required for the indigenous atomic energy programme of the country. Country and exploration for atomic minerals had commenced in 1949. Over the years, uranium deposits have been located at Jaduguda, Bhatin, Narwapahar, Turamdih (East and South), Banduhuran (Turamdih West), Central Keruadungri, Bagjata, Kanyaluka, Mohuldih and Nandup in Jharkhand; Domiasiat and Wahkyn in Meghalaya; Lambapur - Peddagattu, Kpoounuru and Tummalapalle in Andhra Pradesh; Gogi in Karnataka and Rohil in Rajasthan. So far, AMD has established 61,000 tonnes of uranium metal. Certain Proterozic basins, which are the prime targets for unconformity-related highgrade uranium deposits are Andhra Pradesh; Delhi basin (fold belt) in Rajasthan; Bhima and Kaladgi-Badami basins in Karnataka, Chhattisgarh; Indravati and Abujhmar basins in Chhattisgarh; and Gwalior basin in Madhya Pradesh.

Mining and Ore-Processing

The exploratory efforts of AMD, made earlier, had led to the opening of four underground uranium mines at Jaduguda, Bhatin, Narwapahar and Turamdih all in Singbhum (East), Jharkhand state. A new open cast mine was also commissioned at Banduhurang in Singhbhum in 2007.

Nuclear Fuel Fabrication

Nuclear fuel fabrication for power reactors and research reactors is done respectively at the Nuclear Fuel Complex, Hyderabad, and BARC. In the development of new fuels, BARC and IGCAR are engaged. The Indian PHWR uses natural uranium-based fuel. A major milestone was achieved with the fabrication of the first fuel element at Trombay in 1959. For industrial scale manufacture of nuclear fuel assemblies and zircaloy structural components for power reactors, the Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC) was set up in Hyderabad in 1971.

Heavy Water Production and Upgrading

The Heavy Water Board (HWB) of DAE is responsible for building and operating heavy water plants in the country. The Board has seven heavy water plants in the country. Besides meeting domestic needs of heavy water, the board has also exported heavy water. In November 2006, the Board executed the seventh export order of 13 MT of heavy water to South Korea besides entering into a contract with US for the supply of 4400 kg of nuclear grade heavy water.

Fuel Reprocessing
(The Indian nuclear power generation programme is based on closed-cycle approach that involves reprocessing of spent fuel and recycle of Plutonium and Uranium-233 for power generation). It has a Pilot for fuel reprocessing at Trombay and industrial scale plants at Tarapur and Kalpakkam. The plant at Trombay processes spent fuel from research reactors while the other two plants process spent fuel from power reactors.

Nuclear Waste Management

Based on this technology, two Waste Immobilisation Plants (WIPs) have been operating at Tarapur and Trombay. A facility for the immobilisation of waste in a cement matrix has been commisioned at Kalpakkam. BARC has constructed an Advanced Vitrification waste. Vitrified waste is-stored in a specially designed Solid Storage Surveillance Facility (SSDF) for about 30 years priot its disposal in deep geological formation. The first such facility has been in operation at Tarapur since 1999.

R & D Support to Nuclear Power

A number of state-of-the-art instrumentation and control systems for reactors and heavy water plants have been developed at BARC and IGCAR. (Robotics is one of the major thrust areas of the R & D programmes at BARC and IGCAR).

Electronics & Instrumentation

The meet the hi-tech instrumentation needs of the nuclear technology, a strong R&D base was created in electronics and instrumentation, first at TIFR and later at BARC. The knowhow and the products developed at Trombay in the area of electronics have led to the setting up of the Electronics Corporation of India Ltd. (ECIL) at Hyderabad in 1967. ECIL, is now a multi-product and multi-disciplinary organisation providing key technology inputs, system integration and system solutions in the areas of information technology, strategic electronics, communications, control and automation, instrumentation and components.

Nuclear Power Programme-Stage : II Fast Reactor Programme

IGCAR started the breeder programme with the setting up of a Fast Breeder Test Reactor

FBTR) at Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu in October 1985. This reactor, operating with indigenously developed mixed uranium-plutonium carbide fuel has achieved its technology objectives.

 Based on the experience gained with FBTR, the Bhartiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam Ltd. (BHAVINI - formed in October 2003) is constructing a 500 megawatt (e) Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) at Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu.

Fast Reactor Fuel Fabrication

The Mark-I mixed carbide fuel core, with high plutonium content, has been developed for the first time in the world. Fabrication of Mark-II core is progressing at Trombay.

Fast Reactor Fuel Reprocessing

For reprocessing of FBTR fuel, the lead Mini Cell, henceforth known as Compact Reprocessing facility for Advanced fuels in Lead cells (CORAL) has been commissioned at Kalpakkam.

Fast Reactor Technology Development

Under the technology development programme, IGCAR is pursuing engineeringrelated research & development such as thermal hydraulic and structural mechanics studies, development of components such as control and safety rod drive mechanism and various test facilities such as Sodium Water Reaction Test Facility and Steam Generator Test Facility.

Nuclear Power Programme-Stage-III Thorium Based Reactors

Thorium utilisation is the long term core objective of the Indian Nuclear Power Programme for providing energy security for the country on a sustainable basis. The third stage of the Indian Nuclear Power Programme is based on the thorium-uranium233 cycle. For breeding fissile uranium-233 from thorium, development of Accelerator Driven Sub-Critical Systems (ADS) for nuclear reactor is the latest addition to the Indian nuclear programme. For the separation of uranium-233 from irradiated thorium fuel on a plant scale, a uranium-thorium Separation Facility is in operation at Trombay.

Safety & Environment

An independent body, the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) monitors safety. The safety standards formulated by AERB are on part with those recommended by the international organisations such as the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). NPCIL is a member of the World Association of Nuclear Operators (WANO). The Association has conducted peer reviews of the atomic power stations at Kakrapar and Narora.

Sophisticapted weather monitoring SODAR systems are operational at Kaiga, Kalpakkam, Tarapur and Trombay. IREMON, a nationwide network of environmental monitoring stations detects radiation releases. Interfaced with global posititioning system, a Compact Aerial Radiation Monitoring System.

Environment Friendly Technologies

DAE is a pioneer in conducting comprehensive thermal ecology studies in India. The Nisarga-Runa technology developed at BARC converts biodegradable solid waste into useful manure and methane. A number of such plants have been set up at various places. The Sewage Sludge Hygienisation plant (SHRI) at Vadodara continues to provides dried hygienises sludge for use by farmers. Large scale field trials of utilizing radiation processed municipal sewage sludge in the agricultural fields have been conducted under the supervision of Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK, Vadodara). The trial conducted showed increase in the yields of many agricultural crops.

Radiation Technology & Applications

The research reactors set up by DAE so far, have been Apsara (1mW, Fuel: Enriched Uranium-Aluminium Ally), CIRUS (40 MW, Fuel: Natural uranium), Zerlina (zero energy, Natural Uranium), Purnima I-III (Fuel: Plutonium / Uranium-233), Dhruva (100 MW, Fuel: Natural Uranium) at Trombay (Maharashtra), and Kamini (30kW, Fuel : Uranium-233-A1 alloy) and Fast Breeder Test Reactor (40MW, Fuel : uraniumPlutonium carbide) a Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu). Of the research reactors, Zerlina was decommissioned in 1984, and Purnima series made way for Kamini. Dhruva, CIRUS and Apsara are used for producing radioisotopes besides their use in research and development relating to nuclear technologies and materials, applied and basic research, and training. KAMINI is used mainly for radiography of various materials, and FBTR is the test bed for the development of fuel, blanket and structural materials for fast breeder reactor programme. The new ventures include the development of a Critical Facility at Trombay for reactor physics experiments relating to AHWR and 540 MWe PHWR, and pool type 200MWt Multi Purpose Research Reactor.

Radioisotope Production & Processing

India is a leading producer of a radioisotopes in the world. Radioisotopes are produced in the research reactors at Trombay, atomic power reactors at various places in the country, and cyclotron at Kolkata. The radioisotopes produced at Trombay and at the nuclear power stations, are processed by BRIT.

Applications of Radioisotopes
The radioisotopes produced at Trombay find wide applications in the fields of agriculture and food, medicine and health care, industry, and research. Based on these applications, the following programmes have been established.

Crop Improvement
BARC, in collaboration with agricultural universities, has been engaged in research and development in the field of crop

improvement. BARC has successfully developed green manure crop - Sesbania rostrate that is proving highly cost-effective for small farmers. A tissue culture-based protocol for rapid multiplication of some commercial cultivars of banana has been developed here. This technology has been transferred to the Maharashtra Stage Seeds Corporation.

Food processing
The Department has set-up plants for demonstration of high and low dose applications of radiation. This plant processes onion, pulses, rawa and turmeric. The Radiation Processing Plant at Vashi processed more than 1500 MT of spices and other allied products. The first radiation processing plant in private sector by M/s. Organic Green Foods ltd. is operating in Kolkata. Three Gamma Processing. Plants have been completed in Sonepat (Haryana), Ambernath (Maharashtra) and Vadodara (Gujarat). Apart from supplying the Cobalt-60 sources for the new plants, BRIT provides requisite technical guidance and facilitation services (from conception to commissioning stage) to enable the entrepreneurs to commission the plant in a time-bound manner. Nearly 300 tonnes of onion from a entrepreneur were irradiated at BARCs Krushak plant at Lasalgaon, district Nashik, Maharashtra.

Nuclear Medicine and Health Care

BARC and BRIT are the main centres of this activity. At BARC, Cesium-137 based brachy therapy sources are routinely produced. For treatment of cancer of eye, radiation sources of the size of rice grain, containing 2-3 milli curie of Iodine-125. This miniature source was tried for the first time for treatment of eye cancer at Sankara Netralaya, Chennai. Another salient development here is the digital medical imaging system based on a Charge Coupled Device (CCD). BARC has successfully developed radiation-processed hydrogel for treating burns, wounds and leprosy; Holmium-166-Hydroxy Apatiti (HoHa) and Samarium-153\Hydroxy Apatrite (SmHa) radiopharmaceuticals for treatment of arthritis, and radiolabelling of phosphonates with Luthinium-177 for intermalised radiotherapy. Tuberculosis is a major health problem in India. For detection of the disease infection, BARC developed a sero-diagnostic test-kit with X-ray imaging using a three dimensional cone-beam tonography which another important development.

BARCs Radiation Medicine Centre (RML) in Kumbai is involved in research and development in nuclear medicine and allied sciences. It is a regional referral centre of the World Health Organiation, and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). For the radiogianosis need in the eastern part of the country, the Regional Radiation Medicine Centre (RRMC) of VECC is operating at Kolkata. BRIT processes and formulates radiosotopes produced in the research reactors Dhruva and Apsara at Trombay and also in the power reactors of NPCIL. BRIT also manufactures radiation technology based equipment, and provides radiation processing services to medical sector. BRIT produces and supplies sealed radiation sources of Cobalt-60 and Iridium-192 to a number of radiotherapy centres in the country, for cancer treatment. The first unit of Bhabhatron installed at Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Navi Mumbai is used regularly for treating cancer patients. An improved model of the Bhabhatron has been installed in a Red Cross Hospital in Nellore, Andhra Pradesh.

Beam Technologies
Laser systems and Electron Beam Acceleatores are the areas where India is one of the front runners. The DAEs research organisation viz. Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology (RRCAT) in Indore, Madhya Pradesh and Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) in Mumbai, are engaged in the development of applications in the Laser systems, Electron Beam processes and devices, and Plasma devices. In collaboration with Sriram Institute of Chemical Research, New Delhi, BARC developed a special formulation of PVC based material which on radiation crosslinking, leads to a product that can withstand temperature upto 105 deg. Celsius. BARC and RRCAT have developed a variety of lasers that include gas lasers, solid Wate lasers and semiconductor lasers which find wide applications. The laser based devices that have been developed include a projectile speedmeasuring instrument commissioned at the Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory, Hyderabad, and Surface Profile-meter for measuring roughness.

Water Management
BARC has recently developed the Vapour Compression (VC) technology for seawater desalination and a 50,000 litres / day VC desalination plant has been installed and commissioned successfully.

Basic Research Mathematics & Computation

BARC has developed over 15 different models of Anupam series of supercomputers since 1991.

The Anupam-Ameya supercomputer developed by BARC is a 512 CPU cluster and is the largest and fastest in the ANUPAM series. The machine consists of 256 Dual processor Xeon based IU servers interconnected to gigabit Ethernet network.

Physics
The Institute of Physics, Bhubaneshwar conducts research in condensed matter and high energy, nuclear, atomic accelerator based physics and other related subjects. At the Harish-Chandra Research Institute, the research in physics

covers the work on understanding the ground state of open string theories, which possess tachyons

Seismic Studies
BARC monitors seismic activities at Garibidanur in Karnataka, Delhi and Trombay seismic stations.

Astronomy
In the field of radiostronomy, a Radiotelescope Array, set up in the Nilgiri Hills near Oocacamund, Tamil Nadu, has been in use for decades. At Narayangaon, near Pune, Maharashtra, the Giant Metre Wave, Radio-Telescope (GMRT) with 30 gigantic parabolic dishes, has been in operation. Another international class astronomy-research facility GRACE has been set up by BARC at Mount Abu, Rajasthan. It includes TACTIC. (Tera-electron = -Volt Atmospheric Carenkov Telescope with Imaging Camera). This is the first-ever Indian imaging gamma-ray telescope, and is being used for high-senstivity observation of cosmic gamma ray sources above 1 TeV energy. BARCs Centre for Compositional Characterization of Materials (CCCM) in Hyderabad provides high quality analytical services to various departmental, governmental and private institutions.

Biology
The National Centre for Biological Sciences of TIFR at Bangalore has been working on research initiatives in the frontline areas of biology. The Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata is engaged in research elucidating the structure function correlation of biom\olecules at the cellular and molecular level.

Research Education Linkage Funding of Extra-mural Research

DAE encourages and promotes scientific research in universities, institutes and laboratories in the area of relevance to the Department. Bhis is done through the

Board of Research in Nuclear Sciences (BRNS) and the National Board for Higher Mathematics (NBHM), both in Mumbai. BRNS has also introduced DAE Science Research Council (DAE-SRC) Award that aims to set up frontier area research units around individuals. During the year 200607, the Board approved 90 new research projects.

International Research Collaboration

Under a co-operation agreement, signed in March 1996, DAE, through its units, is engaged in development and supply of sophisticated components for Large Hardron Collider (LHC), a particle accelerator under construction by European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN) at Geneva, Switzerland.

National Security
8 On May 18, 1974, India had conducted a peaceful underground nuclear experiment at Pokhran in Rajasthan desert. Here after twenty four years, on May 11 and 13, 1998, India successfully conducted five nuclear tests that included a themonuclear device, a fission device and three sub-kiloton nuclear devices.

Accelerators
The Variable Energy Cyclotron (VEC) at Kolkata, 14MV Pelletron Accelerator in Mumbai, and Synchrotron Radiation Sources (SRS) Indus I&II at the Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology (RRCAT) Indore, and Folded Tandem Ion Accelerator (FOTIA) at Trombay, are the major accelerator facilities in the country.

Cyclotrons & Other Accelerators

The Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre (VECC) at Kolkata is a national centre for acceleratorbased research. The Variable Energy Cyclotron set up here by BARC in 1977.

Fusion & Other Plasma Technologies

The Institute for Plasma Research (IPR), Ahemdabad operated Aditya Tokamak for the studies on high temperature magnetically confiend plasmas. Experts from International Thermonuclear Experimental, Reactor (ITER) central team and member countries assessed Indias technical capability and preparedness to participate in the ITER project as full member. At the end of successful negotiations Indias accession to ITER took place on the December 6, 2005 during Negotiators meeting at Jeju in South Korea.

ITER
Fusion is the energy source of sun and stars. Is fusion, two light nuclei (e.g. deuterium and tritium) combine to form a heavier nucleus, and a large amount of energy is released. Considering the complexity of this technology, Japan, European Union, the then Soviet Union and the United States had established a collaborative project International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) in 1985 to harness fusion

energy. China and South Korea also joined the consortium of parties to the ITER venture. India has had a fusion research programme of its own, since the early eighties. Two tokamaks have been indigenously built at the Institute for Plasma Research (IPR) near Ahmedabad, and a small tokamak has been imported from Toshiba, Japan for the Saha Institute for Nuclear Physics, Kolkata (SINP). India will be fabricating the 28 dia, 26 m tall stainless steel cryostat, which forms the outer vacuum envelope for ITERA.

Technology Transfer Human Resource Development

In 1957, BARC had started a Training School at Trombay to prepare a select group of young scientists and engineers every year for responsible positions in various institutions and projects of DAE. The BARC Training School thus has associated with it the Training Schools at the Centre for Advanced Technology (CAT), Indore, the Nuclear Fuel Complex-Heavy Water Board (NFC-HWB), Hyderabad and the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd. (NPCIL) Training School with centres

at Tarapur, Rawathaba, Kaiga and Kalpakkam.

Indian Space Programme

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) was formed in 1969. Space research activities were provided additional fillip with the formation of the Space Commission and the Department of Space by the government of India in 1972. And, ISRO was brought under the Department of Space in the year. In the history of the Indian space programme, 70s were the era of Experimentation during which experimental satellite programmes like Aryabhatta, Bhaskara, Rohini and Apple were conducted. Antrix, the commercial arm of the Department of Space, is marketing Indias space services globally. Fruitful co-operation with other space faring nations, international bodies and the developing world is one of the main characteristics of Indias space programme. The most significant milestone of the Indian Space Programme during the year 20052006 was the successful launch of PSLV-C6. On 5 May 2005, the ninth flight of Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C6) from Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR, Sriharikota successfully placed two satellites - the 1560 kg CARTOSTAR-1 and 42 kg HAMSAT - into a predetermined polar Sun Synchronous Orbit (SSO). The successful launch of INSAT-4A, the heaviest and most powerful satellite built by India so far, on 22 December 2005 was the other major event of the year 2005-06.

Indian National Satellite System

(The Indian National Satellite (INSAT) system is one of the largest domestic communication satellite systems in the Asia-Pacific region). In the 1980s, it initiated a major revolution in Indias communications sector and sustained the same later. The satellites of INSAT system, which are in service today, are INSAT-2E, INSAT-3A, INSAT-3B, INSAT-3C, INSAT-3E, KALPANAI-1, GSAT-2, DEUSAT and INSAT-4A, that was launched recently.

Launched Vehicles
After successfully testing the first indigenous launch vehicle SLV-3 in 1980, ISRO built the next generation Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV). ISROs Launch Vehicle Programme had a giant leap with the successful launch of IRS-P2 spacecraft onboard the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) in October 1994. On 18 April 2001, India successfully launched its Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV).

Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle

The four stage PSLV is capable of launching upto 1,600 kg satellites into 620 km polar orbit. It has provision to launch payloads from 100 kg micro-satellites or mini or small satellites in different combinations. The latest launch of PSLV (PSLV-C6) was on 5 May 2005 during which the vehicle precisely placed the 1560 kg CARTOSAT-1 and the 42 kg HAMSAT into a 620 km high polar SSO.

Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle

The GSLV was successful on its very test flight. After its successful second flight on 8 May 2003, it was commissioned. This was followed by the success of its third flight on 20 September 2005. The GSLV is capable of launching 2,000 kg class satellites into Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO). GSLV-Mk III, a new version of GSLV and capable of launching space craft weighing upto 4 tonnes to GTO is under development.

Launch Infrastructure
An elaborate launch infrastructure exists at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR, Sriharikota Island on the East Coast of India which is about 100 km from Chennai. Sriharikota is located at 130 North latitude. From here, satellites can be launched into a variety of orbital inclinations starting from 180 and extending upto 990. The newly built Second Launch Pad at SDSC SHAR as a redundancy to the existing launch pad, and to cater to the requirement of GSLV-Mk III as well as other future launch vehicles, was commissioned on 5 May 2005 with the successful launch of PSLV-C6.

Space Science
Chandrayaan-1, the unmanned lunar exploration spacecraft was launched on 22nd October 2008 from HSAR, Sriharikota. The mission is intended to produce a map of lunar chemical characteristics and three dimensional topography. It carries five ISRO

payloads and six payloads from other international agencies including NASA, ESA and the Bulgarian Aerospace Agency, carried free of cost.

International Co-operation
ISRO has had a very good record of international co-operation. It has Memoranda of Understanding / Agreements with 26 countries / space agencies. A UN sponsored Centre for Space Science and Technology Education in Asia and the Pacific (CSSTEAP) set up in India has trained more than 400 personnel of the Asia-pacific region. ISRO has launched scientific payloads of other space agencies like Modular Optoelectronic Scanner of DLR, Germany that was flown on IRS-P3 spacecraft and the data is being shared by scientists of DLR, India and the US. It has a co-operative agreement with NASA/NOAA for the reception of meteorological data from

INSAT spacecraft by those agencies. Megha-Tropiques is a joint satellite mission of ISRO and French Space Agency CNES for atmospheric studies. Instruments for astronomical observation jointly developed with Israel and Canada will be flown onboard Indias GSAT-4 and RISAT satellites respectively. And, an Indian scientific instrument to study solar physics and solar-terrestrial sciences will be flown onboard Russias CORONAS-PHOTON satellite. India has also set up three local User Terminals and a Mission Control Centre for the international COSPAS / SARSAT programme for providing distress alert and position location service. A search and Rescue Transponder is included in INSAT-3A spacecraft. India is a signatory to the International Charter on Disaster Management and is providing remote sensing date for the same.

Antrix
1. Antrix, the commercial front of the Department of Space, is a single window agency for marketing Indian space capabilities. 2. Antrix offers launch services using Indias PSLV. Two German, one Korean and one Belgian satellites have already been successfully launched by PSLV. 3. The delivery of Hylas spacecraft, being developed and built for Avanti Screenmedia, UK jointly with EADS Astrium under a contract through ANTRIX, was expected to be completed in third quarter of 2010. 4. The highlight of the achievement in launch service area was the successful launch of six nanosatellites for international customers on board PSLVC14 mission on 23 September 2009. 5. Antrix has been conferred with several prestigious awards including India Priae Awards-Gold 2009 by Dainik Bhasker.

Indian IT-ITeS Industry

The Indian software and services exports including ITES-BPO exports in estimated at US $ 47 billion in 2008-09, as compared to US $ 40.4 billion in 2007-08, an increase of 16.3 per cent. The IT services exports is estimated to be US $ 26.9 billon on 200809 as compared to US $23.1 billion in 2007-08, showing a growth of 16.5 percent in

2008-09, a year-on-year (Y-o-Year) growth of over 17.4 percent. While US & UK remained the largest export markets (accounting for about 60 per cent and 19 percent respectively, in 2007-08), the industry is steadily increasing its exposure to other geographes. The IT-ITeS industrys contribution to the national GDP is estimated to increase from 5.5 percent in 2007-08 to 5.8 percent in 2008-09.

Major Initiatives in Information Technology National e Governance Plan (NeGP)

The Nation e-Governance Plan was approved by the Government on 18th May, 2006. The NeGP consists of 27 Mission Mode Projects (MMPs), which are currently at different phases like conceptulization, design, implementation and postimplementation.

State Data Centres

State Data Centre is one of the three core infrastructure components of the National e-Governance Plan (NeGP) of Govt. of India. Under the SDC Scheme, it is proposed to established Data Centres across the 28 States and 7 Union Territories.

e-District
e-District is a State Mission Mode Project under the National e-Governance Plan. The Project aims to target certain high volume services currently not covered by any MMP under the NeGP and undertake back-end computerization to enable the delivery of these services through Common Service Centres. The Department has approved 14 Pilot e-District project covering 35 districts. Significant ground has been covered in Uttar Pradesh, Assam and Bihar.

National Service Delivery Gateway (NSFG)

Centre of Development of advanced Computing (C-DAC) has built and deployed NSDG (National e-governance Services Delivery Gateway) and NSD (National Services Directory) which is the second Mission Mode Project to have gone live since 14th August 2008.

Information Technology Investment Regions

There is felt need to develop infrastructure facilities in tier 2 and tier 3 cities, as there is little scope of building additional commercial space in the five tier 1 cities-New Delhi, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Mumbai and Chennai. The Information Technology (Amendment) Act 2008 The Information Technology Act 2000, a legal framework for transactions carried out electronically was enacted to facilitate e-Commerce, e-Governance and to care of computer related offences.

National Knowledge Network

Government has decided to establish a National Knowledge Network (NKN) with scalable multi-gigabit capabilities which will connect 1000 covering the universities, research institutions, libraries, laboratories, hospitals and agricultural institutions across the country.

Technology development for Indian Languages

DIT has released the CDs for sixteen Indian languages viz. Tamil, Hindi, Telugu, Marathi, Urdu, Punjabi, Oriya, Mannada, Assamese, Malayalam, Gujarati, Sanskrit, Bodo, Dogri, Maithili and Nepali for free mass usage.

Nanotechnology
The Nanotechnology Initiative Programme of Department of Information Technology was started in 2004. A major project entitled Indian Nanoelectronics Users Programme (INUP) with an outlay of about Rs. 25 crore has also been initiated at IIT Bombay and IISc Bangalore too facilitate and support generation

of expertise and knowledge in nanoelectronics through participation and utilization by external users of the facilities established at the Nanoelectronics Centres at IISc Bangalore and IITBombay.

Centre for Development of Advanced Computing

Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) is premier R & D organization of the Department for carrying out R & D in IT, Electronics and associated areas. C-DAC commissioned a supercomputing system called PARAM Yuva in November 2008. Its Rmax (sustained performance) is 37.80 Teraflops and Rpeak (peak performance) is 54.01 TFs. It ranked 68th in the list of TPP500 supercomputers announced in November 2008 at Supercomputing Conference SCO8 held at Austin, Texa, USA. PARAM Yuva (with 37.8TFs Linpack performance) and PAARAM Synergy (with 2.01. TFs Linpack performance) ranked at No. 2 and No. 9 positions respectively among Indias Top. Supercomputerss list announced by Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore in HiPC08 Conference on 18 December, 2008. The next phase of Garuda will leverage upon the NKN (National Knowledge Network) connectivity.

National Informatics Centre

The National Informatics Centre (NIC) is the nodal S & T organisation of the Department of Information Technology, Ministry of Communications and Information Technology for facilitating the process of e-Governance in the country. NIC has scored many firsts in the field of informatics development & networking for decision support in the Central Government Departments, 28 State Governments, one National Capital Territory of Delhi and 6 Union Territories, and about 611 District

administrations at sub-state level. It is the only organization in India to provide total informatics support to the Ministers and Departments of the Central, State Governments, District Administration and other Government bodies.

DOACC Society
DOACC Society is an apex body of Department of Information Technology, to carry out human resource development and related activities in the area of Information. Electronics and communication Technology (IECT). Its headquarter at New Delhi. It also has two regional centres at Pudukkottai (Tamil Nadu) and Patna (Bihar).

National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI)

The National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI) has been established as a not-forprofit Organization under section 25 of the Companies Act 1956 and was registered in July 2003. The exchange points are presently operational at Mumbai, Delhi (Noida), Chennai, Kolkata, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad.

Earth Sciences
Recognizing the increasing sensitivities of matters relating to the Earth Science System, Government of India established the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) on 12th July, 2006. Earth Commission (EC) which comprises of leading scientists, administrators and policy makers who advice the Ministry on overall earth science policy and strategy; an Earth Science Organization (ESO) consisting of scientists, administrators, financial advisors and heads of research institutes under MoES, which lay down and steer and annual plans of the Ministry. Both the EC and ESO are chaired by Secretary, MoES. At the field level the work of the Ministry is supported by the following organizations: Indian Meteorological Department (IMD); National Centre for Antarctic & Ocean Research (NCAOR); Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS); Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM); Integrated Coastal Marine Area Management (ICMAM); Centre for Marine Living Resources & Ecology (CMLRE); National Centre for Seismology, IMD and National Centre for Medium Weather Range Forecasting. The details about the Ministrys programme as well as the work of the research centres are given in the following paragraphs.

Atmospheric Science Information & Services Cyclone Warnings

8 The IMD, besides monitoring and forecasting cyclones, provides relevant data and advice to members of the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) so that economic and social

cooperation can be built upon by exchanging ideas between the Pacific Panel (ESCAP) countries. 8 The agency acts as a Tropical Cyclone Advisory Centre (TCAC) for international civil aviation as well. At the national level, IMD interacts continuously with the National Disaster Management authority and Ministry of Home Affairs to provide timely information and warnings and emergency support services.

Warning responsibility centres

The Cyclone Forecasting Wing in IMD has a three-tier structure to cater to the needs of the matitime states and other users. There are Cyclone Warning Centres (CWCs) at Visakhapatnam, Ahmedabad and Bhubaneswar that provide cyclone warnings for coastal regions of the maritime states in which they are located. In addition, there are area-based Cyclone Warning Centre (ACWC) at Kolkata, Chennai and Mumbai that not only provide warnings to their respective maritime states but also supervise the advisories of these centres under their jurisdiction. The national and international coordination as well as liaison with the Central Government and other organisations is done by the Cyclone Warning Division

located at the IMD Headquarters at New Delhi.

Weather observing system

The Ministry has to set up 550 additional automatic weather stations (AWS) and 1,350 automatic rain guage (ARG) stations in the first phase of its modernisation plan to complement the existing 125 AWS.

Weather Forecasting System

Operational since June 1, 2008, the weather forecasting system has already started issuing quantitative district level forecasts up to five days covering all the 613 districts.

Ocean Science and Services

The Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), established at Hyderabad in February 1999, is a knowledge and information technology enterprise for the oceanic realm. IOGOOS was formally established on November 5, 2002. 19 organisations from 10 countries have become Members of IOGOOS and agreed to collaborate and work together for the implementation of GOOS in the Indian Ocean and for promoting activities of common interest for the development of operational oceanography in the Indian Ocean region.

Ocean Technology
National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), an autonomous body of this Ministry of Earth Sciences (MOFS) was established to serve as the technical arm of DOD, through a pool of highly trained manpower by taking up technology development and

demonstration projects in major areas viz., Ocean Energy, Deep Sea Technology an Ocean Mining, Coastal and Environmental Engineering, and Marine Instrumentation. Land based Plants: A land based plant of one lakh liter per day capacity was installed in Kavaratti in May 2005. This LTTD desalination plant was developed indigenously by National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), which was commissioned at Kavaratti in May 2005. Mining the Ocean : India is the first country to be accorded status of a Pioneer Investor in 1987 and was allocated an exclusive area in the Central Indian Ocean by UN for exploration and utilization of resources. In-situ soil properly measurement system : India got elected as Member of the Legal and Technical Commission of the International Seabed Authority (ISA) for a period of 5 years beginning from 2007.

Geosphere and Seismological Disaster:

Early Tsunami Warning System : On October 15, 2007, the Minister for Science, Technology and earth Sciences, Shri Kapil Sibal inaugurated the National Tsunami Early Warning System that has been set up at the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), Hyderabad. Seismology Centre : Risk Evaluation Centre was created in New Delhi to evaluate seismic hazards at a very high resolution so that its engineering applications were possible.

Cryosphere and Polar Science Antarctic Treaty-Indias 3rd Research Base at Antarctica
India was privileged to host the 30th Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM) in May 2007 for the first time ever since India joined the Antarctic Treay in 1983 and was granted the consultative status. Ice-core laboratory: The establishment of National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research (NCAOR) at Goa as an exclusive polar research laboratory by the Ministry is a reflection of Indias sustained and far-fetched interests in Antarctic science and protection of its environment. The Centre has been designated as the focal coordinating agency for the Indian Antarctic program and is responsible for maintaining the Indian permanent station, Maitri in Antarctica. Expedition to Arctic: India already has a strong presence in the Antarctica for the past 27 years. Inquest for knowledge and pursuit of science, India has recently embarked upon Arctic research by launching first ever scientific expedition to this region under the leadership of Shri Rasik Ravindra, Director, NCAOR, Goa in the first week of August 2007 using the international research facility at Ny-Alesund in Sptilsbergen island of Norway. ORV Sagar Kanya: The Vessel underwent a major dry-docking now equipped with a new DP System and up-gradation of generators, bow thruster power management system, a state-of-the-art Multibeam Swath Bathymetric System. For the first time,

ORV Sagar Kanya undertook a survey over approximately 600 lines kmw. covering 92. sq. kms. for recovery of failed GSLV engine. Three step-on engines S3, S2 and S1 were recovered and many parts of the S4 stage engine / core vehicle were collected from sea bottom.

Non-Living Resources
Polymetalic Nodule Programme : India is the first country to have received the status of Pioneer Investor in 1987 and was allocated an exclusive area in Central Indian Ocean Basin by UN for exploration and utilization of nodules.

Coastal and Marine Ecosystem

Lobster Fattening Technology : National Institute of Ocean Technology, Chennai, successfully developed and disseminate the viable technology for fattening lobsters and mud crabs in cages to select beneficiaries in Gulf of Mannar in Tamil Nadu and Andaman Islands, on

an experimental basis. There has been a substantial improvement in earnings of coastal fishermen due to implementation of this scheme.

Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management (ICMAM)

The Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management (ICMAM) programme initiated in 1998 aims to facilitate use of scientific tools and techniques in addressing the coastal problems like erosion, pollution and habitat degradation.

Coastal Ocean Monitoring and Prediction System

A major long-term programme to assess the health of marine environment has been operational since 1990. Ocean Research Vessels : Recognizing the necessity of research vessels for conducting Marine Scientific Research, the Department acquired two state-of-the-art Research Vessels viz., (ORV) Sagar Kanya and FORV Sagar Sampada in 1983 and 1984 respectively. During 1998, two Coastal Research Vessel viz., Sagar Poorvi, and Sagar Pachimi were acquired to specifically monitor coastal pollution aspects. In 2006, a Buoy Tender Vessle, Sagar Manjusha was commissioned to cater to the needs of ocean observation systems. Sagar Nidhi had been completed which was launched in June 2007.

National Bioresource Development Board

A web portal Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN) has been launched as a single window access to spatial and non-spatial data. The countrys first Butterfly Park at Bannerghatta Biological Park, Bangalore was inaugurated on 25th November 2006. A network programme has been launched for the Indian Coffee. Genome Research under which CDNA libraries and ESTs are being developed.

Medicinaland Aromatic Plants

A rapid and highly reproducible protocol for in vitro propagation of Picrohiza scrophulariflora has been developed. High yielding lines of Nothapodytes nimmoniana with more than 1% camplothecin were identified from Western Ghats. Evaluation of the performance of elite tissue culture plantlets vis-a-vis stem cuttings of vanilla (Vanilla planifolia) in farmers field over an are of 20 ha. in Tripura. Root extract of clitorea ternatea and taraxerol showed significant inhibition of acetyl cholinesterase activity and cognitive enhancing property. RAPD and minisatellite profiles of the sandalwood (Santalum album) populations of the southern regions of India have been generated. Work on cloning and characterization of regulatory elements of genes involved in picrosides biosynthesis in Picrorhiza kurrooa has been initiated.

Seribiotechnology
Screening of silk work germplasm for baculovirus resistance in silk work (Bombay mori) has resulted in identification of three each of bivoltine and multivoltine strains under a network project. A total of 67 mulberry accessions have been conserved in vitro and 238 accessions have been successfully cryopreserved. Field evaluation of mulberry transgenics (with HVA-1 gene) for abiotic stress tolerance has been initiated. A new programme on biotechnology in tasar sericulture has been recently initiated in collaboration with Central Silk Board.

Basic Research in Modern Biology

Fifty-Two R&D projects having fundamental questions were supported to provide new vistas to the knowledge required for understanding the intricacies involved in applied research. Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, using an in vitro cell culture model to evaluate the response of adult rat cardiac fibroblasts to hypoxia.

Stem Cell
Stem cell biology is a promising and emerging field of the life sciences. The potential of stem cell technology to develop therapy for many untreatable diseases through cellular replacement or tissue engineering is widely recognized. Till date, more than 55 programmes have been identified and supported on various aspects of stem cell research. Thee include generation of human embroynic stem cell lines, differentiation of pancreatic progenitor cells to insulin secreting cells, isolation of multipotential adult progenitor cells from bone marrow and their clonal expansion, use of banana lectins for stem cells from bone marrow and their clonal expansion, use of banal lectins for stem cell preservation, hematopoitic stem cells (HSC) for haplo-identical HSC transplantation, use of limbal stem cells for ocular surface disorders, isolation and characterization of mesenchymal and liver stem cells, in vitro differentiation of human embryonic stem cells to neural and non-neural lineages, cardiac stem cells, embryonic stem cells etc. CMC-DBT Centre for Stem Cell Research has been stablished at CMC, Vellore to carry out basic and translation research.

Human Genetics and Genome Analysis

The Human Genetics & Genome Analysis programme which is under implementation since 1990-91 has established major infrastructure to pursue post genomic research activities in the country and also to keep pace with international efforts to exploit the available human, animal and microbial genomics available in public domain. In order to develop trained manpower in the area the Government established four training centres (CMC, Vellore, AIIMs, New Delhi, IIH, Mumbai, and SGPGIMS, Lucknow) to train clinician scientists and technicians working at various medical college / institutions.

Microbial and
Industrial Biotechnology The technologies for production and application of various enzymes having industrial importance such a skeratinase, pollulanases, cellulase, lactase, protease etc. have been developed. The new projects relevant to health sector are focused on development of a novel vesicular drug delivery system for psoriasis and biochip diagnostics for detection of genetic diseases.

Small Business Innovation Research Initiative (SBIRI) for Public Private Partnership
The department initiated the scheme Small Business Innovation Research Initiative (SBIRI) procedures and guidelines for ensuring safety from the use of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) and products thereof in research and application to the users as well as to the environment. The institutions and industries involved in recombinant DNA work are carrying out their acclivities with the approval from Institutional Biosafety Committees (IBSCs), Monitoring-cum-Evaluation Committee (MEC) and Review Committee on Genetic Manipulation (RCGM) and other institutional structures. The Department had reconstituted the Review Committee on Genetic Manipulation (RCGM) to monitor the safety related aspects in respect of ongoing r-DNA projects & activities involving Genetically Engineered Organisms / Hazardous organisms and controlled field experiment of transgenic crops, in compliance with the Rules-1989 of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (EPA-1986).

Bioinformatics
The BTIS net programme of this Department has today developed into an extensive nationwide Network covering over 120 institutions, spread geographically all over the country. The Network is engaged in providing support to Biotechnology research, creating human resources in Bioinformatics and carrying out research in different areas of Bioinformatics. Scientists of this network have published more than 1000 bioinformatics research papers in peer reviewed journals in last five years.

Biotechnology Parks and Incubators

The Biotech Park and incubator facility at Shapoorji Pallonji Biotech Park, Genome Valley, Hyderabad has been mainly designed for development and scale-up of bioprocesses and technologies. A Biotechnoogy Incubation Centre (BTIC) in Kerala is

being established at Kalamassery, Ernakulum Dist., Kochi to promote small entrepreneurs and units for knowledge of traditional medicine, herbs and plant varieties, spices etc.

International Collaboration
International collaborations in biotechnology are an important vehicle for expanding the knowledge base and developing of expertise which would leverage the growth of research and development in the country. There is a renewed interest in collaboration with India amongst the developed counties. Good progress has been made following the MoU which were signed with Denmark and Finland and joint projects have been funded. In new collaborations the Department signed two memoranda with Agriculture and Agri-Food, Canada and the National Research Centre Canada respectively. The ongoing bilateral agreements and collaborations have also been significant, with joint projects being funded with Germany, Norway and USA. Bilateral interactions have been initiated with Sweden, Ukraine and Eu. The multialteral collaboration including co-operation amongst SAARC countries were pursued.

Autonomous Institutes and Public Sector Undertakings

National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi : The Institute continues to make inroads into basic research related to the immune system with a commitment that the knowledge gained would contribute to newer and more effective ways of addressing the health needs of the country. During the year more than 50 peer reviewed manuscripts and 5 reviews have been published. The Institute continued with the concept of end-to-end research in the biosciences and have signed MoU with Astra Zeneca India, Bangalore, and Cadila Pharmaceuticals, Ahmedabad on a technology related to novel molecules that inhibit Mycobacterial Fad D proteins and can have the potential as anti-mycobacterial drugs.

National Centre for Cell Science, Pune

The Centre has emphasis on R&D activities in the areas of cell biology including stem cell biology, signal transduction, cancer biology diabetes, infection and immunity and chromating architecture and gene regulation. The national cell repository supplied 1154 cell lines to 128 scientific institutions in India. Training and teaching programmes were also conducted. In the cell biology research, for the first time a nuclear more protein has been found to be associated with interphase microtubules. A protein molecule from perivitelline fluid of India horse shoe orab has shown cardiac promoting activity. In stem cell research, arachidonic acid omega 6) and its metabolites found to reduce appotosis in CD34+cells. The differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into dopaminergic neurons has been achieved. In cancer biology area, a distinctive nuclear-mitochondrial mutational profile and varying stem cell dynamics have been identified which seem to be associated with tumorigenesis.

Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Hyderabad

The Centre of DNA Fingerprinting and Giagnostics (CDFD) is an autonomous organization funded by the Department of biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India CDFD has been providing services for DNA fingerprinting, diagnostics, new born screening and boiinformatics based modern

high-technology DNA-based methods, of direct benefit to the public, as well as in performing fundamental research of international standards in frontier areas of biological science. CDFD also has a Sun Microsystems Centre of Excellence in Medical Bioinformatics. Based on novel technology developed by the Centre, a new joint activity has been initiated this year at the CDFD as APEDA-CDFD Centre for Basmati DNA Analysis with funding through APEDA (Agricultural and Processed Food products Export Development Authority).

National Brain Research Centre (NBRC), Haryana

The National Brain Research Centre was established to create a Centre of Excellence in Brain Research with state of art facility in the country to consolidate, network and undertake basic research of high caliber in neuroscience and also to generate highly trained human resources. The mandate of the centre is also to have established linkages with national and international organisations involved in neuroscience research. So far the centre through its networking centres established 47 neuroscience groups / institutions in the country to promote multi-disciplinary research and providing the facilities of a digital library. The Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MIRI) facility of the centre was made operational on 29th September, 2006.

National Institute for Plant Genome Research (NCPGR), New Delhi

The National Institute for Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), New Delhi (previously a National Centre) is engaged in plant genomic research with focus on structural genomics and functional with application genomics. It is working on Genomics of certain crops and manipulation of genes / genomes to breed improved varieties of food and industrial crops such as Chickpea, Catharanthus, Potato, Lathyrus, Rice, Sweet Potato and Cassasva.

Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Imphal

The research programmes of the institute have continued towards bioresource development and their sustainable use through biotechnological interventions for the socio-economic growth of the North-East region.

Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubneshwar

A septuplet PCR assay was developed of rapid identification of specific-specific virulent and e-positive strains of V. cholera and one hundred strains of V. cholerae O 1 wer tested to document the validity of assay.

Public Sector Undertakings

There are two public sector undertakings i.e. Bharat Immunologicals & Biologicals Corporation Limited, (BIBCOL) and Indian Vaccines Corporation Limited (IVCOL). The BIBCOL located at Bulandshahar manufactures Oral Polio Vaccine being used in the National Immunization Programme.

International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi
ICGEB continued its research efforts in identified areas of human health, agriculture and product development. A high through-put microtiter assay based on the heme detoxification pathway of Plasmodium has been developed for screening chemical combinatorial libraries and crude extracts of marine organisms.