Chemical Reactions Lesson 1: Signs of a Chemical Reaction Evolution of heat and light Formation of a gas *is possible* (if

(if you see bubbles) Heating up water creates bubbles, not because of a chemical reaction but its because of a phase change Formation of a precipitate Precipitate: the solid that falls out of a solution Color Change Energy and Reactions Exothermic Reaction (exo-) Reaction that releases energy usually in the form of heat Endothermic Reaction (endo-) Reaction that absorbs energy Chemical Equations ---> Produces, forms . + Plus (s) solid (l) liquid (g) gas (aq) aqueous (solid that is dissolved in water)

Writing Equations Identify the substances involved. Use the symbols to show: How many? - coefficient Of what? - chemical formula In what state? -physical state Units Covalent bonds - molecule Ionic - formula units single atom/element - atoms Law of Conservation of Mass Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction total mass stays the same Atoms can only rearrange Balancing Steps

 1) Write the unbalanced equation. 2) Count atoms on each side 3) Add coefficients to make #s equal Coefficient x subscript= # of atoms 4) Reduce coefficients to the lowest possible ratio, if necessary 5) Double check atom balance! Helpful tips Balance one element at a time Update ALL atom counts after adding a coefficient If an element appears more than once per side, balance it last. Balance polyatomic ions as single units 1 SO4 instead of 1 S and 4 O

Lesson 2 Combustion Combustion is the burning of any substance in O2 to produce heat (exothermic). Products contain oxygen in them. Hydrocarbons form CO2 + H2O Hydrocarbons: When the compound contains C (Carbon) and (Hydrogen) and sometimes O (Oxygen) Complete combustion happens at higher temperatures and it forms CO2 + H2O. Incomplete combustion happens at lower temperatures and forms CO + H2O. Synthesis: A + B -> AB Synthesis is a combination of compounds/elements. Synthesis patterns MEMORIZE: Nonmetallic oxide with water = weak acid Metallic oxide + water = base Lesson 3 Decomposition: breaking down 2+ chemicals Acids + heat-> nonmetallic acid and water Metallic hydroxide -> metallic oxide and water Metallic carbonate -> metallic oxide and carbon dioxide gas Metallic chlorates -> metallic chlorides and oxygen Some compounds can only be decomposed by electricity, not by heat.

Lesson 4 Single Replacement Reactants are ALWAYS an element and a compound. Compound MUST be an aqueous ionic compound. One element replaces another in a compound Metal replaces metal (+) Nonmetal replaces nonmetal (-) An active metal will replace the metallic ion in a compound ONLY if ion is a less reactive metal. Some active metals (such as Na and Ca) will react with water to give a metallic hydroxide and hydrogen gas. Active metals (such as zinc, iron, and aluminum) will replace hydrogen in acids to give a salt and hydrogen gas. Activity series Metals replace metals nonmetals replace nonmetals halogens replace halogens Halogens- elements on the second to last column Lesson 5 - Double Replacement Rules (MEMORIZE!!) 1. All compounds with alkali metal cations are soluble. 2. All compounds with ammonium ion are soluble. 3. All compounds with nitrate, perchlorate, chlorate, permanganate, and acetate ions are soluble 4. ALl chlorides, bromides, and iodides are soluble except Ag+, Pb2+, or Hg22+ 5. All sulfates are soluble, except with Hg22+, Pb2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, or Ca2+ 6. All hydroxides are insoluble, except alkali metals, ammonium, Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+ 7. All phosphates, sulfides, carbonates, arsenates, chromates, and sulfites are insoluble, except alkali metals and ammonium ions. Ions in two compounds change partners Cation of one compound combines with anion of the other Neutralization: a reaction between an acid and a base yields a salt and water