Zuzy Anna FacultyofFisheriesandMarineScience,Padjadjaran University,Indonesia Suzyanna18@gmail.

com

ClimateChange

AnthropogenicFactors

Decliningfisheriesproduction

Uncertaintiesinlivelihoodsmall scalefishers

Affect ff coastal lcommunities severelysociallyandeconomically

PovertyinCoastalCommunities

The Study ..
Explore gender dimension of fishing activities and the role of fisherwomen to cope with uncertainties in family li lih d livelihood Analyze uncertainties and the degree of women participation using modified Rapid Appraisal for Fisheries technique.

Gender Dimension in Fishing activities I North In N th Coast C t of f Central C t l Java J

Backup

Fishing

FishLanding

FishSelling

NonFishing

Gearand equipment

Sortingand selectionof fishtypes

Marketto specificproduct

Supporting economic

Women providebasic necessitiesto fishing

Womenselect fishtobesold andprocessed fordifferent purposes

Womenarethe playerofthe market

Womenarethe mainplayerfor thisactivities

GearProd ductivity(ton/vesse el)

CentralJava

JavaSea

FishingProductivity
30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Y Year Payang 350000 driftgillnet Setgillnet

FishLanding(ton)

300000 250000 200000 150000 100000 50000 0 19981999200020012002200320042005 Year

Regency City

IndianOcean

Semarang City
Tugu Sub District
Flood Rob Erossion Wave Drought

Frequency/year
1 2 3
-

Time (hours)
<1
12 % 6%

Scale (m)
< 0,5 05 0,5 1 -1
35 % 29 % 7% 6% 71 % -

Impact
a
18 % 12 % 12 % 6% -

Mitigation
e x y z
-

>4
35 % 41 %

24
53 % 71 %

>24

>1
-

b
12 % 12 % 71 % 76 % 35 %

c
94 % 71 % 88 % 53 % 12 % 27 % 7%

53% 41%

6% -

29% 6%

59% 53% -

12 % 6% 6% -

41% 41% 6% 6% 18%

53% 53% 100% 35% -

59% 88% 53% 47% 35%

29% 6%

6%

24% 18%

18 % 6% 100 %

6% -

47 % -

18% 41%

North Semarang Sub District

Rob Erossion 73 % 27% 100% 12% 88 % 14 % 32 % 33 % 33 % 7% 87% 47% 7% 7% 7% -

West Semarang Sub DIstrict

Rob Erossion 9% 4% 7% 19 % 50 % 7% 7% 2% 19 % 7% -

Sources:Disaptono etall,2009

Note:a=health,b=agriculture,c=fisheries,d=settlement, e=infrastructure,x=protection,y=accomodation,z=relocation

Pekalongan Regency

Frequency/year
1 2 3 13 % >4 13 % 56 %

Time (hours)
<1 24 38 % 69 % >24

Scale (m)
< 0,5 0,50 51 >1 a b

Impact
c d e

Mitigation
x 29 % 35 % 35 % 24 % y 47 % 18 % 12 % 29 % z

Wonokerto Sub District

Flood Rob Erossion Wave Drought 6% 19% 13% 6% 11 % 11 % 22 % 61 % 6% 6% 13 % 25% 100 % 89% 6% 38% 6% 25% 31% 56% 44% 6% 13% 12% 12% 18% 12% 29% 12% 94 % 94 % 6% 6% 59% 12% 12% 29% 41% 6% 53% 12% 12% 18% 41% 44% 6% 29% 24% 12% 6% -

6%

Pecakaran Sub District

Flood Rob 67% 39% 28% 50% 83% 39% 39% 83% 67% 56% 11% 44% 89% 61% 56% 6% 11 %

11%

Sources:Disaptono etall,2009

Note: a=health, b=agriculture, c=fisheries, d=settlement, e=infrastructure, x=protection, y=accomodation, z=relocationi

 Includes divided I l d 100 respondent, d di id d in i two groups from two coastal cities, Semarang and Pekalongan 1st group is the wives of traditional fishermen<10 GT, 2nd group is the wives of non fishermen, but engaged in traditional fishery related activity. Husbands of second group include,ojek (motor taxi driver) trader at local market, workers in property and road development, home builders, and other non formal jobs, including unemployee Ages of respondent are between 30-50 years old.

10% 4% 9% 46% 9% 15% 6%

18%

22%

26% 22% workhours Sleep House work childcare Religiusaffair Leisure workhours Sleep 13% House work childcare Religiusaffair Leisure

23%

21% 10%

9% 4%

50% 8% 24% 12% 21% 12% workhours Sleep House work childcare Religiusaffair Leisure workhours Sleep House work childcare Religiusaffair Leisure 6%

Note:FW1LS=Group1LowseasonFW1HS=Group1Highseason FW2LS=Group2LowseasonFW2HS=Group2Highseason

G Group

Womens W H b d Husbands Ttl Total Ratio R ti Ratio R ti Ratio R ti Income (WI) Income (HI) Expenditure(TE) WI to HI WI to TE HI to TE (US Dollars) (US Dollars) (US Dollars)
157.5 157 5 83 180 160 148 102 180 150 220 127.5 300 250 250 170 310 216 0.32 0 32 0.90 0.67 0 50 0.50 0.42 0.69 0 77 0.77 0.59 0.23 0 23 0.59 0.40 0 32 0.32 0.25 0.41 0 45 0.45 0.41 0.72 0 72 0.65 0.60 0 64 0.64 0.59 0.60 0 58 0.58 0.69

FW1SHS 50 FW1SLS 75 FW2SHS 120 FW2SLS 80 FW1PHS 62 FW1PLS 70 FW2PHS 138 FW2PLS 89 *income/month

Step in Rapid Appraisal for f Gender G d uncertainties t i ti

DevelopIndicatorof Uncertaintiesforgender

Ecology gy

Economy y

Social

Institutional

Assigningscoresindicating degreeofseverity ComputeusingRapfish Software

Calculatetheleveragelevel

Dimension
Ecological

Indicators of Gender Uncertainty

High frequency of flood Seasonal factor/tide Coastal erosion pollution Stock availability Impact of drought Coastal degradation Volatily in husbands income Volatily in women own Aceesibility to resources Production volatility/input volatility Volatility in price Volatility in input prices Volatility in market Instability in local politics Husbands income Crimery Family instability Unemployment of family member Health condition Conflict status Uncertainties in government support Women participation Dependency in local financier Depedency in credit and saving Dependency in social network Dependency p y on other family y member to support Participation in local organization Uncertainty in cost of children education

Economic

Social

Institutional

Institution

Ecology 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

FW1S Economics FW2S FW1P FW2P

Gender Groupp Ecology EconomicsSocial Institution FW1S 28.29 14.99 19.31 52.48 FW2S 33.38 39.43 39.79 47.01 FW1P 4165 41. 65 47. 4754 54 45. 4533 33 75. 7551 51 FW2P 49.03 51.75 49.51 55.26

Social

LeverageofAttributes
volatilityininputprinces

Accesabilitytoresource

volatilityinmarket At ttribute

Volatilityinprice

Productionvolatility

volatilityinwomenownincome

volatilityinhusband'sincome 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

RootMeanSquareChangeinOrdinationwhenSelectedAttributeRemoved(onSustainabilityscale0to100)

Leverage of Attributes

conf lict status

health conditio n

unemployment

Attr ribute
f amily instability

crimery

instability in local p o litics

Root Mean Square Change in Ordination when Selected Attribute Removed (on Sustainability scale 0 to 100)

LeverageofAttributes
Uncertaintyinchildren education Dependency on other family membertosupport Dependency on socialnetwork Dependency p y on credit and saving Dependency in localfinancier

Women participation Uncertainties ingpvernment support

InternalFamilylivelihood (asamanageroffamilylivelihood,)

ExternalForces:ecological disturcances, Uncertainty in husbandsproductivity,family i t bilit poorgovernment instability, t assistance Directselling fishorfishproduct Investtoopena kiosk/coastalcaf(kedai pesisir). Workasapickerjasmine flowersatjasmineplant Workasaworkeratfish orshrimpponds harvesting Bycatchcollectors Traditionalmassagers Lifegoesonbuzzword

Arisan Developtheirown owncredit credit system system Borrowandlendingmoney fromneighbour, hardto makeandmeetmechanism GotopawnShopto obtaincashtobuybasic need Maximized laborfamilymember, part timehousemaid Beingthrifty: spendlesson f d clothing food, l thi and d leisure.

Fisherwomen are able to cope with both fishing and non-fishing uncertainties using different strategies This study y shows that using g modified rapfish p technique, we are able to identify the degree of uncertainty as well as identify variables which are sensitive to womens role in economic and social activities These variables could be used as policy guidelines to improve fisheries management in developing countries Government must pay attention to womens role when they develop fisheries program since they are capable of sustaining livelihood under the presence of uncertainties Women in coastal areas must be given the same opportunities to develop their business skill and credit schemes, as well empowerment program