Atomic Structure

Guna Selvaduray MatE 115

 Describe the structure of an atom, including

number of neutrons, protons, electrons, atomic weight and atomic number. Explain similarities and differences among Describe ionization potential Identify 1st, 2nd and 3rd ionization potentials and the relationship to stoichiometry and nonstoichiometry in compounds. Describe electron affinity Describe electronegativity
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G. Selvaduray, SJSU, Fall 2006

Structure of the Atom

G. Selvaduray, SJSU, Fall 2006

Atomic Weight Atomic Number Number of Protons Number of Neutrons Number of Electrons

Quantum Numbers

n: Principal quantum number n = 1, 2, 3,

G. Selvaduray, SJSU, Fall 2006

Corresponding electronic shells: K, L, M, Major determining factor for energy l: Angular momentum l = 0, 1, 2, , n-1 Corresponds to: s, p, d, f, electrons s electrons (l = 0) have zero angular momentum p, d, f, .. electrons have directionality to their orbitals ml: magnetic quantum number -l < m l < + l Specifies orientation of angular momentum in space ms: spin

They have spherical orbitals

Spin

G. Selvaduray, SJSU, Fall 2006

ms: angular momentum of electron due to spinning on its own axis ms = + or - Paulis Exclusion Principle: No two electrons in a given atom can have the same set of quantum numbers

Quantum State

Specified by a unique combination of: n, m, ml, ms

Orbitals with nucleus as center Spin wrt electrons axis

G. Selvaduray, SJSU, Fall 2006

Electronic Structure
Element Electronic Structure Na
G. Selvaduray, SJSU, Fall 2006

Compounds NaO MgO Al2O3 SiO4 FeO, Fe2O3 Cu2O, CuO SnO, SnO2

1s22s22p63s1 1s22s22p63s2 1s22s22p63s23p1 1s22s22p63s23p2 1s22s22p63s23p23d64s2 1s22s22p63s23p23d104s1 1s22s22p63s23p23d104s24p64d105s25p2

Mg Al Si Fe Cu Sn

Atoms, Ions and Isotopes.

Atoms

G. Selvaduray, SJSU, Fall 2006

Features Examples Features Examples Features Examples

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Ions

Isotopes

Isotope nomenclature
234 92
G. Selvaduray, SJSU, Fall 2006

4 2

He

Types of radiation

: helium particles : electrons : electromagnetic radiation

Production of Isotopes

G. Selvaduray, SJSU, Fall 2006

Isotopic separation Target isotope bombarded with (charged) particles

192 76

Os +

2 1

d
1 0

192 77

Ir + 2
Pd

1 0

Neutron capture with decay

102 46

Pd +

103 46

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Ionization Potential

G. Selvaduray, SJSU, Fall 2006

Energy required to remove an electron from the atom 1st, 2nd, 3rd, .. Ionization Potential Relationship of Ionization Potential to:

Stoichiometric Compounds, and Nonstoichiometric Compounds

Element Na Ca Mg Be Cu I1 0.19 0.23 0.28 0.35 0.28 I2 1.75 0.44 0.55 0.67 0.75 I3 2.62 1.88 2.95 5.65
11 Units: eV; Sources: W.J. Moore, Physical Chemistry, and L. Pauling, The Nature of the Chemical Bond


G. Selvaduray, SJSU, Fall 2006

Ionization Potential = Ionization Energy Electron Affinity:

Energy given up when an initially free electron is added to the outer shell of an atom

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Not to be Confused with

Electropositive elements:

G. Selvaduray, SJSU, Fall 2006

Elements which, in their elemental state, nearly always donate one or more electrons per atom when they react chemically to yield stable compounds. They are electron donors, and their atoms tend to become positive ions The uncharged atoms of these elements tend to become negative ions if possible, or at least they tend to attract electrons. They are electron-acceptors
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Electronegative elements:

Electronegativity

Tendency of an atom to gain an electron

G. Selvaduray, SJSU, Fall 2006

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Table of Electronegativities

G. Selvaduray, SJSU, Fall 2006

Source: L. Pauling, Nature of the Chemical Bond 15

Electronegativity & Atomic Bonding

2 exp( 0 . 25 E ) Fraction Covalent Bonding =
G. Selvaduray, SJSU, Fall 2006

Fraction Ionic Bonding =

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