Subject Index

Downloaded by UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE on 05 November 2012 Published on 22 December 2009 on http://pubs.rsc.org | doi:10.
1039/9781847559715-00301
Subject Index
Abatement options, 140 Above-ground biomass, 209, 215 Advancing gasifier system, 108 Afforestation, 203204, 206, 209, 213214, 216217, 220, 222224, 228, 230, 233 Air capture, 2831, 3334 devices, 28 -sea exchange, 241, 260 Albedo shield, 15 Algal blooms, 269270, 273 Alternative Energy Sources, 1 American Clean Energy and Security Act, 5254, 59 Aquifier contamination, 106, 123 Arable soils, 187, 189 systems, 186 Arctic marine environment, 285 Ocean, 285287, 292 methane, 286 river plumes, 287 sea-ice, 257 Asia Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate, 68, 70 Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, 10 Australian Coal Association, 74 storage projects, 86 Bending zone, 113 Benthic invertebrates, 266 systems, 265 Big energy resources, 23 Biochar, 195197, 200 production, 196197 Biodiversity, 266 Bioenergy Infrastructure Scheme, 213 scenarios, 211 Biogenic calcium carbonate, 256 Biological carbon pumps, 253 pump, 240, 251, 255, 269, 274 Biomass, 16, 2122, 25, 233 production, 233 Black carbon, 195196 coal, 7274 utilisation, 74 shales, 168 British Cement Association, 127, 132133 Brown coal, 26, 72, 82, 85 Budget for carbon dioxide emissions, 11 Bunter Sandstone, 159, 171 Buoyancy trapping, 159, 164 Calcifying organisms, 262 Callide oxy-fuel project, 83 Cap and trade, 47, 50, 52, 68 scheme, 47, 50, 52 system, 225 rock, 158, 160, 162163, 172
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Capping rock, 114 Carbon accumulation, 184 Capture and Storage Directive, 145 capture ready, 45 cycle, 179180, 183 exchange, 207 fixation, 244 flux, 229 leakages, 225 markets, 221 neutral, 56 neutrality, 3233 offset credits, 225 offsets, 206, 233 Pollution Reduction Scheme, 68 pools, 181, 206208 and fluxes, 181 sequestration, 192, 204, 206, 211, 214215, 219, 222223, 230231, 234 in forests, 223 Leadership Forum, 68, 70 potential, 192, 214 rates, 206, 219 strategy, 230 sink, 211, 221, 226, 229 sinks in wood products, 230 storage, 8, 89, 218, 223 in forests, 218 project, 89 Taskforce, 72 tax, 47, 50, 54, 56 trading, 221 Trust, 204 uptake, 210, 214, 223224, 227228 benefits, 228 costs, 223 in trees, 214 Carbonate counter pump, 253, 255256 saturation state, 261 system, 260 Carbon-cycle engineering, 13 Carbonic acid, 10, 179, 242 Carboniferous limestone, 157
Carbon-negative Class 3, 50 Carbon-neutral energy, 19 Carbon-offset services, 224 Carbon-sequestration rates, 233 strategies, 191 Caved zone, 113 CCS budget, 118 costs, 43 in Australia, 65, 67 incentives, 50 retrofit, 5758 Cement from Clinker, 131 kilns, 130 manufacture, 129, 134, 138, 140 plant costs, 142 performance, 144 production, 130 Sustainability Initiative, 133 Centre for Low Emission Technology, 78 Charcoal, 188 Chlorophyll, 246247, 249 Classes 1, 2 and 3 (carbon positive) CCS, 46, 50 Class 3B CCS, 56 Clathrate gun, 289, 295 Clean Coal Council, 73 Fund, 73 Clean Development Mechanism, 220, 224 Climate, 1, 2, 8, 1213, 15, 18, 27, 42, 46, 67, 112, 127128, 132, 148, 185, 212, 217, 226, 232 Change, 1, 2, 8, 1213, 15, 18, 27, 46, 217 Act 2008, 127, 132, 212 benefit, 46 Levy in 2001, 127 mitigation, 217, 226 Programme, 212 policy, 232 Clinker, 130131, 138, 140 CO2 tax, 52
Downloaded by UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE on 05 November 2012 Published on 22 December 2009 on http://pubs.rsc.org | doi:10.1039/9781847559715-00301
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Subject Index
303
Coal Bed Methane Recovery, 167 estimates, 26 gasification, 27, 78 plant, 81 in sustainable development, 71, 7475, 78 India, 111 reserves, 102, 105 Cold-water corals, 268 Commercial viability of CCS, 97 -scale CCS, 99 storage sites, 98 Committee on Climate Change, 132 Common Agricultural Policy, 204 Commonwealth Offshore Petroleum and Greenhouse Gas Storage Act 2006, 92 Scientific and Research Organisation (CSIRO), 75 Conference of the Parties, 128 Controlled gasification of underground coal, 107 retractable injection point, 104 Coolimba Power Project, 82 Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas Technologies, 76 Corals, 266, 268 Corporate Commercial Strategy, 137 Cost of syngas, 106 penalty for CCS, 47 for CCS, 42 CSIRO, 7576, 79, 8586 Cumulative carbon uptake, 210 CO2 emissions, 46 Death rates in coal mines, 106 Decarbonisation, 33, 42, 45, 4647, 59 Decarbonising the transportation sector, 33 Decomposition, 180, 182185, 187188 rate, 184185 Deep saline aquifier, 72, 114 Deforestation, 219220, 229 Deglaciation events, 289
Denison Trough, 84 Depleted oil and gas fields, 174 Diagenesis, 156 Dimethyl sulfide, 263, 269 Direct capture of CO2 from air, 28 Connect Network, 148 Directional drilling, 108109, 122 technology, 109 Dissolved inorganic carbon, 241 organic material, 243 Drainage, 187 Earth Summit in Rio in 1992, 126 Economic case for UCG, 105 Ecosystem function, 266 El Nino, 252253, 259 Southern Oscillation, 252 Index, 259 Emissions allowances, 54 performance standards, 50, 52 trading, 56, 59 scheme, 50, 59 Energy carriers, 15, 17 consumption, 6 demands, 5 intensive industries, 132 Users Group, 127 sources, 1516 supply sector, 5 uses, 15 Enhanced Coal Bed Methane Recovery, 167 Gas Recovery, 166 hydrocarbon recovery, 165 Oil Recovery, 46, 51, 89, 112, 137, 165 shale-gas production, 168 Environmental Impact Assessment, 147, 172173 Directive, 147 of energy, 7 Liability Directive, 147 Risk Assessment, 115
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Subject Index
Erosion, 188 EU Emissions Trading Scheme, 43, 47, 49, 5254, 135, 137, 143 Directive, 145 Energy Package, 150 European Cement Association, 127 industry, 132 Research Academy, 133 Eutrophication, 274 Fault tree, 118 Fertilise the ocean, 13 Fire, 188189, 191, 195196 Flue Gas Desulfurisation, 143 scrubber, 29 Forest carbon, 227 ecosystems, 206, 208, 226 fires, 219 management, 203, 216, 228, 232 plantations, 234 regeneration, 232 Forestry and land-use changes, 212 -based carbon sequestration, 227 Commission, 206, 231 to mitigate climate change, 205 Forum for the Future, 133 Fossil energy, 23 Fracture porosity, 157 Fractured zone, 113 Fusion energy, 17 FuturGas, 83 Gaias breath, 289 Gas hydrate, 169 formation, 165 stability zone, 288 Gasification channel, 108 reactor zone, 119 Geo-engineering, 1315, 30
Geological Characterisation, 171 formations, 148 sequestration, 90, 114 storage, 86, 155, 158 Geosequestration, 87, 91, 94 Geothermal, 22 Global Carbon Capture and Storage Initiative, 51 cooling, 14 Institute for Carbon Capture, 70 warming, 3, 14, 286, 289, 292, 294295 Gob gas, 167 Gorgon Joint Venture, 83 project, 94 Grassland, 187, 190 soils, 187 Greenhouse effect, 198 Gas and Geological Sequestration Act 2008, 96 Storage Act 2009, 95 storage potential, 94 gases, 126, 197 Gulf Stream, 251 Hazelwood 2030 project, 85 Horizontal slab aquifiers, 165 Hub & Spoke Network, 148 Hybrid cars, 33 Hydrate exploitation, 291 reservoirs, 290 stability envelope, 288 zone, 287 Hydro -dynamic trapping, 158 -gasification process, 108 Hydroelectricity, 20 Hydrogen economy, 119 Hypoxia, 273
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305
Imperial College Centre for CCS, 60 Injection boreholes, 107 system, 108 Injectivity, 112, 113 In-seam drilling of coal, 108 Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive, 145 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 42, 112 International Energy Agency, 41, 58, 128, 132, 156, 173 Greenhouse Gas Programme, 156 IPCC report on Carbon Capture and Storage, 27 Joint Statement by G8 Energy Ministers, 51 Kuroshio Current, 251 Kyoto Protocol, 67, 69, 126, 127, 203 La Nina, 253 Lake Nyos and Lake Monoun incidents, 173 Land use, 231 change and forestry, 213 Large Combustion Plant Directive, 135, 146 Latrobe Valley Post Combustion Capture Project, 85 Leakage, 173 Legal zones of the sea, 138 Legislative framework for CCS, 91 Lignite, 71 Mallik hydrate field, 291 Marine Arctic, 287 biodiversity, 267 invertebrates, 265 nutrients, 263 pelagic and benthic organisms, 261 pH, 260 phytoplankton, 263 primary production, 274 productivity, 269 snow, 255, 256
Measurement, Monitoring and Verification (MMV), 172 Meltwater, 259 Metamorphic rocks, 156, 169 Methane, 22, 114, 155, 167, 169, 197198, 285290, 292, 295 cycle, 295 emissions, 114 hydrates, 169, 285, 287288, 290, 295 in the Arctic, 289 in the Arctic Ocean, 292 oxidation, 286 Methanogenesis, 286287, 292295 Microbial biomass, 182, 185, 187, 197 methanogenesis, 288, 292294 Mineral trapping, 161, 164 Mobile carbon pool, 3, 4, 11 Monash Energy, 81 National Low Emission Coal Initiative, 72 Net Primary Production, 181, 182 Nitrogen fertiliser, 186 Nitrous oxide, 197, 198 North Atlantic Oscillation, 253 Nuclear energy, 23, 24, 35 fission, 24 Nutrients, 249, 258, 263, 269 Ocean acidification, 11, 260, 265, 267, 274 carbon cycle, 268269 pool, 4 pumps, 250 sink, 257 uptake, 269 carbonate chemistry, 240 circulation, 251 conveyer belt, 249 currents, 19, 20 ecosystems, 268269 productivity, 241
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Subject Index
sink, 256 stratification, 257 thermal energy, 23 tides, 19 ventilation, 251 warming, 257 waves, 19 Oceanic calcification, 263 phytoplankton, 249 uptake, 242 Oil and gas fields, 165 Organic carbon pump, 253255, 263 Oxy-combustion, 61, 141, 144 Oxy-fuel, 5758, 61, 72, 150151 combustion, 150151 plants, 58 retrofit, 57 Oxygen depletion, 269, 273, 274 Pacific Decadal Oscillation, 253 Partial capture process, 49 Peat, 185, 187190 erosion, 189 Peatland soils, 184 Pelagic systems, 262 Performance standards, 52 Permafrost, 169, 285, 291292, 294295 Permeability, 72, 114115, 118, 157158, 160, 163, 165, 169 Phase behaviour of CO2, 158 Photosynthesis, 179180, 243, 246 Photosynthetic organisms, 247, 269 plankton, 247 planktonic micro-organisms, 255 response, 244 Photovoltaic cells, 25 Phytoplankton, 243244, 246247, 249, 258, 263, 269270, 273 primary production, 258 Pilot-scale CCS demonstrations, 85 Plant production, 180 Plume, 160, 162, 163, 172 Policy development, 41 Porosity, 160, 165 Portland cement, 129, 131
Post-combustion capture, 45, 5758, 60, 7778, 141, 144, 146, 151 Pre-combustion capture, 58, 60, 78, 140 Primary porosity, 156157 production, 244245 productivity, 257 Project Ramsay, 121122 Public awareness, 174 Quantitative risk assessment, 117 Radiative forcing, 286 Reforestation, 203 Renewable energy, 205 Obligation Certificates, 56 Reservoir pressure, 162 rock, 158, 163 simulations, 172 Residual gas trapping, 160, 164 Resource pyramid, 169170 Retrofitting CCS, 57, 60 of CO2 capture, 45 oxyfuel technology, 57 Revelle factor, 251 Risk assessment, 115, 172 Riverine input, 261 Rock characteristics, 156 permeability, 113 pores, 156 Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, 132 Rural Development Programme, 213 Safe level of carbon dioxide, 11 Saline aquifiers, 156, 158159, 161162, 168, 171, 174 Salt cavern storage, 168 Sea-ice, 287, 291, 293295 Seawater carbon chemistry, 242 pH, 242 Secondary porosity, 157
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Subject Index
307
Sectoral CCS standard, 54 performance standard, 5556 Sedimentary basins of Australia, 8990 rocks, 156 sites, 89 Shale gas, 167 Shelf pump, 252 Sherwood Sandstone, 159 Soil carbon, 4, 183185, 189190, 192195, 199 sequestration potential, 192195, 199 stocks, 185, 189 erosion, 188 microorganisms, 179 organic matter, 180182 respiration, 180183, 187, 198 Solar electric power, 25 energy, 2325, 35 conversion, 25 flux, 25 radiation, 16 Solubility pump, 240241, 250252 trapping, 160, 164 Southern Annular Mode, 253 Stern Report, 127 Review, 204 Storage capacity, 114, 170171 reservoir, 163 Stratigraphic traps, 158 Structured What If Technique, 118 Subsidence, 106, 116, 123 Sulfate aerosols, 13 Supercritical CO2, 103 fluid, 105 state, 115, 122 Sustainable Development Commission, 205 Task Force, 134 energy, 3, 35 infrastructure, 3
Syngas, 30, 7879, 82, 102, 106107, 111, 120, 123 Synthesis gas, 30, 102 Terra Preta, 13, 22, 196, 197 Thermal stratification, 258 Tidal energy, 19 Tillage, 187 Tranches for commercial-scale integrated CCS deployment, 45 model, 44 Transport Network, 149 Tropical deforestation, 220 forests, 219 UK Carbon Capture and Storage Consortium, 60 CCS Competition, 150 Climate Change Act, 128 Committee on Climate Change, 42, 148 Emissions Trading Group, 127 Scheme, 127 Renewables Obligation, 50 Ukrainian forests, 208 Underground Coal Gasification, 102103, 105, 119, 168 Partnership, 105 natural gas storage, 155 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 67 Upwelling, 257258 Waste Framework Directive, 146 streams, 9, 10 Water Framework Directive, 116, 147 inflow, 113 ingress, 165 -gas shift reactions, 31, 79 Wave energy, 19 Wind, 21 Woodland development, 212
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Subject Index
expansion, 214 soils, 190 World Business Council on Sustainable Development, 133, 136 Energy Outlook, 41 population, 4
Zero Emission Kiln, 141 power plants, 27 Technology Platform, 54 Gen, 8081

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