AHMEDABAD UNIVERSITY Institute of Information and Communication Technology EXPERIMENT 1 Aim: Part I: This experiment is intended to familiarise you

ou with the use of power supply, function generator, and oscilloscopes. Part II: This experiment is intended to familiarise you with simple digital integrated circuits PART - 1 Pre-lab work: 1. Read the specification of lab power supply 2. Read the specification of function generator 3. Read about the working principles of a cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO.) 4. Become familiar with the concepts of triggers, time base, and ac and dc signal coupling modes. POWER SUPPLY Laboratory Procedure: 1. Connect the power output terminal marked (+) and ( -) to the DMM. Set DMM in maximum DC Voltage range to ensure that supplied voltage is not the out of the range. Vary the knob to see the change in voltage. 2. Connect the potentiometer (as variable resistor) in series with ammeter across the positive and negative terminal of DC power supply. Observe the output voltage and current. Gradually reduce the resistance of the potentiometer and observe the output voltage and current. Explain your observation. FUNCTION GENERATOR Laboratory Procedure: 1. Connect BNC connector at the output terminal and connect cable with oscilloscope. Set the function knob to SIN and vary amplitude and frequency knob and observe signal on oscilloscope. 2. Now oscilloscope with DC coupling knob pressed, observe the signal with varying the DC offset knob of function generator. Explain your observation. 3. Repeat the above with Square Wave. Explain your observation.

Prof. (Dr.) Chetan B. Bhatt

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OSCILLOSCOPE Background: Oscilloscopes are used routinely in electrical and electronics measurements to observe signal waveforms, and measure their amplitude and frequency. Cathode ray oscilloscopes (CROs) of the type used in this experiment are typically used in the measurement of periodic signals. Periodic signals can be made to appear stationary on the CRO screen by appropriate settings of the time base and the trigger. Many oscilloscopes, including the one that you will use in this experiment, have two input channels, X and Y. These can display two signal waveforms simultaneously, but with a common time base and trigger. These oscilloscopes also have an XY mode, which permits one waveform to be plotted against the other. Laboratory Procedure: 1. Frequency measurement: With no signal applied, adjust the oscilloscope beam to be at the center of the vertical scale of the screen. Use the Channel 1 (X input) vertical offset knob to do this. Use the signal generator to apply a 1 V peak, 1 kHz sinewave to Channel 1 of the CRO. Set the signal coupling mode to DC. Set the trigger mode to internal, positive slope. Set the trigger source to be Channel 1. Adjust the trigger level to get a stationary waveform on the CRO screen. Adjust the time base so that the screen displays two or three cycles of the input signal. Adjust the vertical gain so that the amplitude of the displayed signal is within the vertical scale of the screen. Measure the time period of the signal on the oscilloscope screen and so calculate the signal frequency. Measure the peak-to-peak value of the input signal. Increase the input signal frequency from the signal generator to 4 kHz and repeat the frequency measurement process (you will need to adjust the time base also.) Repeat for signal frequencies of 8 kHz and 12 kHz. 2. DC, AC and GND modes: The DC signal coupling mode applies the input signal directly to the CRO s internal circuits. The signal appears on the screen as applied to the input, including any DC offset in the signal. You can test this by applying a 1 kHz sinewave from the signal generator to the CRO input, and manipulating the signal generator s offset voltage knob. Observe that when the signal generators offset voltage knob setting is changed, the sinewave displayed on the CRO screen moves up or down. The AC signal coupling mode removes any DC offset from the input signal before applying it to the CROs internal circuitry. You can test mode in the same way that you used for testing the DC signal coupling mode. Notice that when the CRO is in the AC signal coupling mode, the offset introduced by manipulating the signal generator s offset voltage knob does not appear on the CRO screen. The GND signal coupling mode disconnects the input signal from the CRO s internal circuitry and connects the circuit ground to it. As a result the input signal does not appear on the CRO screen. You can test this mode in the same way that you used for testing the AC and DC modes. Notice that when the GND mode is selected, the CRO beam is a straight line. The vertical position of the beam is at the ground level.

Prof. (Dr.) Chetan B. Bhatt

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3. ALT and CHOP modes: The CRO that you are using has two channels: Channel 1 (X ) and Channel 2 (Y). These channels can be used to display two different input signal waveforms. However, the CRO uses only one beam to display both signals. It does this in one of two ways. In the ALT mode, the beam traces one signal completely, sweeping from the left to the right of the screen. It then traces the other signal completely. It alternates between tracing one channel and the other. In the CHOP mode, the beam traces a part of the signal on Channel 1, and then traces a part of the signal on Channel 2. It does this several times before completing its full left-to-right sweep. The ALT mode is useful for displaying high frequency signals, and the CHOP mode is useful for displaying low frequency signals. You can see the effects of these modes by applying the same sine-wave signal to both input channels. Set the mode to ALT and the input signal frequency to 10 kHz. Set the trigger level and time base so that the screen shows a few stationary cycles of the input signal on both channels. (You may need to adjust the vertical offset knobs of the two channels so that there is a vertical separation between the two channel waveforms.) Gradually decrease the input frequency until you can clearly see the beam alternating between one full channel trace and the other. At this point, change the mode to CHOP and observe what happens to the CRO display.

PART II Pre-lab work: 1. Familiarise yourself with the operation and pin connections of the following TTL chips: 7400, 7402, 7404, 7408, 7411, 7432, and 7486. You will need to read their datasheets. Laboratory procedure: IMPORTANT: Remember that the power supply voltage, Vcc, of these TTL ICs is 5V 5%. Higher power supply voltages WILL damage the IC permanently. Lower power supply voltages will result in incorrect readings. Logic level 0 corresponds to 0 V and logic level 1 corresponds to +5 V. You will damage the IC if you apply a voltage greater than +5 V or less than 0 V at a logic input. 1. Check the truth table of (a) 7404 inverter (b) 7400 NAND gate (c) 7486 XOR gate (d) 7402 NOR gate (e) 7408 two-input AND gate (f) 7411 three-input AND gate (g) 7432 OR gate. Check the voltage values of high and low outputs of the gates. You may use either an oscilloscope or a multi-meter for your measurements. Comment on your observation.

Prof. (Dr.) Chetan B. Bhatt

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