Joints and Muscles

(AS Revision)

Name: Tutor:

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Joints and Muscles

You should have revised the following work before attempting these questions:

i.The major muscles and bones of the body (including the rotator cuff and postural muscles) ii.The different types of synovial joints and their typical features iii.The 3 types of joint found in the spine iv.The 3 types of muscular contraction: concentric, eccentric and isometric v.The 3 muscle fibre types and their structural and functional characteristics vi.The effect of a warm up on skeletal muscle

vii.The effect of exercise on the health of the musculoskeletal system

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1. In terms of fibre type, the composition of muscle is largely genetically determined and can influence the activities in which people participate. Identify two structural and two functional characteristics of a slow oxidative muscle fibre. If a person has a high percentage of slow oxidative fibres what type of physical activity are they more likely to participate in?
[5]

2.

The figure below shows an athlete performing a bicep curl. Use your anatomical and physiological knowledge to complete the table below for the athletes elbow during the upward phase of the bicep curl.

Joint Elbow

Joint Type

Movement

Agonist Biceps Brachii

Antagonist

What type of muscle contraction is occurring in the biceps brachii during the downward phase of the bicep curl? ............................................................................................................................... Name one muscle in the trunk acting to maintain good posture and core stability during the biceps curl. ...............................................................................................................................
[5]

3. The figure below shows a gymnast holding a position on the rings. Use your anatomical and physiological knowledge to complete the table below for the hip joint.

Joint Hip

Joint Type

Movement

Agonist

Antagonist Gluteus Maximus

The gymnast in the figure above must keep his shoulders in a fixed position. Name two muscles in the rotator cuff group which aid the stability of the shoulder joint. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... [5] 4. The diagram below shows a player performing a basketball lay-up shot.

Use your anatomical and physiological knowledge to complete the table below for the players right knee. Joint Joint Type Movement Agonist Antagonist Type of Contraction Predominant muscle fibre involved

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Knee

Extension
[5]

5.

The diagram above shows an athlete performing a sit up. In order to perform the sit up the athlete must flex the spine to lift the torso off the floor. Use your anatomical and physiological knowledge to complete the table below. Joint Spine Joint Type Movement Flexion Agonist Antagonist

Give two ways that a warm up affects the speed and strength of muscular contraction during the sit up. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................
[5]

6.

A performers mix of fast and slow twitch muscle fibres is genetically determined. How might the mix of muscle fibre types determine the success of a performer? ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... Identify two structural characteristics of muscle fibre types associated with athletes

............................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................
[5] 7.

To develop strength in specific muscle groups a performer must undertake specific exercises. Figures A and B show two exercises commonly used to develop strength in targeted muscle groups. Apply your knowledge of movement analysis to complete the following tables. Write your answers in the tables.

Fig. A A sit up (upward phase) Joint Spine Joint type Cartilaginous/ gliding Articulating bones Vertebrae Movement produced Prime mover/ Agonist

Fig. B A bicep curl (upward phase) Joint

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Joint type

Articulating

Movement

Prime mover/ Agonist

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bones Elbow

produced Biceps brachii

During the downward phase of the biceps curl the role of the biceps brachii alters. Identify the type of contraction being performed by the biceps brachii during the controlled downward phase and explain how its role has changed. Identify the predominant muscle fibre being used during the biceps curl to produce a maximum lift (one repetition maximum weight). Give one structural and one functional characteristic of that fibre type. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................
[5]

8.

The figure below shows a football player kicking a ball.

Apply your anatomical and physiological knowledge to complete the joint analysis table for a football player kicking a ball. Joint Knee Ball and socket Femur and Pelvic girdle Joint Type Articulating Bones Movement Type Agonist Rectus Femoris Iliopsoas Gluteus Maximus
[6]

Antagonist

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9.

The figure below shows a dancer applying force through the ankle joint during the take off phase of a jump.

At the ankle joint identify the joint type, the agonist (producing plantar flexion) and the antagonist. During a prolonged dance routine the predominant muscle fibre type would be slow oxidative (type 1). Give a structural and a functional characteristic of this fibre type.
[6]

10.

The figure below shows a diagram of a gymnast performing a tuck jump.

(i)

Apply your knowledge to complete the following movement analysis table. Joint Hip Joint Type Articulating bones Movement occurring Flexion Agonist Iliopsoas
[3]

Antagonist

(ii)

Identify three structures of the hip joint and describe the role of each structure during physical performance.
[3]

11. The figure below shows a netball player using the elbow joint during the execution phase of a shot.

Identify the type of joint, articulating bones, agonist and antagonist during extension of the elbow during the execution phase of the shot, shown in the figure above. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................

Name the type of contraction occurring at the agonist and give one exercise that could be used to improve the strength in that muscle. Type of contraction: ........................................................................................ Strength exercise: ...........................................................................................
[6]

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12.

(i)

The figure below shows a performer completing a pull up exercise.

Use the figure to help you complete a movement analysis for the elbow joint during the flexion phase of the pull up.
[4]

(ii)

During the pull up exercise carbon dioxide is transported to the lungs. Identify how carbon dioxide is carried in the blood during this exercise. ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................
[4]

15.

Taking part in physical activity is considered essential to maintaining a healthy lifestyle. However, taking part in some activities can result in injury and a reduction in activity levels. Discuss both the positive and the negative impact of participating in different types of physical activity on the joints and muscles of the body.
[10]

13.

The figure below shows a tennis player completing a service (execution phase).

Use the diagram to help you complete the following joint analysis. Shoulder joint during extension Type of joint..................................................................................................... Articulating bones............................................................................................ Agonist............................................................................................................. Type of contraction at agonist.......................................................................... Wrist joint during flexion................................................................................... Agonist............................................................................................................. Antagonist........................................................................................................
[6]

14.

Discuss the positive and negative effects on the skeletal system of young people performing: contact sports high impact sports activities involving repetitive actions
[10]

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16.

The spine forms part of the central core of the body. Briefly describe the types of joint found in the spine. Using examples from a sport of your choice, describe the types of movement that can occur at the spine. The figure below shows an athlete performing an Abdominal Curl Sit Up Test, where sit ups are carried out until exhaustion, in time to a series of bleeps on a tape that get closer together after each minute of exercise.

Describe and explain the type of muscular contraction occurring in the rectus abdominis and the pectoralis major muscles as the athlete performs this test. During the test, the build up of waste products in the rectus abdominis will increase. Describe fully the process of expiration during exercise.
[20]

17.

A hinge joint is one type of joint found in the body. Identify the two hinge joints found in a lower limb. Using one of the joints you have named, describe a movement analysis of kicking a football splitting it into 2 phases: preparation and execution.
[20]

1.

Fibre type 1 mark per point max 2 structural characteristics: fewer fibres per motor neurone; more mitochondria; more myoglobin; more fat stores; type of myosin ATPase (slow);

smaller in diameter.

1 mark per point max 2 functional characteristics: high aerobic capacity/low anaerobic capacity; slow contractile speed; high fatigue resistance; low motor unit strength.

1 mark per type of physical activity: any related endurance type activity.
[5]

2.

3 marks, 1 for each element of the table completed correctly. Accept first answer only Joint Elbow Joint Type 1. Hinge or synovial hinge (synovial on own TV) Movement 2. Flexion Agonist Biceps Brachii Antagonist 3. Tricep(s) Brachii

1 mark. Accept first answer only 4. eccentric or isotonic eccentric (isotonic on own = TV) Name one muscle in the trunk acting to maintain good posture and core stability during the biceps curl. 1 mark. Accept first answer only 5.multifidis / transverse abdominis / rectus abdominis / (external) obliques / (internal) obliques / erector spinae / sacrospinalis /. (abdominals on own = TV) (rectus abdominals/abdominus rectus = BOD)
[5]

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3.

3 marks mark first answer only Joint Hip Joint type 1. Ball and Socket Movement 2 Flexion Agonist 3. Iliopsoas / Iliacus /Psoas Major Antagonist Gluteus Maximus

Sub max 2. Mark first two responses only. 4. 5. 6. 7. Teres Minor Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Subscapularis Accept Closely spelled alternatives Do not accept Any alternatives
[5]

4.

5 marks, 1 for each element of the table completed correctly Joint Joint Type 1 Hinge (synovial on own = Vg) Movement Agonist Antagonist Type of contractio n 4. Concentric (isotonic on own = Vg) Predominan t Muscle Fibre 5. Fast Glycolytic / FG / Type IIb /_2b / Fast twitch + any of above) (do not accept fast twitch on own. mark first attempt)
[5]

Knee

Extension

2. Rectus Femoris or Vastus Medialis or Vastus Lateralis or Vastus Intermedius (give credit if in first two attempts)

3. Biceps Femoris or Semimembranosus or Semitendinosus (give credit if in first two attempts)

5.

3 marks Joint Spine Joint Type 1 Gliding /Cartilaginous Flexion Movement Flexion Agonist 2 Rectus Abdominus Antagonist 3 Erector Spinae

2 marks - must mark first 2 only 1. 2. Increased speed or force or strength of muscle contraction. Improved elasticity of muscle fibres. Do not accept muscles become more flexible 3. 4. Less resistance within the muscle/ reduced muscle viscosity Increased speed of nerve transmission to the muscle fibres. Accept speeds up impulses in motor neurones. 5. Increased temperature of the muscle/body Do not accept temperature (needs body or muscle ref) 6. 7. Improved coordination between antagonistic pairs Increased enzyme activity
[5]

6.

5 marks 1. (mixed) people with a mix of muscle fibre types may perform successfully in both aerobic and anaerobic activity or team games (with varying intensities of activity) Accept Type 1, 2a, 2b (for mix) / examples of team games of varying intensities 2. (slow/Type 1) People with high/higher proportion of slow twitch or Type 1 or SO fibres most likely to perform successfully in aerobic or endurance activities or marathon running or low intensity, long duration activities Accept examples of any endurance events that show performer is working aerobically / high resistance to fatigue 3. (fast) People with high/higher proportion of fast twitch or Type 2 or FG or FOG fibres

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most likely to perform successfully in anaerobic or explosive events or long jump or sprinting or throwing events or high intensity, short duration activities examples of any explosive events that show performer is working anaerobically / low resistance to fatigue Do not accept Cycling on own = TV Running on own = TV

Sub max 2. Mark first two responses only 4. 5. small / red many mitochondria Accept more ....= BOD 6. high density of myoglobin Accept more or large amount of ... =BOD Do not accept Haemoglobin 7. high density of capillaries Accept more or large amount of ... =BOD 8. low glycogen stores / low PC stores Accept less ...= BOD 9. high triglyceride stores Accept more...= BOD 10. high density of aerobic enzymes Accept more or large number of ... = BOD
[5]

7.

Sit up Articulatin g bones vertebrae Movement produced 1. Flexion

Joint Spine

Joint type Cartilaginous/ gliding

Prime mover 2. Rectus abdominus/ Internal/External obliques

Bicep curl Movement produced 5. Flexion

Joint Elbow

Joint type 3. Hinge

Articulating bones 4. Radius, ulna, humerus

Prime mover Biceps Brachii

1.

Fast twitch/fast Glycolytic/Type 11b 1 mark for 1 from Structural characteristic Structural Characteristic 2. Size 3. Colour 4. Glycogen store 5. Sarcoplasmic reticulum development 6. Myelin sheath 7. Myosin ATPase activity 8. Motor neurone size 9. Fibres per motor neurone 10. Phosphocreatine store 11. Mitochondria/myoglobin 12. Capillaries 13. Oxidative enzymes Fast Glycolytic (type 11b) Large White Large Great Thick Fast Large Many Large Few/Low Few Low

1 mark for 1 from Functional characteristic Functional Characteristic 14. Force production 15. Relaxation time 16. Contractile speed 17. Fatigue resistant 18. Aerobic capacity 19. Anaerobic capacity Source: adapted from Fox, Bowers, Foss
[5]

Fast Glycolytic (type 11b) High/explosive/powerful Fast High/fast Low Low High

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8.

6 marks max: 1 mark for each of: Joint Knee 5. Joint Type 1. Ball and socket Hinge Tibia and Femur Extension Bicep femoris/semi-membranous/semi-tendinosus Hip Flexion
[6]

Articulating Bones 2. Femur and Pelvic girdle

Movement Type 3. 6.

Agonist Rectus Femoris Iliopsoas

Antagonist 4. Gluteus Maximus

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

9.

6 marks in total Sub max 3 1. 2. 3. (joint type) hinge (Agonist) soleus/gastrocnemius (Antagonist) tibialis anterior

sub max 2 Structural characteristic 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Size Colour Mitochondria Capillaries/good supply Motor neurone size Glycogen Store Sarcoplasmic reticulum development Myelin sheath Myosin ATPase activity Fibres per motor neurone Phosphocreatine store Myoglobin content Oxidative enzyme activity Triglyceride stores Slow oxidative (type 1) Small Red Many Many Small Small Little Thin Slow Few Low High High High

Sub max 1 18 19. 20 21. 22 Low force production Slow contractile speed Resistant to fatigue Slow relaxation time High aerobic capacity
[6]

10.

(i) 1. 2. 3.

3 marks total (hip joint) One for each of Joint type ball and socket Articulating bones Femur and pelvic girdle/pelvis/illium/pubis/ ischium/acetabulum Antagonist gluteus maximus/bicep femoris/semimembranosus/ semitendinosus

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(ii)

3 marks in total (structure/role of joint) Must include both structure and function to gain mark Structure 1. Description of shape of bone/ball and socket/deep socket 3. Ligaments 5. Cartilage (hyaline/articular) 7. Muscles/tendon 9. Synovial fluid 11.Pads of fat 13.Bursae (sacs containing synovial fluid) 15.Joint capsule/fibrous capsule 17.Synovial membrane 18. Role 2. Allow wide range of movement/flexion, extension, circumduction, adduction/stability 4. Hold joint in place/give stability/join bone to bone 6. Prevents wear and tear/friction/absorb compression 8. Provide strength or support/allow greater range of movement 10. Lubricates/helps stabilise the joint/nourishes cartilage/rids joint of waste debris 12. Absorb shock/protect from wear and tear 14. Helps reduce friction 16. Stabilise joint Secretes synovial fluid
[6]

11.

6 marks in total 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Type of joint hinge Articulating bones radius, ulna and humerus Agonist muscle triceps brachii Antagonist muscle biceps brachii Type of contraction concentric Strength exercise press ups/triceps extensions/dips
[6]

12.

(i)

4 marks maximum

Elbow joint during flexion. 1 2 3 4 Type of joint: Hinge Articulating bones: Humerus, radius, ulna Agonist muscle: Bicep brachii Antagonist muscle: Tricep brachii

(ii)

4 marks maximum 1 2 3 4 5 Carried in plasma Combines with haemoglobin/HbCO2 Forms carbaminohaemoglobin Dissolves in water/forms carbonic acid/forms H2 CO3 In plasma dissociates to hydrogen ions/bicarbonate ions
[8]

13.

6 marks in total 1 mark for each of: Shoulder Joint 1 2 3 4 (Type of joint) ball and socket (Articulating bones) humerus and scapula (Agonist) latissimus dorsi/deltoid/teres major/pectoralis major (Type of contraction) concentric

Wrist joint 5 6 (Agonist) wrist flexor (Antagonist) wrist extensor

[6]

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14.

Level 3 8-10 marks A comprehensive answer: detailed knowledge & understanding effective analysis/critical evaluation and/or discussion/explanation/development clear and consistent practical application of knowledge accurate use of technical and specialist vocabulary high standard of written communication. Discriminators from L2 are likely to include: balanced discussion of both positive and negative aspects successful development of some specific conditions i.e. osteopororsis, osteoarthritis, growth plates, joint stability, posture and alignment

Discriminators from L2 are likely to include: balanced discussion of both positive and negative aspects successful development of some specific conditions i.e. osteopororsis, osteoarthritis, growth plates, joint stability, posture and alignment

Level 2 5-7 marks A competent answer: satisfactory knowledge & understanding analysis/critical evaluation and/or discussion/explanation/development attempted with some success some success in practical application of knowledge technical and specialist vocabulary used with some accuracy written communication generally fluent with few errors Discriminators from L1 are likely to include: both positive and negative aspects covered although more detail may be evident in one reference to some specific conditions i.e. osteopororsis, osteoarthritis, growth plates, joint stability, posture and alignment

Discriminators from L1 are likely to include: both positive and negative aspects covered although more detail may be evident in one

reference to some specific conditions i.e. osteopororsis, osteoarthritis, growth plates, joint stability, posture and alignment

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Level 1 0-4 marks A limited answer: basic knowledge & understanding little or no attempt to analyse/critically evaluate and/or discuss/explain/develop little or no attempt at practical application of knowledge; technical and specialist vocabulary used with limited success; written communication lacks fluency and there will be errors, some of which may be intrusive

Indicative content: Candidate responses are likely to include: (relevant responses not listed should be acknowledged) Care must be taken not to credit effects on the muscular system. i.e. watch out for sprain (ligament) = OK but strain (muscle) = IRR POSITIVE EFFECTS
Contact sports e.g. rugby, American football, High Impact sports netball, basketball, some events in track and field, gymnastics Repetitive actions e.g. run, row, swim, constantly practice technique i.e. tennis serve etc

1. stronger or healthier bones / increase in peak bone density or calcium deposits reduced risk of osteoporosis osteoporosis is the weakening of bones or loss of bone density - making bones more prone to fractures or damage reduced risk of damage to growth plates weight bearing activities are best to improve bone health. 2. healthier joints / increase in thickness of articular or hyaline cartilage greater ability to absorb shock so reduced risk of injury reduced risk of developing osteoarthritis in later life osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease due to loss of articular or hyaline

cartilage at the ends of long bones 3. stronger ligaments (stronger tendons = BOD) increased joint stability less risk of injury or joint trauma e.g. sprains, dislocations etc joint trauma can lead to osteoarthritis in later life 4. better lubrication of joints by synovial fluid improves joint health aids flexibility 5. decreased mechanical strain on joints due to exercise helping to manage weight as part of an active, healthy, balanced lifestyle reduces risk of osteoarthritis prevents sedentary lifestyle that can be linked with osteoporosis in later life

Credit description of condition once only e.g. if description of OA credited for positive it cannot be credited for negative.

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NEGATIVE EFFECTS

Contact sports e.g. rugby, American football,

High Impact sports netball, basketball, some events in track and field, gymnastics

Repetitive actions e.g. run, row, swim, constantly practice technique i.e. tennis serve etc

6. increased risk of damage to articular/hyaline cartilage or increased risk of wear and tear on articular cartilage increased risk of joint trauma e.g. sprain, dislocation (cartilage or meniscus) tear etc which can lead to osteoarthritis in later life osteoarthritis degenerative / loss of articular/hyaline cartilage at the ends of long bones 7. increased risk of ligament being stretched or torn / sprain / (tendon tear = BOD) decreased joint stability 8. increased risk of damage to growth plates or immature bone plate of cartilage or immature bone is at the end of long bones or between the epiphysis and diaphysis the growth plate closes towards the end of adolescence e.g. Tom Daley limited number of platform dives a day 9. increased risk of an impact or acute injury/ break or fracture e.g. or dislocation or sprain or (meniscus) tear or joint separation i.e. acromioclavicular or ac joint eg Rooney metatarsal after break bone is stronger the safest types of physical activity is aerobic or

submaximal or low to medium intensity 10. increased risk of overuse or chronic injury e.g. tendinitis or tennis or golfers or throwers elbow or stress fracture or shin splints or Osgood schlatter syndrome or chondromalacia patella or runners knee 11. increased risk of inflamed bursa or bursitis bursa is a fluid filed sac which cushions and lubricates the joint where friction is likely to occur

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e.g. effects relevant to the knee joint hinge joint and so injury prone at particular risk of damage to ligaments e.g. anterior/posterior cruciate, medial/lateral collateral risk of meniscus tear very common in impact & contact sports

e.g. effects relevant to the shoulder joint shallow joint and so prone to dislocation ball and socket joint but much less stable than the hip head of humerus very loosely fits into glenoid fossa of scapula
[10]

15. L3 8-10 marks There is detailed knowledge and good understanding of the topic. There is effective analysis and/or critical evaluation. Knowledge has been clearly and consistently linked to practical performance throughout the answer if appropriate. Accurate technical and specialist vocabulary is used throughout. There is a high standard of written communication.

Discriminators from L2 are likely to include: Clear understanding of how exercise can improve the strength of both bone and muscle; A full understanding of how growth plate injuries can occur; Detailed links are made between the structure of a joint and the demands of an activity (both negative and positive); Knowledge of the impact of flexibility and or speed/agility work on joints and muscles. L2 5-7 marks There is satisfactory knowledge and understanding of the topic. Analysis and/or critical evaluation is attempted with some success. Knowledge has been linked to practical performance with some success where appropriate. Technical and specialist vocabulary is used with some accuracy. Written communication is generally fluent with few errors.

Discriminators from L1 are likely to include: A knowledge of how exercise can improve the strength of bone and/or muscle; An awareness of how growth plate injuries can occur; A clear link is made between the structure of a joint and the demands of an activity (can be negative or positive). L1 0-4 marks There is basic knowledge but little understanding of the topic. Little or no attempt to analyse and/or evaluate critically. Little or no attempt to link knowledge to practical performance. Technical and specialist vocabulary is used with limited success. Written communication lacks fluency and there will be errors, some of which may be intrusive.

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The question involves the identification of both positive and negative factors related to specific types of activity. Indicative content: Positive impact Low impact, endurance activities bones stronger/more calcium deposits; varies line of stress on bone. Strength/core stability hypertrophy of muscles; increased strength of muscle; leads to increase in stability of joints e.g. increase strength in rotator cuff muscles stabilizes shoulder joint, increase strength in quads helps stabilize tracking and knee function; increased core stability reduces likelihood of problems with lumbar vertebrae. Flexibility maintain range of movement round joint; joints mobilised/lubricated by synovial fluid. Speed/agility muscles retain more elasticity/elastin therefore retain more speed/power. Negative impact Impact activities either from contact or landing damage to immature bones/growth plate; muscle damage due to excessive eccentric contractions; side impact on hinge joints leading to ligament damage e.g. medial ligament/cruciate ligaments of knee joint; impact on shoulder joint e.g. head of humerus sits in shallow depression therefore is easily dislocated. stretch ligaments leading to lack of stability. wearing down of articular/hyaline cartilage in joints e.g. hinge joint of ankle and repetitive plantarflexion, striking of ball; inflammation of bursa; stress fractures.
[10]

Extreme flexibility

Repetitive movements/over use

16.

(types of joint) 1. 2. 3. 4. pivot joint (between the top two vertebrae/the atlas and the axis) cartilaginous joints (between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae) gliding joints between the articulating surfaces/spinous/transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae fused/fixed/immoveable joints (found between adjacent vertebrae in the sacrum/coccyx)

(types of movement) [examples given from swimming, but any sport acceptable] 5. 6. 7. 8. flexion e.g. bending to the take your marks position in the racing dive hyper extension/extension e.g. lifting the head to breath in butterfly lateral flexion e.g. when the arms push off from the wall in a breastroke turn) rotation e.g. turning the head to the side to breathe in front crawl

(Rectus abdominis) 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. upward phase, muscular contraction is concentric origin of muscle moves towards insertion/points of attachment get closer together muscle shortens (under tension) downward phase, muscular contraction is eccentric origin of muscle moves away from insertion/points of attachment get further away muscle lengthens (under tension)

(Pectoralis major) 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. (both phases) muscular contraction is isometric muscle is working to keep shoulders (horizontally) flexed / arms across the chest/fixator origin and insertion/points of attachment remain the same distance apart muscle remains the same length while developing tension expiration becomes active in addition to diaphragm/external intercostals relaxing internal intercostals contract ribs pulled inwards/downwards and rectus abdominis/obliques contract diaphragm is pushed upwards with more force which generates a greater decrease in volume inside the thoracic cavity that creates a higher pressure in the lungs so (more) air can be pushed/forced out at expiration

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APPENDIX - Possible links within (NB not intended to be exhaustive) Parts 1 and 2 Types of muscle fibre (L) Effect of a warm up on the speed and strength of contraction Part 3 Inspiration during exercise Respiratory response to exercise Heart rate during exercise Control of blood supply during exercise
[20]

17.

A hinge joint is one type of joint found in the body. Identify the two hinge joints found in a lower limb. Using one of the joints you have named, describe a movement analysis of kicking a football splitting it into 2 phases: preparation and execution.

(Sub max 8) Hinge joints of the lower limb (2 marks) 1 2 knee ankle

Movement analysis (sub max 5 marks) 3 bones that articulate knee = femur, tibia ankle = tibia, fibula, talus/tarsals

Marking guide: Preparation 4 5 6 7 8 joint action agonist / prime mover muscle(s) antagonist muscle(s) synergist / fixator muscle(s) type of muscular contn 9 10 11 12 13 Execution joint action agonist / prime mover muscle(s) antagonist muscle(s) synergist / fixator muscle(s) type of muscular contn

Example 1 Knee Joint when kicking a football Preparation 4 5 flexion semitendinosus/ semimembranosus/ biceps femoris rectus femoris/ vastus lateralis/ vastus medialis/ vastus intermedius iliopsoas (major) / iliacus concentric (of agonist) 13 10 9 Execution extension

rectus femoris/ vastus lateralis/ vastus medialis/ vastus intermedius 11 semitendinosus/ semimembranosus/ biceps femoris 12 gluteus maximus concentric (of agonist)

7 8 14

identification of fixator working isometrically

Example 2 Ankle Joint when kicking a football (alternatives allowed due to variations in kicking action) Preparation 4 5 6 7 plantarflexion gastrocnemius/soleus tibialis anterior semitendinosus/ semimembranosus/ biceps femoris concentric (of agonist) 13 11 12 9 10 Execution dorsi flexion tibialis anterior gastrocnemius/soleus rectus femoris/ vastus lateralis/ vastus medialis/ vastus intermedius concentric (of agonist)

8 14

identification of fixator working isometrically

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(mechanism) (subsub max 4) 15 16 17 18 19 20 vascular shunt mechanism (redistributes blood during exercise so that) areas with the greatest need receive more blood/areas with low demand receive less blood through vasodilation of arterioles/blood vessels feeding working muscles and vasodilation/opening of precapillary sphincters feeding working muscles through vasoconstriction of arterioles feeding others organs (e.g. liver/kidney/intestines) and vasoconstriction/closing of precapillary sphincters feeding these organs

(control) (subsubmax 4) 21 22 23 24 25 (vascular shunt mechanism) controlled by the vasomotor control centre/VCC located in the medulla (oblongata) of the brain VCC responds to changes in blood pressure/muscle/blood chemistry chemoreceptors detect changes in lactic acid/carbon dioxide/oxygen/pH/ content of blood chemoreceptors located in muscles/aorta/carotid arteries

26 27 28 29

baroreceptors detect changes in blood pressure baroreceptors located in aorta/carotid arteries VCC uses sympathetic nervous system which acts on the middle layer of smooth muscle in an arteriole/the ring of smooth muscle at the opening of a capillary (precapillary sphincter)/control diameter of arterioles/precapillary sphincters

APPENDIX: Possible links within (not intended to be exhaustive) A&P T1 relevant strengthening exercises

 muscle fibre type used type and range of movement at different types of joint Newtons law of motion Types of motion Effect of size, direction and point of application of force Heart rate response to exercise Control of blood supply at rest Respiratory respond to exercise

T2 Muscle fibre types linked to relevant energy system Muscle fibre types linked to relevant type of training Types of strength training Effects of warm up and cool down on vascular system Training adaptations to muscles/cardiovascular system
[20]

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