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FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT

DESTROYED FROM WITHIN HEBRON


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HEBRON
FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT
DESTROYED
FROM WITHIN
MAAN DEVELOPMENT CENTER
September 2008
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Overview
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Contents
The Ibrahimi
Mosque
International
presence in
Hebron
Settlements:
A Culture of
Impunity
Movement
and Access
Restrictions
Education
under Threat
Hebrons
Economic
Decline
Forced
Displacement
4 6
8
16
26
10
22
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FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT
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HEBRON
FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT
DESTROYED
FROM WITHIN
FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT
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Overview
Introduction
K
nown as El Khalil in Arabic, Hebron
is the largest, most populated and
southern most governorate of the West
Bank. Home to 551,130 Palestinians who live
in 145 communities it covers a total area of
1,067.5 km square.
1
The biggest and most
important of these communities is Hebron city,
with over 170,000 residents.
Hebron under attack
Since the beginning of 2005, 25 people in
Hebron governorate have been killed and
508 injured in direct conflict with Israeli
Occupation Forces and settlers.
154 hours of curfew have been imposed by
IOF on the governorate since J anuary 2005
By April 2008 there were 316 separate
movement restrictions Placed by IOF in the
city of Hebron
Hebron has the highest unemployment rate
in the West Bank at 28%.
n Hebron's Old City forced displacement
reduced the population from around 10,000
in the 1950s to just 400 by the mid 90s, as a
result of IOF measures
(Source: OCHA and PCBS)
The Hebron Protocol
In 1997 in accordance with the Hebron
Protocol agreement the city was divided
into 2 administrative areas H1 (area
to come under the full control of the
Palestinian Authority) and H2 (under
full Israeli control). H2 covers 20 per
cent of the city, including the Old City,
4 central settlements and the outlying
Kiryat Arba settlement block. Under
Israeli control, H2 has been subject
to hundreds of military orders, violent
military incursions, severe movement
and access restrictions and numerous
attacks by settlers. The situation has
effectively isolated the centre of the
city from the rest of the urban area and
undermines the unity and contiguity
of the city which was explicitly called
for in the protocol. During the second
intifada the Israeli army also reoccupied
H1, placing checkpoints and movement
restrictions across the area, effectively
subverting Palestinian Authority control
of the area, further undermining the
agreements.
1
Palestine in figures, 2007. PCBS *Source: Foundation for Middle East Peace
Map of Hebron city with Oslo divisions*
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Background
L
ocated on the historic Cairo
to Damascus trade route and
situated 1,000 metres above the
Mediterranean Sea, Hebron enjoys
fertile agricultural lands and has long
been a hub for trade and commerce.
Shoe making, production of leathers
and distinctive glassware and ceramics
that are sold across Palestine and
abroad, are some of the city's best
known products while the rolling hills
allow for numerous vineyards from
which Hebron's famous black honey, or
Dibs, comes.
In stark contrast to its rich and
colourful past, Hebron today is a
suppressed and fragmented city. It is
the only city in the West Bank, and
only Palestinian urban centre outside
of J erusalem where Israeli settlements
have been established in its core. The
presence of the settlers has resulted
in insecurity, segregation and severe
restrictions on the movement of
Palestinians, especially in the city's
historic and once vibrant centre.
Past and present
T
he second oldest city in
Palestine, Hebron has
considerable religious, cultural
and historical significance. Romans,
Byzantines, the Muslim Empire,
Ottomans and the British have all
passed through Hebron and left their
mark, much of which is still visible
today in the streets and buildings of the
Old City. The most well known of these
sites is the Ibrahimi mosque, site of the
Cave of Patriarchs, where Abraham,
his wife Sara and their sons and wives
are reputedly buried. A central figure
in all three monotheistic religions, its
presence means Hebron is a holy site
for Jews, Muslims and Christians.
During the Nakba of 1948, residents
from the Beer Al Sabe' region fled
to the Hebron governorate where
many still live in two refugee camps,
Al Arroub (population 9,859) and Al
Fawwar (population 7,630), Some
of these refugees live just walking
distance from their homes.
2
Following
the 1967 occupation, settlements were
established in the centre of Hebron
and in 1997 administration of the city
was divided under the Hebron protocol,
part of the Oslo accords. Today the
Old City, once the vibrant heart of
Hebron filled with markets and diverse
goods is deserted and severed from
the rest of the city by a plethora of
movement restrictions. Services have
been shut down, traders forced out and
poverty has risen culminating in the
forced displacement of thousands of
residents.
2
UNRWA website: www.un.org/unrwa/refugees/westbank.html
5
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THE IBRAHIMI
MOSQUE
Israeli military checkpoint outside the mosque
Today, Palestinian's freedom of religious
worship is greatly restricted. They
must pass through a turnstile and
no fewer than 3 checkpoints through
which access is frequently denied.
During Ramadan 2007 for example,
the mosque was closed for 6 days.
On one occasion the closure trapped
worshippers inside for 2 hours while
during, the holiest night in Ramadan,
settlers threw garbage on Palestinian
worshippers who were trying to reach
the mosque and the Israeli military
fired sound bombs inside the yards,
interrupting prayers and creating
chaos.
3
No such restrictions or threats apply to
settlers, who continue to celebrate the
anniversary of the massacre.
T
he reputed burial site of Abraham,
Sarah, ssac, Rebecca, Jacob,
Leah and Joseph, the Cave of
the Patriarchs located in the Ibrahimi
mosque is one of the holiest sites in
slam and Judaism, Hebron's most
famous and historic landmark, it is also
on the frontline of srael's occupation and
colonisation policies.
Prayers Under Fire
On 25 February 1994, during the month
of Ramadan*, an Israeli settler from
Kiryat Arba settlement, dressed in
military uniform entered the Friday dawn
prayer and opened fire on worshippers.
29 Palestinians were killed and over 125
injured. In the immediate aftermath of
the massacre, Israeli Occupation Forces
placed Palestinians under curfew
and prohibited them from visiting the
mosque. There followed its division: 40
per cent remains a mosque while 60 per
cent was set aside as a synagogue for
the much smaller settler population.
Checkpoint into the mosque
3
see OCHA Humanitarian Monitor September 2007
*Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar; the holy month of fasting in which
participating Muslims do not eat or drink anything from true dawn until sunset.
7
FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT
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INTERNATIONAL
PRESENCE IN HEBRON
Christian Peacemaker Team watching at a roadblock in Hebron
FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT
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A
s a result of the current
situation, several international
organisations maintain
a presence in Hebron. The
largest of these is the Temporary
International Presence in Hebron
(TPH) a governmental organization
established following the 1994
Ibrahimi mosque massacre and
ensuing Security Council resolution
904. Essentially a product of the
Oslo accords, TIPH does not operate
within the UN system but instead
has a 6 month renewable mandate
agreed upon by the PLO and Israeli
government. TPH's activities are
limited to observing, monitoring and
reporting to its member countries,
who may then intervene with the
appropriate authorities through
diplomatic channels. It also has a
limited budget to fund and support
community projects.
Invited in 1995 by the Mayor of
Hebron, the Christian Peacemaker
Team (CPT) has maintained a
presence ever since. In 2001 it
was joined by the Ecumenical
Accompaniment Programme in
Palestine and srael (EAPP). Both
of these NGOs carry out observer
functions and accompany Palestinians
in the especially vulnerable areas of
H2, especially on school runs.
4
n August 2007, two sraeli settlers from Mitzpe Ya'ir outpost in southern Hebron district also attacked
a UN OCHA vehicle resulting in injury to one OCHA employee.
9
Despite the presence of such
organizations, Settler and OF attacks
continue and members of all three
organizations have themselves been
targeted.
4
For example in April 2006
an Ecumenical Accompanier was
badly attacked by a settler boy and
needed stitches to treat a wound
on her head and in March 2007, a
TIPH observer was hospitalized after
a settler attack on Shuhada street.
Other reported impediments to their
work include; reluctance of the Israeli
Occupation Forces to cooperate,
soldiers on the ground contradicting
military orders and the military not
answering reports.
Article 3 of 904 resolution
Calls for measures to be taken
to guarantee the safety and
protection of the Palestinian ci-
vilians throughout the occupied
territory, including,
inter alia, a temporary inter-
national or foreign presence,
which was provided
for in the Declaration of Prin-
ciples (S/26560), within the
context of the ongoing peace
process .
FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT
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SETTLEMENTS:
A CULTURE OF IMPUNITY
A view through Israeli barbed wires to Shavei Hebron Yeshiva [originally
Palestinian building] in Beit Romano settlement in Shuhada Street
H
ebron has been a major
target of srael's colonisation
policies in the West Bank and
outside of J erusalem, is the
only Palestinian city to have settlements
in its centre. 25 settlements litter the
governorate and outposts continue
to be established with both the
acquiescence and open support of
the Israeli authorities. Between 1979
and 1983, Israel established Avraham
Avino, Beit Romano, Beit Hadassah
and Tel Rumeida which house 500 to
600 religious settlers whose behaviour
Source: UN OCHA. Almost 70 per cent of the incidents charted above took place in the H2 area of Hebron. 49 per
cent of incidents resulted in casualties while 52 per cent resulted in prevention of access for Palestinians.
is characterized by continued acts of
violence towards Palestinians.
Hebron's settlers enjoy the support
and protection of the Israeli military, a
relationship that has allowed them to
dispossess the indigenous Palestinian
population and annex much of the
Old City. A direct result of the settler
violence and the hundreds of military
and closure orders, Palestinians have
been forcibly displaced and Hebron's
Old City, its cultural and religious heart,
has become a virtual ghost town.
IOF accompanying settlers in H2
11
No. of Settler Incidents in Hebron Governorate by Party Af AA f ff ected and Month, June 2007 -- June 2008
17
11
17
14
12
14
16
18
20
d
e
n
t
s
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Israeli settlements in Hebron governorate
SETTLEMENT DATE ESTABLISHED POPULATION (2006)
Adora 1983 220
Asfar 1984 257
Eshkelot 1982 225
Hagai 1984 477
Karme Zur 1984 696
Karmel 1981 357
Kefar Ezyon 1967 448
Kiryat Arba and Givat Kharsina 1972 Combined population 6958
Ma'on 1981 370
Mezadot Yehuda 1980 462
Migdal Oz 1977 345
Negohut 1982 172
Otne'il 1983 752
Pene Hever 1982 392
Sansana 1997 NA
Shani 1989 416
Shim'a 1985 368
Suseya 1983 737
Telem 1981 167
Tene 1983 538
OLD CITY OF HEBRON
Abraham Avino
Beit Hadassa
Beit Romano
Tel Rumeida
Started in 1968 Combined population 500- 600
Source: Foundation for Middle East Peace
No. of Settler Incidents in Hebron
Governorate by Locality, June
2007 -- June 2008
Other, 34
Yatta, 10
Hebron H2, 96
The number of assaults on civilians has grown steadily. CRC data collected in the
field indicates that the number of offenses has more than tripled in the last five years,
while police investigations are rare and most of the time reach the conclusion that the
culprits could not be identified.
CRC, Dignity denied, November 2007
FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT
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S
ettlers across the West Bank
benefit from almost total impunity.
Nowhere is this more obvious than
in Hebron.
Attacks on Palestinians
Zleikhah, who has been renting an
apartment on Shallala street for the last
2 years has been attacked by a female
settler, suffers constant verbal abuse and
stone throwing, and the water pipes to her
apartment have been cut. Her experience
is by no means unique. From J anuary 1
st
to
J une 30
th
, 26 separate incidents of settler
violence directed towards Palestinians and
their property in H2 area were recorded
in UN OCHA's weekly briefing notes.
These include shooting, throwing Molotov
cocktails, throwing stones and attacking
people inside their homes. Thirteen of
these attacks (50 per cent) resulted in
injury to 35 Palestinians. At least 8 of the
victims were children. 3 of the incidents
involved attacks on Palestinian schools
and 5 incidents resulted in damage to
Palestinian property.
Overall, a response or intervention by the
Israeli military or police was recorded on
only 6 occasions. On 4 of these occasions
however, it was the Palestinians who
were attacked by settlers who were then
arrested while on another occasion it was
Israeli activists protesting the settlements
The situation is compounded by
Palestinians lack of trust in the complaints
procedures. As Zleikhah explains,
Palestinians must go to Givat Kharsina
settlement to file complaints, a process
that can take up to 6 hours. Most of the
time the perpetrators are not prosecuted
and victims risk mistreatment by Israeli
authorities and further victimization. It
is a situation that results in significant
underreporting and underestimates of
the problem. Zleikhah however continues
to file complaints in the belief that it may
one-day yield results.
Approximately 81% of Palestinian
children injured by Israeli settlers in
2007 were in the Hebron governorate,
particularly the H2 area.
OCHA, Humanitarian Monitor September 2007
We have a major problem here. They
[the settlers] understand our weak point
and they use children under the age
of criminal responsibility, under the age
of twelve. They do this intentionally. The
children throw stones, break walls. They
are the tactical wing, even the strategic
wing, of the adults.
Israeli police commander, Hebron District
Quoted in 'Ghost Town' B'Tselem and
ACR, May 2007.
who were arrested. Only once were
settlers apprehended by IOF and then
they were merely removed from a school
they had broken into. No attacks were
recorded on settlers by Palestinians
during this period.
5
5
Data collected from OCHA weekly briefing notes
Zleikhah made this mural that says Salam (peace in Arabic)
from stones settlers throw at her in her house
13
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Abuses are increasingly
committed by settler children
S
ettler violence in Hebron is increasingly
perpetrated by children who are encouraged by
their parents and communities to commit crimes
in a deliberate effort to avoid legal consequences.
6
Israeli laws applied to settlers set the age of criminal
responsibility at 12 and rather than enforcing the law
on minors, the police and army are granting them
absolute immunity.
6
This phenomenon is referenced in Ghost Town, (Bt'Selem and ACR, May 2007)
as well as ininterviews with residents of and organisations operating in H2
FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT
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Israeli military abuses
Undoubtedly the most aggravated settler behaviour occurs in
Hebron, where Palestinian schoolchildren are assaulted and
humiliated on their way to schools, shopkeepers are beaten
and residents live in fear of settler terror. Despite rulings of the
High Court of Justice that it is the duty of the IDF to protect
Palestinian farmers from settlers, there is still evidence that
the IDF turns a blind eye to settler violence and, on occasion,
collaborates with the settlers in harassing and humiliating
Palestinians. Indeed I have witnessed such conduct on the
part of the IDF myself in Hebron.
UN Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the
Palestinian territories, J anuary 2007.
(report retrieved 18 July 2008 from OHCHR website)
T
he 600 Israeli settlers in
Hebron's centre are protected
by around 1,500 Israeli
soldiers and police, exposing the
35,000 Palestinians in H2 to violence
from both settlers and the military.
Hebronites are routinely subject to
arbitrary search, arrest and detention
and there have been numerous cases
of Israeli Occupation Forces abusing
Palestinians and participating in acts
of violence alongside settlers. One of
the worst attacks was the killing of 18
year old Imran Abu Hamdiya in 2002.
He was forced into a military jeep in
H2, beaten and abused before being
driven to the industrial area of the
city whereupon he was thrown out of
the vehicle while it was travelling at
speed, killing him.
7
Year
Number of searches
carried out by IOF on
residents of Hebron
governorate
Number of arrest
and detentions on
Palestinian residents
by IOF
2005 619 427
2006 1413 736
2007 925 930
2008
(until end June)
391 398
Source: OCHA protection of civilians database
7
See account of case: http://www.btselem.org/english/
beating_and_abuse/20080429_abu_hamdiyeh_verdict.asp
Settler children enter H with IOF escort
15
FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT
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MOVEMENTAND
ACCESS RESTRICTIONS
Gun-toting IOF restricting a road in H2
FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT
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In H2, 89 movement and access
restrictions;
14 checkpoints
13 iron walls
44 roadblocks
13 road gates
5 observation towers
Source: UN OCHA, closure maps, April 2008
H
ebron has the most closure
restrictions of any governorate
in the West Bank dictating daily
life, and greatly compromising access
to basic services and livelihoods.
By April 2008, 316 separate
restrictions on movement were
recorded.
8
A staggering 40 per cent of
these some 89 separate restrictions
are found in its Old City. Residents
of H2 are required to register with the
Israeli occupying Power to access
their homes meaning that almost
any journey outside ones house
is punctuated by time consuming
questions and humiliating searches.
Restricted roads
Palestinians are restricted from using
all roads running between, adjacent or
towards settlements. This includes 21
roads that are banned to Palestinian
traffic (under a military order renewed
in July 2006). The most flagrant
example of this road apartheid is the
prohibition of Palestinian access to the
main street in the city, Shuhadah Street,
as well as Old and New Shalala Streets
which form the backbone of the Old
City. The enforced pedestrianisation
of this area has also greatly affected
business as traders must find
alternative ways to transport goods to
their shops.
By April 2008,
316 separate
restrictions on
movement were
recorded in
Hebron
8
The next closest being Nablus governorate which counted 104 separate
restrictions on movement. Source: OCHA, closure maps April 2008
Restricted road in H2
17
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Curfews
S
ince the beginning of the second
Intifada, Israel has imposed
hundreds of hours of curfew on
the Palestinian population in Hebron.
The curfews may last for weeks or
months at a time, with residents
only allowed to leave their homes to
purchase basis provisions. They have
not only added to the near economic
collapse in the heart of the city but place
immense economic and psychological
pressures on families who may be
stuck indoors for months on end,
prevented from accessing educational
and health services, or from pursuing
their livelihoods. Although the number
of curfews has fallen in recent years as
Israeli control on Palestinian movement
is near complete, 43 hours of curfew
were recorded in the governorate from
September 2007 to June 2008, over
a third of which was imposed on H1
(OCHA). The settler population has
never been placed under curfew.
Flying checkpoints
From J une 2007 to J une 2008 the
number of flying checkpoints in the
governorate fluctuated from no fewer
than 50, to a high of 99 per month.
It is estimated that during the second
intifada the IOF imposed 584 days of
curfew on the Old City of Hebron.
UN OCHA
Restricted access into the city
F
armers from surrounding
villages are unable to access
markets. Of the 11 access
points controlling entry and
exit from local villages into the city all
11 were closed until May 2008 (one
access point has since been opened
at Al Fahas). As with elsewhere in the
West Bank, the matrix of checkpoints
and bypass roads also means that
communities outside of the main
municipal area have been cut off from
the social and public services they rely
upon. The situation will be aggravated
as the separation wall is completed in
the South, annexing more land to srael
and increasing displacement pressures
on dispossessed Palestinian villagers.
The restrictions have severe
humanitarian and economic
impacts
A
s a result of the restrictions,
children are forced to make
arduous journeys to nearby
schools passing near settlements from
which they have been attacked and
access for humanitarian organizations
and ambulances and fire trucks into
the Old City has been reduced to
just one entry point (compared to
four previously). Between September
2000 and J anuary 2006 the Hebron
Fire department recorded an average
of 15 minutes waiting time to obtain
authorization to access the Old City. On
46 occasions (out of a total of 182 calls)
the delay was for more than one hour.
The fire department has consequently
been forced to open a branch in the
industrial zone of H2.
In addition, the Palestinian Red
Crescent society estimates that the
time to reach patients in the Old City
has increased from 7 to 14 minutes.
When ambulances are required to pass
through a checkpoint the average time
to reach patients is 43 minutes.
9
The closures have also forced a
number of Palestinian Authority and
civil society organizations to relocate to
areas less affected, consolidating the
marginalization of those residents who
remain.
10
In June, the IOF announced that 20
closures or physical obstacles to
movement were removed (ten in the
Hebron governorate, six in Ramallah
and four in Nablus). OCHA conducted a
feld survey regarding these removals.
Nine closures could not be found within
400 meters of the location provided
by the IOF. Of the 11 located, six were
found to be of minimal signifcance, four
were of no signifcance and one was
not removed.
(UN OCHA June 2008)
From September 2000 January 2006,
25% of the calls received by the Hebron
Fire Department were subject to a delay
of more than one hour before Israeli
authorization was given.
Movement and access restrictions
Hebron governorate April 2008;
2 check points on Green Line
into Israel
12 check points
6 partial checkpoints
29 road gates
29 road blocks
127 earth mounds
Source: UN OCHA
9
UN OCHA 'The closure of Hebron's Old City'
10
These institutions include the Hebron Women's Society, the
Ministry of Information and the Union of Agricultural Workers
Committee. UN OCHA 'The closure of Hebron's Old City'.
Palestinians passing in front of Israeli settlement
[originally Palestinian building] in H2
19
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21
Map does not include 76 checkpoints and obstacles in the Old City of Hebron
FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT
DESTROYED FROM WITHIN HEBRON
22
I
t's 10am in the middle of the week
and the heart of Hebron's ancient
market area should be buzzing with
activity, yet barely any shops are open.
Most are shuttered up padlocked or
welded shut. ndeed, Hebron's historical
importance as a major commercial
hub is a far cry from the current
reality. The decline has had severe
humanitarian consequences including
increased poverty and aid dependence
and increased forced displacement
pressures.
Hebrons economic decline
started in the 1980s
T
he commercial decline of Hebron
started with the proliferation of the
settlements. In 1983, settlers took
over Usama ibn al-Munqidh School,
which resulted in the IOF shutting down
the main bus station and the gas station.
From trading hub to aid dependence:
Hebrons economic decline
Of the 10% of the original population who
still live in the Old City, eight out of ten
adults are unemployed and an estimated
75% live below the poverty line. A recent
survey conducted by the Ministry of
National Economy found that the average
income per household in the area is about
$160 per month while the average for the
West Bank is $405.
UN OCHA, The Humanitarian mpact of sraeli
infrastructure in the West Bank, 2007.
It is hard to underestimate the impact of
these closures: the bus station was at
the time the busiest in the Middle East
after those of J erusalem and Amman.
ts closure effectively cut the Old City
off from customers and suppliers who
relied on the public transport to access
the markets. The Hebron Chamber of
Commerce recorded that even before
the first Intifada, more than 60 per cent
of the shops along Shuhada street
had closed due to the resultant lack of
trade.
11
11
Report, the closure of Hebrons Old City. OCHA
Hebron office.
Deserted market in Hebron old city
FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT
DESTROYED FROM WITHIN HEBRON
Poverty and unemployment
75 per cent of the residents of the Old
Souk live below the poverty line and
80 per cent of those of working age
are unemployed. The value of property
has fallen dramatically and many shop
owners have lost the considerable
down payments they had to make
to lease their shops. Of 1,800 food
parcels distributed by the CRC in H2,
recipients include all residents of the
Old Souk area.
12
In May 2006, food
insecurity in the Hebron governorate
(i.e. the incidence of those unable to
afford a balanced meal), was 51 per
cent, an increase of 24 per cent on the
previous year.
13
Worsening situation with the
second intifada
O
f the 1,610 shops that existed in
the Old City before September
2000, 354 have been closed
by verbal or written military order and
700 had been driven out of business
because of a lack of trade. Yusri, a
lawyer who also owns an internet and
photocopying store in H2, noticeable
as the only business open within a
100m radius, explains that customers
have been scared away. People are
afraid of settlers or of being stopped by
the IOF. Today no one with an Israeli
security fle would dream of coming to
the area and other people have simply
been prevented from accessing this
area. Of the 650 shops that
remain in the Old City, just 10
per cent are estimated to be
functioning.
Of the 1,800 food
parcels distributed
by the ICRC in H2,
recipients include all
residents of the Old
Souk area
12
Data from the Ministry of Social Affairs and Ministry
of the National Economy, quoted in UN OCHA, 'The
closure of Hebron's Old City'.
13
Food insecurity in the occupied Palestinian territory,
CAP, revised emergency appeal, May 2006
Decorative pottery painting
FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT
DESTROYED FROM WITHIN HEBRON
24
The Hebron Chamber of Commerce
estimates that the value of a 36m
2
shop has
declined from 125,000JD in 1982 to less
than 5,000JD by 2005.
H
ebron's poverty has also become
self-perpetuating. The first to
be displaced from the Old City
were those with the economic means
to relocate to safer areas. Poorer
residents found themselves internally
stuck' unable to leave despite ongoing
violations of their rights. Over time
they have been joined by other poor
families attracted by the free rent and
tax breaks currently offered by Hebron
Rehabilitation Committee in the Old
City.
Far reaching consequences
A
ccording to the Ministry of
National Economy, 60 per cent
of all imports enter the West
Bank via Hebron and 40 per cent of
Palestinian industries are located in
the Hebron district:
14
numerous small
villages and rural communities also
rely upon the city to sell produce and
access services and amenities. The
disappearance of Hebron's main
markets and inability to access the
city has cost many villagers a primary
source of income meaning alternative
markets and services have been
established, breaking down centuries
old centralised community structures.
Last summer, farmers in communities
on the outskirts of Hebron city including
Beit Ummar, Al Baq'ah, Al Bweira and
Wadi Al Ghrous were forced to leave
grapes on the vine: closure policies
and the inability of reaching different
markets has driven prices so low that
it did not make economic sense to hire
people to pick the grapes, rent the
boxes to collect the grapes and pay for
transportation to market.
15
14
Cited in UN OCHA Humanitarian Monitor, July 2007
15
Cited in UN OCHA Humanitarian Monitor, August 2007
Palestinian women shop in the old city under protective
netting to avoid settler attacks
FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT
DESTROYED FROM WITHIN HEBRON
24
Drought
Hebron's economy has been further
weakened by drought. From mid
November 2007 (the beginning of the rainy
season) until the end of that year only 90
millimetres of rain fell in Hebron City, as
compared to the normal 250 millimetres.
Along with the increase price of animal
fodder this has greatly weakened the
governorate's agricultural base and poses
an existential threat to local herders.
16
CASE STUDY:
ABU HISHAM
*
For almost 55 years, Abu Hisham has been
working in his gift shop outside the Ibrahimi
mosque. Located in what used to be a bustling city
centre, sustaining hundreds of Palestinian families,
business today is almost non existent and only 5
Palestinian shops remain. There are many days
when Abu Hisham does not sell a thing.
Remembering fondly the days before the
occupation when tourists from Turkey, Saudi
Arabia, Egypt and further afield would flock to
Hebron, he explains that the situation has been
on a downward spiral ever since. Although things
worsened considerably during the first Intifada
when the IOF forced him to close his shop for
several years, for Abu Hisham the worst period
coincided with the implementation of the Oslo
Accords and the harsh restrictions imposed on
Palestinians in the aftermath of the Ibrahimi
mosque massacre. These restrictions have only
increased during the second Intifada.
For Abu Hisham, turning up to work these days is
more a question of giving himself something to do
rather than earning a living: with business the way
it is he is barely able to cover his running costs.
Living in nearby J abal J awhar, Abu Hisham must
take transportation to the checkpoint, which he
must pass through on foot, before walking the rest
of the way to work, which includes passing through
2 more checkpoints. It is a time consuming process
that is often compounded by the rude and abusive
behaviour of the soldiers. At least 2-3 times a
month he is prevented from reaching his shop,
though no reason is ever given. Nor is he permitted
to open on J ewish holidays.
Once at work, Abu Hisham faces a new series of
challenges. On the infrequent occasions when
customers do enter the shop they may be harassed
and attacked by settlers. Sometimes settlers walk
into the shop and drag customers out he recounts.
They shout at the clients and tell them they should
not buy from us ... One time settler women entered
the shop next door and started breaking everything
inside. The soldiers and police came but claimed
they could do nothing.
Though defiant and determined to keep his shop
open, Abu Hisham acknowledges that this was
not possible for many former shop owners. My
children are all grown up, but if you have a family
to support, you cannot continue like this, you are
forced to leave.
*Interview conducted 15 J uly, 2008
16
See UN OCHA, Humanitarian Monitor, December 2007
Abu Hisham outside his shop
25
Arial view of a deserted Palestinian fruit market
FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT
DESTROYED FROM WITHIN HEBRON
26
The current situation has gravely
affected children's right to education.
In communities close to settlements,
reduced attendance has been recorded
while performance in the end of school
matriculation exam or Tawjihi falls
well below the average for Hebron as
a whole. In 2006 for example, Tariq
Ibn Ziad and Abdel Khaleq Yaghmour
schools in the Old City ranked 38 and
39 out of 40 in terms of pass rates of
schools managed by the Directorate of
Education in Hebron.
Education under threat
Performance in
the end of school
matriculation exam
Tawjihi falls
well below the
average for Hebron
as a whole.
Higher education in Hebron has
also been targeted by the Israeli
Occupation Forces. In J anuary
2003, the Israeli Army issued closure
orders and sealed the gates of the
Hebron University and the Palestine
Polytechnic University. The military
orders were finally lifted in August
2003 however during the 8 months
university administrations had been
forced to schedule classes in local
secondary schools, after school
hours, in environments classes
far from conducive to learning and
educational attainment.
Attendance in the three schools closest to settlements
School 1999-2000 2000-2001 2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005 2005-2006
Percentage
reduction in
attendance
Qurtuba girls
school
194 196 148 139 85 88 101 47%
Al Fayhaa 327 335 269 253 207 217 215 33%
Ibrahimi boys
school
532 539 428 401 309 352 365 31%
Source: Directorate of Education in Hebron
FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT
DESTROYED FROM WITHIN HEBRON
FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT
DESTROYED FROM WITHIN HEBRON
27
CASE STUDY: QURTUBA SCHOOL
D
uring the 1990s Qurtuba school
for girls catered for approximately
250 students. However forced
displacement and repeated attacks on the
children reduced attendance to just 78 at
one point. As current school principle Reem
Al Shereef explains, 'parents care about
their childrens education and we were not
able to protect them... the situation was just
not conducive to their learning.'
Attacks by settlers on the school over the
last 12 months include, setting fire to the
school (August 2007); destroying the newly
refurbished garden funded by the CRC
(November 2007) and trying to enter the
school and breaking windows and the door
(March 2008). The main problem however
is the frequent attack on students on their
way to or from school by settler children
who hurl stones or shout verbal abuse.
As Reem explains, Girls reach the school
either by passing through the checkpoint
and through areas inhabited by settlers or
by cutting through the cemetery: its the
worst possible start to their day.
Two years ago the school administration
commissioned a survey and found that
one third of the students were suffering
psychological problems including insomnia,
inability to concentrate and problems
verbally communicating. The worst period
was during the second intifada when
many school days were lost to curfew and
the school was forced to teach students
in shifts during the afternoon in schools
in H1 even until recently though the
children were being attacked at least once
a week, and always on Saturdays.' n
response, the school administration cut
two hours off of Saturday classes to avoid
confrontations with settlers. Over the last 2
years they have also undertaken a number
of initiatives to create a safer environment
which has also boosted attendance. These
include;
Initiatives for a safer educational
environment:
Getting Israeli border police to station
vehicles outside the school as children
arrive and leave, to mitigate for settler
harassment and attacks;
Keeping detailed records of all attacks
on children which are routinely sent to
those international agencies present in
Hebron as well as the Israeli authorities.
This both increases the visibility of
Israeli actions and helps the girls who
know they have someone to talk to;
Strengthening the teacher parent
councils which keep parents well
informed of issues pertaining to their
children's safety;
Coordinating with international groups
offering protective presence to ensure
their presence at the school during
J ewish holidays when attacks are
more likely, (for example during Purim
2008, international volunteers slept in
the school and were able to prevent
settlers from breaking in and causing
further damage);
Starting the school day half an hour
earlier to avoid confronting settlers;
Rehabilitating and expanding facilities
to provide the children with a safe
space for extra curricular activities (the
school is currently looking to renovate
a nearby building).
Attendance increased to 118 last academic
year and projected intake for 2008-2009 is
around 150. However, as Reem explains
there is only so much the administration
can do in the current climate, Right now we
have small classes and excellent teachers
but the pressure these girls live under dont
allow them to learnwhen they are with
me at school I can make every effort to
protect them, but when they leave, I cannot
guarantee their safety.
nterview with school principle Reem Al Shereef, 22
J uly 2008.
27
FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT
DESTROYED FROM WITHIN HEBRON
28
V
iolence and insecurity, denied
access to basic services and
the destruction of livelihoods
have combined to force thousands of
Palestinians in H2 from their homes.
According to the Christian Peacemaker
Team, families are especially vulnerable
to displacement when they have older
children. Teenage boys are a frequent
target of the Occupation Forces, constantly
stopped at checkpoints and at risk of
arbitrary arrest and detention and for many
families the risks become too high.
In addition to these triggers, Israeli
Occupation have also confiscated
Palestinian land and demolished a number
of houses. In J uly 2005 Palestinian
agricultural lands were taken by Israeli
military order in order to build a 6km road
around Kiryat Arba and Givat Harsina
settlements and in August 2004, 3 historic
houses in the Old City were demolished
to build a so-called 'security-road' linking
Kiryat Arba to the settlements in H2.
Shrinking City: population decline
due to forced displacement from
Hebrons Old City.
x 1950s approximately 10,000
x 1967 7,500
x 1970 6,000
x 1985 1,620
x 1990 1,501
x mid 90s approximately 400
x today approximately 5,000
Data from interview with Hebron Rehabilitation
Committee and report, The Old City of Hebron,
Can it be saved?
Forced displacement
Displacement in numbers
E
stimates from the 1950s place the
population of Hebron's Old City at
a bustling 10,000.
17
By the mid 90s
however settler intimidation and military
closures meant that only 400 people
remained. Data published in 2007 shows
that at least 1,014 Palestinian housing
units in H2 had been vacated 42 Per
cent of the total housing units there.
18
17
nterview with Hebron Rehabilitation Committee, 15 July 2008
18
Ghost Town, Bt'Selem and ACR, May 2007.
Palestinian homes whose residents were forced out
A Palestinian boy sitting
outside his home in Hebron
Old City, settler's graffti is
seen on the door
FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT
DESTROYED FROM WITHIN HEBRON
28
FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT
DESTROYED FROM WITHIN HEBRON
29
These figures are though likely to
underestimate the extent of forced
displacement in Hebron as many
abandoned properties had been filled
by more vulnerable IDPs (Internally
Displaced Persons) from outlying
areas at the time of the survey. Today
the population is slowly bouncing
back. Around 5,000 people now live in
approximately 52% of the Old City. These
people are both returnees, and IDPs
from villages in the south.
19
The vast majority of Hebron's
displacement has been from H2 and most
of the IDPs have resettled in the H1 area
of the city. However as more IDPs from
the south of the governorate are forced
to move to escape settler violence, house
demolitions and forced evictions, the city
faces dual displacement and resettlement
pressures.
Temporary displacement
M
ovement and access restrictions
have meant that access to health
services and for ambulances
has been greatly impeded. As a result
pregnant women are experiencing
temporary forced displacement, moving
in with friends and relatives in H1 during
the latter stages of their pregnancy.
Resettlement
A
lthough some of those who have
returned are the original occupants,
the high poverty levels in the Old
City and influx of marginalized DPs and
migrants from surrounding communities
has shifted the socio-economic dynamic
of the area. Some residents complain
of increased crime which continues
unchecked as the Palestinian police are
unable to enter the area.
Displacement also threatens
rural communities
T
he resettlement of IDP families
from the south into the Old City
highlights the broader issue of
forced displacement across the Hebron
governorate. Many small communities
located in Area C under sraeli civil and
military control are at high risk of forced
displacement by home demolitions, forced
evictions and settler violence. Some
communities have already been entirely
displaced. For example, in Masaffer
Yatta, Southern Hebron, 837 people in
11 hamlets were forced to leave between
1998 and 2002
20
.
n Baqa'a a community of only 60 families,
a number of whom were forcibly displaced
from the Old City of
Hebron, 32 demolition orders
have been issued by Israel since the
Annapolis conference and 30 homes
demolished over the last 12 years.
21
In
Susiya, a community that suffers from
continued settler attacks, all 13 families
received eviction orders in J une 2007. If
carried out it will be the 5
th
time they have
been forcibly displaced.
22
As construction
of the Apartheid Wall continues in
the south, the threat of displacement
increases: 207 residents of Arab Ar
Ramadin Bedouins in the South have been
threatened with eviction by Israeli military
in J une 2008, to make way for the Wall.
23
19
nterview with Hebron Rehabilitation Committee, 15 July
2008
20
The humanitarian impact of Israeli infrastructure in the
West Bank. OCHA
21
Alternative nformation Centre, Expanding Settlements
Means Removing Palestinian People from their Land: The
Story of Baqaa, April 2008
22
OCHA Humanitarian Monitor, June 2007
23
nternational Middle East Media Centre, Entire Palestinian
village threatened with expulsion. J une 2008
Entrance to a Palestinian house boarded up in H2
29
FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT
DESTROYED FROM WITHIN HEBRON
30
Responding to
displacement
T
he rejuvenation of Hebron's Old
City has been achieved in large
part by the focused efforts of
several organizations. Their efforts
provide important lessons to prevent
displacement and protect Palestinian
IDPs.
Established in 1996 the Hebron
Rehabilitation Committee (HRC) works
to safeguard the city's cultural and
architectural heritage. In pursuit of this
goal it has also facilitated return and
resettlement for hundreds of IDPs.
Working in partnership with Ministries,
local NGOs, donor governments,
the Chamber of Commerce and the
municipality, the HRC;
1. Strategically constructs new
Palestinian infrastructure across
H2, by building to contain and
encircle settlements to prevent their
expansion and interconnectivity;
2. Reclaims and rehabilitates existing
infrastructure, to strengthen the
community and help reconnect H2
with the rest of the city;
3. Provides an aid package for those
living in the Old City including free
housing, $200 for each shop keeper
per month, tax breaks, free water,
building restoration, food parcels,
social activities and insurance. They
also have a team of social workers
on hand to help families deal with
the stresses from living in such a
pressurized environment.
This holistic approach has played
an important role in repopulating
Hebron's historic core and ensuring
durable solutions (namely return and
resettlement) for DPs. Nevertheless, a
major displacement trigger remains that
the organisation can do little to mitigate
for that of residents' ongoing insecurity.
While HRC provides wire netting for
families and window reinforcements,
Palestinians continue to be attacked
in the streets and in their homes by
settlers and IOF and their only source of
protection are international observers.
It is a reality that prevents many IDPs
from returning.
FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT
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30
A collaborative response to
internal displacement
U
nlike for refugees, no single
agency is responsible for
internally displaced persons.
Instead government and local authorities,
UN agencies, the Red Cross / Red
Crescent, international and local NGOs
and donors and bilateral organisations
should work together to respond to
the situation in accordance with their
particular mandate. The effort is then
coordinated by the UN Humanitarian
Coordinator.
As of yet, no collaborative response has
been implemented in the Palestinian
territories and assistance and protection
is ad hoc, limited to cash hand outs,
tents and house demolition kits (provided
by UNRWA and CRC). Some UN
agencies and NGOs are also reporting
on the issue through existing UN
mechanisms. Recently however, an
internal displacement working group has
been formed. As their efforts expand
towards implementing a collaborative
response to protect IDPs, address the
root causes of internal displacement
and search for durable solutions, the
example of displacement in Hebron
and the community's response to these
pressures should inform and guide their
programming.
31
FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT
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32
CASE STUDY:
LIVING UNDER
THREAT OF
DISPLACEMENT
Said and two of his sisters
FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT
DESTROYED FROM WITHIN HEBRON
33
S
aid is 18 and lives in the H2 area of
Hebron. His house is located next to
Avraham Avino settlement and his
family have suffered repeated attacks by
settlers and the military who have stationed
themselves on the roof of his building. Only
one or two of the families Said knew as a
young boy remain in the area.
Said's family lives in a situation of constant
insecurity and fear. A few years ago they
were approached to sell their house
to sraelis but refused. Since then the
harassment and violence has been constant
with tragic consequences. When we refused
to sell they told us we would suffer, he says.
The worst of the attacks occurred when a
settler threw a Molotov cocktail into the the
entrance of his house which killed Said's
younger brother who was playing there.
Another time, an ambulance was delayed
from entering the Old City to reach Said's
pregnant mother: she lost the baby. Said's
younger brother was also hit in the leg with a
large stone thrown by settler children, badly
injuring him, and his sister was attacked by
settler's dogs on the way to school.
The family's insecurity and fear is
heightened by the constant presence of
the military on the roof. From their vantage
point the Israeli Occupation forces watch
over the family's every move. We have
no privacy he explains. The military has
destroyed the locks and repeatedly breaks
into their home where the soldiers sleep
and help themselves to food. Sometimes
after these random break-ins, items and
cash also go missing. When Said and his
father are out of the house his mother and
sisters face increased verbal abuse and
heckling.
For Said, nowhere feels safe; his house
is broken into; the settlers attack people
as they walk in the streets; and his old
school, the Ibrahimi boys school, has
been repeatedly targeted by settlers and
the military. The worst period was at the
beginning of the second Intifada when
curfews were constantly imposed on the
Palestinians living in the area. Sometimes
it meant that Said would only be able to
attend school once a week. This was when
most of the community left. Now that he is
older, life is harder in different ways. He has
become more of a target for the military and
is constantly stopped at the checkpoints:
the military has confiscated his ID and
sometimes his movement so restricted that
he lives under virtual house arrest. The
family home is already crowded with 13
people living there and the inability to play
outside safely means the siblings fight a lot.
Said gets easily frustrated with the situation
and during particularly bad times he is given
to breaking objects and throwing things
around the house.
Though his family never considered leaving,
for Said, the situation is unbearable. n
addition to the harassment and violence
he cannot make a living. I work all
hours in construction for which I earn 40
shekels a day. This compares to the 400
shekels a day we could earn when we
worked in Israel. Nor does the presence
of international protection workers from
agencies like CPT and EAPP make enough
of a difference, once they placed a dirt
mound outside the entrance to our house
and no one could help us, no one could
do anything about itMostly I just want to
leave, I feel desperate.
33
When we
refused to sell
[the house]
they told us we
would suffer
a settler threw a
Molotov cocktail
which killed Saids
younger brother
FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT
DESTROYED FROM WITHIN HEBRON
34
Annex
DATE INCIDENT (data collected from UN OCHA weekly briefing notes)
02.01 At least 12 Palestinians (including three children) were injured during an attack by a large group of settlers.
04.01 A Palestinian man was injured when five Israeli settlers hit him with a stone near the Islamic cemetery in H2.
09.01
Settlers occupied land in Wadi al Hussein for nine days. They prevented Palestinian access to schools and
the Ibrahimi mosque, among other destinations. There were frequent attacks on Palestinian houses in the
vicinity.
12.01
Three Palestinian men and two Palestinian women from H2 were physically assaulted and injured by settlers
inside their homes. The Israeli Police arrested the Palestinian men for questioning.
15.01
Settlers threw a Molotov cocktail at the kitchen of a Palestinian family living next to the settlement. The
kitchen caught fire.
19.01
Six Palestinians (four women and two children) from Wadi Al Hussein in H2 were injured when settlers
attacked and physically assaulted them while they were inside their homes.
19.01
A Palestinian man from H1 was physically assaulted and injured by IDF soldiers while covering settler attacks
in Wadi Al Hussein for B'Tselem. He was later detained for two days and released on bail pending his trial.
21.01
DF soldiers imposed movement restrictions on Palestinians in the market of the Old City of Hebron in the
H2, due to the presence of sraeli settlers visiting the Souq.
30.01
Two Palestinian boys from Wadi Al Hussein in the H2 were injured when a group of Israeli settler youth
physically assaulted them on the Kiryat Arba Road. The two Palestinian boys were later arrested by the
Israeli police.
07.02 A Palestinian man from H2 was injured when a group of settlers threw stones and bricks at his house.
12.03
Settlers forcibly entered Qurtuba Basic School for girls in H2 and damaged window panels and doors. The
IDF later evacuated the settlers from the school.
19.03
A Palestinian man was injured with a rock to the head when settlers threw stones at Palestinians walking
on Al Shalaleh Street in H2.
21.03
A Palestinian man from H2 was injured in the head when settlers threw stones at nearby Palestinian houses
during the J ewish holiday of Purim.
23.03
A Palestinian woman from H2 was injured when a group of settlers threw stones at her house during the
J ewish holiday of Purim.
21.03
A large group of sraeli settlers threw stones at Qurtuba Girls School as they were celebrating the Jewish
holiday of Purim. Window panels were damaged.
18.04 A Palestinian man was physically assaulted near his house by Israeli settlers in H2.
28.04
A Palestinian woman from H2 was physically assaulted by a group of settlers while walking towards her
house
25.04
Settlers clashed with 120 Palestinian, sraeli and international activists protesting the settler movement in
the City. After the clashes, the DF detained 60 sraeli activists.
29.04
Settlers damaged 11 cars in H2 area. The attack took place after settlers sent out an e-mail declaring the
imminent destruction by the IDF of a nearby outpost. The removal of the outpost was not carried out.
06.05
A man from Wadi Al Hussein in H2 area was injured when settlers occupied land in Wadi Al Hussein and
physically attacked him while he was en route to his house. He was later arrested by the IDF.
19.05
A Palestinian man was injured with live ammunition when an Israeli settler opened fire at him from a car
near the Al Fahs junction, south of H2, which was recently opened by the IDF for Palestinian movement.
22.05
A Palestinian teacher and a 12-year-old Palestinian boy were injured in Al brahimiya School by stones
thrown by Israeli settlers.
03.06
A demonstration was held by settlers protesting the opening of Al Fahs closure,
in H2. The demonstration disrupted Palestinian traffic.
08.06
Settlers cut down 4 trees in the brahimi Mosque Garden in preparation for a wedding that was carried out
on J une 10th, 2008.
10.06 Settlers took control of a piece of land in Wadi Al Hussein in H2 and placed tents and chairs thereon.
FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT
DESTROYED FROM WITHIN HEBRON
35
SOURCES
x The Old City of Hebron, can it be saved?
Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 23. No.4 (summer, 1994) Patricia Sellick
x Ghost Town, Israel's Separation Policy and Forced Eviction of Palestinians from the Centre of Hebron.
Bt'Selem and ACR, May 2007
x The closure of Hebron's Old City
Report by UN OCHA Hebron Office
x The impact of settlements on the commercial activities of the Old City of Hebron
Report by UN OCHA Hebron Office
x UN OCHA weekly briefing notes and Humanitarian Monitor: online report centre
http://www.ochaopt.org/?module=displaysection&section_id=97&static=0&format=html
x Geopolitical Status in Hebron Governorate
Research and GS Unit at the Land Research Centre and ARJ, December 2006.
x The Humanitarian impact on Palestinians of Israeli settlements and other infrastructures in the West Bank
UN OCHA, July 2007
x Temporary International Presence in Hebron, website www.tiph.org
x Attacks against internationals in Hebron
Peace Watch and EAPPI, April 2006
x Statistical Atlas of Palestine
http://atlas.pcbs.gov.ps/atlas/pages/P_atlas-en.asp
x nterview with Hebron Rehabilitation Committee, 15 July 2008
x Interview with Abu Hisham, shop keeper, 15 J uly 2008
x nterview with Reem Al Shareef, headmistress of Qurtuba school, 22 July 2008
x nterview with Said, resident of Old City, 22 July 2008
x nterview with Zleikah, resident of Shehada Street, 22 July 2008
x Meeting with Temporary International Presence in Hebron, 22 J uly 2008
x Meeting with Christian Peacemaker Team, Hebron, 22 July 2008
FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT
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36

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