RANTI FITRI ANWAR / 1106033 NK-1

INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS CHAPTER 10 SYNTAX II

Transformations Transformations are operations that add, delete, or change elements in one structure to produce another structure.
The insertion of a lexical item into a phrase-structure tree might be considered a

transformation because it introduces (or adds) a complex element into a structure. The transformational component as all the rules that apply after all lexical items have been inserted into trees.
Transformations needs for several reasons. It is still not an English sentence; certain other

operations must be performed to yield a grammatical English sentence. These other operations are what are called transformations.
The earliest arguments for transformations concerned relations between words in

sentence called co-occurrence restrictions; that is restrictions on the relations between words that apply to different type of sentences. DEEP STRUCTURE, SURFACE STRUCTURE, AND MEANING
A particular meaning can be represented by several different sentences, or paraphrases;

and a particular sentence might be ambiguous, or have several meaning. An example of several paraphrases of one basic meaning is the following set of sentences: 1. Mary gave an apple to Bob. 2. Mary gave Bob an apple. 3. An apple was given to Bob by Mary 4. Bob was given an apple by Mary 5. It was Mary who gave Bob an apple 6. Bob is the one Mary gave an apple to

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Transformations allow to express the fact that one basic meaning can have several

paraphrase expressed in different surface structures and that an ambiguous sentence, represented by one surface structure, has two or more basic meanings that are represented by different deep structures. For example in deep structure for the sentence A girl has seen the man.

TWO OBLIGATORY TRANSFORMATIONS One transformation applied to all sentences is the flip-flop (FF) rule, by which certain endings are attached to the verbal forms that follow them. The flip-flop rule may be generalized as, FF rule: Affix + Verbal the rule only once. In the correct order for application of the rule. Thus, Deep Structure: a girl Pres have en see the man After FF: a girl have Pres see en the man Verbal + Affix Condition: Constituents affected by FF may undergo

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The structural description specifies the structure that must be present in order for the rule to apply (for example, Affix + verbal). The structural change indicates how the structure is affected by the rule (for example, Verbal + Affix). The lexical-formation (LF) rule, requires that the lexicon be consulted to determine the final appearance of the nouns and verbs in surface structure. IMPERATIVES, QUESTIONS, AND NEGATIONS
It involves operations that are signaled by constituents in the deep structure.

The first rule of the phrase-structure grammar must be altered at this point to introduce these constituents: S Imp Ques The first phrase-structure rule will now produce the structure: S Imp effect: Imperative transformation: Imp + you + will TRANSFORMATIONS WITH EMBEDDED SENTENCES
The sentences discussed this far have been simple, one-clause sentences, such as the

+ (Neg) + NP + Aux + VP

NP

Aux

VP

The constituent Imp then triggers the imperative transformation, which has the following

following: 1. The bell rang. 2. A student entered the building. 3. The child likes the horse. 4. The horse roams on the farm.

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But many sentences contain more than one clause; for example, 5. The bell rang and a student entered the building. In order to generate sentences like this, we need the modified phrase-structure rule: S S + (Conj + S)

Deep Stucture for sentence: The bell rang and a student entered the building. S

S NP Det Aux VP V Lex (V)

Conj Lex(Conj) Det NP N

S Aux Tense VP V NP Det N

N Tense

Lex (Det) Lex (N)

Lex (Det) Lex (N)

Lex (V)

Lex (Det) Lex (N) The bell past ring and a student past enter the building

6. The child likes the horse that roams on the farm. Phrase-structure rule 2 must be revised

as follows: NP (Det) + N + (S)

THE ORDERING OF TRANSFORMATIONS Some transformational rules, like phonological rules, may be ordered. Furthermore, the syntactic transformations may apply in a cycle, in pretty much the same way as the stress rules in phonology. The principle of the cycle in syntax requires that the transformations be applied in order, beginning with the most deeply embedded sentence. S

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NP

Aux

VP V NP Det N NP Tense NP Conj Det N Det NP N Adj Lex (Adj) S Aux VP

Tense

Lex(N)

Lex(V) Lex(Det) Lex(N)

Lex(Det) Lex(N) Lex(Det) Lex(N) be Constraints in Syntax

One such constraint is called the constraints on conjoined phrase: no phrase contained

within a conjoined, or coordinate, structure may be moved out of that structure by a transformation (for the purpose of relativization, question-formation, and so on)