Cours SAR Part2

INSIS
Fundamentals of Remote Sensing: SAR Interferometry

Notions fondamentales de tldtection : linterfromtrie RSO
Gabriel VASILE
Charg de Recherche CNRS
gabriel.vasile@gipsa-lab.grenoble-inp.fr
Tldtection radar 3A SICOM SIM SN
SAR focusing: ERS-1, Chamonix valley, 512 512 pixels

range azimut
Range focusing
Azimuth focusing
SAR amplitude image SYTER, Telecom ParisTech
SAR focusing: ERS-1, Chamonix valley, 512 512 pixels

range azimut
Range focusing
Azimuth focusing
SAR phase image SYTER, Telecom ParisTech
Sinclair formula & differential measurements
Emission: H and V Reception: H and V
Penetration depth
Propagation Backscattering mechanisms
2 phenomena -> differential measurements

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Differential measurements InSAR
Two SLC images: kM (master), kS (slave) Same target area Slightly different viewing angles Hermitian product -> complex cross-correlation
M&S intensities
Internal coherence
Differential measurements InSAR
Two SLC images: kM (master), kS (slave) Same target area Slightly different viewing angles Hermitian product -> complex cross-correlation Normalized complex
cross-correlation
INTERFEROMETRIC PHASE: = arg{C} INTERFEROMETRIC COHERENCE: c = ABS{C}
Differential measurements POLSAR
Fully polarimetric SAR data Cross-polar symmetrisation (monostatic case)
Vectorisation on the Pauli basis (target vector): k=[SHH+SVV SHH-SVV 2SHV]T
Hermitian product -> complex correlation

Polarimetric coherency matrix
Differential measurements POL-InSAR
Polarimetric M&S coherency matrices:
Polarimetric interferometric coherency matrix:
Radar Interferometry Outlines
Overview of interferometry Satellite Interferometry Satellite InSAR geometry InSAR processing measuring topography Satellite Differential InSAR D-InSAR processing measuring motion on the Earths surface SAR examples
Satellite Interferometry
For satellite interferometry of the repeat-pass type, one image is taken one day, and a second image is taken of the same scene one or more days later. More images can be taken at later intervals and used in the processing, as long as the scene retains reasonable coherence over the longer time interval Because there is always a time delay, and usually parallax as well, assumptions must be made or processing must be done to remove the unwanted component of motion or topography In Feb. 2000, the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission obtained topographic (elevation) data of much of the Earths surface using single-pass interferometry, i.e., image pairs were acquired at the same time using two radar antennas separated physically to create a 60-m fixed baseline.
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Radar Interferometry from Space

SRTM
TANDEM ERS-1/2
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SRTM
TANDEM ERS-1/2
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Radar Interferometry from Space : SRTM mission
NASA / DLR
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Coverage of 11-day SRTM Mission (Feb. 2000)
NASA / DLR
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SRTM Perspective View with Landsat Overlay

Elevation data from C-band across-track interferometric radar, SRTM Acquired Feb. 16, 2000 Height exaggeration 2x Landsat overlay Acquired: Dec. 14, 1984 View toward the North 34.42N 119.17W
Santa Clara River Valley, California
NASA / DLR
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ERS 1 and ERS 2 TANDEM Mission (1995-2000)

ESA
Repeat pass interferometric SAR uses two antenna positions to acquire two SAR images. Vertical height is determined by comparing phase measurements. Observable terrain shifts are on the order of the radar wavelength or smaller.
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ERS 1 and ERS 2 TANDEM Mission

Schefferville, Qubec
Colour: Interferogram Phase, 16 steps from 0 to 2 radians Intensity: Interferogram Magnitude Saturation: Coherence Interferogram Magnitude is the background black-and-white image similar to regular SAR image. Coherence (colour brightness) indicates the degree of phase correlation. Low coherence indicates greater change (lakes at upper left). High coherence indicates least change (exposed rocks at lower left). Colour-coded interferogram phase: a phase change of 2 radians corresponds to an altitude change of 232 m
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Satellite Repeat-pass InSAR Geometry
A radar is essentially a distance or range measuring sensor It can measure range in 2 ways: Time delay: R=c/2B = 8 m Phase: R=/100 = 1 mm Phase is much more accurate but is a relative measurement only
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How a SAR Measures Phase
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Phase after Scattering from a Random Surface
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Interferometer Phase
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How Differential Phase Measures Topography
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Phase Unwrapping
Interferometric phase ambiguity
Wrapped
phase = (mod 2) Nyquist criterion | (N) (M)| < Unwrapped phase

( N ) ( M ) c ( M , N ) = +2 2 if if if
Automatic methods:
local
( N ) ( M ) < ( N ) ( M ) ( N ) ( M )
approach : cuts positioning, propagation global approach: least squares (phase or local frequencies)
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Interferogram Estimation
2 images single look complex (SLC):
SLC 1
After co-registration:
SLC 2
Complex multi-looking:
(m,n) (i,j)
Amp 1 Amp 2 Coh. Phase
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Coherence Estimation
Distribution of the sample coherence d as function of theoretical coherence value D and the number of looks L>1:
Distribution function of L, D = 0.5

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Bias function of L
Phase Estimation
Distribution of the sample phase as function of theoretical coherence value D and the number of looks L>1:
Distribution function of D = 0, L = 4
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Distribution function of L = 0, D = 0.7

Measuring Coherence
Coherence must always be measured to assess the suitability of the data set for InSAR processing Coherence magnitude is closely related to the local standard deviation of differential phase High coherence magnitude tells us: images have good SNR phase centres of scatterers are stable any motion is spatially organized Coherence magnitude: 0.3 - 0.5 is useable, but noisy 0.5 - 0.7 is good 0.7 - 1.0 is excellent Coherence has also been successfully used as a terrain classification parameter: water, vegetation, desert, city
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InSAR Processing
Process data to SLC images Register the two images to 1/10 pixel Over-sample by a factor of 2 in both dimensions Filter common bands in spectrum Conjugate multiply to form interferogram Smooth the interferogram Measure coherence Unwrap phase Estimate geometry parameters (especially baseline) Remove flat-earth fringes Convert unwrapped phase to height and/or motion
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InSAR Processing: Chitina River Valley, S.E. Alaska

B = 40 m Flat-earth fringes were removed. Phase is still wrapped. Each revolution of the colour wheel represents an increase of 200 m in altitude.
ERS images acquired Feb. 1994
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Topography Contours from Interferogram: ERS-1, 1991
Franklin Bluffs and Sagavanirktok River on the North Slope of Alaska Perspective view generated from an interferometrically derived DEM
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Radar Differential Interferometry from Space
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The information contained in the D-InSAR phase can be decomposed in:
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D-InSAR: orbital compensation
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D-InSAR: topographic compensation (DTM)
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D-InSAR: adaptive filtering
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Location
Glaciology: temperate glaciers
French Alps Chamonix Mont-Blanc test site

Mer-de-Glace
Location Area / Length Mean slope 455515 N/ 65545 E 3,5 (km) / 4.7 (km) ~ 9 (17%)
Argentire
455615N / 70030 E 15 (km) / 9 (km) ~14 (26%)
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LISTIC/LAPI Tldtection radar 3A SICOM SIM SN

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ERS - 1/2: visibility assessment
ERS ascending
(image panchromatic SPOT-1)

ERS descending
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ERS-1/2 Interferogram (March 1996)
SAR amplitude
5 km
100 km
(c)
TANDEM ERS (Mer-de-glace) InSAR coherence

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InSAR phase
amplitude
coherence
phase
IDAN ML amplitude
IDAN ML coherence
IDAN ML phase
Mer-de-glace [660 361 pixels]

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Measuring Glacier Velocity by D-InSAR

filtered phase 2D local frequencies filtered coherence DTM
TANDEM ERS, 10/11-March-1996 Chamonix Mont-Blanc
velocity field
In situ mesures
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IDAN ML phase mod 2
IDAN ML unwrapped phase
Mer-de-glace [618 405 pixels]: weighted least-square phase unwrapping
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From Slant Range to Ground Range

DTM (Lat/Lon, WGS 1984): separating relief / displacement geocoding D-InSAR scalar measurement: slant range displacement
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Glacier Velocity Field: Argentire & Mer-de-glace

In situ measurements: unknown offset ablation sticks differential GPS D-InSAR/DTM measurements: 3D displacement field glacier flow direction (SPF,MSF)
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TerraSAR-X StripMap Acquisition (3m res) of the Pyramids of Giza, Egypt

Prel. Image recorded during calibration 55 phase
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TerraSAR-X Basic Image Products

Warri airport " South Nigeria, 3m res
City of Warri 56
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" Cape Town (South Africa) 1m res
International airport
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Mombasa (Kenya) 1m res 58
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" Addis Abeba (Ethiopia), 3m res
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Bibliography
H. Matre, Traitement des images de RSO, Hermes Sciences Publications, 2001 L. Lliboutry, Sciences Gomtriques et Tldtection, Masson, 1992 C. Elachi, Introduction to the Physics and Techniques of Remote Sensing, Wiley Series in Remote Sensing, 1987 Tutoriel du Centre Canadien de Tldtection (CCT): http://www.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/resource/index_f.php#tutor Trouv E., Imagerie Radar Synthse dOuverture, cours ETASM, Universit de Savoie, 2004 Faller N., TerraSAR-X: Surveying, Mapping & Infrastructure Development, Map Africa 2007 Hajnsek I. at al., TerraSAR-X Mission: Application and Data Access, Int. Summer School on Very High Resolution Remote Sensing, 2009
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INSIS

Fundamentals of Remote Sensing: SAR Interferometry

Tldtection radar 3A SICOM SIM SN

SAR focusing: ERS-1, Chamonix valley, 512 512 pixels

SAR amplitude image SYTER, Telecom ParisTech

Tldtection radar 3A SICOM SIM SN

SAR focusing: ERS-1, Chamonix valley, 512 512 pixels

SAR phase image SYTER, Telecom ParisTech

Tldtection radar 3A SICOM SIM SN

Sinclair formula & differential measurements

Emission: H and V Reception: H and V

Propagation Backscattering mechanisms

2 phenomena -> differential measurements

Tldtection radar 3A SICOM SIM SN

Differential measurements InSAR

Tldtection radar 3A SICOM SIM SN

Differential measurements InSAR

INTERFEROMETRIC PHASE: = arg{C} INTERFEROMETRIC COHERENCE: c = ABS{C}

Tldtection radar 3A SICOM SIM SN

Differential measurements POLSAR

Fully polarimetric SAR data Cross-polar symmetrisation (monostatic case)

Vectorisation on the Pauli basis (target vector): k=[SHH+SVV SHH-SVV 2SHV]T

Hermitian product -> complex correlation

Tldtection radar 3A SICOM SIM SN

Differential measurements POL-InSAR

Polarimetric M&S coherency matrices:

Polarimetric interferometric coherency matrix:

Tldtection radar 3A SICOM SIM SN

Radar Interferometry Outlines

Tldtection radar 3A SICOM SIM SN

Tldtection radar 3A SICOM SIM SN

Radar Interferometry from Space

Radar Interferometry from Space

Radar Interferometry from Space : SRTM mission

Tldtection radar 3A SICOM SIM SN

Coverage of 11-day SRTM Mission (Feb. 2000)

Tldtection radar 3A SICOM SIM SN

SRTM Perspective View with Landsat Overlay

Santa Clara River Valley, California

ERS 1 and ERS 2 TANDEM Mission (1995-2000)

Tldtection radar 3A SICOM SIM SN

Radar Interferometry from Space

Tldtection radar 3A SICOM SIM SN

ERS 1 and ERS 2 TANDEM Mission

Tldtection radar 3A SICOM SIM SN

Satellite Repeat-pass InSAR Geometry

Tldtection radar 3A SICOM SIM SN

How a SAR Measures Phase

Tldtection radar 3A SICOM SIM SN

Phase after Scattering from a Random Surface

Tldtection radar 3A SICOM SIM SN

Tldtection radar 3A SICOM SIM SN

How Differential Phase Measures Topography

Tldtection radar 3A SICOM SIM SN

phase = (mod 2) Nyquist criterion | (N) (M)| < Unwrapped phase

Tldtection radar 3A SICOM SIM SN

Amp 1 Amp 2 Coh. Phase

Tldtection radar 3A SICOM SIM SN

Distribution function of L, D = 0.5

Tldtection radar 3A SICOM SIM SN

Distribution function of L = 0, D = 0.7

Tldtection radar 3A SICOM SIM SN

InSAR Processing: Chitina River Valley, S.E. Alaska