Confucianism/ Mencius

1. Confucianism is concerned with human society. They are interested in the political order but both spiritual and political order and put together. Chinese character: means way or dow meaning motion. All your actions have movement. It also means your way of doing something. Also your way of doing something. It also means the process and pattern of everything and the way things should be in society, and if society is good then the dow is present but if there is war its not present. Hsia Dynasty Shang Dynasty Chou Dynasty (this one is important for the Confucius) Legendary Sage- Emperors revered by Confucius and Mencius -Yao He was great it was the golden age but once he grew old he had to give it up to someone so who should he pick? And he didn't want the son and he suggested the prime minster and he said no so then they looked for someone that might be suitable. So they found Shun who lived in a dysfunctional family with a blind dad not only physically but spiritually and has a brother who wants to kill him and his moms nuts he lives in the country. So he sends his two daughters to be wise with him and test him out. So they both become the wife of this man. And he became the next emperor, he was so nice and he didn't need to do a lot of work because he inspired people by just being him. -Shun -Yu Book: 5A1-6 Evolution of (Tien) (heaven)

Page 11 intro there is a description of the mandate of heaven. the mandate of heaven is not immutable heaven sees as the people see and as the people hear. Gu-Ming means revolution (the spelling is wrong but that's how it sounds)

The political field here is CONNECTED to the spiritual part here. CONFUCIUS (known as teacher of 10 thousand generations) (551-479 BCE) He was also called; Kung Chiu, Chung-ni, Kung-tzu, or The master. He didn't feel he was starting something but rather reviving something. Life of Confucius At 15 heart set on learning At 30 took my stand At 40 had no doubt At 50 knew Tien-ming (I knew my mission) (he taught) At 60 ears attuned (he had a good idea of what was going on) At 70 could follow hearts desire. (do what you want without crossing the line) The best part of this was that he had life long learning!!! And this learning involved HOW TO BE HUMAN that's it but its being able to know how to be the particular human being that you are. Ex. Shun had a terrible family but he had to learn how to be a human with all the people that are around. Human (Jen)

Jen (Humane)

(benevolent)

Jen Taking up Responsibility Core Concepts: Someone devoid of JEN what could that person have? Warring State Period (5th -3rd cen. BC) 2. Mencius QE3

Ying and Yan represent polarity, however, they are a pair and represent a system like day and night. BUT they are not a conflict dualism like good is bad, they are both good and they are better if there is a balance b/w them the Chinese believe that this has to do with the universe and the cosmos. 2ndGreatest Confucian Teacher Benevolent Government Love with Distinctions Human Nature and the 4 Sprouts of Goodness Mencius Mother -moved house 3 times -cemetery (not good for kids) -marketplace (didn't like the business influence) -academy (he would then play at being a scholar so she approved that and stayed there) -cutting the threads (when he wasn't interesting in school she cut the threads she had made and he was said youre running it but she said well arent you as well by not having an education.) -family propriety (he got married and wasn't to nice to his wife and mom took wife side) Mencius is the 2nd Great Confucian Teacher (372-289) 3 main things in book -Benevolent (KIND, HUMAN) Government -Love with Distinctions -Human Nature and the 4 Sprouts of Goodness

3. BENEVOLENCE AND RIGHTNESS VS. PROFIT. 1A1

50 paces laughing at 100 paces1A3 MUST READ

R_e_p_l_a_c_i_n_g_ _a_n_ _o_x_ _w_i_t_h_ _a_ _s_h_e_e_p_ _ 1_A_7_ t_h_e_ _h_e_a_r_t_/_m_i_n_d_ _w_h_i_c_h_ _c_a_n_n_o_t_ _b_e_a_r_ _t_o_ _s_e_e_ _t_h_e_ _s_u_f_f_e_r_i_n_g_ _o_f_ _o_t_h_e_r_s_ _ BOOK: PAGE 5 book 1A3 During the battle cowardly soldiers fled in terror. Some ran 100 paces those who fled 50 paces jeered art those who had ran 100 paces. Do you think that's appropriate? When ordinary people have the resources to take care of their parents then that's being a true leader. Everyone has to be humane kind and Benevolent

THIS IS ANOTHER KINGS STORY. replacing an ox with a sheep this incident shows the heart and mind which cannot bear to see the suffering of others. With this heart and mind you can become a true king. He was asked his he didn't let the ox get killed because he was cheap and tried to save resources. But the reason why he did it was because he saw the OX and not the sheep so the encounter with the ox you couldn't bear to have him killed you were sympathetic with the ox. You can not bear to see the pain in others so that feeling can allow you to be king. Mencius (was a disciple of the grandson of confusions, he continued the religion but wasn't an imminent disciple of Confusim him self) is the best known author of Confucianism. It is said that Confucian was not known in his life time but rather his disciples where the ones that made him big and got his name out there. The book we are studying is really important in chines lit because its actually one of the 4 books. Others are.

the great learning the doctrine of the Mean the analects of Confucius and the one we are reading there are people who say that Confucianism is a humanistic philosophy. Why?? he doesn't talk much about topics that are considered to be important in religion like GODS, after life theres no talk about soul. There is no much talk about heaven and theres a little but not good So what do they talk about? Society, vertues, this life in the world now. There are two virtues in Confucianism Jen (its benevolence, or humanism, compassion, gentle manliness, respect) YI (rightness, the right thing to do the right behavior. (yi comes from Jen) Book 1 part A. 2nd paragraph Your majesty what is the point of meaning the word proper? All that matters is that there should be benevolence and rightness pg 4 all that matter is that there should be benevolence and rightness now benevolence and rightness should be the bases of all relationship in the society and the king should also follow this. 4. Confucianism speaks about 5 relationships 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ruler & subject father & son husband & wife older brother & younger brother friend & friend

in all these relationships there should be mutual respect. However in Confucianism there is a higharchy in these relationship (meaning one is

above the other) (ex. Father and son; the father is above the son) even with friends the older friend goes 1st. it also states about mutual responsibility. In this book Mensious speaks about ONE RELATIONSHIP THE MOST WHICH IS RULER AND SUBJECT here the ruler should practice BENEVOLANT GOVERNMENT AND ONE WHO DOES SO THEN FOLLOWS THE KINGLY WAY WHICH IS BENEVOLANCE GOVERNMENT. THE Jen and Yi are both in all humans Mencius believes in the Five Human Relations -parent- child -elder -younger siblings -husband and wife -ruler-minister -friend and friend Mencius thinks you cant love equally because if so you treat everyone like strangers. weirdo

5. Benevolent Governing: he went around telling governments his ideas. Book: 1 part A. Mencius went to see a local king Here the king only thought of profit and Confucius told him not to only think of PROFIT because then his people only think of that as well and then society will fall apart. 6/7. In this book Mensious speaks about ONE RELATIONSHIP THE MOST WHICH IS RULER AND SUBJECT here the ruler should practice BENEVOLANT GOVERNMENT AND ONE WHO DOES SO THEN FOLLOWS THE KINGLY WAY WHICH IS BENEVOLANCE GOVERNMENT.

THE Jen and Yi are both in all humans Human nature means appitie and desire but Mencius he believed that human nature = is the human heart which is the ability to think and to think means the ability to think morally and in term Jen and Yi. The theory that Mencius is associated with is that human nature is good. In book 1 part A Mencius talks about the Kingly way says king should practice benevolence because 1.for His own self interest( people will like him and its better for him) pg 9 towards the middle how virtuosos must a man be before he becomes a true king, he becomes a true king by tending the people, this is something no one can stop. Pg. 11 2nd last paragraph treat the aged of your family befitting to the age, and extend to other families, . And you can r means treat the old and young well and you can rule the empire well. 2.the king of all human begins is basically a good person he is born with Jen and Yi so he should practice benevolence because it is the will of heave. Pg. 39 3rd paragraph in middle. Benevolence is the high honor bestowed by heaven. So a king should know that he is in a power with heaven. Every king has the ability to practice benevolence government but if he doesnt want to it doesnt work. Pg 11. 2nd paragraph hence your failure is due to a refusal to act so if you don't practice benevolent government its because you don't want to not that you can. Pg 159. Last paragraph the people are of super most importance.. Order of importance. people order to god ruler a king that practices benevolent is a compassionate person hes sensitive to his people.

there is a story to this the ox story & the king: when he spares his life is the king compassionate? He saw the suffering of the ox but not of the lamb but if he sees suffering he should stop it but if he doesn't see he shouldn't care. Pg 10 theres no harm in this it's the way of a benevolent man can a ruler who doesn't practice benevolent way can be killed. 7 continues Human Nature (pg 122) -Kao Tzu: Human Nature is like the willow; dutifulness is like cups and bowls. -to make morality (renyi) out of human nature its like making cups and bowls out of willow trees. Mencius: can you make cups and bowl by following the nature of the willow? Or must you mutilate the willow before you can make it into cups and bowls? Must you also mutilate a man to make him moral Kao Tzu: Human nature is like whirling water. Give it an outlet in the east it goes east and give it an outlet in the west it goes west. Human nature doesn't show any preference for wither good or bad But Mencius believes that this is wrong. Because water levels can be questioned. Like water is always flowing down hill so people can be bad also. Views on Human Nature Kao Tzu: theres is neither good nor bad in human nature. Human nature can become good or it can become bad There are those who are good by nature and those who are bad by nature Mencius : humans nature is good As far as what is genuinely in his is concerned, a man is capable of becoming good As for him becoming bad, that it is not the fault of his nature endowment

Human Nature and the 4 Sprouts of Goodness. -strong, moving power (flood like chi) -helping plants grow -child about to fall in well -4 hearts there are two missing Strong Points (2A2) -unmoved mind (he said Fu Don Chi (that's wrong spelling) it means unmoved mind) -insight into words -nourishing flood like chi what is chi? its what runs the universe its what makes it alive. Flood-like ChI -cast and unyielding -can fill the space bw heaven and earth -the phase and signifies spiritual tranquility, generosity and strength undisturbed by circumstances. Helping Plants Grow So this guy wanted to help his rice plants grow by pulling them when he got home he was tired for helping the rice plants this is called Anxious Overexertion but when the sun came out killed all the plants. Mencius said there are few in the world who can resist the urge to helptheir rice plant grow. Like the rice plants personality is a natural process. Child about to fall into a well.

-suppose a person were all of a sudden to see a young child about to fall into a well he or she would be moved by compassion. -WHY WOULD SOMEONE HELP THE CHILD (Id like to believe bc people are good) -not because they want a reward or praised by the villagers, or doesn't want to here the child crying. Mencius believes that people cant think like this is a spontaneous reaction IS THIS THEORY FOR JUST CHILDREN OR ALL HUMANS & LIVING THINGS Its for all humans and living things (ex. Ox) The ox mountain story -there was time when trees were luxuriant on the Ox mountain. The trees are constantly lopped by axes. Cattle and sheep come to graze upon the new shoots people seek the baldness tend to think it never had any tress. But can this possibly be the nature of the mountain? NO its deforestation humans killed the tress, they chopped off all the tress and then send their cattle to eat whats left (like seeds) so they killed the environment. the natural tendency of compassion, goodness and care is more towards us and people we know. Sprouts of goodness. -badness is getting rid of goodness. Anthropocosmic Vision -all the ten thousand things are complete in me ( more completed by me ) - there is no greater joy for me than to find on self examination that I am true to myself -try your best to treat other as you would wish to be treated yourself pag 7A4

HUMAN NATURE

Confucianism is the virtue of society and these virtues are important to a ruler. This is called a belevolant government, its called the kingly way In other chapter of this book Mencius talks about the MORAL CULTIVATION it's the cultivation of these virtues of which should be cultivated in balance, he uses a parable to explain this the parable of the man pulling the seedling there was a man probably a peasent of the village and he planted some seeds but he became restless and wants the seeds to grow fast so he spends all his time in the field and is angry they don't grow fast so he pulls them and then the next day they all die. So Mencius says that you cant force the virtues you need passiants they must grow naturally spontaneously pg 33. You hear about sages which are considered to be great people and Mencius and confusious were sages the sages and ordinary people have the same nature, the only difference is that sages make an effort to cultivate virtues. PG 35 THE sage is the same as ordinary people e Mencius says the cultivating the virtues is easy because all humans are born with the virtues. The example is the child falling into the well and the man that sees this jumps to save the child and why did he do so? Because he has good in him. This proves that all humans are born with a compassionate heart and with belevolance its on pg 38 so who every doesn't have a heart of compassion is not a human being. Here he explains the 4 Cardinal virtues which are found in all humans Remember for Mencius it's the human heart there are 4 chambers of the heart 1. Heart of Compassion here you get benevolence 2. Heart of Shame here you get the virtue of dutifulness 3. Heart of Curtsey and Modesty here you get observance of Rights 4. Heart of Right and Wrong here you get wisdom. -they all come from the heart and the heart is there when a person is born in this world. -out of the 4 vircues the most important 1 is number 1

-Mencius says that all human beings are born with these virtues and all that's left is cultivate them and help them grow chapter 6 gives the theory for which he is best known which is Human Nature Is Good originally, naturally, pg 122 the 4th paragraph. He says take a look at water and it naturally goes down it wont go up in the same way human nature is naturally good . human nature is good just as water seeks low ground there is no man which is not good .there is no water that does not flow downwards. Mencius says that even if human are born bad they can become good this is explained in the parable of the Ox Mountain THIS IS found on page 125 If a man becomes bad its his choice not his nature. These virctures are in men originally so if they are lost they can be regained. This parable is about this monatain that's covered with trees but then those trees where cut down by the people so this mountain because completely bad however, after some time people stop cutting those trees and gradually the trees grew because the roots of the trees where always there. So Mencius says humans can be bad but since the goodness is always there they can re-grow. Pg 127 2nd paragraph. If these virtues are not there people may choice to die rather then live. This parable is the one of the beggar. Who refuses to eat a bowl of food that was offered to him and hes so hungry and is almost dieing of hungar and a rich man places a plate of food in front of him but then a rich man because of his pride and arrogance kicks (trampled) the food at the beggar so the beggar wont eat the food hed rather die because that food wasn't given with compassion or benevolence and that food was given by pride and he wont eat that food. Pg 128 and 129 Then Mencius talks about big and small man he says that these virtues are part of the human being just like ones limbs are. SO who is a great/big man? It's a man who gives importance to the more importance parts of the human and the small man gives importance to small parts that the difference bw the two. So what are the big parts that a great man would

give importance to? The 4 cardinal virtues are those big parts. What small things are given importance by the small man? He neglects the big parts and things only of the small parts; which are, desire to eat and drink and posses things. Mencius pg 131 last paragraph says true greatness is within not outside why does he says this what does he mean by this? Since we are all born with this capability of being good then its from with these virtues which comes from the heart and since we are born with a heart we are also born with true greatness and the virtues are within.

11. Regicide (IB 8): the killing of the king. Sooooo Mencius thinks that if you arent practing benevolence then your not a king so you should be treated as an outcast (theres no law to protect outcast because no law protects him, people can do what ever they want) so technically you arent killing a king A king who practices benevolence government should share with the people. Example: in a kingdom a ruler can have a lot of money but he should share with the people. Pg 21.last two sentences of the page. you may be full of money. Page 22 you may be found of women. Do share more money with people so that others can get more money for women. at that time there were neither girls fighting for husband nor men without wife a king should see to it that no women be left without husband and no men without women. To be a king you must 1. Be compassionate 2. Share; share with the people. Pg. 5.3rd paragraph. one stop after 50 paces,.. Pg. 7 3rd or 4th sentence is there any difference bw killing him with a knife or killing him with a missal? One is killing with weapons( send subjects to war) and other doesn't send to war but people are dining. So both kings are doing the same thing and no one is better then the other.

Mencius said something about Valour: it should be used to give peace in the kingdom. Pg. 18. The 4th paragraph. The last sentence now if you two will bring to the people of the empire in one out burst of rage then the peoples only fear is that you are not found of valour people will always be happy if you have valour. Mencius is in favor of valour as long as its used to bring of peace to the kingdom. Regicide? R_e_g_i_c_i_d_e_?_1_B_8_ There was a question asked about how a king killed another and the king proposing the question asked if that king should be put to death. What connects heaven earth and humans is THE KING A person who can be a true king can take care of the people. Love with Distinctions Yang (look out for yourself) vs. Mo (who believed in universal love; care for everyone)

9. Sensitivity to the suffering of others (IIA 7)

10. (IA 7) Looking for fish by climbing a tree. Pg 12 last paragraph its likely to be worst what does Looking for fish by climbing a tree mean wrong means to achieve a goal ITS misguides rules of a king in pursuit of something else. Moral Cultivation: how to cultivation Book 1 Part A. Mencius 1A7.

Climbing a Tree to Look for Fish -is it as bad as that. -Its likely to be worse. Hunting Parks and Parties (this is was a trap, if people would go and kill an animal they would get In trouble for it because its like killing a human) Fond of Valor Fond of Music Fond of hunting Fond of Parties 12. 4 Sprouts (theres a sign and all this things are on it. Its like 4 lines) heart of compassion heart of shame (shame in more of a public case, like something is wrong I have to do something about it)(shame will lead you to do the right thing) hear of (distinguishing right and wrong) heart of courtesy and modesty 13. Cultivated Human Character. (benevolence, observance propriety, dutifulness rightness, and wisdom) 14. List the parables said Ox Mountain water always falling to low ground farmer pulling seedling beggar refusing to eat the small child falling into the well the tress in the ox mountain (check if this is the same as number 1) 50 paces laughing at 100 paces the king saving the life of the ox we are all human nature pg 132 Mencius says benelvolance overcomes curitly just as water overcomes fire

Tao Te Ching

11/12/2012 12:16:00 PM

1. Tao Te Ching = the classic of the way and power. Or (the classic of the way and its power) Tao (Dao) = the way Te (De)= power & virtue Ching (Jing)0 = classic Dao = way -zzpath -pattern -process -prescription -philosphical -instituational -transformation

2. Lao-tzu (Laozi) Legend: born with white hair, having spent 8 (or 80) years in his mother's womb Credited with writing the Tao Te Ching Became a popular deity in the Taoist pantheon Lao-tzu may have been a keeper of records in Chou capital Visited by Confucius, to ask about rites Confucius came away calling Lao-tzu a "dragon"

After living in Chou for a long time, he saw Chou's decline, and left

When he reached the pass, the Prefect of the Pass Yin Hsisaid, "Since you are going to retire from the world, I beg you to endeavor to write a book for us." Do he wrote the Dao De Ying

Lao-tzu thus wrote a book in two sections which spoke of the meaning of the Way and its virtue in five thousand characters and then departed

No one knows where he finally ended

There are 81 chapters in the book they are very short and are less then 1 page The book is divided into two parts CH 1-37 which is the classic of the way CH 38-81 is the classic of the power. Its written in an aphoristic style they are all short sentences, its not easy to understand because paradoxes are used like (great and small or beauty and ugly). Lao Tzu or Laozi is the author of this book. 4. The central them or idea of this book is that. Its about the Tao, the English translation is which is usually translated as the way or path. Tao is the way things are the way of nature the way of the universe. It is the source and GROUND of the universe. Its that of which lies as the base of all it is actually a transiently concept. 5. Here we speak about yin and yang they are the male and female forces of nature they are two principles. Everything in the universe is the interplay of yin and yan Yin = dark female passive force

Yan= bring male active force There should be a balance between these two forces but when one force is more powerful over the other there is an imbalance. Tao is the source of yin and yang. The book speaks of the Tao and its teachings are under 3 headings. 1. Nature of the Tao. 2. Wu-Wer 3. rulers 6. the Nature of the tao what is Tao? How to understand it? Its in Ch 1 pg 5 here it is said that even if you try to talk about the Tao then you move away from it because its hard to explain. the way that can be spoke of is not the common way THE TAO IS NAMESLESS!!!!! It can not be named because it is beyond name and it cant be spoken off because it is beyond names and when you name something you limit it (ex. Mr. Smith) but the Tao cant be named because it can not be pin pointed. Also the nameless is the beginning to heaven and earth. Chapter 2. This builds on the whole naming thing. Ex. Barbie like you see it as beautiful then that's beauty to you and that's wrong. the whole world regonizes the beautiful as beautiful and this is ugly we always make comparissions which is bad. We think that something is ugly and something is beautiful but this is inrelative because this is what people speak because theres nothing that can be beautiful forever because it can be beauty today but ugly tommorow and this lanuage cant be seen in the Tao because there all these distictions disappear in the human lanuage. Ex. A beautiful women and a dog is there he wont care if shes pretty as long as hes given food. So these distiction is something used in lanuage but in the Tao it contains all opposites.

DC Lau

The whole world recognizes the beautiful as beautiful, yet this is only the ugly the whole world recognizes the good as the good, yet this is only the bad Ellen Chen: When all under heaven know beauty (mei) as beauty, There is then ugliness When all know the good good, There is then the not good

T_h_e_r_e_f_o_r_e_ _i_n_ _g_o_v_e_r_n_i_n_g_ _t_h_e_ _p_e_o_p_l_e_,_ _ t_h_e_ _s_a_g_e_ _e_m_p_t_i_e_s_ _t_h_e_i_r_ _m_i_n_d_s_ b_u_t_ _f_i_l_l_s_ _t_h_e_i_r_ _b_e_l_l_i_e_s_,_ _ w_e_a_k_e_n_s_ _t_h_e_i_r_ _w_i_l_l_s_ _ b_u_t_ _s_t_r_e_n_g_t_h_e_n_s_ _t_h_e_i_r_ _b_o_n_e_s_

4. THE TAO IS EMPTY. And that emptiness can never be filled Pg 8 The tao is the ancestor of all things.

7. THE TAO IS LIKE WATER ch 8 pg 12 highest good is like water because water benefets the living createars and it comes close to the way water is a good imageary of water because water is absolutely important and nothing can exist without water and water is humble because its lowest place. And the Tao is like that it's the most important but it is also very humble.

CH 14 pg 18 THE TAO IS INDISTINCT (MEANING WE DON'T SEE IT CLEARLY) AND SHADOWED (MEANING ITS THERE BUT WE DON'T SEE IT CLEARLY) So we know its there but cant be seen What can not be seen = they give you a word here go to the book. What can not be hear What can not be touch. The tao has the shape that has no shape the image without substance this is called indistinct and shadowing

THE TAO IS SILENT AND VOID Ch 25 pg 30 The TAO was born before heaven and earth. Its silent and void which occurs before everything else came to be, THE TAO IS THE MOTHER OF THE WORLD The tao is all these things but I don't now what it is so I just call it the WAY 8. There is the expression UNCARVED BLOCK its in ch 32 the way is forever nameless its its also called an uncarved block which is Potential. So ex. If its carved its been used so it cant be used so if its an uncarved like theTao its orginal it's the pristing THE TAO IS BROAD ch 34 the way is broad nothing reaches left as well as right. The Tao ch 39 pg 46 the tao is the one behind everything Heaven invirtue of the one is ______ So TAO IS THE ONE behind everything The TAO IS THE PROTECTOR OF THE GOOD AND THE BAD AND IT MAKES NO DISTICTION pg69

The way is refuge of all creaters it's the way by which all men protect and makes no distiction between good and bad The Tao makes everything right it balances everything ch 77 pg 84 The TAO is the way of heaven the ay of everything the high it presses down the low it pushes up. Takes form the excessive and gives to the defficent. The TAO makes everything right So what is TAO? Its EVERYTHING. Can we say its god? Yes it depends how you describe gods How does the Tao operate? WU-WER WHICH IS NON ACTION not acting with desire acting naturally and spontaneously it doesn't act with artificiality Ex. A bird flies naturally Ex. A baby cries naturally

Doing nothing is some doing this is non action. The TAO acts in this way its seen in ch 37 pg 42

Do that which consists of taking no action, and order will prevail. (TTC 3 11. The teachings of the DAO are good on a personal level and they practice at night but during the day they practice confusionism in the day but dao at night. The way never acts the way does nothing yet nothing is left and done. The way does not act but at the same time everything in the universe is taken care of. Things work by themselves they work spontaneously, they has no desires and acts naturally and spontaneously it's the way a sage should act. Pg 71 in the middle of the virse 154A there for the sage because he does nothing and never ruiens anything he does nothing The TAO operates naturally and spontaneously its doesn't do anything with force. So here TAO critizes Confussionism because its about practicing what

they believe but TAO believes that you can practice this it should be natural and it should just be. This can be seen in ch 38 pg 45

12. a man of the highest virtue doesn't keep the virtue and that's why he has virtue. A man of the lowest virtue never straves without virtue and that's why hes without virsue so here a person is virtuous naturally but is they are forced on someone they might be virtue on the external side for sometime but will not be interally virtually. A truly vircious person doesn't keep the virsue A man who has no virtue so that person always lessons to the teaches and believes he does so so that's why he has no virtue. But this virtue disappears Ch38 pg.45 A man of the highest virtue doesn't make an effort to be virtuious so he is vircious and a man who When the way was lost there was virtue when there is no benevolence people talk about it. SO if people are talking about it a lot then there isnt any present Ch71 pg.78 a person who has knowledge knows that he doenst know everything. But one who doesn't have knowledge thinks he knows everything. to know yet to think one doesnt know is best best way to avoid difficulties is to be aware of the difficulties and prepare yourself for the difficulties. The Dao says to practice non-action like don't show that you are strong and the real signs of life are supulness and weakness Ch76pg83

13. Supplness and weakness are sings of life and hardness and strength is signs of death like a dead body. Grass and tress are fragel when living. Dao says live naturally, excepting, and don't do anything against nature and agansit the natural way of things. Conventional wisdom is that which tells us that we have to be stong and keep fighting and the Dao says that we shouldn't so they contridict each other.

Pg 83 there are lost because there are no virtues. Ex. You are going to a class of pre-schoolars these kids naturally make a lot of noise so the teachers keeps saying silence? Because there is no silence because if there was silence there would be no need for silence. But in a class of adults there is quite because they know that's what you do it happens naturally. So people should practice virtue spontaneously. There is nothing wrong with being SUBMISSIVE AND TIMID because it requires real inear streath to be submissive and timid example you hear something you don't like you say something back but a person who has inear strength wont say thing and know you shouldn't this is found in ch 52 pg 59 V:119 to see the whole, to hold fast to the submission is called strength so being submissive is good in certain situations according to the Tao. the submissive ch pg 46 or 41 v: 79A the submissive and weak will over come the hard and strong. Then the tao teaching says not meddlesome that's how the tao should be. Ch63 pg 70

Do of which consist in taking on action. Don't interfer they two signs of life are Suppleness and Weakness and the Tao teachs this in ch 76 pg 83 so suppleness and weakness are virtues and explains this a man is supple and weak when living but hard and stiff when dead so the signs of life are suppleness and weakness, they must be present in life overall be in agreement to the TAO it's the way things are, the way of nature of the universe and don't use force because that force will come back to you and youll get hurt and sometimes that means being weak timid and supple so the Tao teaching is a way towards peaceful life calm quite life. 14. RULERS 9/ 14/15 Then the Tao teachings says that he should practice Wu-Wer which is non action meaning he shouldn't interfer and let people live spontaneously and there should be less government as possible. The ruler should be a shadowy presses. That is the best ruler according to the best ruler. Meaning people bearly know him but everything in the country is going well and is taken care of. Ch 17 pg 21. The best of all rulers is but a shadowy presence to all him subjects. When his tasks is accomplished and his work done the people all sya it happened to us naturally. A good ruler is never meddlesome ch 57 pg 64 v. 143 the people are rectified by themselves so a good teacher would do nothing he sits and kids read and the kids ask question and all students get As in class and study naturally without force. Diverting a country is like cooking a small fish. One should recognize the limitation pg 78

To know yet to think one does not know is best. So you know things but at the same time know you don't know everything is a good. You don't know but you think you know a lot is bad! TAO teaching says pg 87 16. here you have a utopian vision of an ideal country reduce size of popilation and state and even though there are tools of war they arent used. And that there is beauty in their close and the ideal state is a country where people are content in food and clothes they have and have no desire to travel to other countries. War is Bad Did the rulers of the time did they agree with these TAO teachings did they accept them? NO and almost regeted them because they werent practical and to therital and to Utopian meaning imaginary ideal place . However, there was always people that liked these teaching of having a peaceful happy life. Resetation. Chapter 14 page 18 what can not be seen is eminition (dark) what can not be heard is reified what can not be touched is called (minut) you can not disturbe and it cant be seen as one and it can not be named and returns to that which is without substance. This is called iishape that has no shape. This is Dao. The dao is indistic and shadowy. Look at it and you wont see its head and you look behind it and you wont see the rear. Chapter 25 pg. 30 there is a thing confusiovely formed, the Dao is silent and void (but here the void can never be filled and it can always take in things) it stands alone and doesn't change and geos around and doesn't werry (this is a paradox the Dao stand alone but goes around. So its always moving but it stands alone. Everthing is fashioned on the Dao and its that which naturally leaves. It is what naturally is .

Ch 34 pg. 39 The way is browed reaching left or right and creatures depend on it for life and the Dao does not claim any authority. It accomplishs his task but doesn't ask for a reward. The Dao is humble and doesn't claim to be the master. So because it has no desiers it can be called small but it is indeed great because all creaters depend on it. And it is because it never attempts to be great is it that it is indeed great. The DAO is Silent void nameless shadowly it's the mother of everythin and it doenst want to be the master of everything it is humble. What should humans do to the DAO what should our attitude be towards the DAO? Stop trying so hard and act naturally. What does the DAO expect from us? Do naturally and live naturally without the objective of doing what you are doing. Do a non action. Ch23 pg. 28 to use words but rarely is to be natural so people who are don't talk are natural those like me who talk to much are not natural things are produced by heaven and earth. If even heaven and earth cant go on for forever neither can man that is why one follows the way. Everything in nature is constantly changing. BUT A MAN OF THE WAY CONFORMS TO THE WAY = THIS IS WHAT HUMANS CAN DO. Action can mean distruction. 9. This all leads to this idea which is Wu-Wei which is non action. (also it means do things when they are easy) Ch63 pg 70 do that which constist in taking no action persue that of which make the small big and

non action means do things when they are easy and are small and don't do them when they are difficult because all diffcult things are small and all big things began small. You shouldn't work on anything and try to be natural PRACTIVCE WU-WEI IN THE MATER OF VIERTUES AND DON'T MAKE PEOPLE BE VIRCIOUS JUST LET IT HAPPEN SPONTANIOUSLY Because if you force it they wont last.

16 Ch13 pg. 35 one who assists the ruler by means of the way When troops are enciam..(this is spelled wrong but its important for test what this troops quote means is that when soilders are in a camp they distroy that place and nothing is useful and nothing grows there. And in the way where the military army passes through there is no way there are any crops that survive. One who is good only brings plains to concludsion but doesn't boast or brag or agrrant or intimate others. A creater in its prime doing harm to the old are known to go against the way and those who do so are ruined. Those who go against the way will be killed and those who don't will be saved. Ch31 or pg 31 Here the dao says that instead of havng a victory parade one should have funerals because so many people die. it is because arms are insruments of ill omens and they bring bad luck and so they should no be used. A gentalman shouldn't use arms and when one has to use them it should be used without enjoyment and relation.

Killing of people shouldn't be glorified we should weap over them. When victorious in war one should observe the rights of morning and have funerals.

The best government is one who governs least. A small government is good. 17 Ch17 pg21 The best of all rulers is but a shadowy prescene to his subjects. There are 4 kinds of rulers One with a shadowy prescnce One they love and praze One they fear Don't put on to many taxes Wise person always act with wisdom Don't celebrate visctory but lost of life Rulers and kings should be conformed to the Dao. This period is known as the warring state period this is when the state where the states where fighting amongst themselves. And this is bad, 18 Ch18 or 80 pg.87 The ideal state reduce the size and population of the state insure that even though the people have tools of war they use them. And also that they will be reluctant to move to distict places because they know that if they go through some military expiction they can get killed and they value their life and there arent intered in military expeditions ans prefer to stay at home they see the usless ness of military expections. And even when they have ships and cars they wont use them and they all live a simple life. They will find relish in their food beauty in their clothes they are happy in the homes they are living and they point blank just enjoy their lives. The rulers of the time didn't agree with the Dao because they were interested in war and fighting.

Prepare. And know and think one does not know.

11/12/2012 12:16:00 PM Confucius Mencius Benevolence and Rightness Five Relationships Benevolent Government Kingly Way Human nature Fifty-paces laughing at hundred-paces (IA 3) Sensitivity to the suffering of others (IIA 7) Looking for fish by climbing a tree (IA 7) Regicide (IB 8) Four Cardinal Virtues Moral Cultivation Parables on Human Nature

When reading Mencius, pay special attention to the following: BOOK I, Parts A-B BOOK II, Parts A-B BOOK VI, Part A BOOK VII, Part B (number 14 only)

TAO TE CHING This review (study guide) is not meant to be exhaustive in terms of what is to be covered in the exam. The exam will be based on material taught\discussed in the classes and on the text of Tao Te Ching.

Terms and Phrases Tao Te Ching Laozi/Lao-Tzu Old Master Tao Yin and Yang Descriptions of Tao Images and representations of Tao Uncarved block Wu Wei Conformity to the Way (Tao) Tao Te Ching and Confucianism Virtues described in Tao Te Ching Signs of Life according to Tao Te Ching The best ruler Shadowy Presence Tao Te Ching on war Tao Te Chings views on rulers/kings Tao Te Chings vision of life

When reading Tao Te Ching, pay special attention to the following chapters: Tao I, II, IV, VI, XXI, VIII, XIV, XXV, XXXII, XXXIII, XXXIV, XXXVII, LXII, LXXVII. Wu Wei XIX, XXIII, LXXVIII.

XL,

XXXVII,

XXXVIII,

XLIV,

LXIII,

LXXI,

LXXIII,

LXXVI,

Rulers and Government XVII, XXX, XXXI, XLVIII,

LVII,

LX,

LXVI,

LXXV,

LXXX.

Shinto

11/12/2012 12:16:00 PM

It's the native indigenous religion of Japan. The term Shinto can be said to be the way of the Kami and the way of the spirits. Shinto began as some sort of nature worship. Shinto began as the Kami Its not a teaching but what actually matters in Shinto are the rituals so that people can get into contact with the Kami. If the Kamis are treated properly they will help humans with success and things throughout their lives. Those people will be rewarded. However kamis arent perfect and make mistakes. You need a local Shinto shrine. Blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah Shinto is said to be the unofficial relgion of Japan and has some type of shrine. Its an ethnical religion and its focused on the land and people of Japan and isnt practiced out side of Japan unless you are Japanese and somewhere else. It has no official scriptures. No organized teachings But it does have priests There is no supreme god. Birth rituals follow Shinto rituals Anything that has to do with getting married its Shinto rituals But any after life nope. Budd. is in Japan.

Mylhs-Kojiki, Nihonyi(Nihonshoki) these are chronicles of Japan. There is the creation myth that stands out. How Japan, the rulers, and the Kami were created. In the begin there was a couple and the dude was called Izanagi and the wife was Izanami it was there union that created the islands of Japan the rulers, and the kami. While she was giving birth to the kami of fire (the fire spirt) she got burned and died. Her husband was so sad and the idea was that when people die

their sprits go to the under world. So he goes to the underworld to find her and bring her back and the underworld if filled with dirt and crap and when he got there he couldn't and he jumped into the ocean to clean and as he cleaned his left eye the sun god (female) called Ameterazu who is said to be the most important kami, was created and as he cleaned his right eye the moon god (called Tzukiomi) was created and as he cleaned the other parts of his body other kamis were created. Shrines in the home and public ones such as building according to tradition. In front of the shrines there are gates called Torii there are two bars going up and 2 going across. What is the meaning? The gate marks the seperation bw sacred and public space. Also there are shrines that are put in nature where you can feel the Kami lke huge rivers, rocks and mountains. In the public shrines there are rituals and festivals the show the stages of life and the passage of life such as birth and when a baby is born the whole family goes to the shrine also in marriage and during new years and the rituals in the shrine are originated by Shinto priest. Beliefs and Practices. And Impurity/pollution. Certain actions make ritual impurities and they should be cleaned because they would get more blessings and Shinto doesn't teach sin and they believe that certain actions cause impurity and pollution. There is a very little idea of moral guilt. Physical actions cause these impurities so Blood. Blood is an impurity (ex. If you get in a fight) the purification ritual is a physical and external thing the most common is washing of hands and mouths and this ritual cleansing are done in Shinto shrines and it becomes a ritual washing for cleasnsing. Ritual offerings and prayers and dances that are made in front of the Kami. IM SO BORED!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!B-O-R-E-D JFDGBGBDFGDJFGABGF What important is that the physical act of purification is done correctly and by priests. Its about harmony within nature. The various types of Shinto

1. Dual Shinto = this refers to the fusion between Shinto and Budd. The people started practing Shinto and Budd at the same time. Pg. 28 the last Parag. La la la la la la la la hey hey hey goodbye la la la la la la la la hey hey hey goodbye. Within in Budd. Temples you find shrines dedicated to Kamis 2. State Shinto = this is about a development. The Japanese emperor was believed to be the reincarnation of the Sun Kami. These ideas where used for political and military purposes. Shinto was active during the 2nd world war. It ended with the defeat of Japan in te 2nd war and the emperor said he wasn't divine but rather human. And Japan became democratic and the rulers were elected as the people and although there is an emperor he has no power. 3. Shrine Shinto = the most common form of Shinto it is where you find the religion practiced around the shrine (the rituals are practiced here). The most important shrine that that dedicated to the sun kami its called The Grand Shrine of Ise.