01 Introduction PDF

Fundamentals by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.
A Process or Legal declaration, by which individuals demonstrate the level of knowledge and skill required in the profession, occupation, role or the competent use or support of a product, are identified by the relevant organizations. OR An official notice, either on the transcript or on a certification form, provided by standard Communities or awarded by a Vendor for the course completion verification to satisfy all the requirements to be a professional. OR A valued credential awarded in several fields that proves competency upon satisfactory demonstration of particular knowledge and skills. OR A recognized written statement/permission of the correctness and reliability of someones professional achievement. Certification of persons indicates that the individual has a specific knowledge, skills, or abilities in the view of the certifying body. Certification of products indicates their reputed suitability for a specified purpose.
Fundamentals by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT. 2
The computer field is vast and encompasses a wide variety of specialties, of which networking is only one. While some specialties are growing faster than others, and networking is among the fastest growing specialties, all fields are growing quickly. Good to excellent wages and above average job security are available in all specialties.
Technical certification fills the gap between desire and experience. Passing and achieving Microsoft's Certifications, demonstrate not only your technical competency, but also your willingness and ability to master highly involved technical concepts. This gives a prospective employer the confidence necessary to continue your development as an employee in their organization. Employers in technical field are primarily looking for people with experience and the growth of the technical economy.
Networking Technology deals with the concepts, hardware, software and procedures used to plan, implement and maintain computer networks. Many hardware manufacturers and software companies support certifications programs whereby prospective consultants and technical support personnel demonstrate their competence using and maintaining that company's products.
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Microsoft offers one of the most comprehensive certification programs available for assessing and maintaining Networking skills. Microsoft Corporation supports several certification programs including:
The MCP (Microsoft Certified Professional) The MCSA (Microsoft Certified System Administrator) The MCSE (Microsoft Certified System Engineer)
Microsoft Certifications Microsoft Certified Professional For those who want to demonstrate in-depth knowledge and expertise with at least one particular Microsoft product, we offer the Microsoft Certified Professional (MCP) credential. Microsoft Certified Systems Engineers are qualified to effectively plan, implement, maintain, and support information systems with Microsoft Windows 2003 track.
Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer (MCSE)

Core Exams (6 Exams Required) Four networking system exams One client operating system exam One design exam Elective Exams (1 Exam Required)
Core Exams: Client Operating System (1 Exam Required) Exam 70270: Installing, Configuring, and Administering Microsoft Windows XP Professional Exam 70-210: Installing, Configuring, and Administering Microsoft Windows 2000 Professional Core Exams (6 Exams Required) Core Exams: Networking System (4 Exams Required) Exam 70290: Managing and Maintaining a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment Exam 70291: Implementing, Managing, and Maintaining a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network Exam 70-293: Planning and Maintaining a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure Exam 70-294: Planning, Implementing, and Maintaining a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Active Directory Infrastructure Core Exams: Design (1 Exam Required) Exam 70-297, 3: Designing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Active Directory and Network Infrastructure Exam 70-297: Designing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Active Directory and Network Infrastructure Exam 70-298, 3: Designing Security for a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network
Elective Exams: Elective Exams (1 Exam Required) Exam 70-227: Installing, Configuring, and Administering Microsoft Internet Security and Acceleration (ISA) Server 2000, Enterprise Edition Exam 70-228: Installing, Configuring, and Administering Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Enterprise Edition Exam 70-229: Designing and Implementing Databases with Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Enterprise Edition Exam 70-282: Designing, Deploying & Managing a Network Solution for a Small- and Medium-Sized Business Exam 70-284: Implementing and Managing Microsoft Exchange Server 2003 Exam 70-284: Implementing and Managing Microsoft Exchange Server 2003 Exam 70-297: Designing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Active Directory and Network Infrastructure Exam 70-297: Designing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Active Directory and Network Infrastructure Exam 70-298: Designing Security for a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network
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Microsoft Certified Systems Administrator (MCSA)

Papers Required : 4
Core Exams (3 Exams Required) Core Exams: Client Operating System (1 Exam Required) Exam 70-210: Installing, Configuring, and Administering Microsoft Windows 2000 Professional Exam 70270: Installing, Configuring, and Administering Microsoft Windows XP Professional Core Exams: Networking System (2 Exams Required) Exam 70-290: Managing and Maintaining a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment Exam 70291: Implementing, Managing, and Maintaining a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure Elective Exams: Elective Exams (1 Exam Required) Exam 70-227: Installing, Configuring, and Administering Microsoft Internet Security and Acceleration (ISA) Server 2000, Enterprise Edition Exam 70-228: Installing, Configuring, and Administering Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Enterprise Edition Exam 70-229: Designing and Implementing Databases with Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Enterprise Edition Exam 70-282: Designing, Deploying, and Managing a Network Solution for a Small- and MediumSized Business Exam 70-284: Implementing and Managing Microsoft Exchange Server 2003 Exam 70-284: Implementing and Managing Microsoft Exchange Server 2003 Exam 70-297: Designing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Active Directory and Network Infrastructure Exam 70-297: Designing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Active Directory and Network Infrastructure Exam 70-298: Designing Security for a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network
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Job Roles in Technology Life Cycle

MCSE credential Plan, design, and implement Microsoft Windows server solutions and architectures in medium- to large-sized companies. Have at least one year of experience implementing and administering network operating systems and desktop operating systems. Related job titles: systems engineer, network engineer, systems analyst, network analyst, or technical consultant. MCSA credential Implement, manage, and maintain the typically complex computing environment of medium- to large-sized companies. Have 612 months of experience administering client and network operating systems. Related job titles: systems administrator, network administrator, information systems administrator, network operations analyst, network technician, or technical support specialist.
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How We Prepare You?

Concepts Questions & Answers Tests
Practice
Workshops to Polish the Concepts
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Success is the Sum of Small Efforts Repeated Day-In And Day-Out

THANK YOU
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COMMUNICATION Communication means the exchange of information or messages. When two persons talk with each other they are exchanging information thus it is called communication. In 1948, a model of communication was proposed by Claude Shannon. Shannon worked for the Bell Telephone Company in America, and was concerned with the transmission of speech across a telephone line. Warren Weaver, in association with Shannon, wrote a preface to this model and it was published as a book in 1949.
Shannons Model of Communication
In oral communication between two people, the model is applied as following

Message Source Sender Channel Receiver Destination The idea, thought The brain The transmitting device, the mouth The medium the message travels over, air The receiving device, the ear The brain
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ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION Sender (or source) Medium (or channel or media) Receiver (or destination) Message COMMUNICATION MODEL
MEDIUM SENDER RECEIVER
SENDER sends a MESSAGE to a RECEIVER over a MEDIUM

Electronic communication concern with the transmission (sending and receiving) of information between two locations. It means sending information between machines that are connected together by physical wires or radio links. Data communication is the process of sending data electronically from one location to another. It also makes possible the updating and sharing of data at different locations.
FORMS OF DATA TRANSMISSION There are two forms of data transmission. Analog data transmission (Based upon Analog Signals) Digital data transmission (Based upon Digital Signals)
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ANALOG SIGNALS Analog data transmission is the transmission of data in a continuous wave form. The public dial-up service supports analog signals. Analog signals are encountered by us every day of our life. Speech is an analog signal, and varies in amplitude (volume), frequency (pitch), and phase.
AMPLITUDE This is the strength of the signal. It can be expressed a number of as volts. The higher the amplitude, the stronger (louder) the signal. The decibel (named in honor of Alexander Graham Bell) is a popular measure of signal strength. It has been discovered that sounds greater than 90db for a period exceeding 15 minutes causes permanent damage to hearing. Our ability to hear high notes is affected. Speech is a very complex signal, and contains many thousands of different combinations of signals all mixed together.
Sound level Type of Sound 40db 90db 110db 120db 120db+ normal speech lawn mowers shotgun blast jet engine taking off rock concerts
The measurement of the two extremes is called the peak to peak measurement.
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FREQUENCY This is the rate of change the signal in every second, expressed in Hertz (Hz), or cycles per second. A cycle is one complete movement of the wave, from its original start position and back to the same point again. The number of cycles (or waves) within a one second time interval is called cycles-per-second, or Hertz. Humans can hear from reasonably low frequency tones about 100Hz to about 12KHz.
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PHASE This is the rate at which the signal changes its relationship to time. One complete cycle of a wave begins at a certain point, and continues till the same point is reached again. Phase shift occurs when the cycle does not complete, and a new cycle begins before the previous one has fully completed. The human ear is insensitive to phase shift, but data signals are severely affected by it. Phase shift is caused by imperfections in cable media, such as joins and imperfect terminations.
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DIGITAL SIGNALS Digital data system is the transmission of data using distinct on and off electrical states. These two states are represented by a 1 for on and 0 for off. Digital signals are the language of modern day computers. Digital signals comprise only two states. These are expressed as ON or OFF, 1 or 0 respectively.
DATA TRANSMISSION TECHNIQUES The process of converting digital pulses to an analog signal is called MODULATION. The process of re-converting an analog signal to digital pluses is called DEMODULATION.
Modulation and Demodulation is done by a single device called MODEM. Modem (modulator/demodulator) changes digital data signals to an analog frequency and allows transmission across an analog link. At the other end, another modem receives the signal and converts it back to digital. The connections provided by telephone companies for the use of speech via dial up telephones is analog based.
DATA TRANSMISSION METHODS In Asynchronous Transmission, one character is transmitted at a time. Start bits and stop bits control the transfer of data. Asynchronous transmission is Serial and often used to low speed transmission of data, each character is packaged in an envelope, and sent across a single wire, bit by bit, to a receiver. In Synchronous Transmission, block of characters are transmitted in timed sequences. The receiving device accepts data until it detects a special ending character. It is used when data transfer requirement exceed several thousand bits per second.
TRANSMISSION MODES In Simplex mode data can be transmitted in one direction. A device using the simplex mode of transmission can either send or receive data, but it cannot do both. In Half-Duplex mode data can be transmitted or received by both ends but not at a time. In Full Duplex mode data can be transmitted or received simultaneously. It is faster.
DATA TRANSMISSION RATE The speed at which data travel over a communication channel is called the communication rate. It is also known as the transmission speed. The rate at which the data are transferred is the baud rate. Baud rate is the number of bits per second that the signals being transmitted changes (modulation/demodulation).
COMMUNICATION CHANNEL BANDWIDTH The bandwidth of a communication channel determines the rate or speed that data can be transmitted over a channel. The term bandwidth is often shortened to band. The bandwidth of a cable is the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies that are carried over that cable. For example the lowest frequency of telephone line is (300 Hz) and highest frequency is (3300 Hz) then its bandwidth is 3300-300=3000 HZ.
NARROW BAND The narrow band channel is used where data volumes are relatively low and which transmit data at a rate between 40 to 100 bits per second (bps). Telegraph lines are an example of narrow band channels with slow transmission rate. VOICE BAND The voice band channels are able to speed up the transmission rate between 110 to 9600 bits per second. Telephone lines are an example of voice band channels.
BROAD BAND The Broadband channels are used where data volumes are large and which transmit data at rate upped several megabits per second. Broadband systems use analog signaling and a range of frequencies (300 MHZ to 450 MHZ). With analog transmission, the signals are continuous and non discrete. Signal flows is unidirectional. Microwaves, coaxial cables and communication satellites are examples of broadband channels, television cabling and telephone lines.
BASE BAND Base band systems use digital signaling over a single frequency. Signals flow in the form of discrete pulses of electricity or light. The digital signal uses the complete bandwidth of the cable. Each device on a base band network transmits bi-directional, and some can transmit and receive at the same time. Examples are coaxial cable with 50-ohm and Fiber optics.
CHANNEL ORGANIZATION In PARALLEL, each bit uses a separate wire. If there is eight bits sent at a time, this will require 8 wires, one for each data bit. To transfer data on a parallel link, a separate line is used as a clock signal. This serves to inform the receiver when data is available. In SERIAL, each bit is sent over a single wire, one after the one.
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Computer Network consists of computers and other devices connected together over some kind of communication medium. ADVANTAGES Data sharing Device or resource sharing
It reduces computing costs by sharing data and peripheral devices. It centralizes the installation, manages and upgrades application software. It increases communication capabilities. It increases security for different users and user groups.
Security
NETWORK DATA PROCESSING A multi-user operating system is required for networking environment to support multiple users. According to processing, the Computer Networks are divided in to two categories. Centralized system Distributed system
In CENTRALIZED SYSTEM there is a main host machine (mini-frame or mainframe). All Users can communicate with this machine via terminals; all the processing for terminals is done by the main computer. Dump terminal: They have only input and output device. They are unable to done processing. There are no ram, disk, and processor. Smart terminals: Can process data up-to some extent. Intelligent terminals: by the terminal.
All processing is done

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In DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM users connect with the network through workstations (which is a standalone computer often called smart terminal), each workstation does its own processing, to reduce the workload of the central computer called File server. Distributed processing are particularly attractive when all computers in the network are likely to act both as users of computer services and as providers of computer services. They are usually more complex and expensive than centralized computer networks.
A NETWORK MODEL
COMPONENTS OF A NETWORK SERVER CLIENT MEDIA SHARED RESOURCES NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM
SERVER A server is typically a dedicated computer that processes client requests and returns the information to the client. Server also provides access to various resources such as files, directories, printers and fax modems. CLIENT A client is a standalone computer that gathers data from a user and prepares it for the server. The client accesses the shared resources provided by a server.
MEDIA Physical media links network computers. A network signal must travel through a physical medium to allow communication between computers. SHARED RESOURCES Shared resources include data and peripherals that can be accessed by the network users. NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM (NOS) Different Operating Systems and Environments are used for networking for example, Novell Netware, MSWindows, UNIX etc.
NETWORK TYPES Network can be divided into two broad categories: PEER TO PEER CLIENT/SERVER BASED
PEER TO PEER
CLIENT-SERVER
PEER TO PEER NETWORKING In peer-to-peer network, there are no dedicated servers or hierarchy among the computers. All of the computers are equal and known as peers. Normally, each computer functions as both a client and a server, and there is no one assigned to be an administrator responsible for the entire network. FACTORS Size of organization Level of security required Types of business Amount of network traffic Needs of the network users Network Budget
In this Networking, Users manage their own computers and resources. Clients systems are usually located on their desktops. Communication medias are very simple and effective.
Use Peer to Peer when Users are less than 10 Security is not required Future growth is minimal Close locations Dont use Peer to Peer when Many no. of users Security is priority Network is expanding Remote locations
CLIENT/SERVER BASED NETWORKING A server is a special computer that does not function as a client or workstation. Servers are dedicated because they quickly serve request from network clients and to ensure the security of files and directories. In this environment, all communications pass through the server, which is very powerful computer for sharing resources. Server serves the client requests and provide network security for directories and files.
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ADVANTAGES Data, users and shared resources are centrally located, controlled and managed. A single USERNAME & PASSWORD is used for network access. High level of security is available and applied by Network Administrator. Thousands of users can be supported.
SPECIALIZED SERVERS File servers provide access to shared application data that is stored locally on a server. The server downloads copies the files to the users computer memory. User may perform different operations on the files and then store back to file server. Print servers provide access to shared printer resources. All print jobs created at individual computers on the network are stored in a single location on a print server. This location is known as a print QUEUE.
Application servers provide access to shared application software and data files. A file server downloads all data to a client but an application server only downloads the results of data query to client. Mail/Fax servers are used for managing electronic messaging (E-Mail) for network clients. Mail servers are also called Communication servers.
NETWORK RANGES According to geographical limits the network is divided into following categories: LAN (Local Area Network) is privately owned network. Widely used to connect personal computers and workstations in company offices and factories in a limited geographical area with high speed data Transfer rate. This is generally less expensive Technology. WAN (Wide Area Network) spans a large geographical area, provides connection via telephone lines, radio link or satellites. It has more error chances due to the distance data travels Interconnect multiple LANs. It is more complex and Sophisticated and Expensive Technology than LANs.
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The physical layout of a Network is called TOPOLOGY. There are following types of Network Topologies: BUS or LINEAR TOPOLOGY RING or TOKEN TOPOLOGY STAR TOPOLOGY MESH TOPOLOGY HYBRID TOPOLOGY
BUS or LINEAR TOPOLOGY Bus consists of a single linear cable called a trunk. Data is sent to all computers on the trunk. Each computer examines every packet on the wire to determine either this packet is for it or not, and accepts only messages addressed to them. Performance degrades as more computers are added to the bus. Signal bounce is eliminated by a terminator at each end of the bus. It is good for a temporary, small (fewer than 10 people) network
ADVANTAGES 1. Easy to connect a computer or peripheral. 2. Requires less cable length. 3. Inexpensive hardware. 4. Adding additional nodes is easy. DISADVANTAGES 1. Entire network shuts down if any break in the main cable. 2. Terminators are required at both ends. 3. Difficult to identify the problem if the entire network shuts down.
TOKEN or RING TOPOLOGY In a ring topology, Computers are connected on a single circle of cable. Each computer repeats and keeps the signal strong. No terminator is required. Each node must determine whether or not any received data is for its use and if not, it passes the data on to its neighbor. A Token (Auto-execute piece of Software) always runs over the ring, it checks whether any node has request or service.
ADVANTAGES 1. All connected computers have equal access and has the same opportunity to transmit. 2. Adding additional nodes is easy.
TOKEN
DISADVANTAGES 1. It is difficult to configure. 2. Media failure can stop all communication. 3. Problem detection and solving is difficult.
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STAR TOPOLOGY A star topology is designed with each node (file server, workstations, and peripherals) connected directly to a central network hub or concentrator. Data on a star network passes through the hub or concentrator before continuing to its destination. The hub or concentrator manages and controls all functions of the network.
ADVANTAGES 1. Easy to install and wire. 2. No problem to the network then connecting or removing devices. 3. Easy to detect faults and to remove parts. DISADVANTAGES 1. Requires more cable length than a linear topology. 2. If the hub or concentrator fails, nodes attached are disabled. 3. More expensive than linear bus topologies because of the cost of the concentrators.
Hub & Switch A Hub/Switch is a central device used on star network topology that repeats or amplifies signals, allowing the network to be expanded with additional stations.
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HYBRID TOPOLOGY STAR BUS TOPOLOGY Several star topologies linked with a linear bus. No single computer can take the whole network down. If a single hub fails, only the computers and hubs connected to that hub are affected. STAR RING TOPOLOGY Also known as Star Wired Ring because the hub itself is wired as a ring. This means it's a physical star, but a logical ring. Just like in the ring topology, computers are given equal access to the network media through the passing of the token. A single computer failure cannot stop the entire network, but if the hub fails, the ring that the hub controls also fails.
MESH TOPOLOGY The mesh topology connects each computer on the network to the others. Meshes use a larger amount of network cabling than other network topologies, which makes it more expensive. Every computer has multiple possible connection paths to the other computers on the network, so a single cable break will not stop network communications between any two computers.
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TRANSMISSION MEDIA The transmission media is the physical path between the transmitter and the receiver in a data transmission system. Transmission media is commonly classified as BOUNDED or GUIDED And UNBOUNDED or UNGUIDED. In Bounded or Guided media such as Cable systems. The signal travels inside a physical conductor. In Unbounded or Unguided media such as Cable less systems. The signal is usually transmitted through air.
CABLE MEDIA Cable is the medium through which information usually moves from one network device to another. There are several types of cable which are commonly used in networking. In some cases, a network utilizes only one type of cable, but can use a variety of cable types also. The type of cable chosen for a network is related to the network's topology, protocol, and size. Understanding the characteristics of different types of cable and how they relate to other aspects of a network is necessary for the development of a successful network.
TYPES OF CABLES Coaxial Cable Twisted Pair Cable Fiber Optic Cable
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CO-AXIAL CABLE OVERVIEW Coaxial cabling has a single copper conductor at its center. A plastic layer provides insulation between the center conductor and a braided metal shield. The metal shield helps to block any outside interference from fluorescent lights, motors, and other computers.
Although coaxial cabling is difficult to install, it is highly resistant to signal interference. It can support greater cable lengths between network devices than twisted pair cable.
The two types of coaxial cabling are thick coaxial and thin coaxial. Thick coaxial cable is also referred to as thicknet. 10Base5. The 5 refers to the maximum segment length being 500 meters. Thick coaxial cable has an extra protective plastic cover that helps keep moisture away from the center conductor. This makes thick coaxial a great choice when running longer lengths in a linear bus network. One disadvantage of thick coaxial is that it does not bend easily and is difficult to install.
It is 50-ohm cable (RG-8 & RG-11) 0.5 inch in diameter and also known as Thick Ethernet. It can carry signals up to 500 meters (1640 feet).
CABLE TYPE RG-58/U RG-58 A/U RG-59 RG-6 RG-62
DESCRIPTION Thinnet with solid core. Thinnet with standard wire core. For broadband transmission like TV. With larger diameter for higher frequencies. 93-ohm
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Thin coaxial cable is also referred to as thinnet. 10Base2 refers to the specifications for thin coaxial cable carrying Ethernet signals. The 2 refers to the approximate maximum segment length being 200 meters. In fact the maximum segment length is 185 meters. Thin coaxial cable is popular in school networks, especially linear bus networks. Thinnet is 50-ohm cable (RG-58) is 0.25 inch in diameter and also known as thin Ethernet. It supports 10 Mbps data transmission rates. The maximum cable segment length is 185 meters (607 feet).
Thinnet network connection for a coaxial BNC connector

BNC
Thicknet network connection
Thinnet Easy to Install Less expensive For short distance
Thicknet Difficult to Install More expensive For long distance
Co-Axial Cable is less expensive also can transmit Audio, Video and Digital data. It is reasonably secure and familiar technology and can cover long distances than other.
BNC Barrel Connector
BNC cable Connector
END Connector BNC T Connector
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TWISTED PAIR CABLE OVERVIEW It consists of two insulated copper wires that are twisted together. It can be classified in two categories. STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)
UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) UTPs 10BaseT specification is widely used in LAN. It has a maximum cable length of 100 meters (328 feet) and consists of 2 or 4 twisted wire pairs. STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) STP is same as UTP but it is covered with a shield for resistance. It is more reliable and faster also for longer distances.
CONNECTOR
RJ-45
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UTP IMPLEMENTATION
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FIBER OPTIC CABLE OVERVIEW It consists of a thin glass or plastic fiber surrounded by protective cover that transmits light pulses from a Light Emitting Diode (LED). It provides fast transmission speeds over long distances and ensures secure/reliable data transmission but expensive and difficult to install.
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Optical Fiber Modes A mode is a ray of light that enters the fiber at a particular angle. There are two modes: Single-Mode fiber generally uses lasers as the light-generating device. Single-mode fiber allows only one mode of light to propagate through the fiber. Multi-Mode fiber uses LED as the light-generating device. Multimode fiber allows multiple modes of light to propagate through the fiber.
CABLE LESS MEDIA There are four types of cable less medium INFRARED RADIO MICROWAVE SATELLITE
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INFRARED Infrared LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) are used for transmission. Infrared signals are commonly in the lowest range of light frequencies. Infrared is inexpensive but higher power and high quality devices may be very expensive. It is used for short distances.
RADIO Radio frequencies (RFs) are electromagnetic waves in the range of 10 KHz to 1 GHz. This range includes Medium Wave (MW) radio, Short Wave (SW) radio, Very High Frequency (VHF) television and Frequency Modulation (FM) radio, and Ultra High Frequency (UHF) television and Amplitude Modulation (AM) radio. RF does not require ground stations, Transceivers are inexpensive and may be stationery or mobile. These are accessible throughout the world.
MICROWAVE Microwave signals are commonly in the low GHz frequency range (typically between 4 - 6 and 21 - 23 Ghz). Parabolic antennas (dishes) are fixed rigidly and focus a narrow beam to achieve line-of-sight transmission that is difficult to install. These are used in long telecommunications services for transmission. It is used to link separate buildings within limited areas where cable installation is difficult or more expensive. Short distance microwave systems are relatively inexpensive, for greater distances can be quite expensive.
COMMUNICATION SATELLITE It is used to link two or more groundbased microwave transmitters and receivers, known as earth stations or ground stations. Earth stations can be fixed or mobile. Satellite microwave signals are usually in the low GHz frequency range. Satellite microwave systems require expensive modern space technology. For long distances, satellite microwave costs may be significantly less expensive than cable media. Installation of an earth station is simple but satellite installation is extremely difficult and requires expensive space technology.
Network Operating System The network operating system software resides on computers, along with any software applications and data files that need to be shared. The File Server controls the communication of information between the nodes on a network. This requires a computer that can store a lot of information and share it very quickly. All of the computers connected to the file server on a network are called workstations. A typical workstation is a computer that is configured with a network interface card, networking software, and the appropriate cables.
NETWORK INTERFACE CARD (NIC) The Network Interface Card (NIC) provides the physical connection between the network and the computer workstation. Most NICs are internal, with the card fitting into an expansion slot inside the computer. Ethernet cards are usually purchased separately from a computer. Ethernet cards contain connections for either coaxial or twisted pair cables (or both). If it is designed for coaxial cable, the connection will be BNC. If it is designed for twisted pair, it will have a RJ-45 connection.
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A NIC, also called a Network Adapter, is used to connect a computer to the cabling used in a local area network (LAN). Function of NETWORK INTERFACE CARD (NIC) The primary function of a NIC is to allow the computer to communicate on the network. It does this by transmitting/receiving and controlling traffic with other computers or devices on the network. When transmitting, the NIC place data on the wire in the form of an electrical signal. The process is reversed on the receiving end. The NIC translates the electrical signal it receives off the wire into bits that can be read by the computer
ROLE OF NIC Prepares data from the computer for network cable. Sends the data to another computer. Controls the flow of data between computer and cable. NIC contains the hardware and firmware programming that implements the logical link control and media access control function. Data must be change from digital to electrical or optical signals for cable. Data moves through computer along paths called Busses. The busses can be 8-bit, 16 bit, or 32-bit.
ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) is 8/16-bit bus, 62 pin connectors with 8 Mbps EISA (Extended Industry Standard Architecture) is 32bit bus, 90 pin connectors PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) is 32-bit bus extends to 64-bit bus with 130 Mbps MCA (Micro Channel Architecture) Patented by IBM with 10 Mbps
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REPEATER Attenuation refers to the degradation of signal strength (amplitude) that occurs in transmissions over long distances. Shortening the transmission distance or using repeaters can help solve this problem.
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Fundamentals by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

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Fundamentals by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer (MCSE)

Fundamentals by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

Fundamentals by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

Microsoft Certified Systems Administrator (MCSA)

Fundamentals by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

Job Roles in Technology Life Cycle

Fundamentals by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

Fundamentals by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

How We Prepare You?

Workshops to Polish the Concepts

Fundamentals by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

Success is the Sum of Small Efforts Repeated Day-In And Day-Out

Fundamentals by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

Fundamentals by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

Shannons Model of Communication

In oral communication between two people, the model is applied as following

Fundamentals by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

SENDER sends a MESSAGE to a RECEIVER over a MEDIUM

Fundamentals by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

Fundamentals by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

Fundamentals by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

Fundamentals by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

Fundamentals by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

All processing is done

Fundamentals by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

Fundamentals by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

Fundamentals by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

Fundamentals by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

Fundamentals by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

CABLE TYPE RG-58/U RG-58 A/U RG-59 RG-6 RG-62

Fundamentals by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

Thinnet network connection for a coaxial BNC connector

Thicknet network connection

Thinnet Easy to Install Less expensive For short distance

Thicknet Difficult to Install More expensive For long distance

BNC Barrel Connector

BNC cable Connector

END Connector BNC T Connector

Fundamentals by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

Fundamentals by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

Fundamentals by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

Fundamentals by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

Fundamentals by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

Fundamentals by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

Fundamentals by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

Fundamentals by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

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