CHAPTER 4CHEMICAL BONDINGIntroduction Atoms of all the elements except noble gases have incomplete outermost orbits and

tends tocomplete them by chemical combination with the other atoms.In 1916, W Kossel described the ionic bond which is formed by the transfer of electronfrom one atom to another and also in 1916 G.N Lewis described about the formation of covalent bond which is formed by the mutual sharing of electrons between two atoms.Both these scientists based their ideas on the fact that atoms greatest stability when theyacquire an inert gas electronic configuration. Definition When two or more than two atoms are combined with each other in order to complete their octet a link between them is produced which is known as chemical bond. OR The force of attraction which holds atoms together in the molecule of a compound is calledchemical bond. Types of Chemical Bond There are three main types of chemical bond. 1. Ionic bond or electrovalent bond 2. Covalent bond 3. Co-ordinate covalent bond or Dative covalent bond Ionic Bond OR Electrovalent Bond Definition A chemical bond which is formed by the complete shifting of electron between two atomsis called ionic bond or electrovalent bond. OR The electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions is called ionic bond. Conditions for the Ionic Bond Formation 1. Electronegativity Ionic bond is formed between the element having a difference of electronegativity morethan 1.7 or equal to 1.7 eV.Therefore ionic bond is generally formed between metals (low electronegative) and non-metal (high electronegative) elements. 2. Ionization Potential We know that ionic bond is formed by the transference of electron from one atom toanother, so in the formation of ionic

bond an element is required which can lose itselectrons from the outer most shell. It is possible to remove electron from the outermostshell of metals because of their low ionization potential values. 3. Electron Affinity In the formation of ionic bond an element is also required which can gain an element isalso required which can gain electron, since non-metals can attract electrons with a greater force due to high electronegativity. So a non-metal is also involved in the formation of ionic bond due to high electron affinity. Example of Ionic Bond In order to understand ionic bond consider the example of NaCl. During the formation of Ionic bond between Na and Cl2, Sodium loses one electron to form Na+ ion while chlorine atom gains this electron to form Cl- ion. When Na+ ion and Cl- ion attract to each other NaCl is formed. The stability of NaCl is due to the decrease in the energy. These energychange which are involved in the formation of ionic bond between Na and Cl are asfollows. i. Sodium has one valence electron. In order to complete its octet Na loses its valenceelectron. The loss of the valence electron required 495 kJ/mole. Na ----> Na+ + e....................... ?H = 495 kJ/mole ii. Chlorine atom has seven electrons in its valence shell. It require only one electron tocomplete its octet, so chlorine gains this electron of sodium and release 348 kJ/moleenergy.Cl + e- ----> Cl- ...................... ?H = -348 kJ/moleHere the energy difference is 147 kJ/mole (495 - 348 = 147). This loss of energy is balanced when oppositely charged ions are associated to form a crystal lattice. iii. In third step, positively charged Na+ ion and negatively charged Cl- ion attract to eachother and a crystal lattice is formed with a definite pattern. Na+(g) + Cl-(g) ----> Na+Cl........... ?H = - 788 kJ/moleThis energy which is released when one mole of gaseous ions arrange themselves indefinite pattern to form lattice is called lattice energy.From this example, we can conclude that it is essential for the formation of ionic bond thatthe sum of energies released in the second and third steps must be greater than the energyrequired for the first step. Characteristics of Ionic Compounds1.

An ionic compounds, the oppositely charged ions are tightly packed with each other, sothese compounds exist in solid state. 2. Due to strong attractive forces between ions a larger amount of energy is required tomelt or to boil the compound and hence the melting and boiling point of the ioniccompound are generally high. 3. Ionic compounds are soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvents like benzene,CCl4. etc. 4. In the aqueous solution, the ionic compounds are good electrolytes, because in water theinterionic forces are so weakened that the ions are separated and free to move under theinfluence of electric current. Due to this free movement of ions, the ionic compoundscondu ct electricity in their solutions. Covalent Bond Definition A link which is formed by the mutual sharing of electrons between two atoms is calledcovalent bond. Explanation In the formation of covalent bond, mutual sharing of electron takes place. This mutualsharing is possible in non-metals, therefore covalent bond is generally formed between theatoms of non-metals. For exampleIn Cl2 molecule, two atoms of chlorine are combined with each other to form Cl2molecule. Each atom of chlorine having seven electrons in its valencies shell. These atomsare united with each other by sharing one of its valence electron as shown.Cl Cl: ----> :Cl :Cl OR Cl - ClIn this molecule, one shared pair of electrons forms a single covalent bond between twochlorine the atoms. With the formation of a covalent bond the energy of the system is alsodecreased.Cl + Cl ----> Cl - Cl .............. ?H = - 242 kJ / moleThis released energy lowered the energy of the molecule and the stability of the compoundis also increased. Types of Covalent Bond There are three main types of covalent bond. 1. Single Covalent Bond When a covalent bond is formed by sharing of one electron from each atom, that it is calledsingle covalent bond and denoted by (-) single line between the two bonded atoms e.g.Cl - Cl, H - H, H - Br etc. 2. Double Covalent Bond

In a covalent bond, if two electrons are shared from each of the bonded atom then thiscovalent bond is called double covalent bond and denoted by (=) two lines e.g.O = O, O : : O 3. Triple Covalent Bond When a covalent bond is formed by sharing of three electrons from each atom then thistype of covalent bond is called triple covalent bond, and denoted by (=) three lines betweenthe two bonded atoms e.g. N : : N :, N = NThe bond distance of multiple bonds are shorter and the bond energies are higher. Characteristics of Covalent Compounds The main characteristics properties of covalent compounds are as follows 1. The covalent compounds exist as separate covalent molecules, because the particles areelectrically neutral so they passes solid, liquid or gaseous s tate. This intermolecular force of attraction among the molecul es. 2. Since the covalent compound exist in all the three states of matter so their melting points Leave a Comment You must be logged in to leave a comment. Submit Characters: 400