Modal verbs Conceptul de capacitate, posibilitate, necesitate sau obligatie este redat de asa numitele "modal auxiliary verbs"

: can, could, shall, should, must, need, ought to, used to, dare. Caracteristici:

Nu au infinitiv lung Nu primesc "s" la persoana a III a singular prezent simplu Nu primesc "-ing" Verbele care urmeaza sunt la infinitiv scurt; excceptie: used to, ought to Nu au toate timpurile si modurile unui verb normal, de aceea unele au echivalenti Formeaza interogativul prin inversiune; negativul + not

Can-could to be able to May-might (numai in Indirect Speech) to be allowed to; to be permited to Must to have to Will

exprima vointa, hotarare I will pay you as much as you ask for.

Promisiune I will not make such a mistake again. Posibilitate, presupunere That girl will be his sister? (Fata ceea o fi sora lui?) Ceva inevitabil (expresii fixe) Children will be children.Accidents will happen(accidentele sunt inevitabile) Inlocuieste prezentul simplu pentru actiune obisnuita, repetata I always drink milk in the morning=I will drink milk in the morning Invitatie, cerere politicoasa Will you come and...?( Vrei sa...?) Shall

Hotarare The enemy shall not pass. Promisiune If you get a good mark you shall have a present. Refuz, insistenta, amenintare He shall pay for insulting my daughter. Exprima o interdictie in acte oficiale All the candidats shall not bring(may not) the dictionaries into the examination room. Oferta, sugestie Shall I help you?

NOTA: What about going to the cinema? Lets go to the cinema, shall we? Can

Abilitate fizica si intelectuala la prezent si viitor Exprima o continuitate alaturi de verbele de perceptie Exprima o permisiune (informal English) Exprima o posibilitate atunci cand imprejurarile o permit If you come in my town we can swim (I have a swimming pool) Exprima o imposibilitate, neincredere: cu acest inteles

can poate fi urmat de un infinitiv prezent(pentru actiune simultana) sau infinitiv perfect (pentru actiune anterioara ) Nu se poate/este imposibil sa faca o asemenea greseala Nu se poate sa fi facut o asemenea greseala

He cant make such a mistake He cant have made such a mistake

Exprima o cerere politicoasa Can I help you? Could

Abilitate fizica si intelectuala la trecut.Cu acest inteles can/could poate fi inlocuit cu echivalentul.Dar cand intelesul este de to succid in, to manage, to achieve-se foloseste numai echivalentul, dar nu si la negativ

Cerere politicoasa, mai politicoasa deca can Could I help you? May

Exprima o permisiune(formal english).Cu acest inteles el poate fi inlocuit cu echivalentul to be allowed to; to be permited to

Exprima o posibilitate.Cu acest inteles el poate fi inlocuit cu it is possible/maybe/perhaps It is possible for you to know her Poate ca o cunosti Maybe/perhaps you know her You may hnow her

May+infinitiv continuu=posibilitatea unei actiuni in momentul vorbirii Ex: She may be sleeping now. May+infinitiv perfect=posibilitatea unei actiuni in trecut Ex: She may have lost the key.

Exprima o urare, speranta May all your dreams come true! sau May good luck attend you! In propozitia concesiva dupa: whatever, whenever, whereever, whoever, thought, althought, no matter how No matter how much money you have dont spend it in one day1 In completiva directa dupa to hope, to trust: I hope that you may find tickets.

In propozitia de scop dupa so that: I sit on the first row so that I may see and hear well.

Might

Exprima o permisiune la trecut Exprima o posibilitate in prezent, viitor si trecut (o posibilitate mai indepartata)

Might+infinitiv continuu=posibilitatea indepartata a unei actiuni in momentul vorbirii Might+infinitiv perfect=posibilitatea indeparata a unei actiuni in trecut

Exprima indignare, iritare, repros You might look in to my eyes when Im talking to you. In propozitia concesiva dupa : whatever, whenever, whereever, whoever, thought, althought, no matter how

In completiva directa dupa to hope, to trust

In propozitia de scop dupa so that Must

Exprima obligatie, comanda, necesitate.Cu acest inteles el poate fi inlocuit cu echivalentul to have to

Must=obligatie impusa de vorbitor(regula) Have to=obligatie externa impusa de autoritati sau imprejurari externe pe care vorbitorul nu le poate controla Dont have to Havent got to Neednt Must not

Lipsa de obligatie

Interdictie, prohibitie (regula)

Eprima deductie, concluzie logica, probabilitate

NOTA: cand must exprima probabilitate el poate fi inlocuit cu: Im sure/certain/positive Certain/obviously

Its likely/probable Is likely Need A.verb notional, obisnuit= to be need of (dupa care apare un pronume, substantiv, verb la gerunziu sau infinitiv lung) Ex: Mother needs a pair of shoes.The windows need washing. B.Verb modal auxiliar=to have to apare mai mult in interogativ si negativ; poate sa apara si in afirmativ alaturi de never, hardly, barely Ex: She need hardly mention her name, since I know it. Diferenta dintre prezent si trecut: Prezent Do I need...? Need I...? Trecut Didnt need to... Neednt have+V (forma a III a) actiune care nu a fost necesara si nu a fost facuta actiune care nu a fost necesara, dar a fost facuta actiune obisnuita, repetata ocazie speciala

Should

Exprima obligatie, sfat, recomandare(obligatia este mai slaba decat cea cu must)

Exprima surpriza in intrebare retorica Ex:Why should I go there? Exprima presupunere, deductie logica In completiva directa dupa: to suggest, to propose, to insist, to recommend, to advise, to urge...that

In propozitia subiectiva dupa constructii impersonale: it is/was advisable/essential/better/fair/important/natural/necessary/right..that

In propozitia de scop dupa:

so that, in order that, lest(ca sa nu..., ca sa nu cumva...), for fear that

In propozitia conditionala tip I si II (intamplare) Dupa verbe de emotie: to feel sory, to be delighted, to be annoyed, to be shocked

Dupa: dont think why, see no reason why, cant think why

Ought to (ar trebui, s-ar cuveni)

Exprima o datorie, obligatie morala Ought to + Infinitive Perfect= datorie, obligatie neimplinita Ex:You ought to have waited until the light were green.

NOTA: According to the wheather forecast it ought to rain today.He worked here for 5 years. You ought to know him. Would

Exprima o cerere politicoasa Would you pass... Would you please... Would you be so kind... Would you mind+ V (-ing)

# Would like/care=want # Would care nu se foloseste in afirmativ Would rather (arata preferinta) Would better/had better (mai bine) Would sooner (mai degraba)

+infinitiv scurt (pentru acelasi subiect)

+past tense (pentru subiecte diferite)

Exprima o actiune repetata in trecut si incetata prezent (obisnuiam sa...) Diferenta dintre used to si would+infinitiv este ca al doilea se foloseste narativ

Apare dupa wish si if only pentru o dorinta in viitor

Exprima o probabilitate Ex: That girl would be his sister! Exprima o vointa la trecut iar la negativ refuz Ex:She had to go there whether she would or wouldnt. Used to

A nu se confunda cu to use= a folosi

Used to modal auxiliar cu forma numai de trecut

Desi e un modal auxiliar formeaza interogativul cu did si negativul cu did not (formal english)

A nu se confunda cu: to be/get accustomed to dupa care urmeaza un substantiv sau un verb la gerunziu Ex:I am not used to drinking tea in the morning. Dare

La afirmativ e un verb notional obisnuit La interogativ si negativ el poate fi atat verb modal cat si verb obisnuit Ex:How dare you contradict me? (modal) I dared her/I challenged him to run in the street(a provoca)