Participant information sheet.

Title: The link between perceived parenting style experiences and levels of self-esteem in young adults aged 18-22. This project is aiming to explore the relationship between perceived parenting styles and levels of self-esteem in adolescents aged 18-22. In brief, perceived parenting styles involve authoritative, authoritarian and permissive parenting styles. This refers to the amount of control your parent has had over your activities and behaviours and also how much your parent has nurtured you. This research project aims to explore perceived parenting styles authoritarian, authoritative and permissive and then compare these styles to the levels of self-esteem to see if there is a relationship between the two variables. All participants that volunteer will be rewarded with research credits for participating in the study. The study will involve competing three questionnaires. Two on perceived parenting styles and one on levels of self-esteem. Once received the questionnaires clear instructions on how to complete them will be given. Questionnaires will be sent via email and once emailed back the participant will receive their credits. Each questionnaire will take approximately 15 minutes. All participants must be between the ages of 18-22 in order to participate. As the study involves participants talking about their self-esteem and parenting styles may cause psychological harm e.g. embarrassment, stress. To overcome this participants can contact the researcher and withdraw their information at any time of the study without penalty. Participants confidentiality will kept as no names will need to be given only students numbers (in case participant wants to withdraw later on in study) and only the researcher will have access to the completed questionnaires. At the end of the study all information that has been gathered will be destroyed. Data will be kept confidential as only the researcher and supervisor will have access to the completed questionnaires, all data will be kept on the researchers University account which is a password protected database on a secure University virtual server making it virtually impossible for other people to access the data. By completing the scales below you are consenting to take part in this study. Participants will also be provided with the student services link for the University for Support if needed. http://www3.cardiffmet.ac.uk/english/studentservices/pages/home.aspx If you have any questions about the research or how the study will be conducted please contact us.

Annette Daly (Supervisor)

029 20417228 apdaly@cardiffmet.ac.uk

Danielle Sanders (Student)

st10003734@outlook.uwic.ac.uk

Student number if applicable:

Perceived Parenting Styles Questionnaire A Please read the statements referring to perceived parenting styles and rate on a 6 point scale from Never to Always how you feel about them.
I consent to the processing of my personal information for the purposes of this research study. I understand that such information will be treated as strictly confidential and handled in accordance with the provisions of the Data Protection Act 1998.2

1. My parents are responsive to my feelings and needs: Never Always 1 2 3 4 5 6 2. My parents spoil me: Never 1 2 3

Always 6

3. My parents treat me as an equal member of the family: Never Always 1 2 3 4 5 6 4. My parents take my wishes into consideration before they ask me to do something: Never Always 1 2 3 4 5 6

5. My parents explain to me how they feel about my good/bad behaviour: Never Always 1 2 3 4 5 6 6. My parents explain the reasons behind their expectations: Never Always 1 2 3 4 5 6 7. My parents provide comfort and understanding when I am upset: Never Always 1 2 3 4 5 6 8. My parents compliment me: Never 1 2 3 4

Always 6

9. My parents encourage me to talk about my feelings and problems: Never Always 1 2 3 4 5 6 10. My parents consider my preferences when they make plans for the family (e.g., weekends away and holidays): Never Always 1 2 3 4 5 6 11. My parents encourage me to speak freely of my mind even if they disagree with me: Never Always 1 2 3 4 5 6 12. My parents punish me by withholding emotional expressions (e.g., kisses and cuddles): Never Always 1 2 3 4 5 6 13. My parents provide me with reasons for the expectations they provide for me: Never Always 1 2 3 4 5 6 14. Me and my parents have warm times together: Never Always 1 2 3 4 5 6 15. When my parents tell me to do something they tell me because I said so, I am your parent, or because its what they want: Never Always 1 2 3 4 5 6 16. My parents respect my opinion and encourage me to express them: Never Always 1 2 3 4 5 6

17. My parents give into me when I cause a commotion about something: Never Always 1 2 3 4 5 6 18. My parents explode in anger towards me: Never 1 2 3 4 5

Always 6

19. My parents smack me when they dont like what I do or say: Never Always 1 2 3 4 5 6

20. My parents shout when they disapprove of my behaviour: Never Always 1 2 3 4 5 6 21. My parents punish me by taking privileges away from me her (e.g., TV, games, visiting friends): Never Always 1 2 3 4 5 6 22. My parents use threats as a form of punishment with little or no justification: Never Always 1 2 3 4 5 6 23. My parents ignore my behaviour: Never 1 2 3 4

Always 6

24. My parents openly criticise me when my behaviour does not meet their expectations: Never Always 1 2 3 4 5 6 25. My parents try to change how I think or feel about things: Never Always 1 2 3 4 5 6 26. My parents point out my past behavioural problems to make sure I do not do them again: Never Always 1 2 3 4 5 6 27. My parents remind me that I am their child: Never Always 1 2 3 4 5 6 28. My parents remind me of all the things that they do and have done for me: Never Always 1 2 3 4 5 6

29. My parents find it difficult to discipline me: Never 1 2 3 4 5

Always 6

30. My parents use criticism to improve my behaviour: Never Always 1 2 3 4 5 6

Based on: Robinson, C., Mandleco, B., Olsen, S. F., & Hart, C. H. (1995). Authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting practices: Development of a new measure. Psychological Reports, 77, 819-830.

Perceived Parenting Style Questionnaire B Please read the statements below and rate how much you agree or disagree with the statement. I consent to the processing of my personal information for the purposes of this research study. I understand that such information will be treated as strictly confidential and handled in accordance with the provisions of the Data Protection Act 1998.2 Statement 1. My parents know who my friends are. 2. My parents are involved in my education. 3. My parents allow me to tell them if I think my ideas are better than theirs. 4. My parents enjoy staying home with me more than going out with friends. 5. My parents always speak to me with a warm and friendly voice. 6. My parents spend time talking with me when there is an issue of interest. 7. My parents keep pushing me to do my best in what I do. 8. When I get good grades in University, my parents praise me. 9. My parents give me a lot of care, attention and support. 10. When I get poor grades in University, my parents encourage me to work harder. 11. My parents are interested in what I am learning in University. Strongly Disagree Disagree Agree Strongly Agree

12. I trust my parents to help me out, if I have any kind of problems. 13. When my parents want me to do something they explain why.

(Heatherton & Polivy, 1991) State self-esteem scale This is a questionnaire designed to measure your self-esteem. Please read the following statements and rate how you feel about them using the scale ranging from not at all to extremely. I consent to the processing of my personal information for the purposes of this research study. I understand that such information will be treated as strictly confidential and handled in accordance with the provisions of the Data Protection Act 1998.2

1. I feel confident about my abilities. Not at all A little bit Somewhat Very much Extremely

2. I am worried about whether I am regarded as a success or failure. Not at all A little bit Somewhat Very much Extremely

3. I feel satisfied with the way my body looks right now. Not at all 1. A little bit Somewhat Very much Extremely

4. I feel frustrated or rattled about my performance. Not at all A little bit Somewhat Very much Extremely

5. I feel that I am having trouble understanding things that I read. Not at all A little bit Somewhat Very much Extremely

6. I feel that others respect and admire me. Not at all A little bit Somewhat Very much Extremely

7. I am dissatisfied with my weight. Not at all A little bit Somewhat Very much Extremely

8. I feel self-conscious. Not at all A little bit Somewhat Very much Extremely

9. I feel as smart as others. Not at all A little bit Somewhat Very much Extremely

10. I feel displeased with myself. Not at all A little bit Somewhat Very much Extremely

11. I feel good about myself. Not at all A little bit Somewhat Very much Extremely

12. I am pleased with my appearance right now. Not at all A little bit Somewhat Very much Extremely

13. I am worried about what other people think of me. Not at all A little bit Somewhat Very much Extremely

14. I feel confident that I understand things. Not at all A little bit Somewhat Very much Extremely

15. I feel inferior to others at this moment. Not at all A little bit Somewhat Very much Extremely

16. I feel unattractive. Not at all A little bit Somewhat Very much Extremely

17. I feel concerned about the impression I am making. Not at all A little bit Somewhat Very much Extremely

18. I feel that I have less scholastic ability right now than others. Not at all A little bit Somewhat Very much Extremely

19. I feel like Im not doing well. Not at all A little bit Somewhat Very much Extremely

20. I am worried about looking foolish. Not at all A little bit Somewhat Very much Extremely