1.

0 Standard Form
State positive numbers in standard form
1. Standard form is a way of writing a number in the form

, where and
the index is an integer.
2. A number in standard form consists of two parts

3. A positive value of shows a big number ( ) whereas a negative value of shows a
small number ( ).
4. Another term for standard form is scientific notation.

Example 1
State each of the following numbers in standard form.
1. 7400
2. 23 810 000
Solution:
1.

2. 23 810 000

A number between 1 and 10 inclusive
1
A power of
10
Example:
1. State each of the following numbers in standard form.
I. 0.036
II. 0.00000452

Solution:
I. Move the decimal point of a given number to the right in order to produce a
number A such that
II. The number of places that the decimal point has moved is the negative value
of n

a.

b.


Note: move to the right , index n is negative
Perform operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, involving any numbers
and state the answers in standard form
Example:
Calculate the value of each of the following by stating its answer in standard form.
a.

b.

c. (

) (

)
d.

Solution:
a.

( )

b.

( )

982

c. (

) (

)
( ) (

d.

2. Laws of Indices
a. Below are the basic laws of indices
Laws Statement
1. Multiplication a
m
x a
n
= a
m + n
2. Division a
m
a
n
= a
m - n

3. Power i. ( a
m
)
n
= a
mn
ii. (ab)
n
= a
n
b
n

iii.
n
n
n
b
a
b
a
= |
.
|

\
|
; b = 0

4. Negative Index
i. a
n
=
n
a
1
; a = 0
ii.
m
n
n
m
a
b
b
a
=

; a = 0 dan b = 0
5. Nil Index a
0
= 1 ; a = 0
6. Fraction Index
n m
n
m
a a =

Example 1
Find the values of the following

Solution:
(

()

Change the numbers to the
same base
Use the laws of indices to simplify the
multiplication and division

B. Use laws of indices to simplify algebraic expressions
The laws of indices can be used to simplify algebraic expressions.
Example 2
Simplify each of the following:
a. (

b.

c.

Solution:
a. (

b.

c.

( )

()

()()

()()

Use 2 as the same base throughout
Add and subtract the indices using the laws of indices
3 LOGARITHMS AND LAWS OF LOGARITHMS
A. Change equations in index forms to logarithm forms and vice versa
1. In the equation

, the number is called an index.

2. This equation can be written as

Then, is the logarithm of N to the base a
3. In general ,

Where

A. Find logarithms of numbers
1. A logarithm to the base 10 is called a common logarithm and is written
as . In calculator, it is normally marked as log.
2. A scientific calculator can be used to find the logarithm or antilogarithm of
a number.

B. Laws of logarithm








Example 2
Express the following expressions using the laws of logarithms.

a. log
a
x
2
y
3
b. log a
3
b
3/2

c.
2
100
1
lg
b
c. ) ( lg
3
c
ab

Let M and N is the real positive numbers
1. log
a
MN = log
a
M + log
a
N
2. log
a
M/ N = log
a
M log
a N

3.
log a
(M)
c
= c log
a
M
4. log
a
a = 1
5. log
a
a
0
= 0 log
a
a = 0
6. log
N
M = ( Penukaran daripada asas N kepada asas a)
7.
log
a
a
N
= N
Solution:
Using the laws of logarithms,
a. log
a
x
2
y
3
= log
a
x
2
+ log
a
y
3

= 2 log
a
x + 3 log
a
y
b. log a
3
b
3/2
= log a
3
+ log b
3/2

= 3 log a + 3/2 log b

c.
2
100
1
log
b
= log 1 ( log 100 + log b
2
)
= 0 log 100 2 log b = - ( log 100 + 2 log b )

d. ) ( log
3
c
ab
=
2 / 1
3
log
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
ab
= ( log ab
3
log c )
= log ab
3
log c )
= log a + log b
3
log c
= log a + 3/2 log b log c

Example 4:
Given that log
10
2 = 0.3010 dan log
10
3 = 0.4771 , find the value of

a. log
10
8 b. log
10
18 c. log
10
0.6

Solution:
a. log
10
8 = log
10
2
3
= 3 log
10
2
= 3 ( 0.3010 )
= 0. 9010
b. log
10
18 = log
10
(2 x 9 ) = log
10
2 + log
10
9
= log
10
2 + log
10
3
2
= log
10
2 + 2 log
10
3
= 0.3010 + 2 ( 0.4771)
= 1.2552
c. log
10
0.6 = log
10
(
10
6
) = log
10
6 log
10
10
= log
10
( 2 x 3 ) 1
= log
10
2 + log
10
3 1
= 0.3010 + 0.4771 1
= - 0 . 2219


Laws of addition
C. Equations involving indices and logarithms
Let x and y are the real positive numbers.
If a
x
= a
y
then x = y
If log
a
x = log
a
y , then x = y

Example 5
Solve the following equations:
a. 7
x
= 12 b. 3
5x 8
= 9
x + 2

Solution:
a. 7
x
= 12
Take the log for the both side of equation:

x log 7 = log 12


277 . 1
845 . 0
079 . 1
7 log
12 log
= = = x

b. 3
5x 8
= 9
x + 2
3
5x 8
= (3
2
)
x + 2


3
5x 8
= 3
2x + 4


5x 8 = 2x + 4
5x 2x = 4 + 8
3x = 12
x = 4

Example 6:

Solve the following equations for the x:
a. log
2
( 7 + x ) = 3 b. log 50 + log x = 2 + log ( x 1 )
c. log
2
x = log
x
16 = 0

Solution:
a. log
2
(7 + x ) = 3
( 7 + x ) = 2
3

7 + x = 8
x = 1

Same base
( a
m
)
n
= a
mn
If a
x
= a
y
then x = y
Tukar bentuk log kepada bentuk indeks
b. log 50 + log x = 2 + log ( x 1 )
log 50x = log 100 + log (x 1 )
log 50x = log 100(x 1 )
50x = 100x 100
100 = 50 x
x = 2


log = log asas 10
log a + log b = log ab