Protein Synthesis

Expanded Description Transcription of mRNA Note for testing purposes, the terms elongation, and termination will always be initiation, in reference to Translation on the Provincial Exam. RNA Polymerase transcribes RNA from template of DNA molecule strand Process of transcription is broken into three (Initiation, elongation, termination) stages

1. Initiation RNA polymerase promote region (upstream of coding region) r recognizes binding mediated transcription in byeukaryotes factors transcription factors + promoter + RNA = Transcription Initiation polymerase Complex 2. Elongation o RNA polymerase continues to open up DNA and transcribe RNA nucleotides to 3' end of growing RNA o adds (~60 nts/s) molecule o more than one RNA polymerase can transcribe from a single DNA molecule
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What is the promoter region? It is a region of a parent DNA strand that binds to the RNA polymerase and initiates transcription.

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3. Termination o Transcription proceeds Terminato sequence reache until r is o In d eukaryotes, transcription proceeds terminator sequence AAUAAA for beyond approximately 10-35 nucleotides and poly-A tail is added.

b. : Translation - in which ribosome assembles a polypeptide, using the mRNA to specify the a.a. Procedure Simplified: - transfer RNA in the cytoplasm pick their specific amino acids (tRNA) up and bring them to a ribosome as it moves along the mRNA.

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- each tRNA attaches to the mRNA [anticodon to codon] this automatically orders the acids, which is then linked by peptide amino bonds

1) this process is called translatio ; the acid message has n been translated into an nucleic amino acid 2) synthesis of the polypeptide chain proceeds one amino acid at a time, in sequence, as the ribosomes move along the mRNA 3) as each tRNA donates its amino acid to the chain, it uncouples from the mRNA and moves to pick up a new load 4) when a ribosome reaches a "Stop" codon, it releases the completed polypeptide chain. Procedure Just Slightly Expanded: - During a preparatory step, acylation, tRNA molecules are linked to their respective amino acids, forming complexes called aminoacyltRNAs. This step occurs in cytoplasm and the relies on enzymes aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases . called 1. Initiatio is the first phase of protein translation. n initiation: During 1) the leading codon (AUG) of the messenger RNA molecule associates with the small subunit of a ribosome 2) the AUG codon associates with the UAC anticodon of an aminoacyl-tRNA which bears the amino acid, methionine 3) the small ribosomal subunit associates with a large ribosomal subunit in such a way as to position the attached tRNA at the P site (peptidyl binding site)
Cell Biology Synthesis 7 Protein Initiatio : the mRNA, with start n its codon (AUG) attaches to the "R" site of the ribosome Elongation : more amino acids are added and connected together to form a polypeptide , as specified by the mRNA sequence Terminatio : The process above n repeats until a special codon, called stop a codon , is reached there are 3 codons Stop UAA , UAG , UGA. :

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4) The end result of this phase is the formation of an initiation . complex 2. During the second phase of protein translation, elongation , events occur which cause the protein/polypeptide to grow in length as additional amino acids are sequentially attached to one another. During elongation: 1) the appropriate aminoacyl-tRNA associates with the A site (aminoacyl molecules binding site) on the large ribosomal subunit (this is called recognition) 2) a peptide bond forms between the amino acids at the P and A sites (this is called peptide bond formation) 3) the mRNA molecule moves along on the ribosome, thus repositioning the tRNA from the A site to the P site (this is called translocation) 4) steps 1-3 are repeated until a stop codon on the mRNA arrives at the A site 3. The third stage of terminatio , occurs when translation, the stop codon arrives at A nsite and a releasing factor associates with it, thus detaching the completed protein.

- The 70S is a prokaryotic ribosome, 80S is found in eukaryotes .

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Review Gene Action: In this process 1. DNA determines mRNA 2. which determines protein enzymes 3. which control chemical reactions 4. which produce the characteristics of the organism 3. Dealing with codons a. Some codon / anticodon practice RNA: Adenine Guanine toUracil Cytosine DNA: Adenine Guanine toThymine Cytosine to to
NB . Complementary Base Pairing: DNA Replication (DNADNA) Protein synthesis: Transcription (codon DNA) Translation (anticodoncodon)

- Recall order: DNA mRNA tRNA New Protein e.g., - If DNA codon = has - then mRNA has ATG complementary the codon = UAC - tRNA may have anticodon = AUG the - and the DNA complement or nucleic acidcomplement would be = TAC Q.If tRNA has anticodon UAC. What is the codon for mRNA? Q. What is the codon for DNA? [NOTE: mRNA codon is the complementary strand to the DNA, and uracil is replaced by thymine. tRNA is the complementary of mRNA] Q.If a segment of nucleic acid CAT CAT , is complementary DNA strand TAC the is? 2. How Ribosomes Read the Code by example - given a mRNA sequence of:
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AUGCGUACCUAAUGG read as: AUG CGU ACCUAA UGG - if there were a chromosomal mutation, a deletion AUG C GU ACCUAA UGG - then it is read as AUG GUA CCU AAU GG therefore gene's destroyed the normal is function

[oddly enough one or two deletions near the front end of a nucleotide chain destroys its function, but a third in the same vicinity partly restores it, and may result in a similar enzyme with partial activity] C. - can be defined as inheritabl and Mutation any change in the genetice material, permanent not due to the normal recombination of genetic material vocab review: gene - segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein chromosome - threadlike structure in cell nucleus composed of genes locus - specific location of a gene on a chromosome

Mutagen - an agent of mutation (often a carcinogen too), e.g. - Ionizing , e.g., UV, xRadiation ray - Chemical , e.g., exposure Nitrites, benzene Carcinogen agent of cancer Teratogen - agent that might interfere with the normal development of a fetus and result in the loss of pregnancy, a pregnancy complication, or a birth defect.
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- unlike mutation such birth defects are not inheritable - number one cause of birth defects = - if you are pregnant DO NOT alcohol imbibe alcohol in any - quantity! nor should you smokemen too!- as cigarettes are a known male teratogen therefore you should stop smoking at least 6 months before you wish to conceive Inheritanc e a. Somatic cells body cells associated. w/ cancer b. Gamete cells sex cells affects offspring Types: 1. Chromosomal mutation: - caused by extensive chemical change in the structure of a chromosome. i. Deletion/Additio - a mutation in which n a chromosome segment of is missing/added ii. Duplicatio - a mutation where a portion of n chromosome breaks off and is fuse onto homologous (identical) chromosome a iii. Inversio - a mutation where a segment n is removed and reinserted in the same location but in the opposite direction. iv. Insertio - a mutation where a segment n isfrom one chromosome and removed inserted into another v. Translocatio a mutation where n segments chromosomes are of two non-homologous exchange d vi. Nondisjunctio - failure of a pair of n
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chromosomes to separate properly during anaphas e 2. Point mutation (gene mutation): caused by a single change in molecular structure at a given locus/gene, e.g., substitutio of one nucleotide for another n i. frameshift (reading error) - usually error the of a nucleotide, or deletion insertion of a nucleotide, e.g. (subtraction) (addition) insertion of Gshiftingthe the code from: AAA CCC TTT to GGGACC CTT TGG AGA G ii. nonsense mutation - codes for a stop, can truncate protein which the iii. silent (neutral) - codes for the mutation same amino acid , so has no noticeable effect iv. missense mutation amino acid - codes different for a

- result from exposure to ionizing radiation (xrays), chemical mutagens, errors in base pairing, e.g.,- UV causes two adjacent thymines to bond and inactivate the DNA, therefore DNA replication occur cannot - various chemicals, usually by converting one base into another, e.g.,Nitrous acid (HNO2) changes cytosine to uracil, which increases the of error in replication chance How Mutagens affect you - such agents increase normal rates of mutation wellabove the one per 106 -108 replications e.g., Canada has the third highest rate of deadly
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cancer of the large intestines, just behind the US and NZ. 30 people in every 100,000. Linked to meat consumption; we consume g (1/2+ lbs.) of meat a day. Japan 40 g a 240 day, 5 people in every 100, 000. (NZ 320 g = 41 people; US 280 g = 33 people)

- Its incidence appears to be related to the amount of meat a person consumes; a diet high in meat relative to fibre intake slows passage of food the intestines, prolonging exposure of in the intestinal wall to the oxidation by-products of digestion fortunately there is a certain degree of proofreading, and editing which, simultaneously with replication, detects errors. Repair corrective DNA by enzymes excise the incorrect region and splice the correctin version. Summary Mutations of

Why arent mutations more common? Because the DNA polymerase enzym proofreads and usually corrects e its mistakes .

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