Lecture 2 - Embankment Dams Extended

Term
2 - 2013 Lecture 2 Embankment Dams, Seepage, Filter Design and Cri@cal Gradient
Dirk van Zyl Norman B. Keevil Ins@tute of Mining Engineering dvanzyl@mining.ubc.ca (604) 827-3462
MINE 480 - Mine Waste Management MINE 590Q Advanced Mine Waste Management
Sta@s@cs on Dams.
-Dams worldwide General descripBon A data base from ICOLD accoun@ng 33105 dams worldwide has been compiled. Results from this informa@on is presented as follows: Purpose of dams
Ref.-Web. (10) ICOLD (2011)
Sta@s@cs on Dams.
-Dams worldwide General descripBon Single purpose d ams.
Mul@-purposes dams.
Sta@s@cs on Dams.
-Dams worldwide General descripBon Dams type.
Sta@s@cs on Dams.
-Dams worldwide Failure staBsBcs Earth and rockll dams oGeneral sta@s@c of failures Failure mode O vertopping Spillway Piping through embankment Piping from embankment to founda@on Piping through founda@on Downstream slide Upstream slide Earthquake Totals
% Total failures 34.2 12.8 32.5 1.7 15.4 3.4 0.9 1.7 102.6
Percentages based on % of cases with known failure mode. Percentages do not sum 100% as dams were classied as mul@ple modes of failure.
Ref. (5) M. Foster, R. Fell and M. Spannagle (2000)
Sta@s@cs on Dams.
-Dams worldwide Failure staBsBcs Earth and rockll dams oSta@s@c of failure by zoning
Ref. (5) M. Foster, R. Fell and M. Spannagle (2000)
Sta@s@cs on Dams.
-Dams on BriBsh Columbia Failure staBsBcs There are approximately 1985 dams opera@ng in Bri@sh Columbia. 287 dams are classied as high hazard. Purpose of these dams range from hydro electric to domes@c supply . Dams range in size from small privately-owned irriga@on dams to B.C. Hydro's 242 metre high Mica Dam.
Ref.-Web. (11) Ministry of Environment of BriBsh Columbia (2011)
Sta@s@cs on Dams.
-Dams on BriBsh Columbia Failure staBsBcs Some dam failures have caused serious damage too the province. The most relevant cases are summarized as follows: oIn 1912 a small water supply dam servicing the coal shipping port of Union Bay on Vancouver Island failed killing one man and causing extensive damage to property and the coal loading port facili@es. oIn 1941 a 10 metre high dam located above the town of Pen@cton failed resul@ng in severe damage to the downstream area. If the dam failed with today's popula@on living below, economic and environmental damage would be extensive and the probability of loss of life would be high. oIn May 1995, a 6 metre high earth-lled irriga@on dam failed causing approximately half a million dollars damage. The sudden release of storage killed 48 head of cafle, destroyed 1.5 km of a public road, damaged 100 acres of hay eld and introduced 700,000 cubic metres of material into the Quesnel River. (Ministry of Environment BC., 2011).
Sta@s@cs on Dams.
-Dams on BriBsh Columbia Failure staBsBcs BC Hydro has developed a deciency priori@za@on system to evaluate the level of performance of dams within the province. The actual and poten@al deciencies are presented in the next matrix.
Ref. (11) from: BC Hydro, 2003.
Sta@s@cs on Dams.
-Dams on United States Failure staBsBcs Some of the most relevant dam failures in US history have been summarized by the Flood Hydrology and Meteorology, Technical Service Center, Bureau of Reclama@on, Denver Federal Center. Results from this inves@ga@on are presented as follows:
Ref. (6) W. Graham (2009) Ref.-Web. (12) AssociaBon of Dam Safety Ocials (2011)
Types of Embankment Dams.

Embankments dams may be classied into dierent categories depending their purpose. Based on the United Sate Department of the Interior - Bureau of Reclama@on (1977), three broad classica@on may be considered. Use: -Storage dams -Diversion dams -Deten@on dams Hydraulic design: -Overow dams -Non-overow dams Materials: -Concrete gravity dams -Concrete arch dams -Concrete bufress -Earthll dams -Earth and rockll dams
Ref. (1) United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of ReclamaBon (1977)

-Storage dams Constructed to store water in periods of surplus supply for use in periods of decient supply. Periods may be seasonal, annual or longer. Water is mostly storage on winter and spring season for use on summer periods. Based on the purpose of the water storage (i.e. hydroelectric power, recrea@on, irriga@on) these dams may be sub-classied in dierent groups. Construc@on design is most of the @me inuenced by the purpose of the dam.

-Diversion dams These dams do not generally impound water in a reservoir. Instead water is carried into ditches, canals and other conveyance systems. Diversion dam are generally used for: Irriga@on Return to the river aker passing for hydroelectric generators Diversion from a live stream to an o-channel-loca@on storage reservoir Municipal uses Industrial uses

-DetenBon dams Constructed to retard ood runo and minimize eects of sudden oods. There are three main types of deten@on dams based on their use: Type 1: Water is temporarily stored and released through an outlet structure without exceeding the capacity of the channel downstream. Type 2: This type of dam is usually called water-spreading dam or dike, having its main used recharging underground water supply. Type 3: Oken called debris dams, these are constructed to trap sediments.

-Overow dams Constructed to carry discharge over their crest. As discharge will tend to erode the design condi@on over the crest, no erodible materials must be used for construc@on. Most common construc@on material include concrete, masonry, steel and wood. -Non-overow dams Constructed not to be overtopped. No erodible materials as well as earthll and rockll are commonly used for their construc@on.

-Concrete gravity dams Concrete gravity dams are most frequently constructed on sites with a reasonable rm and stable rock founda@on. If adequate cuto is provided, concrete gravity walls may be constructed on alluvial founda@ons. May be adapted to be use as an overow spillway crest for earthll and rockll dams. Design of concrete gravity dams may be either curved or straight. Type of founda@on, use, safety and cost are some of the characteris@cs inuencing the design to be used.

-Concrete arch dams Adaptable to sites where founda@on at the abutments is solid rock capable of resis@ng arch thrust. It is most commonly designed where the ra@o of width between abutment and height is not appropriated, usually suitable for narrow canyons and gorges with steep walls. Required less material than most of the dams, making them economical and prac@cal. Require high level of stress and force analysis.

-Concrete arch dams Basic design are dened by the curvature radius in two main categories, constant and variable radius. For concrete arch dams with variable radius, upstream and downstream curves decrease in radius below the crest.

-Concrete bu_ress dams Comprise at deck and mul@ple arch structures. The solid water-@ght upstream site is supported at intervals in the downstream site. Require about 60% less of concrete that solid gravity walls. Expensive due to formwork and reinforcement steel required for their construc@on.

-Earthll dams -Homogeneous earthll -Earthll with toe drain -Zoned earthll -Earthll with horizontal drain -Earthll with ver@cal and horizontal drain
Ref. (2) R. Fell, D. Stapleton, P. MacGregor and G. Bell (2005)

-Earthll dams -Homogeneous earthll -General layout Ref. (2) Fell et al., 2005 -Control for internal erosion and piping Seepage is likely to be evidenced on the downstream face through cracks and earthll. -Control for pore pressure Pore pressure is not predictable.

-Earthll dams -Earthll with toe drain -General layout Ref. (2) Fell et al., 2005 -Control for internal erosion and piping Seepage is likely to be evidenced on the downstream face through cracks and earthll. Decient control into rockll if no lters provided. -Control for pore pressure Pore pressure is not predictable.

-Earthll dams -Zoned earthll -General layout Ref. (2) Fell et al., 2005 -Control for internal erosion and piping Seepage will be intercepted by the earth and rockll. May act as a lter for the earthll zone depending of grain size distribu@on. -Control for pore pressure Good control of pore pressure as earth and rockll present higher permeability than earthll zone.

-Earthll dams -Earthll with horizontal drain -General layout Ref. (2) Fell et al., 2005 -Control for internal erosion and piping Seepage is likely to be evidenced on the downstream face through cracks and earthll. -Control for pore pressure Pore pressure is not predictable.

-Earthll dams -Earthll with verBcal and horizontal drain -General layout Ref. (2) Fell et al., 2005 -Control for internal erosion and piping Seepage in earthll and cracks is intercepted by ver@cal drain. Drains have to be designed as lters with enough discharge capacity. -Control for pore pressure Good pore pressure control with lter drains controlling seepage through founda@on and dam.

-Earthll dams q Zone func@on Earthll: Controls seepage through the dam. Filter under rip rap: Control erosion of earthll through rip rap. Rip rap: Upstream erosion control against wave ac@on. Downstream erosion control from backwater ows from spillways. Fine lter: Control erosion of earthll by seepage water. Dam founda@on erosion control (as horizontal drain). Buildup of pore pressure (as ver@cal drain).

-Earthll dams q Zone func@on Coarse lter: Erosion control of ne lter into rockll. Seepage water collected discharge. Earth rockll: Provides stability Provides erosion control

-Earthll dams q Construc@on material for zone type Earthll Clay, sandy clay, clayey sand, silty sand possibly with gravel. Greater than 15% passing 0.075mm. Siltstones, shale and sandstones may give ne material if needed. Filter under rip rap Sand gravel, gravelly sand. Well graded with no more than 8% passing 0.075mm. Usually obtained from gravel pit run or crusher run with minimum washing and screening.

-Earthll dams q Construc@on material for zone type Rip rap Selected dense rockll size. Prevent erosion by wave ac@on. In earth and rockll dams, oken constructed by sor@ng large rocks from rockll and coarse ll zones. Fine lter Sand or gravely sand. Less than 5% nes passing 0.075mm Non plas@c nes Obtained from sand-gravel deposits by crushing, washing and screening.

-Earthll dams q Construc@on material for zone type Coarse lter Gravely sand or sandy gravel. Obtained from sand-gravel deposits by crushing, washing and screening. Design to strict par@cle size grading limits to act as lters. Required to be dense with hard aggregates.

-Earth and rockll dams -Earth and rockll central core -Earth and rockll sloping upstream core -Concrete face rockll -Puddle core earthll -Earthll with concrete core wall -Hydraulic ll

-Earth and rockll dams -Earth and rockll central core -General layout Ref. (2) Fell et al., 2005 -Control for internal erosion and piping Seepage in earthll is discharge in the rockll aker being intercept by lters. -Control for pore pressure Excellent control of pore pressure as rockll provides free drainage.

-Earth and rockll dams -Earth and rockll sloping upstream core -General layout Ref. (2) Fell et al., 2005 -Control for internal erosion and piping Seepage in earthll is discharge in the rockll aker being intercept by lters. -Control for pore pressure Excellent control of pore pressure as rockll provides free drainage.

-Earth and rockll dams -Concrete face rockll -General layout Ref. (2) Fell et al., 2005 -Control for internal erosion and piping Excellent for internal erosion as ne and coarse cushion layers act as lters. -Control for pore pressure Excellent pore pressure control as rockll provides free drainage and ne and coarse cushion are eec@ve.

-Earth and rockll dams -Puddle core earthll -Hydraulic ll -General layout Ref. Ref. (2) Fell et al., 2005 (2) Fell et al., 2005 -Earthll with concrete core wall
Ref. (2) Fell et al., 2005 Ref. (2) R. Fell, D. Stapleton, P. MacGregor and G. Bell (2005)

-Earth and rockll dams q Zone func@on Rockll: Erosion protec@on of coarse lter into coarse rockll. Provides stability Allow seepage discharge through the dam providing free draining. Coarse rockll: Provides stability Allow seepage discharge through the dam providing free draining. Coarse cushion layer: Provides concrete face layer support. Erosion protec@on for ne cushion layer into rockll. Fine cushion layer: Provides concrete face layer support. Prevent leakage for cracking or joints openings.

-Earth and rockll dams q Zone func@on Earthll Filter under rip rap Rip rap Fine lter Coarse lter
Same func@on as earthll dams

-Earth and rockll dams q Construc@on material for zone type Coarse rockll Quarry run rockll. Dense, strong and providing free drainage aker compac@on. Compacted in 1.5 2.0m layers. Maximum par@cle size equal to compacter layer thickness. Fine cushion layer: Silty sandy gravel well graded. From 2 to 12% passing 0.075mm. Obtained from rock or gravel by crushing and screening. Par@cles up to 200mm are allowed but internal instability may occur. Coarse cushion layer: Well graded sand-gravel-cobbles mix. Placed in 500mm layers. Sa@sfy lter grading requirements.

-Earth and rockll dams q Construc@on material for zone type Rockll Quarry run rockll. Dense, strong and providing free drainage aker compac@on. Compacted in 0.5 1.0m layers. Maximum par@cle size equal to compacter layer thickness. Upstream lter Sand gravel, gravelly sand. Well graded with no more than 8% passing 0.075mm. Usually obtained from gravel pit run or crusher run with minimum washing and screening.

-Earth and rockll dams q Construc@on material for zone type Earthll Rip rap Same func@on as earthll dams Fine lter Coarse lter
SelecBon of Embankment Dams
Selec@on of Embankment Dams.

-Availability of construc@on materials -Founda@on condi@ons -Climate -Topography -Saddle dam -Staged construc@on -Time for construc@on

-Availability of construcBon materials -Earthll Availability and uniformity of earthll will inuence design and construc@on method. vExample 1: Site condi@ons : Area underlain by sandstone which weather to produce a thinner sandy soil cover. Alterna@ve: Rockll dam with concrete membrane or concrete gravity dam. vExample 2: Site condi@ons: Two borrow areas with ner and coarser earthll. Alterna@ve: Zoned dam (with ver@cal and horizontal drain) with coarser earthll placed downstream of drain zones. In the presence of alluvial clayey soils, addi@onal zoning may be appropriate.

-Availability of construcBon materials -Earthll When cobbles and boulders are present in clayey soil deposits, these have to be removed to prevent compac@on problems. Rela@ve permeable soils can be used as earthll with permeability not higher than the founda@on permeability. Blending of soils has to be avoided as it leads to increased cost and diculty in quality control.

-Availability of construcBon materials -Rockll Rock which can be quarried to yield free draining rockll may leads to save in costs. Igneous and low grade metamorphic rocks yield free draining rockll. These rocks include granodorite, diorite, basalt, rhyolite, andersite, marble, greywacke quartzite, indurated siltstones and sandstones. Some metamorphic rocks, even though it may be dense with high modulus may break down due to compac@on to yield a poorly draining rockll. Highly weathered igneous and metamorphic rocks will not yield free draining rockll. Blas@ng may be use to get the required size of rockll. On thick beds of sandstones and siltstones, oversize rockll have to be break down and sor@ng when disposal.

-Availability of construcBon materials -Rockll Rockll may come from excava@ons of spillways, dam founda@on, inlet works, including others. These materials may not have the ideal proper@es, including shape and size, and changes in the embankment zoning may be required. Some sedimentary rocks tend to break down under compac@on. Under these circumstances, incorpora@on of free drainage rockll zones may be required to warranty the embankment is capable of remaining free draining .

-Availability of construcBon materials -Filter and drains Filter aggregates may be obtained from alluvial sand , gravel deposits and quarries. Most aggregates comes from igneous rocks but may be found in metamorphic rocks. Not many lters use sedimentary rocks as these rocks present poor condi@ons considering durability and shape. It is common to locate screening and crushing plants to produce high quality aggregates for lters and drains.

-FoundaBon condiBons Strength, compressibility and permeability on dam founda@ons will dene the type of embankment design to be used. Soil founda@ons with low strength may require rela@vely at embankment slopes to keep embankment stability. Permeable soil founda@on may lead to leakage and erosion, requiring some type of drain lters and cuto protec@on. Low permeability rock founda@on is suitable for all types of dams, par@cularly for concrete gravity and concrete arch dams. In zones suscep@ble to ground mo@ons, removal or densica@on of sandy soils, specially for loose to medium dense sandy soils, will be necessary to avoid liquefac@on eects.

-FoundaBon condiBons Grou@ng or special work may be required for dams on limestone founda@on. For this case earth and rockll dams and concrete face rocks may give the best performance among all others. For some sedimentary rocks subject to folding and faul@ng, including weak claystone and mudstone and strong sandstone, low eec@ve fric@on angles result for bedding plane shear condi@ons. Under this case, at slopes may be required on design and earthll dams with horizontal and ver@cal drain may propor@on one of the best op@ons. In most of the tropical areas, weathering of rock may lead to high permeability soil strength founda@on. Embankments with afer slopes are generally adopted under this case. Embankments may present large amount of seflement when constructed on deep soils founda@ons. To prevent cracking induced by dieren@al movement, construc@on of lters is required.

-Climate Construc@on of earthll embankments turns dicult when wet weather or freezing temperatures are presented, especially when rain is con@nuous with low evapora@on levels. In some cases, concrete face rockll or sloping upstream core construc@on may present advantage as the rockll can be placed even in wet condi@ons. For very arid areas, concrete face rockll may be preferable rather than earthll due to the amount of water required. On tropical condi@ons, weathering products of igneous rocks (Saprolites) exists as residuals soils. This type of soils may induce high pore water pressure on embankments causing big displacements. Precau@on is always recommended if saprolites are used as embankment material.

-Climate Punchina coerdam is a clear example of problems due to saprolite materials. The 45m high dam was constructed on sandy silt belonging to the soil group of saprolites. Construc@on progress had to be adjusted based on the precipita@on season leaving a short 2 months period for placing this material. High pore water pressure leads to displacements up to 1.5m horizontal and 0.45m ver@cal , at pore pressure in the centre por@on of 60 and 70% of the dead weight.
Ref. (2) from: ChrisBan Kutzner, 1997.

-Topography Construc@on of embankments may have signicant eects depending the type of topography presented in the area. Choosing op@mum embankment loca@on (not always possible) may lead to economic safes and more ecient structures. A couple of examples explaining this situa@on are given below. Changes in valley cross sec@on and curve of the river in plan, may favour upstream sloping core rather than central core to reduce amount of earthll required for the design. Changes in slope of abutment may cause cracking on the embankment. Construc@on of face rockll with extensive lter drains may lead to befer performance under this type of topography. Narrow steel sided valleys my cause problems for haul road construc@ons. Simple zone embankments such as concrete face rock may favouring this condi@on.


-Saddle dam Saddle dams are auxiliary dams conning the reservoir created by a primary dam in order to permit storage or to limit the extent of a reservoir for increasing eciency. Saddle dams have to be treated in the same way as main dams even if its loss might seen minor in rela@on to downstream consequences or loss in storage. Founda@on problems including erosion may arise jeopardizing the condi@on of the whole system. Issues may arise dealing with dams founda@on. Ridges may present dierent geological condi@ons than valleys so enough inves@ga@on has to be directed from a geologist perspec@ve for each par@cular dam site.

-Staged construcBon Economic safes is oken inuenced when construc@on of a dam takes place in dierent stages. For irriga@on, hydropower and water supply projects, lower dams and storage may comply with the demands in the early years. For tailings dams, storage may increase progressively as tailings are deposit in the dam. Concrete face rockll, earth and rockll with sloping upstream core or earthll with ver@cal and horizontal drain are good op@ons when staging is carefully

-Staged construcBon vBoondoma Dam. Loca@on Boyne River in the South Burnef region of Queensland, Australia View
Ref.-Web. (13) Sun Water Dam Porfolio (2011)

-Staged construcBon vBoondoma Dam. Use Supply water to the Tarong Power Sta@on Water volume 204,200 ML of water Surface Area Construc@on 18.15 km
Stage one: -Final surface eleva@on: 295.55m -Concrete face dam with lter material enclosing rockll up to 600mm DIA. at the upstream face. -Rockll up to 900mm DIA at the downstream face. -Rockll with no more than 5% passing through a 100mm aperture at the toe of the dam. Stage two: -Final surface eleva@on: 303.50m -Rockll up to 900mm DIA.
Ref.-Web. (13) Sun Water Dam Porfolio (2011)
Embankment Dams Details.

Design considera@ons -Freeboard -Slope protec@on -Overtopping during construc@on Detail considera@ons -Embankment crest -Embankment dimensioning -Interface between concrete structures and earthll

-Freeboard -DeniBon Dierence in eleva@on between the maximum water surface level in the reservoir and the dam crest. Normal freeboard: distance in eleva@on between the normal reservoir full supply level and the crest of the dam without considering camber eects. Minimum freeboard: distance in eleva@on between the maximum reservoir water level and the crest of the dam without considering camber eects. Camber is assumed as the extra height added to the crest to ensure detrimental condi@ons such as seflements and embankment consolida@on.

-Freeboard -DeniBon Freeboard provides protec@on against overtopping resul@ng from: oWind eects oWave eects oSeismic eects oSeflement oMalfunc@on of structures oUncertain@es in design Freeboard may be inuenced by certain factors including: oPoten@al changes in design ood es@mates oReliability of design ood es@mates oAssump@ons in ood rou@ng oType of dam oErosion suscep@bility

-Freeboard -DeniBon Some recommenda@ons have been addressed by USBR (1992) when considering freeboard condi@ons. oFreeboard at maximum reservoir water surface level Minimum freeboard greater than a) 0.9m b) Sum between wind set up and wave runup (During large ood condi@ons) oNormal water surface level Should be the wind set up and wave runup for the highest wind velocity that could occur. oIntermediate water surface freeboard Freeboard designed so that it has a remote probability of exceedance by any combina@on of wind set up, reservoir levels and wind generated waves.

-Freeboard -Wave and wind runup (preliminary design) USBR (1977) may be adopted based on: oWind velocity =160km/hr (normal freeboard) oWind velocity =80km/hr (minimum freeboard) For rip rap slopes, freeboard requirements may be adopted as follows Fetch Normal freeboard 1.2 m 1.5 m 1.8 m 2.4 m 3.0 m Minimum freeboard 0.9 m 1.2 m 1.5 m 1.8 m 2.1 m
>1.6km 1.6 4 8 16
Ref.(2) from: Foster et al., 1998

-Slope protecBon -Upstream slope protecBon -Requirements Currently, most of earth and rockll dams are protected from erosion by dumping rockll (rip rap). Characteris@c of rip rap may include: oLarge to dissipate energy of wave eects. oStrong to avoid break down to small par@cles. oDurable to withstand long term eects. For earthll dams, rip rap should be constructed under a lter layer to prevent erosion of earthll material.
Ref. (2) from: Fell et al., 2005

-Slope protecBon -Upstream slope protecBon -Requirements For earth and rockll dams, rip rap is obtained by pushing large rocks from the coarse rockll to the edge.
For reservoirs maintaining a high water level, it may be possible to provide less or no rip rap protec@on on the lower part of the embankment. Rip rap should be placed up to MOL less 2 @mes the wave height.

-Embankment crest -Crest width The crest width has small inuence in the overall stability of a dam and it is mainly determined by the minimum width required for construc@on (i.e. roadway). For larger dams, a 6 to 8 meters crest width is typically adopted. For small dams, 4 meter crest width is usually enough. Crest dimensioning is determined by arrangement of zoning under three principles. 1. Filters have to be taken as close to the crest as possible to prevent internal erosion and piping control. 2. Filter width can be narrowed at the crest under certain design condi@ons. 3. Rockll on the downstream face of the dam (if used) has to be taken as close to the crest as possible to protect lter drains.

-Embankment crest -Crest width Arrangement of a road pavement on the crest for an earth and rockll dam may give a befer perspec@ve about narrowing of lter zones.
Ref. (2) Fell et al., 2005
Crest is generally sloped towards the reservoir and cover with pavement to prevent erosion caused by trac. Pavement reduce desicca@on cracking of the core when non plas@c materials are used
Founda@ons on Embankment Dams.

-Requirements -Founda@on prepara@on -Cut o founda@on -Slope modica@on -Assessment

-Requirements Founda@on prepara@on for embankment dams depends mostly on: oType of dam oHeight of dam oTopography oClimate oGroundwater oSoil and rock proper@es For general founda@ons: o low strength and compressive materials are removed. oPermeability is not a cri@cal factor. oLiqueable materials have to be treated and/or removed. For cut o founda@ons: o Highly permeable and erodible materials are removed. oDrains have to be consistent to create a non erodible low permeability condi@on.

-FoundaBon preparaBon Rock founda@on under earthll oRemove topsoil and depending of the topography, colluvial soil and rock to expose in situ rock founda@on. oWhere weak seams in rock are evident, these may need to be removed and/ or iden@ed in the design. oSlope modica@on may be modied as required. Soil founda@on under earthll oRemove topsoil and weak compressible soils. To locate this weak soils, surface may be proof rolled with a tamping foot roller. oWhere soils are ssured or landslide ruptures are present, these may need to be removed and/or iden@ed in the design. oSlope modica@on may be modied as required.
Ref. (2) R. Fell, D. Stapleton, P. MacGregor and G. Bell (2005) (3) R.C. Hirschfeld and S.J. Poulos (1973)

-FoundaBon preparaBon Founda@on under rockll oRemove topsoil and weak compressible soils witch have a strength lower than the rockll. oWhere landslide ruptures are present in the rock, these may need to be removed and/or iden@ed in the design. oTo ensure a op@mum support between rockll and rock founda@on, cleaning of loose soil and rocks may be necessary with aids of bulldozer or grader. oSlope modica@ons seems unlikely for most condi@ons.

-FoundaBon preparaBon Founda@on under horizontal lter drains oFor founda@ons with erodible soil and/or rock, horizontal drains are required. oRemove topsoil and week compressible soils based on the assump@ons for design lter criteria. oWhere landslide ruptures are present in the soil and rock, these may need to be removed and/or iden@ed in the design. oSlope modica@ons are usually not required but only in especial cases (i.e. earthll placed on top of lter drain). oSurface must not be rolled prior to placing the lter as it will reduce permeability due to soil structure rupture. oClean up may be necessary if break up of surface is evident (par@cularly on low strength rock and soil).
Simplied Filter Criteria

Piping criterion: (D85B represents the par@cles size that must
be retained; D15f representa@ve average pore size, lter to trap par@cles larger than about 0.1D15f)
D15f < 5 D85B
Permeability criterion: D15f > 5 D15B Grada@on control: D50f < 25 D50B
PSD Tailings - Sand Interface - Rockfill

Relave Muestra 1
100 90 80 70
Finer than (%)
Relave Muestra 2 Relave Muestra 3 Relave Muestra 4 Relave Muestra 5 Relave Muestra 6 Relave Muestra 7 Relave Muestra 8 Relave Muestra 9 Relave Muestra 10 SAND fine envelope SAND coarse envelope
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0.001 0.01 0.1 1

Grain size [mm]
ROCKFILL fine envelope ROCKFILL coarse envelope
10
100
1000
Darcys Equa@on
v = ki Q = kiA v Darcy velocity k saturated hydraulic conduc@vity i ow gradient i = h/l
Analy@cal Solu@ons for Two Dimensional Flow With Dierent Boundary Condi@ons
Flow Nets
Conned Flow
Unconned Flow
CriBcal Exit Gradient

Consider the forces on an element
Down Up
Consider Stable Condi@ons

io w
(b - w)

iow

or io w io
= (120?-62.4)/62.4
62.4 1.0 62.4
Therefore, the cri@cal condi@on exists when the escape gradient exceeds unity. When this occurs, piping can happen.
References.
(1) United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclama@on (1977). Design of Small Dams. Washington : United States Government Prin@ng Oce. (2) R. Fell, D. Stapleton, P. MacGregor and G. Bell (2005). Geotechnical Engineering of Dams. Netherlands : A.A. Balkema Publishers Leiden. (3) R.C. Hirschfeld and S.J. Poulos (1973). Embankment Engineeing Casagrande Volume. New York : Wiley Interscience (4) S. D. Wylson and R. J. Marsal (1979). Current Trends in Design and Construc@on of Embankment Dams. New York : American Society of Civil Engineers. (5) M. Foster, R. Fell and M. Spannagle (2000). The sta@s@cs of embankment dam failures and accidents. Canadian Geotechnical Journal No 37. Canada : NRC Research Press.
References.
(6) W. Graham (2009). Major U.S. Dam Failures: Their Cause, Resultant Losses, and Impact on Dam - Safety Programs and Engineering Prac@ce. World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009: Great Rivers History. (7) H.B. Seed and J.M. Duncan (1981). The Teton Dam Failure A Retrospec@ve Review. University of California, Berkley, CA. (8) Wallace Chadwick and Arthur Casagrande (1976). Report to US Department of the Interior and State of Idaho on Failure of Teton Dam. (9) Lessons from the Failure of the Teton Dam. Proceedings of the 3rd ASCE Forensics Congress, October 19 - 21, 2003, San Diego, California.
References - Websites.
(10) Interna@onal Commission of Large Dams ICOLD. hfp://www.icold-cigb.net/GB/World_register/general_synthesis.asp (11) Ministry of Environment of Bri@sh Columbia. hfp://www.env.gov.bc.ca/wsd/public_safety/dam_safety/responsible.html#failures (12) Associa@on of Dam Safety Ocials. hfp://www.damsafety.org/news/?p=412f29c8-3fd8-4529-b5c9-8d47364c1f3e (13) Sun Water Dam Porolio. hfp://www.sunwater.com.au/__data/assets/pdf_le/0020/2099/SunWater_Dams_2011.pdf
Useful References.
G. Gedeon (2004). Design and Construc@on of Earth and Rock-Fill Dams. New York : Con@nuing Educa@on and Development. ICOLD Bulle@n 91 (1993). Embankment Dams Upstream Slope Protec@on. ICOLD Bulle@n 99 (1999). Dam Failure Sta@s@cal analysis. Failure of Teton Dam hfp://www.archive.org/stream/failureoketonda00teto#page/n57/mode/2up Teton Dam Failure Narra@ve. hfp://www.geol.ucsb.edu/faculty/sylvester/Teton_Dam/narra@ve.html

Lecture 2 - Embankment Dams Extended

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Lecture 2 - Embankment Dams Extended

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Ref.-Web. (10) ICOLD (2011)

Ref.-Web. (10) ICOLD (2011)

Ref.-Web. (10) ICOLD (2011)

Ref. (5) M. Foster, R. Fell and M. Spannagle (2000)

Ref.-Web. (11) Ministry of Environment of BriBsh Columbia (2011)

Ref. (11) from: BC Hydro, 2003.

Ref.-Web. (11) Ministry of Environment of BriBsh Columbia (2011)

Types of Embankment Dams.

Types of Embankment Dams.

Types of Embankment Dams.

Types of Embankment Dams.

Types of Embankment Dams.

Types of Embankment Dams.

Types of Embankment Dams.

Types of Embankment Dams.

Types of Embankment Dams.

Types of Embankment Dams.

Ref. (2) R. Fell, D. Stapleton, P. MacGregor and G. Bell (2005)

Types of Embankment Dams.

Ref. (2) R. Fell, D. Stapleton, P. MacGregor and G. Bell (2005)

Types of Embankment Dams.

Ref. (2) R. Fell, D. Stapleton, P. MacGregor and G. Bell (2005)

Types of Embankment Dams.

Ref. (2) R. Fell, D. Stapleton, P. MacGregor and G. Bell (2005)

Types of Embankment Dams.

Ref. (2) R. Fell, D. Stapleton, P. MacGregor and G. Bell (2005)

Types of Embankment Dams.

Ref. (2) R. Fell, D. Stapleton, P. MacGregor and G. Bell (2005)

Types of Embankment Dams.

Ref. (2) R. Fell, D. Stapleton, P. MacGregor and G. Bell (2005)

Types of Embankment Dams.

Ref. (2) R. Fell, D. Stapleton, P. MacGregor and G. Bell (2005)

Types of Embankment Dams.

Ref. (2) R. Fell, D. Stapleton, P. MacGregor and G. Bell (2005)

Types of Embankment Dams.

Ref. (2) R. Fell, D. Stapleton, P. MacGregor and G. Bell (2005)

Types of Embankment Dams.

Ref. (2) R. Fell, D. Stapleton, P. MacGregor and G. Bell (2005)

Types of Embankment Dams.

Ref. (2) R. Fell, D. Stapleton, P. MacGregor and G. Bell (2005)

Types of Embankment Dams.

Ref. (2) R. Fell, D. Stapleton, P. MacGregor and G. Bell (2005)

Types of Embankment Dams.

Ref. (2) R. Fell, D. Stapleton, P. MacGregor and G. Bell (2005)

Types of Embankment Dams.

Ref. (2) R. Fell, D. Stapleton, P. MacGregor and G. Bell (2005)

Types of Embankment Dams.

Types of Embankment Dams.

Types of Embankment Dams.

Same func@on as earthll dams

Ref. (2) R. Fell, D. Stapleton, P. MacGregor and G. Bell (2005)

Types of Embankment Dams.

Types of Embankment Dams.

Ref. (2) R. Fell, D. Stapleton, P. MacGregor and G. Bell (2005)

Types of Embankment Dams.

Ref. (2) R. Fell, D. Stapleton, P. MacGregor and G. Bell (2005)

SelecBon of Embankment Dams

Selec@on of Embankment Dams.

Ref. (2) R. Fell, D. Stapleton, P. MacGregor and G. Bell (2005)

Selec@on of Embankment Dams.

Ref. (2) R. Fell, D. Stapleton, P. MacGregor and G. Bell (2005)

Selec@on of Embankment Dams.