*Make research about I. Background of Disease II. Other name/s (if any) III. Causative agent IV.

Signs and symptoms (syndrome) V. Treatment VI. Prevention and Control *Make powerpoint presentation CLEAR, EASY TO UNDERSTAND, BRIEF:)) para di na tayo mahirapan sa question and answer and sa irereview. hehe * Also a written report/summary to be submitted to Ma'am. Place in a long folder.

Hookworm Disease

Definition
Hookworm disease is an illness caused by one of two types of S-shaped worms that infect the intestine of humans (the worm's host).

Description
Two types of hookworm are responsible for hookworm disease in humans. Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale have similar life cycles and similar methods of causing illness. The adult worm of both Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale is about 10 mm long, pinkishwhite in color, and curved into an S-shape or double hook. Both types of hookworm have similar life cycles. The females produce about 10,000-20,000 eggs per day. These eggs are passed out of the host's body in feces. The eggs enter the soil, where they incubate. After about 48 hours, the immature larval form hatches out of the eggs. These larvae take about six weeks to develop into the mature larval form that is capable of causing human infection. If exposed to human skin at this point (usually bare feet walking in the dirt or bare hands digging in the dirt), the larvae will bore through the skin and ride through the lymph circulation to the right side of the heart. The larvae are then pumped into the lungs. There they bore into the tiny air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs. Their presence within the lungs usually causes enough irritation to produce coughing. The larvae are coughed up into the throat and mouth, and are then swallowed and passed into the small intestine. It is within the intestine that they develop into the adult worm, producing illness in their human host. Ancylostoma duodenale is found primarily in the Mediterranean, the Middle East, and throughout Asia. Necator americanus is common in tropical areas including Asia, parts of the Americas, and throughout Africa. Research suggests that at least 25% of all people in the world have hookworm disease. In the United States, 700,000 people are believed to be infected with hookworms at any given time.

Causes and symptoms

Hookworms cause trouble for their human host when the worms attach their mouths to the lining of the small intestine and suck the person's blood. An itchy, slightly raised rash called "ground itch" may appear around the area where the larvae first bored through the skin. The skin in this area may become red and swollen. This lasts for several days and commonly occurs between the toes. When the larvae are in the lungs, the patient may have a fever, cough, and some wheezing. Some people, however, have none of these symptoms. Once established within the intestine, the adult worms can cause abdominal pain, decreased appetite, diarrhea, and weight loss. Most importantly, the worms suck between 0.03-0.2 ml of blood per day. When a worm moves from one area of the intestine to another, it detaches its mouth from the intestinal lining, leaving an irritated area that may continue to bleed for some time. This results in even further blood loss. A single adult worm can live for up to 14 years in a patient's intestine. Over time, the patient's blood loss may be very significant. Anemia is the most serious complication of hookworm

disease, progressing over months or years. Children are particularly harmed by such anemia, and can suffer from heart problems, mental retardation, slowed growth, and delayed sexual development. In infants, hookworm disease can be deadly.

Diagnosis
Diagnosis of hookworm disease involves collecting a stool sample for examination under a microscope. Hookworm eggs have a characteristic appearance. Counting the eggs in a specific amount of feces allows the healthcare provider to estimate the severity of the infection.

Treatment
Minor infections are often left untreated, especially in areas where hookworm is very common. If treatment is required, the doctor will prescribe a three-day dose of medication. One to two weeks later, another stool sample will be taken to see if the infection is still present.

Key terms
Alveoli The small air sacs clustered at the ends of the bronchioles, in the lungs in which oxygencarbon dioxide exchange takes place. Anemia Any condition where the oxygen-carrying capacity of the red blood cells is reduced; symptoms often include fatigue. Host The organism (like a human) in which another infecting organism (like a worm) is living. Larva An immature form of an organism, occurring early in that organism's development. Anemia is treated with iron supplements. In severe cases, blood transfusion may be necessary. Two medications, pyrantel pamoate and mebendazole, are frequently used with good results.

Prognosis
The prognosis for patients with hookworm disease is generally good. However, reinfection rates are extremely high in countries with poor sanitation.

Prevention
Prevention of hookworm disease involves improving sanitation and avoiding contact with soil in areas with high rates of hookworm infection. Children should be required to wear shoes when playing outside in such areas, and people who are gardening should wear gloves.

History
The symptoms now attributed to hookworm appear in papyrus papers of ancient Egypt (c. 1500 BC), described as a derangement characterized by anemia. Avicenna, a Persian physician of the 11th century, discovered the worm in several of his patients and related it to their disease. In later times, the condition was noticeably prevalent in the mining industry in England, France,Germany, Belgium, North Queensland and elsewhere. Italian physician Angelo Dubini was the modern-day discoverer of the worm in 1838 after an autopsy of a peasant woman. Dubini published details in 1843 and identified the species as A. duodenale. Working in the Egyptian medical system in 1852 German physician Theodor Bilharz, drawing upon the work of colleague Wilhelm Griesinger, found these worms during autopsies and went a step further in linking

them to local endemic occurrences of chlorosis, which would probably be called iron deficiency anemia today. A breakthrough came 25 years later following a diarrhea and anemia epidemic that took place among Italian workmen employed on the Gotthard Rail Tunnel. In an 1880 paper, physicians Camillo Bozzolo, Edoardo Perroncito, and Luigi Pagliani correctly hypothesized that hookworm was linked to the fact that workers had to defecate inside the 15 km tunnel, and that many wore worn-out shoes. In 1897, it was established that the skin was the principal avenue of infection and the biological life cycle of the hookworm was clarified. In 1899, American zoologist Charles Wardell Stilesbrought this evidence to bear on health issues in the southeast United States, identifying "progressive pernicious anemia" seen in the southern United States was caused by A. duodenale and he also identified the other important hookworm species: U. Necator. Testing in the 1900s revealed very heavy infestations in school-age children. In Puerto Rico, Dr. Bailey K. Ashford, an U.S. Army physician, organized and conducted a parasite treatment campaign, which cured approximately 300,000 persons (one-third of the Puerto Rico population) and reduced the death rate from this anemia by 90 percent during the years 1903 1904.

A doctor examines a boy for signs of hookworm in Coffee County, Alabama, 1939.

On October 26, 1909 the Rockefeller Sanitary Commission for the Eradication of Hookworm Disease was organized as a result of a gift of US$1 million from John D. Rockefeller, Sr. The five-year program was a remarkable success and a great contribution to United States public health, instilling public education, [28] medication, field work and modern government health departments in eleven southern states. The hookworm exhibit was a prominent part of the 1910 Mississippi state fair. The program nearly eradicated hookworm and would flourish afterwards with new funding as the Rockefeller Foundation International Health Division. The RF's hookworm campaign in Mexico showed how science and politics play a role in developing health policies. It brought together government officials, health officials, public health workers, Rockefeller officials and the community. This campaign was launched to eradicate hookworms in Mexico. Although the campaign did not focus on long-term treatments, it did set the terms of the relationship between Mexico and the Rockefeller Foundation. The scientific knowledge behind this campaign helped shaped [29] public health policies, improved public health and built a strong relationship between USA and Mexico.

In the 1920s, hookworm eradication reached the Caribbean and Latin America, where great mortality was reported among Black people in the West Indies towards the end of the 18th century, as well as through descriptions sent from Brazil and various other tropical and sub-tropical regions. Early treatment relied on the use of Epsom salt to reduce protective mucous, followed by thymol to kill the [30] worms. Later tetrachloroethylene was the leading method. It was not until later in the mid-20th century when new organic drug compounds were developed.

Prevention
The infective larvae develop and survive in an environment of damp dirt, particularly sandy and loamy soil. They cannot survive in clay or muck. The main lines of precaution are those dictated by sanitary science: Do not defecate in places other than latrines, toilets etc. Do not use human excrement or raw sewage or untreated 'night soil' as manure/fertilizer in agriculture Do not walk barefoot in known infected areas Deworm pet dogs canine and feline hookworms rarely develop to adulthood in humans (Ancylostoma caninum, the common dog hookworm, occasionally develops into an adult to causeeosinophilic enteritis in people), but their invasive larvae can cause an itchy rash called cutaneous larva migrans.

Signs and symptoms

There are no specific symptoms or signs of hookworm infection. As mentioned above, they give rise to a combination of intestinal inflammation and progressive iron/protein-deficiency anaemia. Larval invasion of the skin might give rise to intense, local itching, usually on the foot or lower leg, which can be followed by lesions that look like insect bites, can blister ("ground itch"), and last for a week or more. Animal hookworm larvae on penetrating humans may produce a creeping eruption called cutaneous larva migrans. The larvae migrate in tortuous tunnels in between stratum basale and stratum corneum of the skin, causing serpigenous vesicular lesions. With advancing movement of the larvae, the rear portions of the lesions become dry and crusty. The lesions are typically intenselyitchy. Coughing, chest pain, wheezing, and fever will sometimes be experienced by people who have been exposed to very large numbers of larvae. Epigastric pains, indigestion, nausea, vomiting,constipation, and diarrhea can occur early or in later stages as well, although gastrointestinal symptoms tend to improve with time. Signs of advanced severe infection are those of anemia andprotein deficiency, including emaciation, cardiac failure and abdominal distension with ascites.

Hookworm disease (also known as "Uncinariasis," and "Ground itch") is a cutaneous (skin) condition [1]:435 characterized by skin lesions that are erythematous macules and papules. Specific types [1]:435 include: Ancylostomiasis

Necatoriasis

What are the symptoms of hookworm disease?

In most cases, you will not experience symptoms if you have a hookworm infestation in the intestines. However, as the hookworm larvae mature in the intestines, gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhea,nausea and vomiting, may sometimes occur. Some people experience itching, swelling or redness of the skin where the larvae entered the body. Coughing and respiratory symptoms may result from the presence of hookworm larvae in the lungs.

Common gastrointestinal symptoms of hookworm disease

Hookworm disease may cause gastrointestinal symptoms including: Abdominal pain or cramping Bloody stool (the blood may be red, black, or tarry in texture) Diarrhea Gas Loss of appetite Nausea with or without vomiting

Other symptoms of hookworm disease

Hookworm disease can sometimes cause symptoms in other body systems. Examples include: Blood-tinged sputum Cough Fatigue Fever Itchy rash Pale skin or pallor

Symptoms that might indicate a serious condition

In some cases, hookworm disease can be a serious condition that should be immediately evaluated in an emergency setting. Seek immediate medical care (call 911) if you, or someone you are with, have any of these serious symptoms including: Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, which can lead to dehydration, potentially requiring intravenous fluids Symptoms of anemia such as shortness of breath, lightheadedness, and fatigue, which can be due to blood loss from the hookworm attaching itself to the intestine; pregnant women, the elderly, and those in poor health are susceptible

What causes hookworm disease?

Hookworm disease is caused by parasitic hookworms in the human body, usually picked up from contact with contaminated soil. Necator americanus is the type of hookworm that most commonly causes infestation in the United States, but other types of hookworm may also cause disease in humans and animals. Hookworm infestation is most common in moist, subtropical areas. Hookworm eggs are

deposited into the soil through contaminated human feces. After hookworm larvae hatch from these eggs and come into contact with a human host, they penetrate the skin and enter the body.

What are the risk factors for hookworm disease?

A number of factors increase the risk of developing hookworm disease. Not all people with risk factors will get hookworm disease. Risk factors for hookworm disease include: Contact with contaminated soil or sand, especially when walking barefoot Residence or travel in an area with poor sanitation, where human fecal matter may contaminate the soil

How is hookworm disease treated?

Treatment for hookworm disease begins with seeking medical care from your health care provider. To determine if you have hookworms, your health care provider will ask you to provide stool samples for laboratory testing. Anthelmintics, which are drugs that eliminate parasitic worms, are the standard treatment for hookworm disease. It is important to follow your treatment plan precisely and to take all of your medication as instructed to avoid reinfection or recurrence.

Anthelmintic medications for treatment of hookworm

Anthelmintic medications that are effective in the treatment of hookworm disease include: Albendazole (Albenza) Mebendazole (Vermox) If you have anemia related to hookworm disease, your doctor may also prescribe iron supplements and recommend the inclusion of more protein in your diet.

What are the potential complications of hookworm disease?

Treatment of hookworm disease usually results in full recovery; complications are rare unless the infection is left untreated. However, if anemia occurs, it can be severe in people who have chronic disease or poor nutrition, are pregnant, or are in poor health. Complications of hookworm include: Anemia (low red blood cell count) Ascites (accumulation of fluid in the abdomen) Nutritional deficiencies

What is hookworm disease?

Hookworm disease is a parasitic disease caused by the entry of larvae (immature form) of the hookworm, most commonly, Necator americanus, into a human host. People usually get hookworm disease by walking barefoot in soil that is contaminated with the feces of an infected person. Hookworm larvae enter through the skin, typically on the foot, and travel up through the bloodstream into the lungs. From the lungs, they are coughed up into the mouth, where they are swallowed and travel through the gastrointestinal tract to infest the small intestine. Hookworm Disease Spotlight Share Your Story. Get Community Support

Hookworm disease affects approximately 740 million people worldwide, mostly in tropical and subtropical areas. It was once a problem in the southern United States but has largely been contained as a result of improved hygiene (Source NIAID). Hookworm disease can produce an itchy rash, often called ground itch, at the site of initial skin infection. When the hookworm larvae are present in the lungs, coughing with or without bloody sputum may result. When present in the intestines, hookworm infection usually does not produce any recognizable symptoms. However, some people may experience diarrhea, abdominal pain, intestinal cramps, andnausea. Chronic or persistent hookworm disease can cause anemia (low red blood count) due to blood loss, especially in people with poor health or in pregnant women. Seek prompt medical care if you experience nausea and diarrhea, especially if these symptoms persist or worsen over time. Vomiting and diarrhea can cause dehydration and require treatment with intravenous fluids. You should also seek prompt medical care if you experience fatigue, pale skin,shortness of breath, and chest pains, which may be symptoms of anemia.

Transmission You can get hookworms by walking barefoot over contaminated soil. In penetrating your skin, the hookworm larvae (immature worms) may cause an allergic reaction. It is from the itchy patch at the place where the larvae entered your body that the early infection came to be known as "ground itch."

Once larvae have broken through your skin, they enter your bloodstream and are carried to your lungs. Unlike ascarids, another form of parasitic roundworm, hookworms do not usually cause pneumonia.

The larvae migrate from your lungs to your windpipe and are then swallowed and carried back down to your small intestine.

Cause The parasitic roundworm, known as hookworm, causes hookworm disease. Necator americanus is the most common type of hookworm that causes infection in the United States.

Hookworm eggs are passed in human feces onto the ground where they develop into infective larvae (immature worms). When the soil is cool, the larvae crawl to the nearest moist area and extend their bodies into the air. The larvae stay in the soilwaving their bodies to and frountil they come into contact with human skin, usually when stepped on by a bare foot, or until they are driven back into the ground by the heat.

Symptoms Diarrhea sometimes starts as the worms mature in your intestines and before eggs appear in the stool, particularly if you have never been infected by hookworms. During this stage of the disease you may have other symptoms, such as barely noticeable abdominal pain, intestinal cramps, colic, and nausea.

Scientists have learned that people in good health and on a diet containing adequate amounts of iron can tolerate the presence of these worms in small or moderate numbers without any symptoms.

In chronic (lasting a long time) hookworm infections, if the number of parasites becomes great enough, you can develop serious anemia (low red blood cell count). This is due to blood loss from the worms attaching themselves to the intestines and sucking the blood and tissue juices. When this situation is combined with poor nutrition, pregnancy, or malaria, the anemia can be severe.

What is hookworm disease?

Hookworm disease is a parasitic disease caused by the entry of larvae (immature form) of the hookworm, most commonly, Necator americanus, into a human host. People usually get hookworm disease by walking barefoot in soil that is contaminated with the feces of an infected person. Hookworm larvae enter through the skin, typically on the foot, and travel up through the bloodstream into the lungs. From the lungs, they are coughed up into the mouth, where they are swallowed and travel through the gastrointestinal tract to infest the small intestine. Hookworm Disease Spotlight Share Your Story. Get Community Support Hookworm disease affects approximately 740 million people worldwide, mostly in tropical and subtropical areas. It was once a problem in the southern United States but has largely been contained as a result of improved hygiene (Source NIAID).

Hookworm disease can produce an itchy rash, often called ground itch, at the site of initial skin infection. When the hookworm larvae are present in the lungs, coughing with or without bloody sputum may result. When present in the intestines, hookworm infection usually does not produce any recognizable symptoms. However, some people may experience diarrhea, abdominal pain, intestinal cramps, andnausea. Chronic or persistent hookworm disease can cause anemia (low red blood count) due to blood loss, especially in people with poor health or in pregnant women. Seek prompt medical care if you experience nausea and diarrhea, especially if these symptoms persist or worsen over time. Vomiting and diarrhea can cause dehydration and require treatment with intravenous fluids. You should also seek prompt medical care if you experience fatigue, pale skin,shortness of breath, and chest pains, which may be symptoms of anemia.

Prevention If you are in an area where hookworm disease is common, or where human feces may be in the soil or sand, you

Should not walk barefoot on the soil or sand Should not touch the soil or sand with your bare hands Diagnosis A laboratory worker will examine your stool specimens to look for and count the number of eggs that may be there.