CHAPTER 16 HOW ARE ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM INTERRELATED?

TERMS AND DEFINITIONS. Magnetism- it is the study of magnetic fields and their effect on materials Magnetic Field- Magnetic forces pull and push objects by generating this. It is a region in which a magnetic force can be detected. Electromagnetism- it is the relationship between electricity and magnetism Energy- the ability to move an object some distance Commutator- it is the part which reverses the flow of current through an electric motor. Electric Motor- converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. It is a device that uses electric current to turn an axle. Current meters- are devices which measure electric current. In these devices, there is a response of magnetic forces between an electromagnetic and a permanent magnet Electromagnetic induction- Magnetism can also be used to produce electricity. This fact is essential in todays massive generation of electricity by power plants Transformer- Voltage and current in AC circuits can be increased or decreased using this device. It uses electromagnetic induction to change the voltage and current in a circuit Generator- converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. Any device that creates an electrical current by turning a coil of wire through a magnetic field LAWS/ PRINCIPLES Magnetic Fields A magnet has a north pole and a south pole. The north pole is the end that points toward the north magnetic pole of the earth when the magnet is freely suspended. Like magnetic poles repel each other, and unlike poles attract each other. A magnetic field exists in the space around a magnet. The magnetic field is a vector whose direction at any point is the direction indicated by the north pole of a small compass needle placed at that point. As an aid in visualizing the magnetic field, magnetic field lines are drawn in the vicinity of a magnet. The lines appear to originate from the north pole and end on the south pole. The magnetic field at any point in space is tangent to the magnetic field line at the point. Furthermore, the strength of the magnetic field is proportional to the number of lines per unit area that passes through a surface oriented perpendicular to the lines. Magnetic Materials. Ferromagnetic materials, such as iron, are made up of tiny regions called magnetic domains, each of which behaves as a small magnet. In an unmagnetized ferromagnetic material, the domains are randomly aligned. In a permanent magnet, many of the domains are aligned, and a high

degree of magnetism results. An unmagnetized ferromagnetic material can be induced into becoming magnetized by placing it in an external magnetic field. Induced Emf and Induced Current. Electromagnetic induction is the phenomenon in which an emf is induced in a piece of wire or a coil of wire with the aid of a magnetic field. The emf is called an induced emf, and any current that results from the emf is called an induced current. Lenzs Law. Lenzs law provides a way to determine the polarity of an induced emf. Lenzs law is stated as follows: The induced emf resulting from a changing magnetic flux has a polarity that leads to an induced current whose direction is such that the induced magnetic field opposes the original flux change. This statement is a consequence of the law of conservation of energy.

APPLICATIONS Mass Spectrometer. Physicists use mass spectrometers for determining the relative masses and abundances of isotopes. Chemists use these instruments to help identify unknown molecules produced in chemical reactions. Mass spectrometers are also used during surgery, where they give the anesthesiologist information on the gases, including the anesthetic, in the patients lungs. In the type of mass spectrometer illustrated in the figure, the atoms or molecules are first vaporized and then ionized by the ion source. The ionization process removes one electron from the particle, leaving it with a net positive charge of +e. The positive ions are then accelerated through the potential difference V, which is applied between the ion source and the metal plate. With a speed v, the ions pass through a hole in the plate and enter a region of constant magnetic field, where they are deflected in semicircular paths. Only those ions following a path with the proper radius r strike the detector, which records the number of ions arriving per second.

The physics of a loudspeaker. Most loudspeakers operate on the principle that a magnetic field exerts a force on a current-carrying wire. Figure 16.2 shows a speaker design that consists of three basic parts: a cone, a voice coil, and a permanent magnet. The cone is mounted so it can vibrate back and forth. When vibrating, it pushes and pulls on the air in front of it, thereby creating sound waves. Attached to the apex of the cone is the voice coil, which is a hollow cylinder around which coils of wire are wound. The voice coil is slipped over one of the poles of the stationary permanent magnet (the north pole in the drawing) and can move freely. The two ends of the voice-coil wire are connected to the speaker terminals on the back panel of a receiver. The receiver acts as an AC generator, sending an alternating current to the voice coil. The alternating current interacts with the magnetic field to generate an alternating force that pushes and pulls on the voice coil and the attached cone. To see how the magnetic force arises, consider Figure 16.2b, which is a cross-sectional view of the voice coil and the magnet. In the cross-sectional view, the current is directed into the page in the upper half of the voice coil ( ) and out of the

page in the lower half ( ). In both cases the magnetic field is perpendicular to the current, so the maximum possible force is exerted on the wire. An application of RHR-1 to both the upper and lower halves of the voice coil shows that the magnetic force in the drawing is directed to the right, causing the cone to accelerate in that direction. One-half of a cycle later when the current is reversed, the direction of the magnetic force is also reversed, and the cone accelerates to the left. If, for example, the alternating current from the receiver has a frequency of 1000 Hz, the alternating magnetic force causes the cone to vibrate back and forth at the same frequency, and a 1000-Hz sound wave is produced. Thus, it is the magnetic force on a current-carrying wire that is responsible for converting an electrical signal into a sound wave. The physics of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). A new technique that shows promise for the treatment of psychiatric disorders such as depression is based on mutual induction. This technique is called transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and is a type of indirect and gentler electric shock therapy. In traditional electric shock therapy, electric current is delivered directly through the skull and penetrates the brain, disrupting its electrical circuitry and in the process alleviating the symptoms of the psychiatric disorder. The treatment is not gentle and requires an anesthetic, because relatively large electric currents must be used to penetrate the skull. In contrast, TMS produces its electric current by using a time-varying magnetic field. A primary coil is positioned over the part of the brain to be treated (see Figure 22.16), and a timevarying current is applied to this coil. The magnetic field produced by the primary coil penetrates the brain and, since the field is changing in time, it induces an emf in the brain. This induced emf causes an electric current to flow in the conductive brain tissue, with therapeutic results similar to those of conventional electric shock treatment. The current delivered to the brain, however, is much smaller than the current in the conventional treatment, so that patients receive TMS treatments without anesthetic and without severe after-effects such as headaches and memory loss. TMS remains in the experimental stage, however, and the optimal protocol for applying the technique has not yet been determined.

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following is not true? a. Magnets have the ability to attract materials that are magnetic in nature. b. Like poles attract and unlike poles repel each other. c. When allowed to hang freely, magnets always align in one particular direction. d. Magnetic poles always occurs in pairs. 2. The polarity of an unmarked magnet can be determined using: A. a charged glass rod B. a compass C. an electroscope D. another unmarked magnet E. iron filings 3. A circular device made up of many blades that is responsible in converting mechanical energy to electrical energy. a. pump b. agitator c. turbine d. transformer 4. Lenz law can explain: A. paramagnetism only B. diamagnetism only C. ferromagnetism only D. only two of the three types of magnetism E. all three of the types of magnetism 5. It converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. a. turbine b. electric motor

c. battery

d. electromagnet

PROBLEMS 1. Differentiate AC from DC. How is each generated? Answer: The difference between AC and DC is that AC is an alternating current (the amount of electrons) that flows in both directions and DC is direct current that flows in only one direction; the product that is flowing being electrons. AC power is what fuels our homes. The wires outside of our house are connected at two ends to AC generators. DC is found in batteries and solar cells. Both AC and DC employ magnets to repel electrons. Electrons are negatively charged particles that are one of 3 components that make up an atom. Negative charges will repel negative charges and positive charges will repel positive charges, so one only needs to introduce a negatively charged item next to electrons to force them to move in the opposite direction. Likewise, you can attract electrons by introducing something that is positively charged into their environment drawing the electrons to it. This property of electrons is what allows for AC power to work; that is, they switch directions constantly. The picture to the left is a demonstration of AC power at work. The constant switching of directions is evident in the dotted appearance of the light lines. 2. Discuss how a DC motor operates. Answer: A DC motor is a mechanically commutated electric motor powered from direct current (DC). The stator is stationary in space by definition and therefore so is its current. The current in

the rotor is switched by the commutator to also be stationary in space. This is how the relative angle between the stator and rotor magnetic flux is maintained near 90 degrees, which generates the maximum torque. DC motors have a rotating armature winding (winding in which a voltage is induced) but non-rotating armature magnetic field and a static field winding (winding that produce the main magnetic flux) or permanent magnet. Different connections of the field and armature winding provide different inherent speed/torque regulation characteristics. The speed of a DC motor can be controlled by changing the voltage applied to the armature or by changing the field current. The introduction of variable resistance in the armature circuit or field circuit allowed speed control. Modern DC motors are often controlled by power electronics systems called DC drives.