Content

Introduction..........................................................................................................3 1. Problem Definition.......................................................................................4 2. Causes of stress...........................................................................................5 3. Signs and symptoms of stress......................................................................6 3. Stressor phase..............................................................................................7 4. Biochemical changes in stress......................................................................8 5. The consequences of stress.......................................................................8-9 6. Measures of prevention and control.....................................................10-11 Conclusion........................................................................... ..............................12 Literature............................................................................................................13

Introduction

In today's busy world it is often spoken about the stress that is linked to heavy-duty, war, retirement, family problems, death of a close person, etc.

We all used to the concept of stress and we have already forgotten that he means only a state of constant psycho emotional tension, but also quite serious changes in the body. Every fourth citizen of Serbia has some sort of mental disorder, according to new research. People can suffer for years and ignored the obvious symptoms of a stressful situation and gradually "burn". Thanks to the stress people are developing the physical, intellectual and emotional level. Any impact on the human body, both internal and external, can be positive or negative.

Certain amount of stress is not only avoidable, but also necessary for human survival. Various authors suggest different kinds of stress. It is profesional (stress at work) and emotional stress and physical and psychological stress, postoperative stress, posttraumatic stress, etc.. There is no single general classification of stress.

Different types of stress caused by specific biochemical changes in the body. In a stressful situation to increase the level of certain hormones in the blood (epinephrine, norepinephrine, etc.). which leads to increased blood supply the brain, lungs, heart, muscle. Increases blood glucose levels, frequent breathing and heartbeat - prepare organism to respond to dangerous activities. And those reactions can occur not only in situations of real danger, but also recall some situations.

1. Problem Definition

English word stress means pressure, effort, strain, exertion. Hans Sally, one of the most famous stress researcher, says that stress is any demand for the new adjustment which sets the body environment.

First we must define: stressful situation or stressor reaction to a stressful situation, which is commonly referred to as stress, it should distinguish stress from stressors.

Sally has two different kinds of stress: eustres (that is pleasant and contributes to health) distress (which is unpleasant and threatens the health)

He thought that short and mild stress, which can be controlled, perceived as friendly. In addition they can make possible emotional and intellectual growth and development. Also felt that the difficult situations that lead to the collapse of the adaptive capacity of the body are harmful, because they lead to serious health problems.

Also, it is believed that stress affects people who work too hard. And that is only partially true, because practice shows that they are under stress often people who are unemployed or who may be only partially engaged, or are not fully utilized.

2.

Causes of stress

The situations and pressures that cause stress are known as stressors. We usually think of stressors as being negative, such as an exhausting work schedule or a rocky relationship. However, anything that puts high demands on you or forces you to adjust can be stressful. This includes positive events such as getting married, buying a house, going to college, or receiving a promotion. What causes stress depends, at least in part, on your perception of it. Something that's stressful to you may not faze someone else; they may even enjoy it. For example, your morning commute may make you anxious and tense because you worry that traffic will make you late. Others, however, may find the trip relaxing because they allow more than enough time and enjoy listening to music while they drive.

Common external causes of stress

Not all stress is caused by external factors. Stress can also be self-generated:

Major life changes Work Relationship difficulties

Financial problems Being too busy Children and family

Common internal causes of stress

Not all stress is caused by external factors. Stress can also be self-generated:

Inability to accept uncertainty Pessimism Negative self-talk

Unrealistic expectations Perfectionism Lack of assertiveness

3. Signs and symptoms of stress

Excess stress can manifest itself in a variety of emotional, behavioral, and even physical symptoms, and the symptoms of stress vary enormously among different individuals. Common somatic (physical) symptoms often reported by those experiencing excess stress include:

sleep disturbances, muscle tension, muscle aches, headache gastrointestinal disturbances fatigue.

Emotional and behavioral symptoms that can accompany excess stress include:

nervousness, anxiety, changes in eating habits including overeating, loss of enthusiasm or energy, mood changes (like irritability and depression)

Of course, none of these signs or symptoms means for certain that there is an elevated stress level since all of these symptoms can be caused by other medical and/or psychological conditions.

It is also known that people under stress have a greater tendency to engage in unhealthy behaviors, such as excessive use or abuse of:

alcohol and drugs cigarette smoking making poor exercise and nutritional choices, than their less-stressed counterparts

These unhealthy behaviors can further increase the severity of symptoms related to stress, often leading to a "vicious cycle" of symptoms and unhealthy behaviors. 5

4. Stressor phase

When a man encounters with stressors, then his reaction is realized in three stages:

1. stage alarm 2. phase resistance 3. phase of exhaustion

In the first stage in dealing with any threat coming up strong agitation, which leads to a high level of excitement. Added to that are defensive reactions, through which a man preparing for a much greater effort. In the second phase, which is a phase of resistance level of arousal decreases gradually, so that may be made in the long period. At this stage, a man trying to cope and to deal with stressors. If that fails, there is a third phase which is called the phase of exhaustion. In this phase, decreasing the excitement and the ability to resist making may arise serious disorders and biological damage, you can come to illness and even death.

The reaction alert (alarm) - the body is not prepared for the stressors and come up with a balance disorder

Phase Resistance (Resistance) - the body manages to balance the increased effort

Stage of exhaustion - if the effect of stressors does not stop, next thing it happens is exhaustion of reserves of the organism. Then came a collapse, to disease and sometimes death.

5. Biochemical changes in stress

Significant organic changes that occur in response to a stressful situation, the activities of the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system (thyroid and adrenal glands). Changes in brain transmitters - substances that allow the transmission of impulses across the synaptic connections.

6. The consequences of stress

Stress

effects

on

health

are

very

serious

in

negative

sense.

There

opinion that the role of stress in the forms of physical ailments including percentage of 5070%. It is difficult to accurately assess the impact that stress has on performance. Traditional notion assumes that the relationship between stress and performance can be represented curve. A decline in performance comes at a higher level of stress. However, much of the evidence that testifies to the fact that performance can be reduced with low levels of stress and stress leads to mainly negative effects. There are individuals who experience more stressful situations as a challenge rather than as a threat. They are in such crisis situations have the most to offer. For such people, stress acts as an incentive to improve their performance. When people are exposed to stress for a longer period so they can experience. fatigue. Fatigue can be defined as a syndrome of emotional, physical and mental exhaustion associated with feelings of low personal respect or low personal capacity, resulting prolonged exposure to intense stress.

Symptoms of fatigue are demonstrated through three categories:

1. physical condition (headache, insomnia, weight loss, exhaustion and fatigue, gastro disorders), 2. changes in behavior (increased irritability, mood swings, low tolerance for frustration, increased suspicion, greater willingness to risk) 3. attempts for self-healing - the use of alcohol and barbiturates and performance (reduced efficiency - more time is spent in work, but the performance and lower productivity, lack of interest in work, less initiative, reduced capacity to effectively perform the job stress).

The fatigue is influenced by numerous and various factors such as conditions at work, style of leadership in the organization, individual personality traits and so on. As one of the most important factors distinguish the styles of control used. Individuals in Organizations who have a positive and active attitude towards the problems significantly more resistant. Those who avoid problems, react passively and let things happen to them, show great affinity for this syndrome . Victims of fatigue often change jobs or retire, and show a high degree of indifference. Most common consequences of stress are : High blood pressure Myocardial infarction Ulcer Atherosclerotic changes of blood vessels Headaches Depression Increased blood cholesterol
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7. Measures of prevention and control

Healthy lifestyle, and measures to improve health, increase resistance to stress, and includes the following coping skills:

Regular and adequate nutrition Physical activity Identify and avoid stressful situations whenever possible Dealing with things that are not required, to find a hobby and leisure Allocate sufficient time for sleep and relaxation Plan and organize duties Do not allow the accumulation of activity

It is very important, if it can not avoid stress, try to reduce the intensity of the harmful effects of stress. In this sense we can distinguish between personal stress management strategies and the organization's strategy for stress management. Personal approaches to combat stress are more concentrating on reducing its negative impact while the organizational strategy much more concerned with the prevention of stress in general.

When it comes to personal stress management strategies can be divided into the following four approaches:

management style of life physiological techniques cognitive approach behavior change

Management style of life means changing lifestyle of individuals exposed to stress risk. Most are encouraged to be more attention paid to nutrition and raising physical fitness. It is proven that the proper diet (more fruits and vegetables, less salt and fat) significantly increases the body's ability to combat stress. The same is true of maintaining physical fitness through regular exercise of physical activity and exercise. Introducing new habits and lifestyle applications requires a lot of will and effort, but there is a general adopted the view that the effects are very favorable.

Techniques related to the behavior we are taught to react differently when faced with stressful situations. In these moments it is proposed that people help themselves by applying actions that are caused by inappropriate emotions (eg, taking a break before an important decision or doing a hobby). The aim of this behavior is to reestablish balance and regain a sense of control over the situation. Like individuals, organizations can also remove many sources of stress in the workplace. Strategies that organizations can use as an effective prophylaxis against stress are changes in organizational structure, changes in the nature of work and implementation of programs for managing stress.

Stress can be avoided if you pay particular attention to the nature of works. The correct formulation of certain tasks may be included in the diversity of jobs that are usually boring and monotonous. Modern organizations often apply the so-called. programs for stress management. These programs involve direct training of employees to reduce the harmful effects of stress. Programs generally include a combination of previously described techniques. Many organizations do not spend resources on creating their own programs already using the programs of external consultants or widespread audio-visual programs on video cassettes. Also, many organizations, instead of stress management,

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Conclusion

Today's man is becoming less physically active, thanks to spiraling development of science and technology, which allow its movement is reduced to a minimum. Captured urban, rapid way of life, burdened with stresses and great mental and physical stress at work on after the formal working hours feeling very tired, broken, dispirited, depressed, listless. This raises the question of where it leads and the uses of the acquired material goods, if so exhausted that he could not enjoy them.

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literature

- Dr. N. Roth and Dr. S. Radonjic - psychology for the second and third year of high
http://www.medicinenet.com/stress/ http://www.helpguide.org/mental/stress_signs. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/stress

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