NSS Biology_Ch06 in humans

Quick check (p.6-9) Directions: Questions 1 and 2 refer to the diagram, which shows the vertical section of a human tooth:

Nutrition

1.

Which structures are hard and rigid? A. B.B C. D 1, 2 and 3 1, 2 and 4 1, 3 and 5 2, 4 and 5 HKCEE Biology 2004 II Q28

2.

Which structures receive a continuous supply of nutrients? A. B. C. 1, 2 and 3 only 3, 4 and 5 only 1, 2, 4 and 5 only HKCEE Biology 2004 II Q29

D.D 2, 3, 4 and 5 only Quick check (p.6-11) The diagram below shows the movement of food along the oesophagus. Which line in the table below correctly describes the state of the circular muscles at points 1, 2 and 3 on the diagram?

Circular muscles Point 1 Point 2 Point 3 contracted relaxed contracted relaxed contracted contracted contracted relaxed relaxed relaxed contracted relaxed SQA Intermediate 2 Biology 2003 Section A Q6

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Quick Check (p.6-16) Directions. Questions 1 and 2 refer to the diagram below, which shows the alimentary canal and its associated structures:

1.

Which structures are responsible for producing secretions that help the digestion of fat? A. B. C. 1 and 3 only 1 and 5 only i 2 and 3 only HKCEE Biology 2006 II Q1

D.D 4 and 5 only 2.

Which of the following operations may help an obese () person to control body weight? (1) (2) (3) A. B.B C. D. decrease the volume of 1 decrease the length of 2 decrease the length of 3 (1) and (2) only (1) and (3) only i (2) and (3) only (1), (2) and (3) HKCEE Biology 2006 II Q2

Quick Check (p.6-21) The diagram shows the longitudinal section of a villus. Which food substances are absorbed into structures P and Q respectively after taking a meal containing lipids and starch? P A. B. C. D. glucose amino acids glucose lipids Q lipids glucose water glucose

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Quick check (p.6-24) The liver is regarded as a digestive gland because it A. B. D. converts stored glycogen into glucose. breaks down excess amino acids. stores iron. HKCEE Biology 2002 IIQ14

C.C produces bile()

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NSS Biology_Ch06_Exercise (p.6-27) Nutrition in humans

Multiple-choice questions 1. Which of the following comparisons between the milk dentition and the permanent dentition of humans is/are correct? Milk dentition (1) (2) (3) A.A B. C. D. fewer molars no canines serves babies whose main diet is milk (1) only (3) only (1) and (2) only (2) and (3) only HKCEE Biology 2002 II Q22 Permanent dentition more molars with canines serves adults whose main diet is solid food

Directions: Questions 2 and 3 refer to the diagram below, which shows the human alimentary canal and its associated structures:

2.

Which of the following structures are responsible for producing secretions that help the digestion of proteins? A. B. C. 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only HKCEE Biology 2007 II Q19

D.D 1, 2 and 3 3.

Which of the following would be the possible effect of removing part of structure 4 in an operation? A. B. C. Less faeces will be produced. Oily faeces will be produced. Hard faeces will be produced. HKCEE Biology 2007 II Q20

D.D Watery faeces will be produced.

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Directions: Questions 4 and 5 refer to the diagram below, which shows the alimentary canal and its associated structures:

4.

Chemical digestion of carbohydrate occurs in A. B.B C. D. 1 and 2 only. 1 and 4 only. 2 and 3 only. 3 and 4 only. HKCEE Biology 2005 II Q19

5.

If structure 5 of a person were blocked, which of the following would occur? A.A B. C. D. His faeces would contain a lot of fat. His faeces would become hard and dry. His blood insulin level would decrease. He would produce a large volume of dilute urine. HKCEE Biology 2005 II Q20

6.

Which of the following statements about the digestion in the stomach is incorrect? A. B. C. The stomach churns to break down food into smaller pieces. Proteins are digested into polypeptides and peptides. Hydrochloric acid is secreted to provide an optimum pH for the enzymes to work.

D.D Gastric juice can neutralize the acidic bolus. 7.D Cooked egg white cubes and an enzyme obtaining from the stomach are put in four test tubes. The mixture will become clear if the egg white is digested. Which of the following tubes will become clear first?

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8.

Humans cannot digest fibre. This means that fibre A. B.B C. D. cannot pass along the intestines. makes up most of the faeces. creates acid conditions in the stomach. stimulates the release of enzymes from the liver. Edexcel IGCSE Biology May 2005 Paper 1F Q1i

The diagram below shows the blood supply of the liver and the small intestine. Which blood vessel has the greatest fluctuation in blood glucose concentration within a day? A. C.C B. D. vessel 1 vessel 3 vessel 2 vessel 4 HKCEE Human Biology 2004 II Q16

Short questions 10. Compare phvsical digestion and chemical digestion.

Physical digestion breaks down food into fine pieces to increase its surface area to enhance chemical digestion. Chemical digestion breaks down large food molecules into smaller molecules. The products after chemical digestion are small enough for absorption but those formed after physical digestion are not. Physical digestion is done by physical actions whereas chemical digestion is done by the action of digestive enzymes. Chemical digestion involves changes in the chemistry of the food but physical digestion does not.

(4 marks)

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11.

The function of the pancreas in some people may become impaired due to the blockage of the pancreatic duct. The diagram below shows the pancreas and part of the alimentary canal:

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(a)

The pancreas is the major organ that produces lipase. Due to blockage of the pancreatic duct, pancreatic lipase cannot reach the duodenum. Thus fat in the food cannot be digested and is egested in the faeces
(b)

The faeces produced by such patients usually have a high fat content. Explain why.

(3 marks) In these patients, tissue of the pancreas may get digested. How would you account for this? (2 marks)

Due to the blockage of the pancreatic duct, digestive enzymes accumulate / become active in the Pancreas. The protease accumulated digests the tissue ofthe pancreas / the lipase accumulated digests the cell membrane of pancreatic tissue cells
HKCEE Biology 2003 I Q2c 12. Complete the table. Part of gut where digestion occurs Stomach Enzyme Substrate Protein (4 marks) Product

Protease
Lipase

Polypeptides / peptides

Duodenum

Lipase / Fatty acids and fat glycerol

Starch

Duodenum Ileum

Amylase Carbohydrase / maltase

Maltose
Glucose

Maltose

AQA GCE (AS) Unit 1 Jun 2005 Q4a 13. The table below shows the average amount of water entering the alimentary canal and the average amount being absorbed in the intestine of a person each day: Water entering the alimentary canal Source Volume (mL) Ingestion 2000 Secretions along the alimentary canal 8000
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Water absorbed by the intestine Site Volume (mL) Small intestine 9000 Large intestine 850

(a)

Based on the above information, how much water is egested with the faeces each day? (Note: Neglect the amount of water absorbed in the other parts of the alimentary canal.) (1 mark)

150 mL
(b)

saliva, mucus, gastric juice, pancreatic juice, bile, intestinal juice (any two)
(c) (i) small marks) Based on one structural difference between the small intestine and the large intestine, explain why a much larger volume of water is absorbed in the intestine. (2

Give two examples of secretions that enter the alimentary canal.

(2 marks)

The small intestine is longer than the large intestine so the time for water absorption is longer / surface area for water absorption is larger
(ii) Explain how the absorption of digested food facilitates the absorption of water in the small intestine. marks) (2

The absorption of digested food into blood increases the water potential of the gut content. As a result, water is drawn into the blood by osmosis
HKCEE Biology 2006 I Q2 14 The diagram below shows a cross section of a part of the ileum.

(a)

Absorbs / transports lipids / fats

(b)

What is the function of X?

(2 marks)

Enables villi to move

What is the importance of having muscle cells in the ileum?

(2 marks)

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Increased contact with food

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15.

The diagram shows part of the small intestine, the liver and associated blood vessels.

(a)

Explain why shortly after eating a meal containing protein, the concentration of amino acids in the blood in the portal vein rises. marks) (4

Proteins are digested / broken down into amino acids in the stomach and small intestines by the action of proteases. The amino acids are then absorbed into blood capillaries of the villi, and carried to other parts of the body by the blood.
(b) Why does a high concentration of amino acids in the liver result in a high concentration of urea in blood in the hepatic vein? (1 mark)

The liver deaminates excess amino acids by removing and converting the amino groups into urea.
Edexcel GCSE Biology B Higher Tier Jun 2003 Q3 Structured questions 16. The X-ray photograph below shows a human molar. (a) Using the letters in the photograph, state all the structures that is/are (i) richly supplied with capillaries,

A, B, D

(ii)

rich in calcium salts. (2 marks)

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(b)

Based on the X-ray photograph, make a labelled drawing of this tooth.

(4 marks)

(c)

Explain how the process of digestion would be affected if a person lost most of this type of tooth. (3 marks)

Food could not be ground or crushed into small Pieces /there would be less mechanical digestion The surface area for the action of digestive enzymes would not be large enough. It would take longer time for the food to be broken down into simple soluble forms.
HKCEE Biology 2001 I Q1c 17. The diagram below shows the alimentary canal and its associated structures: The table on the right shows the extent of digestion of certain food substances in various regions of the alimentary canal. Percentage of undigested food substances present Region X Region Y Region Z 100 0 60 85 0 85 100 0 100

Protein Starch Fat (a)

Based on the table above, which region (X, Y or Z) corresponds to part A of the alimentary canal? Explain your answer. (4 marks)

Region X This is because food in A has passed through the mouth cavity. The salivary amylase will digest some of the starch in the food, but there is no enzyme to digest rat and protein.
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(b)

If structure B of a person is removed in a surgical operation, he is advised to reduce the intake of fat in his diet. Explain why. (5 marks)

Bile produced in the liver cannot be stored after the removal of B. When food enters the duodenum, insufficient amount of bile is released for emulsifying fats in the food. Thus the surface area for the action of lipase decreases and fat cannot be digested efficiently.
HKCEE Human Biology 2004 I Q1C 18 Read the paragraph below and answer the questions that follow. Gastric reflux describes a backflow of the gastric juice from the stomach into the oesophagus. This can irritate and sometimes damage the lining of the oesophagus, giving a feeling of heartburn. In Hong Kong, the rate of patient suffering from gastric reflux rose from 2.3 per 10 000 in 1996 to 6.2 per 10 000 in 2005. It is believed that the alarming rise is related to the lifestyles of people in Hong Kong. These include having midnight snack right before sleeping, excessive fatty foods, large meals, irregular mealtime, and drinking a lot of alcohol or coffee. (a) (i) its With reference to the content of gastric juice, suggest a probable reason for damage to the oesophagus. (1 mark)

Gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid

(ii) Food entering the small intestine carries some gastric juice from the stomach. Explain why the gastric juice does not normally damage the small intestine. (3 marks)

Pancreatic juice / bile / intestinal juice in the small intestine are alkaline which neutralizes the gastric juice
(b) Suggest why the backflow of gastric juice is more likely to occur if a person has a meal just before sleeping. marks) (3

After meal, the release of gastric juice increases and the pressure inside the stomach increases Also, the stomach and oesophagus are at the
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same level while sleeping. These increase the chance of gastric reflux
(c) A patient siiflering from severe gastric reflux will also likely to have tooth decay. Give an explanation for this. marks) (2

The acid in the gastric content dissolves the enamel / calcium salts of the tooth.
19. (a) HKCEE Biology 2007 I Q6 Describe the digestion of carbohydrate in the alimentary canal. (5 marks)

The digestion of carbohydrates starts in the mouth. Saliva contains amylase which catalyses the conversion of starch to maltose. Further digestion of carbohydrates takes place in the small intestine. Amylase from pancreas catalyses the breakdown of remaining starch to maltose. Carbohydrases in small intestine catalyse the breakdown of disaccharides (e.g. maltose) into monosaccharides (e.g. glucose).
(b) State two functions of the acid secreted in the stomach. (2 marks)

Kills bacteria Provides an acidic medium for the enzyme to work properly.
WJEC GCE (A) Biology Module BI4 Jan 2007 Q3

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20.

The photomicrograph below shows a cross section of the small intestine of a mammal: (a) With reference to two features of X observable from the photomicrograph, explain how these features facilitate the absorption of digested food substances. (4 marks)

X is a finger-like projection of the intestinal wall. This feature provides a large surface area for food absorption. The epithelium of X is very thin / one-cell thick. This shortens the distance of diffusion / transport of digested food substances.
(b) Use a flowchart to show how amino acids are transported to the heart after entering X. Indicate the major organs and blood vessels along the pathway. (2 marks)

X hepatic portal vein liver hepatic vein vena cava (heart)

(c) Describe how the muscle layer helps the movement and digestion of food inside the small intestine. (3 marks)

The peristaltic contraction of the muscle layer pushes food along the small intestine. This also helps to mix food with digestive enzymes.
HKCEE Biology 2004 I Q l Essays
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21.

Describe the digestion of protein and the fate of the products of protein digestion. Any diagrams included in your answer must be fully annotated. (10 marks)

Physical digestion of proteins takes place in mouth and stomach. Chemical / enzyme digestion starts in stomach. One of the proteases in stomach catalyses the breakdown of proteins into peptides. Further digestion of proteins takes place in small intestine. Proteases from pancreas further catalyse the breakdown of proteins into peptides and some peptides into amino acids. Proteases on the wall of the small intestine catalyse the breakdown of some peptides into amino acids. Amino acids are then absorbed into the capillaries of the villi of the small intestine by diffusion and active transport. They are carried to the liver via the hepatic portal vein. Amino acids are used by cells to make different types of proteins for growth and repair. They are also the raw materials for making enzymes, antibodies and some hormones. Excess amino acids cannot be stored in the body and are deaminated in the liver.
WJEC GCE (A) Biology Module BI4 Jan 2006 Q6

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22.

Explain the likely effects of liver damage on the metabolism of carbohydrate and protein.

Effects on carbohydrate metabolism: Less glucose absorbed by liver cells Less glycogen stored / glycogen synthesis (because) liver cells do not respond to insulin Less release of glucose from stored glycogen (if) liver cells do not respond to glucagon Less production of glucose from amino acids / glycerol (can be part of protein metabolism) Effects on protein metabolism: Less breakdown of protein Less conversion of amino acids to ammonia / less deamination Less urea production Reduced synthesis of protein Consequence of each of the above, such as blood clotting, transport role of proteins, water potential, blood glucose concentration is high / inability to regulate blood glucose / diabetic-like symptoms / need for amino acid supplements

(8 marks)

OCR GCE (A) Mammalian Physiology and Behaviour Jan 2004 Q2

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Reading to learn
Read the article below and answer the questions.

The real cause of peptic ulcers bacteria

A healthy stomach can produce mucus to protect its wall from being damaged by its own enzymes and hydrochloric acid. When this protection fails, a peptic ulcer () may result. In the past, certain drugs, smoking, alcohol, coffee and stress were thought to be the main causes of peptic ulcers. However, a few years ago, an Australian doctor, Barry Marshall found that most peptic ulcers are actually caused by the bacteria Helicobacter pylori (). Fig 6.23 Barry Marshall (1951-) won the 2005 Nobel Prize for his discovery of H. pylori H. pylori can survive in the acidic conditions of the stomach. The bacteria release substances that can reduce mucus secretions from the stomach. With Marshall's discovery, most peptic ulcers can now be treated with drugs that kill the bacteria. Fig 6.24 H. pylori on the stomach wall (x9000) Questions 1. How is the stomach wall protected from being damaged by the stomach's own enzymes and acid? (2 marks)

The stomach produces mucus to cover its inner wall. The mucus protects the stomach wall from being damaged by the stomach's own enzymes and acid.
2. What are the functions of the enzymes and hydrochloric acid secreted by the stomach?

The enzymes catalyse the breakdown of proteins into peptides.

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The hydrochloric acid provides an acidic medium needed for the action of proteases and kills most (2 marks) bacteria in food.
3. What is the cause of most peptic ulcers? How does it lead to the condition?

Most peptic ulcers are caused by the bacteria Helicobacter pylori. The bacteria release substances that can reduce the mucus secretions from the stomach. The protection by the mucus fails.
(a)

(2 marks)

4.

H. pylori can survive in a low pH medium where most other bacteria cannot.
(2 marks) (b) Suggest how this would have affected scientists' discovery of the presence of H. pylori in the stomach of patients with peptic ulcers. marks) (2

How does H. pylori behave differently from other bacteria in a low pH medium?

Scientists preconceived ideas that bacteria cannot survive in a low pH medium may have hindered this discovery because observations are theory laden (i.e. biased by what scientists have expected to see or what other people have seen earlier).

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