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Archer's paradox

Archer's paradox
The term archer's paradox refers to the phenomenon of an arrow not traveling in the direction it is pointed when drawn, but instead striking the center of the target when the arrow is pointed slightly to the side of the target. The paradox is that it seems that this would require the arrow to pass through part of the bow. The term was first used by E.J. Rendtroff in 1913,[1] and as understanding was gained about the arrow flexing out of the way of the bow as it is fired[2][3] and then experiencing oscillating back-and-ford bending as it travels toward the target,[4] this dynamic flexing became the primary meaning of the term.[5][6][7]

Diagram of the archer's paradox, showing what happens when arrows are incorrectly spined

Details
In order to be accurate, an arrow must have the correct stiffness, or "dynamic spine", to flex out of the way of the bow and return back to the correct path as it leaves the bow.[8] Incorrect dynamic spine results in unpredictable contact between the arrow and the bow, therefore unpredictable forces on the arrow as it leaves the bow, and therefore reduced accuracy.[9] Additionally, if an archer shoots several arrows with different dynamic spines, as they clear the bow they will be deflected on launch by different amounts and so will strike in different places. Competition archers therefore strive not only for arrows that have a spine within a suitable range for their bow, but also for highly consistent spine within sets of arrows.[10] This is done using a static spine tester.[11][12][13][14]

Choice of bow and spine


Less powerful bows require arrows with less dynamic spine. Less powerful bows have less effect in deforming the arrow as it is accelerated (see "Euler" buckling, case I) from the bow and the arrow must be "easier" to flex around the riser of the bow before settling to its path. Conversely, powerful bows need stiffer arrows with more spine, as the bow will have a much greater bending effect on the arrow as it is accelerated.[15] An arrow with too much dynamic spine for the bow will not flex and as the string comes closer to the bow stave, the arrow will be forced off to the side. Too little dynamic spine will result in the arrow deforming too much and being propelled off to the other side of the target. In extreme cases, the arrow may break before it can accelerate, which can be a safety hazard.[16][17]

Archer's paradox

Calibration
Dynamic spine is largely determined by shaft length, head weight, and static spine. Static spine is the stiffness of the center portion of the shaft under static conditions.[18] The Archery Trade Association (ATA) (formerly the Archery Manufacturers and Merchants Organization (AMO)) static spine test method hangs a 2 pounds (kg) weight from the center of a 26 inches (m) suspended section of the arrow shaft.[19][20] The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) F2031-05 ("Standard Test Method for Measurement of Arrow Shaft Static Spine (Stiffness)") hangs a 880 grams (lb) weight from the center of a 28 inches (m) suspended section of the arrow shaft.[21] The (obsolete) British Grand National Archery Society (GNAS) system used a 1.5 pounds (kg) weight and a variable length with the arrow supported just behind the head and just in front of the nock. Because of this, GNAS cannot be directly converted to ATA or ASTM. The primary unit of measurement for spine is deflection in thousandths of an inch (a deflection of 500 equals 0.500 inches) Deflection is sometimes converted to pounds of bow weight by dividing 26 by the deflection in inches. (26 divided by 0.500" equals a spine of 52 pounds.)[22]

References
[1] "The Toxophilists Paradox". Forest and Stream. 08 February 1913. [2] Rheingans, W. R. (March-April, 1936). "Exterior and Interior Ballistics of Bows and Arrows - Review". Archery Review: 236 ff. [3] Rheingans, W. R. and Nagler, F. (June-August, 1937). "Spine and Arrow Design". American Bowman Review: 226-232. [4] Park, James L (09 November 2012). "Arrow behaviour in the lateral plane during and immediately following the power stroke of a recurve archery bow" (http:/ / pip. sagepub. com/ content/ early/ 2012/ 11/ 08/ 1754337112464844. citation) (PDF). Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology. . Retrieved 13 February 2013. [5] Kooi, B.W. & Sparenberg, J.A. (1997). "On the Mechanics of the Arrow: Archer's Paradox" (http:/ / www. bio. vu. nl/ thb/ users/ kooi/ kosp97. pdf) (PDF). Journal of Engineering Mathematics: 285-306. . Retrieved 13 February 2013. [6] Kooi, B.W. (1998). "The Archer's Paradox and Modelling, a Review" (http:/ / www. bio. vu. nl/ thb/ users/ kooi/ kooi98. pdf) (PDF). History of Technology: 125-137. . Retrieved 13 February 2013. [7] Kooi, B.W. (1998). "Bow-arrow interaction in archery" (http:/ / www. bio. vu. nl/ thb/ users/ kooi/ kooi97b. pdf) (PDF). Journal of Sport Sciences: 721-731. . Retrieved 13 February 2013. [8] Park, J. L. (01 June 2012). "High-speed video analysis of arrow behaviour during the power stroke of a recurve archery bow" (http:/ / pip. sagepub. com/ content/ early/ 2012/ 05/ 31/ 1754337112446406). Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology. . Retrieved 13 February 2013. [9] "Archers Paradox Explained" (http:/ / www. texasarchery. org/ Documents/ ArchersParadox/ Archersparadox. htm). Texasarchery.org. 24 June 2001. . Retrieved 13 February 2013. [10] "The Archer's Paradox" (http:/ / begaarchers. com. au/ ?page_id=2656). Bega Valley Traditional Archers. February 2013. . Retrieved 13 February 2013. [11] "Spine-O-Meter Mark II Instruction Manual" (http:/ / oakcreekarchery. com/ wp-content/ uploads/ 2010/ 06/ Spine-Instructions2. pdf). oakcreekarchery.com. 2010. . Retrieved 13 February 2013. [12] "How To Make a Spine Tester" (http:/ / poorfolkbows. com/ spine3. htm). poorfolkbows.com. . Retrieved 13 February 2013. [13] "Spine-O-Meter Appendix A: Translating Arrow Spine Test Methods" (http:/ / oakcreekarchery. com/ wp-content/ uploads/ 2010/ 06/ Arrow-Translation. pdf). oakcreekarchery.com. 2010. . Retrieved 13 February 2013. [14] "Jim Hill's Spine Tester" (http:/ / www. texasarchery. org/ Documents/ ArcheryLore/ SpineTester/ Spine_Tester. html). texasarchery.org. . Retrieved 13 February 2013. [15] "Carbon Arrow University" (http:/ / www. huntersfriend. com/ carbon_arrows/ hunting_arrows_selection_guide_chapter_3. htm). Hunter's Friend LLC. 2011. . Retrieved 13 February 2013. [16] "Controlling Dynamic Arrow Spine" (http:/ / arrowtrademagazine. com/ articles/ july_06/ ControllingDynamicArrowSpine-July2006. pdf) (PDF). Arrow Trade Magazine. July 2006. . Retrieved 13 February 2013. [17] Rieckmann, M., Park, J. L. Codrington, J., and Cazzolato, B. (03 April 2012). "Modelling the three-dimensional vibration of composite archery arrows under freefree boundary conditions" (http:/ / data. mecheng. adelaide. edu. au/ avc/ publications/ public_papers/ 2012/ Rieckmann_JSportsEngTech_2011_Fmanuscript. pdf) (PDF). Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology. . Retrieved 13 February 2013. [18] "Arrow Spine Information" (http:/ / yeoldedelphbowmen. com/ wp-content/ uploads/ 2012/ 12/ Arrow-Spine-Information. pdf). yeoldedelphbowmen.com. December 2012. . Retrieved 13 February 2013. [19] "AMO Standards (1987)" (http:/ / www. outlab. it/ doc/ amostd. pdf). Archery Manufacturers and Merchants Organization. 1987. . Retrieved 13 February 2013.

Archer's paradox
[20] "AMO Standards (2001)" (http:/ / peteward. com/ AMOStandards. pdf). Archery Manufacturers and Merchants Organization. 2001. . Retrieved 13 February 2013. [21] "ASTM F2031 - 05(2010) Standard Test Method for Measurement of Arrow Shaft Static Spine (Stiffness)" (http:/ / www. astm. org/ Standards/ F2031. htm). American Society for Testing and Materials. 2010. . Retrieved 13 February 2013. [22] Cosgrove, Gabriela (1994). "Wooden Arrows". The Traditional Bowyer's Bible. Volume Three. Guilford: The Lyons Press. p.228. ISBN1-58574-087-X.

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Archer's paradox Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=538299481 Contributors: Admacdo, Alyssa.shipley, Antti29, Arjayay, Berean Hunter, BlueNovember, Brim, Bryan Derksen, Causantin, ChristTrekker, Cobaltcigs, DMY, Ewlyahoocom, Eyrian, Firsfron, Gerbilo, Gregbard, Guy Macon, Ipoellet, Jovianeye, Just plain Bill, Kilmer-san, Kku, Laelele, MRCorbett, Novangelis, Ospalh, Paradoctor, Pavel Vozenilek, Pedro Ferreira, Richard Keatinge, Thumperward, Veret, Xiphaiz, 15 anonymous edits

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