Ebook - Gopaals Notes On Construction Engineering-Revised Edition - May-12

A personal reference compilation of knowledge on Construction Engineering
A Compilation on day to day activities, its knowhow and exploration in the form of questionnaire, useful for the beginners and the people from construction industry who would like to refresh their knowledge.
Gopaals Notes on Construction Engineering
An e-book
Compiled By:- Gopaal Dhussa
DCE, BTE Delhi, AMIE (India), NICMAR (CODE)
Edition:- 1st, Jan-2012, - ebook Edition:- Revised Edition, May-2012, - ebook Published in: Jan-2012, May-2012 at http://contractorindia.com Distribution:- 1st & revised edition are Free for distribution
Gopaals Notes on Construction Engineering Compiled by Gopaal Dhussa *Revised Edition May-2012*
The Book is dedicated to my Parents and to my Guruji.
For their Guidance which made me travel so far that Im

trying to create a guide for Civil Engineers
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Save paper Please do not print this e-book until very much required.
Preface to 1st edition This document is compiled from the point of view of creating a ready reckoner for day to day working on the construction sites and managing the projects while being at site and while taking the decisions. The efforts are put up to make a dynamic document which shall be updated on regular basis based on my personal needs and the questions raised by the readers. As the document is compiled from the view point of helping the engineers, contractors, owners and users of the construction industry so we have tried to cover mostly those elements which are required by people on day to day basis. The document can also be used as a preparatory guide and also as a reference. A word of caution is that as most of the information is compiled from various sources (though deemed to be authentic) but while quoting the information from this compilation a persons own wisdom and jurisdiction is expected. The references are indicated where ever was possible and wherever they are not mentioned has actually skipped and shall be incorporated in next revision.
As the book is a dynamic model of knowledge and shall be updated every three months based on the suggestions and usability of this book I would request the users not to print and waste paper.
Readers may send their suggestions at:gopaldhussa@gmail.com Preface to Revised addition

Based on the feedback received from our readers and my colleagues new information is added and the existing information is updated. Im thankful to my readers and users of these notes for making these notes more useful regularly. The document shall be updated regularly as already committed. Regards Gopaal Dhussa
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Contents
JOB DESCRIPTION & ROLE CLARITY ........................................................................................... 7 RESPONSIBILITIES AND DUTIES OF A CONSTRUCTION ENGINEER .................................................... 8 GENERAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF A CONSTRUCTION ENGINEER......................................................... 8 SPECIFIC DUTIES OF A CONSTRUCTION ENGINEER.......................................................................... 8 POSITIVE TRAITS FOR CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERS TO POSSESS ..................................................... 9 QUESTIONS TO BE ASKED FOR TECHNICAL & TECHNICAL MANAGERIAL INTERVIEWS ....................... 9 MANAGERIAL LEVEL..................................................................................................................... 9 SITE ENGINEER / ASSISTANT MANAGER ....................................................................................... 10 DUTIES & RESPONSIBILITIES OF A TIMEKEEPER .......................................................................... 11 THE DUTIES & RESPONSIBILITIES OF ACCOUNTING STAFF ........................................................... 11 DUTIES OF AN ACCOUNTANT ...................................................................................................... 13 KNOW BASICS OF STANDARD SITE OPERATIONS TO REVISE ONES TECHNICAL KNOWHOW .. 15 BASIC DEFINITIONS (FROM IS 1200)......................................................................................... 16 COMMERCIAL ABBREVIATIONS................................................................................................... 18 ALL ABOUT CONCRETE .............................................................................................................. 23 WHAT IS A CONCRETE MIX ........................................................................................................... 23 WHAT IS WORKABILITY / SLUMP IN CONCRETE? HOW IS IT BEING MEASURED / TESTED ..................... 23 WHAT IS AN AGGREGATE ............................................................................................................. 24 QUALITY CONTROL BASICS OF CONCRETE ..................................................................................... 24 WHAT IS WATER CEMENT RATIO & HOW DOES IT AFFECTS STRENGTH OF CONCRETE .......................... 24 WHAT ARE CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES, THEIR TYPE & USES ................................................................ 24 WHAT IS A REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE ................................................................................ 25 CURING OF CONCRETE & ITS IMPORTANCE ..................................................................................... 25 CONCRETE STRENGTH TEST - CONCRETE TESTING......................................................................... 26 CONCRETE COVER ...................................................................................................................... 26 PARADOX ABOUT CONCRETE COVER ................................................................................................. 27 A BRIEF ABOUT CONCRETE MIXER AND READY MIX CONCRETE ......................................................... 27 ADVANTAGES OF READY MIX CONCRETE OVER SITE MIX CONCRETE.................................. 28 CEMENT & AGGREGATES ........................................................................................................... 29 STRENGTH ALTERATION OF CEMENT DUE TO STORAGE ............................................................... 30 CLASSIFICATION OF LIME CLAUSE 3.1.3.1 OF CPWD SPECIFICATIONS ......................................... 30 BULKING OF FINE AGGREGATE CL. 3.1.4.5 OF CPWD SPECIFICATIONS ........................................ 30 FREQUENCY OF SAMPLING CONCRETE CUBES (CLAUSE 14.2 IS 456) ............................................... 31 DRINKING WATER STANDARDS.................................................................................................... 32 ALL ABOUT FORM WORK........................................................................................................... 35 WHAT IS FORM WORK ................................................................................................................. 35 TYPE OF FORM WORKS. .............................................................................................................. 36 MATERIAL FOR FORMWORK - ...................................................................................................... 36 WHAT ARE THE COMMON TYPE OF DEFECTS IN TIMBER / LUMBER AND ITS PREVENTIONS ................... 37 PARTICLE BOARDS .................................................................................................................... 38 CLIMBING FORM WORK............................................................................................................. 38 TECHNICAL TIPS ON FORM WORK / SHUTTERING .......................................................................... 40 ALL ABOUT REINFORCEMENT STEEL........................................................................................... 41 REINFORCEMENT STEEL OR REBAR .............................................................................................. 41 BAR BENDING SCHEDULE ........................................................................................................... 42 WELDING ELECTRODES & PROCEDURES ..................................................................................... 43 CARBON STEEL ELECTRODES ....................................................................................................... 43 PIPE WELDING ELECTRODES ....................................................................................................... 47
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QUANTITY SURVEY, ESTIMATION, MENSURATION .................................................................. 48 RULES FOR ROUNDING OFF VALUE (SP 27-1987) ............................................................. 49 TABLE FOR MEASUREMENT OF MATERIALS ...................................................................... 51 MENSURATION FORMULAS......................................................................................................... 52 COSTING .................................................................................................................................. 57 BASICS OF COSTING ................................................................................................................... 58 COST ENGINEERING .................................................................................................................... 58 COST ESTIMATE ......................................................................................................................... 59 CONSTRUCTION COST ESTIMATES ................................................................................................ 59 KNOW METHODS TO CALCULATE DEPRECIATION ........................................................................ 61 WHAT IS DEPRECIATION ............................................................................................................. 61 HOW TO CALCULATE DEPRECIATION ............................................................................................ 61 APPLICABLE LAWS / ACTS / IMPORTANT CLAUSES/ IS CODES ................................................. 64 IS CODES................................................................................................................................... 65 IS CODE FOR METHOD OF MEASUREMENTS IS 1200 ................................................................ 65 CODES AND STANDARDS ..................................................................................................... 67 FOR DESIGN & EXECUTION......................................................................................................... 67 STATUTORY LAWS / ACTS PERTAINING TO INDIAN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY ............................. 77 PRICE ESCALATION CLAUSE - (TAKEN FROM GCC OF DAE) .................................................. 78 DEFINITION - WHOLESALE PRICE INDEX........................................................................................ 84 DEFINITION - CONSUMER PRICE INDEX.......................................................................................... 84 REFUND OF SECURITY DEPOSIT AND PERFORMANCE SECURITY ................................... 85 FEW METHODS & MATERIALS REPRESENTED FOR READY REFERENCE .................................... 87 DIFFERENT TYPE OF PIPES ........................................................................................................ 88 KNOW FEW DAILY USE MATERIALS IN DETAILS - SOURCE - (SOURCE WIKIPEDIA) .......................... 89 CEMENT..................................................................................................................................... 89 HYDRAULIC CEMENTS ............................................................................................................ 89 DIFFERENT TYPE OF PORTLAND CEMENT ............................................................................................ 89 NON-PORTLAND HYDRAULIC CEMENTS............................................................................................. 90 FLY ASH ................................................................................................................................... 91 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND CLASSIFICATION ................................................................... 91 CLASS F FLY ASH........................................................................................................................... 92 CLASS C FLY ASH .......................................................................................................................... 92 FLY ASH REUSE ....................................................................................................................... 92 PORTLAND CEMENT ...................................................................................................................... 92 EMBANKMENT............................................................................................................................. 93 SOIL STABILIZATION ...................................................................................................................... 93 FLOWABLE FILL ............................................................................................................................ 93 ASPHALT CONCRETE ...................................................................................................................... 93 POLYMERS .................................................................................................................................. 94 ROLLER COMPACTED CONCRETE ...................................................................................................... 94 BRICKS ...................................................................................................................................... 94 GROUT ...................................................................................................................................... 94 PIGMENT (PAINT) ................................................................................................................... 95 PAINT BINDER ........................................................................................................................ 95 PAINT VEHICLE OR SOLVENT ................................................................................................. 96 PAINT ADDITIVES ......................................................................................................................... 96 EPOXY RESINS ............................................................................................................................. 97 VARNISH .................................................................................................................................... 98
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PLASTIC ..................................................................................................................................... 98 BRICKS.................................................................................................................................... 98 CONCRETE .................................................................................................................................. 99 TILES ......................................................................................................................................... 99 VITRIFIED TILE ............................................................................................................................. 99 CERAMIC TILE ............................................................................................................................. 99 MARBLE .................................................................................................................................... 99 ALUMINUM COMPOSITE PANEL ACP............................................................................................... 99 CURTAIN WALL & STRUCTURAL GLAZING ....................................................................................... 100 AREA MEASUREMENTS READY REFERENCE NOTES............................................................. 101 PLINTH AREA MEASUREMENT .................................................................................................. 102 MEASUREMENT OF BUILDING AREAS .............................................................................. 103 METHOD FOR MEASURING OFFICE FLOOR AREA ....................................................................... 105 CONVERSION TABLE .............................................................................................................. 107 CONVERSION - WIRE GAUGE TO EQUIVALENT MM (PLATES) ...................................................... 107 CONVERSION FACTOR - RATE PER UNIT OF MEASUREMENT TO OTHER ........................................ 107 UNIT WEIGHTS - STRUCTURAL STEEL ELEMENTS ................................................................... 112 ISA - HOT - ROLLED STEEL EQUAL ANGLES - (AS PER IS : 808, 1976 AND PART V)............. 113 ISA - HOT - ROLLED STEEL UN-EQUAL ANGLES ............................................................... 115 ISMC - HOT-ROLLED STEEL SECTIONS - MEDIUM CHANNELS (SLOPING FLANGES) ...................... 117 ISMB - HOT-ROLLED STEEL SECTIONS - MEDIUM WEIGHT BEAMS ............................................ 118 WEIGHT OF STANDARD CHEQUERED PLATES ...................................................................... 118 WEIGHT OF REINFORCEMENT STEEL BARS WITH THEIR STANDARD CROSS SECTIONAL AREAS ..... 118 WEIGHT OF G.I. PIPES FOR WATER, GAS & AIR CONFIRMING TO IS 1239 .................................. 120 WEIGHT OF PIPES FOR WATER, GAS & AIR CONFIRMING TO IS:3589/2001 ............................. 122 ANNEXURE 1 ....................................................................................................................... 123 GLOSSARY OF CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT TERMS......................................................... 123 ANNEXURE -2 ........................................................................................................................ 145 LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY NORMS FOR CIVIL WORKS .............................................................. 145 ANNEXURE 3 ....................................................................................................................... 149 TABLE OF SCAFFOLDING MATERIALS PERTAINING TO CUP-LOCK SYSTEM ............................ 149 ANNEXURE - 4 ....................................................................................................................... 160 LIST OF MINIMUM STOCK OF BASIC ITEMS TO HAVE AT ANY PROJECT ................................. 160 ADDITIONS IN THIS REVISED EDITION ................................................................................... 163 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................................................... 164
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Job Description & Role Clarity
- for Understanding the Technical Competency of the Engineering & Project Managerial Levels for Construction Project and other Team Members
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Responsibilities and Duties of a Construction Engineer
The role of a construction engineer is one which has multiple tasks and duties associated with it. The construction engineer will implement a construction project and wear many different hats along the way. It is important to detail the specific duties and general responsibilities which go along with this job position as it will show how useful this individual truly is in todays society.
General Responsibilities of a Construction Engineer

In general, a construction engineer is responsible for the planning of the construction project. This includes conducting surveys, engaging in research, analyzing results, planning the construction and overseeing it along the way. The construction engineer will also provide information to the pertinent parties and general public to keep them informed and in the case that any issues arise before, during and after the construction. A construction engineer is the one who plans the project and advises the workers.
Specific Duties of a Construction Engineer

A construction engineer will have to fulfill a variety of specific duties on a daily basis. Prior to even thinking about starting a construction project, the construction engineer will have to survey the area. In conjunction with this they will need to produce reports and environmental statements detailing how the project will be done and what areas it will affect. During the pre-construction phase, the construction engineer will prepare diagrams, charts and surveys showing specific information about the area and the desired project. Once the reports, charts and data have been compiled, the construction engineer will then need to discuss such items with related parties such as builders, environmental agencies and local, state and federal entities. These items may also have to be made available to the general public for their objections to be heard.
The construction engineer must also inspect the site to ensure that the building which will be taken place can be accommodated by that area. Tests will be performed relating to the ground and water level. The construction engineer may also have to determine the grade and elevation levels of the area.
Some construction engineers must determine the costs of their construction projects. This is done by proposing bids and determining the costs of labor and materials to ensure that the project can be carried through in keeping with the budget that has been set aside. This will be an estimation on the part of the construction engineer but it must be as close to the true number as possible.
The construction engineer must also provide technical advice to all parties involved with the project. This may relate to any number of topics including the construction of the site to abiding by certain laws, codes and regulations. A construction engineer is something of a jack of all trades in many respects and therefore will be consulted on a number of issues.
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Positive Traits for Construction Engineers to Possess
There are a few different traits which would be beneficial for construction engineers to possess. The first is good analytical skills. A large part of a construction engineers job is to analyze the situation prior to the construction taking place. This includes performing surveys and research from which the construction engineer will draw conclusions. Once the conclusions have been made, the construction engineer will draft reports, graphs, charts and present data to the pertinent parties. Therefore, superb analytical skills will come in quite useful throughout these various tasks. Construction engineers must also have wonderful problem solving skills. A construction engineer will find that from time to time he/she encounters problems along the way. By possessing good problem solving skills, it will be that much easier for the construction engineer to analyze the situation and then solve the problematic issues which have arisen. Good mathematical skills will also prove useful for the construction engineer. Figures and mathematical equations are commonplace in the job role of a construction engineer. By having adequate mathematical skills, the construction engineer will find that their daily tasks are completed much more quickly and correctly than if they lacked these skills. Another positive trait for construction engineers to possess is good teamwork skills. Although construction engineers may complete a number of their specific job tasks alone, there are other job duties where they must rely on a team in order to properly complete them. By being a good team player, the construction engineer will be able to work in harmony with others around them and make the job that much easier. Communication skills will also come in handy for the construction engineer. A construction engineer will often have to express their findings to individuals or even large groups throughout the course of a construction project. Therefore, it is easy to see how good communication skills will be useful. If one possesses such skills they will be able to detail the information to others in an effective manner and those listening to the details will be able to understand what they are being told. Attention to details is an additional positive trait for construction engineers to possess. When it comes to construction, preciseness is crucial and one who exhibits good attention to details will be more likely to ensure that the construction is performed correctly.
Questions to be asked for Technical & Technical Managerial Interviews
Managerial Level
First of all while deciding the candidate for the post of Project head / project manager please ensure that he / she has executed one project independently of at least half the value. For example in our case of a project worth 200 Crores to be completed in 2 years of time a project worth 100 Crores should have been completed by the person of similar nature who wishes to be project
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head, otherwise this would be difficult for a person to envisage the problems which may come in the project and project sequencing.
We have to check the leadership qualities of a person and ask him:

1. The way he plans to take on / start the project? 2. The method in which he would like to plan the project and his ability to understand the sequence of activities in terms of closing project and final handing over? 3. How will he track the progress of project that is method by which he will determine the direction of project progress in line with original scheduled completion of project. 4. Local coordination with client & consultants on day to day problems like design clarification etc. 5. Is he aware of the statutory laws and the mandatory inspections / clearances required from the local statutory / legal bodies? Can he coordinate with them? 6. Does he understands the bar chart and PERT? 7. Can he monitor the project in MS project or equivalent project planning & monitoring software? 8. In case contractor doesnt fulfils his responsibilities or delays the project what will be your line of action? Will you be ready will plan B in case contractor intentionally delays the project or doesnt provide sufficient technical and supervisory manpower? 9. Progress review meetings with contractor and various other agencies and what is expected out of this? 10. How would you achieve quality and maintain standard of quality? 11. Cost control parameters to be adopted. What will he do in case contractor generates unnecessary extra claim? That is his ability to interpret and implement contract is to be judged. 12. Safety to be implemented at site. How will he ensure? What are the checks will he adopt? How will he pressurise contractor to ensure safety at work?
Site Engineer / Assistant Manager

1. Awareness and implementation of Quality procedures like Mix design for concrete (Mix design is different from nominal mix of concrete where we deals in ratios of cement and aggregate, here the laboratory tests the contents of concrete and tells the mix to be followed) M20 stands for Mix with compressive strength of 20 N / Sqmm, cube strength test, other aggregate test like sieve analysis, silt content etc. Setting up of laboratory at site, what is the equipment required eg cube testing machine. 2. Drawing reading capacity for eg. Ask the cut length for steel to be bent at 90 degrees (Answer the length would be L 4d, where d is the dia of bar and L is the final length required). Most of the engineers with lesser experience do not know how to calculate steel schedule. 3. Mode of measurement, eg ask him how will he measure a white wash for the purpose of payment where the window is fixed on the outer side of wall. If he has gone through IS 1200 (This is IS code for mode of measurement) then he would be in a position to answer or else no. 4. Ability to check survey and coordinate with drawing to start the building. 5. Cost control parameters to be adopted. 6. Safety to be implemented at site. How will he ensure? What are the checks will he adopt? How will he pressurise contractor to ensure safety at work? 7. How will he behave in case an accident occurs at site?
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8. Coordination and reporting techniques he would like to follow. Determination and alarming to Project manager about status of project. 9. Team spirit to finish the project on time.
Duties & Responsibilities of a Timekeeper

By Daniel Shin, eHow Contributor
For employees to be paid correctly and on time, they must submit their hours worked either electronically or manually to timekeepers. Timekeepers maintain an accurate track of hours worked for payroll purposes. They typically are hired as acting liaisons between employees and payroll coordinators to ensure the smooth process of pay distribution. Calculating an employee's time worked, production and commission are duties of a timekeeper.
Knowledge
Timekeepers must have knowledge in accounting and payroll data software programs. Many organizations require timekeepers to have knowledge in administrative skills such as operating computers, 10-key calculators, word processing and proficiency with Excel spreadsheets. It is imperative for timekeepers to know personnel compensation and benefits relating to hours worked. Knowledge of mathematical reasoning and analytical skills are needed to avoid any errors during work.
Abilities
Timekeepers must have the ability to compute and post wages and deductions with employee hours worked. They must be extremely reliable since they are dealing with time-related issues and paycheck distribution. Timekeepers must be capable of multitasking, planning and organizing details while communicating effectively with co-workers and employees. They must be able to attend meetings and inform employees on information that helps prepare for future issues related to payroll discrepancies.
Functions
Duties of a timekeeper include maintaining time sheets and accurately inputting time and attendance data into the computer. They verify attendance, hours worked and pay adjustments while tracking overtime hours and approving compensatory time earned. A timekeeper also is responsible for keeping track of leave time such as vacation, holidays, personal or sick days for employees. Duties also include ensuring time sheets are submitted and received by employees on time to issue accurate payroll adjustments.
Places of Work
The majority of timekeepers work in cubicles or offices in the human resources department of a company. Some timekeepers work in warehouses or on-site to manage manual time sheets used by labor workers. Timekeepers also work for companies that are contracted by multiple organizations to take care of their timekeeping needs
The Duties & Responsibilities of Accounting Staff

By Marquis Codjia, eHow Contributor
Accounting assistants are entry-level positions requiring a two-year college degree in business, finance or accounting. They perform a variety of tasks under the supervision of senior professionals. These tasks could include journal entries, ledger confirmations and bank
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reconciliations. They also may assist internal and external auditors in evaluating a business' internal procedures. Assistants move up to more senior roles if they receive a four-year college degree and earn a Certified Public Accountant (CPA) license.
Make Journal Entries

Accounting assistants record an organization's business activities by making journal entries in sub- or general ledgers. Entering items in a journal means crediting or debiting an account. There are five types of accounts: expense, revenue, asset, liability and shareholders' equity. Expenses are charges incurred. Revenues reflect sales and commissions. Assets indicate what a business entity owns, and liabilities, what it owes. Shareholders' equity represents amounts invested by company owners.
Verify Journal and Ledger Balances

Journal and ledgers are accounting records. Bookkeepers enter financial data into journals by making journal entries. Such information is then summarized in sub- and general ledgers. A subledger is a section of a general ledger. For example, Client XYZ's sub-ledger is part of a business customers' general ledger. Accounting staff verify that balances are accurate by checking journal entries, vendor bills and customer invoices.
Reconcile Bank Statements

Accounting clerks also perform bank reconciliation duties. A business entity may have several accounts with a variety of institutions. Reconciling bank statements ensures that clerks can verify an organization's cash balance, and that such balance agrees to internal cash ledgers. These employees perform reconciliations on a monthly basis, and follow up on differences with bank staff.
Support Monthly Close

Accounting assistants work under the guidance of senior professionals to perform month-end procedures. Such procedures could include reconciling bank statement balances to cash ledgers, making journal entries to adjust unpaid bills or correcting prepaid expense amounts. Prepaid expenses are those that an organization pays prior to receiving goods or services. Examples of such expenses are annual insurance premiums or semi-annual rents. Unpaid bills could be salaries due at month-end but payable five days into the following month.
Support Audit Procedures

Accounting clerks also may assist internal and external auditors by providing required data and confirming ledger balances. They work under the leadership of senior staff to ensure that internal policies, guidelines and procedures in journal entry, warehouse, inventory shipment and receiving departments are adequate and operating effectively. These employees may also perform administrative duties for internal or external auditors.
Compute Taxes
Accounting clerks also could compute a business entity's tax liabilities. They may work in the tax department or in the finance department under the guidance of professionals. They also could evaluate and analyse sales taxes collected from customers, and ensure that such taxes are transferred to state and local revenue services.
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Duties of an Accountant
By Alicia Bodine, eHow Contributor
Accounting services involves much more than just filling out tax forms at the end of the year. Accountants are responsible to keep accurate financial records for individuals, small businesses and large companies. These records should show whether a company is making a profit or whether it is suffering a loss. The accountant can translate the financial records so that problem areas can be pinpointed and corrected with his or her bookkeeping services.
Function
An accountant's job is to record, analyse and report a company or individual's financial status. The accountant functions as an advisor. The client reviews the bookkeeping services and what accountant is telling them about their financial state to make adjustments as needed. More specifically, an accountant keeps accurate business transactions in ledgers and then records them on financial statements monthly, quarterly and yearly. The accountant can also interpret the financial statements to the client and show them any problem areas as well as any areas that are successful. Finally, the accountant functions as a tax preparer.
Types
Accountants do not legally have to obtain any degree or accounting license to perform their duties. Because of this, there are many different types of accountants and accounting firms. First, there are certified accountants. These accountants usually work for accounting firms. There are also accountants who act more like bookkeepers and just take individual clients or small business clients. Another type of accountant is an auditor. Auditors can get a certified license after passing an exhausting four-part exam. Auditors are responsible for examining the financial records of a business or an individual. The point is to determine whether fraud has been committed. Finally, you have your tax preparers. Tax preparers may or may not have a degree. They work strictly from January to April, or longer if extensions were filed.
Time Frame
Accountants are not generally needed during the year for individuals. They keep their records themselves and then just give the records to the accountant at tax time. Small businesses may need an accountant to stop by once per week to update the books. The accountant would then create quarterly financial statements for small business bookkeeping so the business owner can see how the company is doing. When tax time comes, the accountant would be able to prepare the taxes rather quickly because they have kept up with the financial records throughout the year. A big corporation would need to hire accountants to work at their companies on a daily basis to keep up with their transactions. These corporations would most likely have an accounting department with several accountants who are responsible for keeping the records all year long.
Potential
Accountants have the potential to work their way up to better paying jobs. They can begin without a degree working for individuals. While they are doing that, they can attend school and get their degree. Once they have their degree, they may move up to taking on to small business bookkeeping. Next, they take their certified public accountant exam and become licensed. They use their experience to apply for a job with a firm. They start out working under another CPA until they get good at what they do. The better they get, the more work is given to them until they are the ones training new accountants.
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Warning
Be careful who you allow to do your taxes at the end of the year. Retail tax preparation chains typically hire individuals and teach them how to input tax information in their computers. These individuals do not hold a degree and often don't know why they are inputting certain information into the computer. You are better off finding a certified public accountant. That is an accountant that has earned a degree and passed the CPA exam. Don't assume that, just because a company is a brand name, that they are using professional CPA's. Ask first.
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Know basics of Standard Site Operations to revise ones technical knowhow
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Basic Definitions (from IS 1200)

B Barge Board -- A purpose-made fitting, normally of angular section, to form the junction between roof covering and either wall or vertical cladding at a gable end. Batten - A piece of sawn timber whos cross sectional dimensions do not exceed 5 cm in either direction. Berm - A shelf that breaks the continuity of a slope. Boulder - A more or less rounded block or fragment of rock and of average dimension 300 mm or greater. Usually boulders are rounded by being carried or rolled along by water or ice; sometimes also by weathering in place in which case they are known as boulders of weathering, disintegration or exploitation. C Chair - A rigid device used to support and/or hold reinforcing bars in proper position to prevent displacement before or during concreting. Chhajja - The projected reinforced cement concrete member of average thickness not exceeding 100 mm. Cobble - A rock fragment, usually rounded or semi-rollnded, with an average dimension between 80 and 300 mm. Compaction - The tlensification of a soil by means of mechanical manipulation. Corner Piece ( Corner Flashing ) - An accessory to form the junction between vertical corrugated sheeting at internal or external angles. D Demolition - Taking up or down or breaking up. Dismantling - Carefully taking up or down and removing without. damage; the article shall be passed by hand, where necessary, and lowered to the ground and not thrown and where these are fixed by nails, screws, bolts, etc, these shall be taken out with proper tools and not by tearing or ripping. Dubbing Out - The operation of attaching pieces of slate, tile, etc, to a wall with plaster, and then likewise covering them in order to fill out hollows or to form projections. F Finial - A decorative fitting of ridges and hips, and at the middle or dome roofs. used at the junction top of conical, pyramidal or dome roofs. Flashing - A strip of impervious material usually metal, used to exclude water from the junction between a roof covering and another part of the structure. H Hacking - The roughing of solid backgrounds, by hand or mechanical methods, to provide a suitable key. Haunch - The depend portion of a beam that increases in depth toward the support. Hip .- The outer angle ( more than 110 ) formed by the inclined ridge between two intersecting roof slopes. Hook - A bend in the end of a reinforcing bar. L Lap - The length by which one bar or sheet of fabric reinforcement overlaps another.
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P Plank - A piece of sawn timber whose thickness does not exceed 5 cm but the width exceeds 5 cm. R Raking - Removing mortar from masonry joints to provide suitable key for the plastering and pointing. Rock - Natural solid mineral matter connected by strong and permanent cohesive forces, occurring in large masses or fragments. S Sand - Cohesion less aggregates of angular, sub angular, sub-rounded, rounded, flaky or flat fragments of more or less unaltered rocks or mineral of size between 4.75 mm and 75 microns. Scanting - A piece of timber whose cross-sectional dimensions exceed 5 cm but do not exceed 20 cm in both directions. Stopends - The forming of the lower ends of capping above drips, gutters and the like, to form a closure. V Verge - The edge of the roof surface finished at a gable or the edge of the vertical tiling at window reveals and of walls and dormer cheeks. Void - Space in a soil mass not occupied by solid mineral matter. This space may be occupied by air, water or other gaseous or liquid material.
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Commercial Abbreviations
S. No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 @ a.a.r. A/C Acc. a/o a/d A/S B/E B/L b/s c&f c.i.f. C.O.D. Cr c/o c/s C.W.O. d.d. Dr. d.s. d/y ea. E.E. E. & O. E. f.a.q. f.a.s. f.o.b. f.o.r. f.o.v. f.o.w. G.M.B. G.O.B. I.O.U. Inst. Ltd. m.d.
Abbreviation
At or to Against all risks. Accounts current. Account. Account of. After date. Account sale. Bill of exchange. Bill of landing. Bill of sale
Definition
Cost & freight included in price. Cost, insurance & freight included in price. Collect (or cash) on delivery. Creditor. Care of. Cases. Cash with order. Days after date. Debtor. Days after sight. Delivery. Each. Errors expected. Errors & omissions expected. Fair average quality. Free alongside ship : buyer puts them on board and pays dues & charges. Free on board : the price quoted to include all the expenses of putting goods on board ship. Free on rail, i.e. loaded into wagons. Free on van, i.e. loaded into vans. Free on wharf alongside ship. Good marketable brands. Good ordinary brands. I owe you. Instant (present month). Limited. Months after date.
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37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 m.s. M/s M.O. n.a. No. o/a % 0/00 p.n. P.O. P.T.O. Percent pro rata pro tem. Prox. Re Shri SShri R.S.V.P. S.O. SS Ult. viz. Xd Xi Ex. div. .p. -Do- or docum. div. Anno Domini Ab initio Ab origine Addenda Ad hominem Ad hoc Ad infinitum Ad interim Ad nauseum Ad referendum Ad rem Ad valorem Ad verbum Months after sight. Messers. Money order. No advice. Numero (Number). On account. Per cent. Per thousand. Promissory note. Postal order. Please turn over. By the hundred (centum). In proportion. Pro tempore (for the time being). Proximo (next month) As regards. Shreeyut. Sarvashreeyut. Please reply. Supplied only, i.e. not fixed. Steamship. Ultimo (last month). Videlicet (namely, to wit). Ex-dividend. Ex-interest. Ex-dividend. Librae, pence (pounds, pence). Ditto or ditto. With dividend. In the year of our Lord. From the beginning. From the origin. List of additions; things to be added. Personal. For this special purpose. To infinity. In the meanwhile. To the point of disgust or satiety. For further consideration. To the point; to the purpose. According to the value. To a word, or word for word.
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79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 Alter idem Ante meridiem A priori A posteriori Argumentum ad ignorantiam Bona fide Coeteries paribus Caveat emptor Corrigenda De facto De jure De novo De rigueur Errata Et cetera Et sequentes; Et sequential Exempli gratia Ex gratia Ex officio Ex parte Experto crede Ex post facto Expressis verbis Flagrante delicto Frons et origio Force majeure Humanem est errare Ibidem (or ibid) Id est (i.e.) In extenso Infra dig In re In situ In statu quo Inter alia In terrorem Inter se In toto In transitu Ipsissima verba Another exactly similar. Before noon. From cause to effect. From effect to cause. Argument founded on ignorance of the person addressed. Good faith (in good faith), genuine. Other things being equal. Let the buyer beware (look after his own interests). Things to be corrected; a list of errors. In the point of fact; actual or actually. From the law; by right. Anew. Indispensable; obligatory. List of errors. And the rest. And those that follow. By way of example. As an act of grace. In virtue of his office. From one party or side. Trust one who has had experience. After the deed is done; retrospective. In express terms. In the very act. The source and origin. Greater force or strength; overwhelming force, act of God. To err is human. At the same place, (in the book). That is, often is. At full length. Beneath ones dignity. In the matter of. In its original situation. In former state. Among other things. As a warning. Among themselves. Entirely. In the course of passage or transit. By the very words.
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119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 Ipso facto Jure humano Juste milieu Lacuna Lapsus calami Lapsus linguoe Lex loci Lex non scripta Lite pendente Locum tenens Locus standi Mal a propos Mala fide Mandamus Me judice Modus operandi Modus vivendi Mutates mutandis Nil admirari Nolens volens Non liquet Non sequitur Nota bene (N.B.) Nudis verbis Obiter dictum Obscurium per obscurius Onus probandi Pari passu Per Per diem Per mensem Per se Persona grata Petito principii Post meridiem Poste restante Prima fascie Pro et contra (Pros & cons) Pro forma By the very fact. By human law. The golden mean. A gap, a vacant space. A slip of the pen. Slip of the tongue. Law or custom of the place. Unwritten law. During the trial. A substitute. A place of standing; A right to appear and be heard before a court in a particular case. Ill timed. In bad faith; treacherously. Writ issued by higher court to lower court. I being judge; in my opinion. Manner of working. Manner of living; used as a temporary working arrangement. With the necessary changes. To be astonished at nothing. Willing or non-willing. The case is not clear. It does not follow. Mark well, take notice. In plain words. A word said by the way; a passing comment made by a judge. An obscurity explained by another obscurity. The burden of proof. With equal pace; side by side. For, through. Per day. Per month. By itself. An acceptable person. A begging of the question. After noon. To remain in post office until call for. At first view or consideration. For & against. For the sake of form.
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158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 Pro rata Pro tempore Quantum meruit Quantum sufficit Quid pro quo Raison detre Re Reductio ad absudum Res judicata Resume Seriatum Sine cura According to rate or proportion. For the time being. As much as he deserved. As much as suffices. Something in return; as equivalent. Justification for existence. In the matter of. A reducing to the absurd (A method of proof). A case or suit already setteled. A summary or abstract. In a series, one by one. Without a charge or care.
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All about Concrete
What is a concrete mix

Ans. A hard, strong construction material consisting of sand, conglomerate gravel, pebbles, broken stone, or slag in a mortar or cement matrix. Any of several manufactured, stone like materials composed of particles, called aggregates, that are selected and graded into specified sizes for construction purposes and that are bonded together by one or more cementitious materials into a solid mass. The term concrete, when used without a modifying adjective, ordinarily is intended to indicate the product formed from a mix of portland cement, sand, gravel or crushed stone, and water. There are, however, many different types of concrete. The names of some are distinguished by the types, sizes, and densities of aggregatesfor example, wood-fiber, lightweight, normal-weight, or heavyweight concrete. The names of others may indicate the type of binder usedfor example, blended-hydraulic cement, natural-cement, polymer, or bituminous (asphaltic) concrete.
What is Workability / slump in concrete? How is it being measured / tested

Workability is the ability of a fresh (plastic) concrete mix to fill the form/mold properly with the desired work (vibration) and without reducing the concrete's quality. Workability depends on water content, aggregate (shape and size distribution), cementitious content and age (level of hydration), and can be modified by adding chemical admixtures. Raising the water content or adding chemical admixtures will increase concrete workability. Excessive water will lead to increased bleeding (surface water) and/or segregation of aggregates (when the cement and aggregates start to separate), with the resulting concrete having reduced quality. The use of an aggregate with an undesirable gradation can result in a very harsh mix design with a very low slump, which cannot be readily made more workable by addition of reasonable amounts of water.
Ans.
Workability can be measured by the "slump test," a simplistic measure of the plasticity of a fresh batch of concrete following the ASTM C 143 or EN 12350-2 test standards. Slump is normally measured by filling an "Abrams cone" with a sample from a fresh batch of concrete. The cone is placed with the wide end down onto a level, non-absorptive surface. It is then filled in three layers of equal volume, with each layer being tamped with a steel rod in order to consolidate the layer. When the cone is carefully lifted off, the enclosed material will slump a certain amount due to gravity. A relatively dry sample will slump very little, having a slump value of one or two inches (25 or 50 mm). A relatively wet concrete sample may slump as much as six or seven inches (150 to 175 mm). Slump can be increased by adding chemical admixtures such as mid-range or high-range water reducing agents (super-plasticizers) without changing the water/cement ratio. It is bad practice to add extra water at the concrete mixer. High-flow concrete, like self-consolidating concrete, is tested by other flow-measuring methods. One of these methods includes placing the cone on the narrow end and observing how the mix flows through the cone while it is gradually lifted.
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What is an aggregate
Ans. An inert granular material such as natural sand, manufactured sand, gravel, crushed gravel, crushed stone, vermiculite, perlite, and air-cooled blast-furnace slag, which when bound together into a conglomerate mass by a matrix forms concrete or mortar.
Quality Control Basics of Concrete

Ans. Quality Control Concrete manufacturers expect their raw material suppliers to supply a consistent, uniform product. At the cement production factory, the proportions of the various raw materials that go into cement must be checked to achieve a consistent kiln feed, and samples of the mix are frequently examined using X-ray fluorescence analysis. The strength of concrete is probably the most important property that must be tested to comply with specifications. To achieve the desired strength, workers must carefully control the manufacturing process, which they normally do by using statistical process control. The Indian Standard of Testing Materials and other organizations have developed a variety of methods for testing strength. Quality control charts are widely used by the suppliers of ready-mixed concrete and by the engineer on site to continually assess the strength of concrete. Other properties important for compliance include cement content, water/cement ratio, and workability, and standard test methods have been developed for these as well.
What is water cement ratio & how does it affects strength of concrete
Ans. Water-cement ratio is the ratio of weight of water to the weight of cement used in a concrete mix. It has an important influence on the quality of concrete produced. A lower water-cement ratio leads to higher strength and durability, but may make the mix more difficult to place. Placement difficulties can be resolved by using plasticizer. The water-cement ratio is independent of the total cement content (and the total water content) of a concrete mix Potable water should be used for manufacturing concrete. The water/cement ratio (mass ratio of water to cement) is the key factor that determines the strength of concrete. A lower w/c ratio will yield a concrete which is stronger and more durable, while a higher w/c ratio yields a concrete with a larger slump, so it may be placed more easily.
What are Chemical admixtures, their type & uses

Chemical admixtures are materials in the form of powder or fluids that are added to the concrete to give it certain characteristics not obtainable with plain concrete mixes. In normal use, admixture dosages are less than 5% by mass of cement, and are added to the concrete at the time of batching/mixing. The most common types of admixtures are:
Ans.
1) Accelerators speed up the hydration (hardening) of the concrete. Without accelerants, concrete may take centuries to cure. Craig Taylor at Los Alamos says "The cement in the Great Wall of China has not yet reached a chemically neutral state. But the supercritical carbon dioxide treatment achieves the chemically stable condition in minutes or hours." 2) Retarders slow the hydration of concrete, and are used in large or difficult pours where partial setting before the pour is complete is undesirable.
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3) Air-entrainers add and distribute tiny air bubbles in the concrete, which will reduce damage during freeze-thaw cycles thereby increasing the concrete's durability. However, entrained air is a trade-off with strength, as each 1% of air may result in 5% decrease in compressive strength. 4) Plasticizers (water-reducing admixtures) increase the workability of plastic or "fresh" concrete, allowing it be placed more easily, with less consolidating effort. 5) Super plasticizers (high-range water-reducing admixtures) are a class of plasticizers which have fewer deleterious effects when used to significantly increase workability. Alternatively, plasticizers can be used to reduce the water content of a concrete (and have been called water reducers due to this application) while maintaining workability. This improves its strength and durability characteristics. 6) Pigments can be used to change the color of concrete, for aesthetics. 7) Corrosion inhibitors are used to minimize the corrosion of steel and steel bars in concrete. 8) Bonding agents are used to create a bond between old and new concrete. 9) Pumping aids improve pump ability, thicken the paste, and reduce dewatering of the paste
What is a Reinforced Cement Concrete

Ans. Reinforced concrete 1) Concrete in which steel is embedded in such a manner that the two materials act together in resisting forces. The reinforcing steel rods, bars, or mesh absorbs the tensile, shear, and sometimes the compressive stresses in a concrete structure. Plain concrete does not easily withstand tensile and shear stresses caused by wind, earthquakes, vibrations, and other forces and is therefore unsuitable in most structural applications. In reinforced concrete, the tensile strength of steel and the compressive strength of concrete work together to allow the member to sustain these stresses over considerable spans. 2) Portland cement concrete containing higher-strength, solid materials to improve its structural properties. Generally, steel wires or bars are used for such reinforcement, but for some purposes glass fibres or chopped wires have provided desired results. Unreinforced concrete cracks under relatively small loads or temperature changes because of low tensile strength. The cracks are unsightly and can cause structural failures. To prevent cracking or to control the size of crack openings, reinforcement is incorporated in the concrete. Reinforcement may also be used to help resist compressive forces or to improve dynamic properties. Steel usually is used in concrete. It is elastic, yet has considerable reserve strength beyond its elastic limit. Under a specific axial load, it changes in length only about one-tenth as much as concrete. In compression, steel is more than 10 times stronger than concrete, and in tension, more than 100 times stronger. During construction, the bars are placed in a form and then concrete from a mixer is cast to embed them. After the concrete has hardened, deformation is resisted and stresses are transferred from concrete to reinforcement by friction and adhesion along the surface of the reinforcement. Individual wires or bars resist stretching and tensile stress in the concrete only in the direction in which such reinforcement extends. Tensile stresses and deformations, however, may occur simultaneously in other directions. Therefore reinforcement must usually be placed in more than one direction. For this purpose, reinforcement sometimes is assembled as a rectangular grid. Bars, grids, and fabric have the disadvantage that the principal effect of reinforcement occurs primarily in the plane of the layer in which they are placed. Consequently, the reinforcement often must be set in several layers or formed into cages. Under some conditions, fibre-reinforced concrete is an alternative to such arrangements.
Curing of concrete & its importance
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Adequate curing is essential to bring the concrete to required strength and quality. The aim of curing is to promote the hydration of the cementing material. This is accomplished by preventing moisture loss and, when necessary, by controlling temperature. Moisture is a necessary ingredient in the curing process, since hydration is a chemical reaction between the water and the cementing material. Unformed surfaces are protected against moisture loss immediately after final finishing by means of wet burlap, soaked cotton mats, wet earth or sand, sprayed-on sealing compounds, waterproof paper, or waterproof plastic sheets. Formed surfaces, particularly vertical surfaces, may be protected against moisture loss by leaving the forms on as long as possible, covering with wet canvas or burlap, spraying a small stream of water over the surface, or applying sprayed-on sealing compounds. The length of the curing period depends upon the properties desired and upon atmospheric conditions, such as temperature, humidity, and wind velocity, during this period. Short curing periods are used in fabricating concrete products such as block or precast structural elements. Curing time is shortened by the use of elevated temperatures.
Concrete Strength Test - Concrete testing

Engineers usually specify the required compressive strength of concrete, which is normally given as the 28 day compressive strength in N/Sqmm or megapascals (MPa). Twenty eight days is a long wait to determine if desired strengths are going to be obtained, so three-day and seven-day strengths can be useful to predict the ultimate 28-day compressive strength of the concrete. A 25% strength gain between 7 and 28 days is often observed with 100% OPC (ordinary Portland cement) mixtures, and up to 40% strength gain can be realized with the inclusion of pozzolans and supplementary cementitious materials (SCM's) such as fly ash and/or slag cement. As strength gain depends on the type of mixture, its constituents, the use of standard curing, proper testing and care of cylinders in transport, etc. it becomes imperative to proactively rely on testing the fundamental properties of concrete in its fresh, plastic state. Concrete is typically sampled while being placed, with testing protocols requiring that test samples be cured under laboratory conditions (standard cured). Additional samples may be field cured (non-standard) for the purpose of early 'stripping' strengths, that is, form removal, evaluation of curing, etc. but the standard cured cylinders comprise acceptance criteria. Concrete tests can measure the "plastic" (unhydrated) properties of concrete prior to, and during placement. As these properties affect the hardened compressive strength and durability of concrete (resistance to freeze-thaw), the properties of slump (workability), temperature, density and age are monitored to ensure the production and placement of 'quality' concrete. Tests are performed per ASTM International or CSA (Canadian Standards Association) and European methods and practices. Technicians performing concrete tests MUST be certified. Structural design, material design and properties are often specified in accordance with ACI International code (www.concrete.org); with test methods, production and delivery under the "prescription" or "performance" purchasing options per ASTM C94 (www.astm.org). Compressive strength tests are conducted using an instrumented hydraulic ram to compress a cylindrical or cubic sample to failure. Tensile strength tests are conducted either by three-point bending of a prismatic beam specimen or by compression along the sides of a cylindrical specimen.
Concrete Cover
Concrete cover is the region between the exposed concrete surface and the nearest surface of the
reinforcing bar, in reinforced concrete members.
Purpose of Provision of Concrete Cover

to protect the reinforcement bars from environmental effects to prevent corrosion to protect the reinforcement bars from fire to give reinforcing bars sufficient embedment to enable them to be stressed without slipping
Guidelines
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The amount of cover depth that needs to be provided is usually based on the exposure conditions that the structure is likely to be subjected. The Indian Concrete Code mandates the following:
Nominal Cover Requirements based on Exposure Conditions in Indian Concrete Code IS:456-2000 Exposure Condition Mild Moderate Severe Very Severe Extreme Nominal Cover (mm) 20 30 45 50 75
Other national codes also specify minimum cover requirements based on their respective local exposure conditions.
Paradox about Concrete Cover

Large cover depths (50-75 mm) are required to protect reinforcement against corrosion in aggressive environments, but thick cover leads to increased crack widths in flexural reinforced concrete members. Large crack-widths (greater than 0.3 mm) permit ingress of moisture and chemical attack to the concrete, resulting in possible corrosion of reinforcement and deterioration of concrete. Therefore, thick covers defeat the very purpose for which it is provided. There is a need for judicious balance of cover depth and crack width requirements.
A brief about Concrete mixer and Ready mix concrete

Concrete mixer
The portable concrete/mortar mixer has wheels and a towing tongue so that it can be towed by a motor vehicle and moved around the worksite by hand, and its rotation is powered by mains electricity. The lever allows the concrete/mortar to be tipped into a wheelbarrow. A concrete mixer (also commonly called a cement mixer) is a device that homogeneously combines cement, aggregate such as sand or gravel, and water to form concrete. A typical concrete mixer uses a revolving drum to mix the components. For smaller volume works portable concrete mixers are often used so that the concrete can be made at the construction site, giving the workers ample time to use the concrete before it hardens. An alternative to a machine is mixing concrete or cement by hand. This is usually done in a wheelbarrow; however, several companies have recently begun to sell modified tarps for this purpose.
Ready Mix Concrete (RMC)

Ready Mixed Concrete, or RMC as it is popularly called, refers to concrete that is specifically manufactured for delivery to the customer's construction site in a freshly mixed and plastic or unhardened state. Concrete itself is a mixture of Portland cement, water and aggregates comprising sand and gravel or crushed stone. In traditional work sites, each of these materials is procured separately and mixed in specified proportions at site to make concrete. Ready Mixed Concrete is bought and sold by volume usually expressed in cubic meters. RMC can be custom-made to suit different applications. Ready Mixed Concrete is manufactured under computer-controlled operations and transported and placed at site using sophisticated equipment and methods. RMC assures its customers numerous benefits.
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Advantages of Ready mix Concrete over Site mix Concrete
Better quality concrete is produced. Elimination of storage space for basic materials at site. Elimination of procurement / hiring of plant and machinery Wastage of basic materials is avoided. Labor associated with production of concrete is eliminated. Time required is greatly reduced. Noise and dust pollution at site is reduced.
Transportation of Ready Mix Concrete

Special concrete transport trucks (intransit mixers) are made to transport and mix concrete from a factory/plant to the construction yard. They are charged with dry materials and water, with the mixing occurring during transport. (Although, more modern plants load the truck with 'Ready Mixed' concrete. With this process, the material has already been mixed, and then is loaded into the truck. The ready mix truck maintains the material's liquid state, through agitation, or turning of the drum, until delivery.) The interior of the drum on a concrete truck is fitted with a spiral blade. In one rotational direction, the concrete is pushed deeper into the drum. This is the direction the drum is rotated while the concrete is being transported to the building site. This is known as "charging" the mixer. When the drum rotates in the other direction, the Archimedes screw-type arrangement "discharges", or forces the concrete out of the drum. From there it may go onto chutes to guide the viscous concrete directly to the job site. If the truck cannot get close enough to the site to use the chutes, the concrete may be discharged into a concrete pump connected to a flexible hose, or onto with a conveyor belt which can be extended some distance (typically ten meters). A pump provides the means to move the material to precise locations, multi-floor buildings, and other distance prohibitive locations.
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Cement & Aggregates

Different type of Cements Strength Alteration of Cement Due to Storage Classification of Lime - Clause 3.1.3.1 of CPWD Specifications Table of Bulking of Fine Aggregate - Clause 3.1.4.5 of CPWD Specifications
Different type of Cements

Various types of Cements are being used in India: Specific IS Code
(Linked to BIS site for catalogue)
S. No.
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Type of Cement
Masonry Cement 33 Grade of OPC 43 Grade of OPC 53 Grade of OPC Portland Pozzolana Cement Portland (Blast Furnace) Slag Cement Rapid Hardening Portland Cement Hydrophobic Portland Cement Low Heat Portland Cement Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement High Alumina Cement White Portland Cement Oil Well Cement Super Sulphate Cement Thermal Insulation finishing Cement Thermal Insulating Cements Thermal Insulating Cements (Type 350)
IS : 3466-1988 IS : 269-1989 IS : 8112-1989 IS : 12269 - 1987 IS : 1489 - 1991 IS : 455 - 1989 IS : 8041 -1990 IS : 8043 - 1991 IS : 12600 - 1989 IS : 12330 - 1988 IS : 6452 - 1989 IS : 8042 - 1989 IS : 8229 - 1986 IS : 6909 - 1990 IS : 9743 - 1990 IS : 7509 - 1993 IS : 7510 - 1974
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Strength Alteration of Cement Due to Storage
Cement stored for long periods tend to loose strength if conditions of storage are not perfect:
S. No.
01 02 03 04 05
Storage period of Cement

Fresh 3 months old 6 months old 12 months old 24 months old
Strength Reduction
NIL 20 % 30 % 40 % 50 %
Classification of Lime Clause 3.1.3.1 of CPWD Specifications
Lime used in building construction shall confirm to IS : 712-1984
S. No.
01 02 03 04 05
Class of Lime
Class A Class B Class C Class D Class E
Description / Details
Eminently hydraulic lime used for structural purpose. Semi hydraulic lime used for masonry mortars. Fat lime used for finishing coat in plastering, white washing etc. & addition of pozzolanic material for masonry mortar. Magnesium lime used for finished coat in plastering, white washing etc. Kankar lime used for masonry mortars.
Bulking of Fine Aggregate Cl. 3.1.4.5 of CPWD Specifications
Table gives relation between moisture content & percentage of bulking (for guidance only)
S. No.
01 02 03 04
Moisture content percentage

2% 3% 4% 5%
Bulking Percentage (By Volume)

15 % 20 % 25 % 30 %
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Frequency of Sampling Concrete cubes (Clause 14.2 IS 456)

Sampling Procedure - A random sampling procedure shall be adopted to ensure
that each concrete batch shall have a reasonable chance of being tested; that is, the sampling should be spread over the entire period of concrete and cover all mixing units.
Frequency - The minimum frequency of sampling of concrete of each grade shall be in

accordance with the following:
Quantity of Concrete in the Work, Cum

Number of Samples 01 02 03 04 04 plus one additional sample for each additional 50 Cum or part there off
1 - 5 Cum 6 - 15 Cum 16 - 30 Cum 31 - 50 Cum 51 Cum and above
Test Specimen - Three test specimens shall be made from each sample for testing at 28 days. Additional cubes may be required for various purposes such as to determine the strength of concrete at 7 days.
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Drinking Water Standards

Physical & Chemical Standards for Water
(Compiled from Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation's Manual on Water supply & Treatment) a) The Physical & Chemical quality of drinking water should not exceed the limits shown in the Table. S. No. Characteristics Acceptable* 2.5 5 Unobjectionable 7.0 to 8.5 500 200 200 200 1 45 75 **Causes for Rejection 1 Turbidity (Units on J.T.U. Scale) 2 Colour (Units on Platinum cobalt scale) 3 Taste and Odour 4 pH 5 Total dissolved solids (mg/l) 6 Total hardness (mg/l) (as CaCO3) 7 Chlorides (as Cl) (mg/l) 8 sulphates (as SO4) 9 Flourides (as F) (mg/l) 10 Nitrates (as NO3) (mg/l) 11 Calcium (as Ca) (mg/l) 12 Magnesium (as Mg) (mg/l) >30 10 25 Unobjectionable <6.5 or >9.2 1500 600 1000 400 1.5 45 200 150 Remarks
If there are 250 mg/l of sulphates, Mg content can be increased to a maximum of 125 mg/l with the reduction of sulphates at the rate of 1 unit per every 2.5 units of sulphates.
13 Iron (as Fe) (mg/l0 14 Manganese (as Mn) (mg / l) 15 Copper (as Cu) (mg / l) 16 Zinc (as Zn) (mg / l) 17 Phenolic compounds (as Phenol) (mg/l) 18 Anionic detergents (mg / l) (as MBAS) 0.1 0.05 0.05 5 0.001 0.2 1 0.5 1.5 15 0.002 1
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19 Mineral Oil (mg / l) 0.01 0.3
TOXIC MATERIALS
20 Arsenic (as As) (mg / l) 21 Cadmium (as Cd) (mg / l) 22 Chromium (as Hexavalent Cr) (mg/l) 23 Cyanides (as CN) (mg/l) 24 Lead (as Pb) (mg/l) 25 Selenium (as Se) (mg/l) 26 Mercury (total as Hg) (mg/l) 27 Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) .2 micro g / l 0.05 0.01 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.05 0.01 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.01 0.001 .2 micro g / l
RADIO ACTIVITY
28 Gross Alpha Activity 29 gross Beta Activity pCi = pico curie Notes: *1 The figures indicated under the column 'Acceptable' are the limits upto which water is generally acceptable to the consumers. Figures in excess of those mentioned under 'Acceptable render the water not acceptable, but still may be tolerated in the absence of alternative and better source upto the limits indicated under column "Cause for Rejection" above which the supply will have to be rejected. It is possible that some mine & spring waters may exceed these radio activity limits and in such cases it is necessary to analyse the individual radiconuclides in order to assess the acceptability or otherwise for public consumption. 3pCi/l 30pCi/l 3pCi/l 30pCi/l
**2
*3
b) Bacteriological Standards Guideline Values for Bacteriological Quality

S. No. Organism Unit Guideline Value Remarks
A. A.1
Piped Water Supplies Treated Water entering the distribution system Page 33 of 164
faecal coliforms coliform organisms number/100ml number/100ml 0 turbidity <1 NTU 0 for disinfection with chlorine, pH preferably 8.0, free chlorine residual 0.2-0.5 mg/l following 30 min (minimum) contact
A.2
Untreated water entering the distribution system

faecal coliforms coliform organisms number/100ml number/100ml 0 0 in 98% of samples examined throughout the year-in the case of large supplies when sufficient samples are examined
coliform organisms
number/100ml
3 in an occassional sample, but not in consecutive samples.
A.3
Water in the distribution system

faecal coliforms coliform organisms number/100ml number/100ml 0 0 in 95% of samples examined throughout the year-in the case of large supplies when sufficient samples are examined
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coliform organisms number/100ml 3 in an occassional sample, but not in consecutive samples.
B.
Unpiped water supplies faecal coliforms coliform organisms number/100ml number/100ml 0 0 advise public to boil water in case of failure to meet guideline values.
Special Notes on Water Treatment

Adequecy of treatment cannot be assessed in an absolute sense because neither the available monitoring techniques nor the epidemological evaluation is sufficiently sensitive to ensure the absence of viruses. However, it is considered at present that contaminated source water may be regarded as adeqately when treated the following conditions are met. - a turbidity of 1 NTU or less is achieved. - disinfection of the water with at least 0.5 mg/litre of free residual chlorine after a contact period of at least 30 minutesat a pH below 8.0 The turbidity condition must be fulfilled prior to disinfection if adequate treatment is to be achieved.
All about Form Work

What is form work
Formwork is the term given to either temporary or permanent moulds into which concrete or similar materials are poured. In the context of concrete construction, the falsework supports the shuttering moulds.
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Type of Form Works.

Formwork comes in three main types: Traditional timber formwork. The formwork is built on site out of timber and plywood or moisture resistant particleboard. It is easy to produce but time consuming for larger structures, and the plywood facing has a relatively short lifespan. It is still used extensively where the labour costs are lower than the costs for procuring re-usable formwork. It is also the most flexible type of formwork, so even where other systems are in use, complicated sections may use it. Engineered Formwork systems. This formwork is built out of prefabricated modules with a metal frame (usually steel) and covered on the application (concrete) side with material having the wanted surface structure (steel, timber, etc.). The two major advantages of formwork systems, compared to traditional timber formwork, are speed of construction (modular systems clip or screw together quickly) and lower life-cycle costs (barring major force, the frame is almost indestructible, while the covering may have to be replaced after a few - or a few dozen - uses, depending on the applications). o Re-usable plastic formwork. These interlocking and modular systems are used to build widely variable, but relatively simple concrete structures. The panels are lightweight and very robust. Stay-In-Place Formwork systems. This formwork is assembled on site, usually out of prefabricated insulating concrete forms. The formwork stays in place (or is simply covered with earth in case of buried structures) after the concrete has cured, and may provide thermal and acoustic insulation, space to run utilities within, or backing for finishes. o Stay-In-Place Structural Formwork systems. This formwork is assembled on site, usually out of prefabricated fibre-reinforced plastic forms. These are in the shape of hollow tubes, and are usually used for columns and piers. The formwork stays in place after the concrete has cured and acts as axial and shear reinforcement, as well as serving to confine the concrete and prevent against environmental effects, such as corrosion and freeze-thaw cycles.
Table or Flying Form Systems

These systems consist of slab formwork tables that are reused on multiple stories of a building without being dismantled. The assembled sections are either lifted per elevator or flown by crane from one story to the next. Once in position the gabs between the tables or table and wall are filled with fillers. They vary in shape and size as well as their building material. The use of these systems can greatly reduce the time and manual labor involved in setting and striking the formwork. Their advantages are best utilized by large area and simple structures. It is also common for architects and engineers to design building around one of these systems.
Material for Formwork Timber - Lumber or timber is a term used to describe wood, either standing or that has been
processed for use from the time trees are felled, to its end product as a material suitable for industrial use as structural material for construction or wood pulp for paper production. "Timber" is a term also used for sawn wood products (that is, boards), Lumber is supplied either rough or finished. Rough lumber is the raw material for furniture making and other items requiring additional cutting and shaping. It is available in many species, usually hardwoods. Finished lumber is supplied in standard sizes, mostly for the construction industry, and is primarily one of a few coniferous (needle-bearing) species such as pine, cedar, hemlock, fir or spruce.
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Plywood - A structural material made of layers of wood glued together, usually with the grains of
adjoining layers at right angles to each other. Plywood is made of three or more thin layers of wood bonded together with an adhesive. Each layer of wood, or ply, is usually oriented with its grain running at right angles to the adjacent layer in order to reduce the shrinkage and improve the strength of the finished piece. Most plywood is pressed into large, flat sheets used in building construction. Other plywood pieces may be formed into simple or compound curves for use in furniture, boats, and aircraft.
Plywood Classification and Grading

There are two broad classes of plywood, each with its own grading system. One class is known as construction and industrial. Plywoods in this class are used primarily for their strength and are rated by their exposure capability and the grade of veneer used on the face and back. Exposure capability may be interior or exterior, depending on the type of glue. Veneer grades may be N, A, B, C, or D. N grade has very few surface defects, while D grade may have numerous knots and splits. For example, plywood used for subflooring in a house is rated "Interior C-D". This means it has a C face with a D back, and the glue is suitable for use in protected locations. The inner plies of all construction and industrial plywood are made from grade C or D veneer, no matter what the rating. The other class of plywood is known as hardwood and decorative. Plywoods in this class are used primarily for their appearance and are graded in descending order of resistance to moisture as Technical (Exterior), Type I (Exterior), Type II (Interior), and Type III (Interior). Their face veneers are virtually free of defects. Plywood sheets range in thickness from. 06 in (1.6 mm) to 3.0 in (76 mm). The most common thicknesses are in the 0.25 in (6.4 mm) to 0.75 in (19.0 mm) range. Although the core, the crossbands, and the face and back of a sheet of plywood may be made of different thickness veneers, the thickness of each must balance around the center. For example, the face and back must be of equal thickness. Likewise the top and bottom crossbands must be equal. The most common size for plywood sheets used in building construction is 4 ft (1.2 m) wide by 8 ft (2.4 m) long. Other common widths are 3 ft (0.9 m) and 5 ft (1.5 m). Lengths vary from 8 ft (2.4 m) to 12 ft (3.6 m) in 1 ft (0.3 m) increments. Special applications like boat building may require larger sheets.
What are the common type of defects in timber / lumber and its preventions
Ans. Defects occurring in timber are grouped into the following five divisions: 1. 2. 3. 4. Defects due to conversion Defects due to fungi Defects due to insects Defects due to natural forces 5. Defects due to seasoning
Preservatives
Timber or lumber may be treated with a preservative that protects it from being destroyed by insects, fungus or exposure to moisture. Generally this is applied through combined vacuum and pressure treatment. The preservatives used to pressure-treat lumber are classified as pesticides; due to potential hazards to humans and the environment, some are being phased out. Treating lumber provides long-term
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resistance to organisms that cause deterioration. If it is applied correctly, it extends the productive life of lumber by five to ten times. If left untreated, wood that is exposed to moisture or soil for sustained periods of time will become weakened by various types of fungi, bacteria or insects.
Particle Boards
Particleboard, or particle board, (called "chipboard" in the UK and Australia) is an engineered wood
product manufactured from wood particles, such as wood chips, sawmill shavings, or even saw dust, and a synthetic resin or other suitable binder, which is pressed and extruded. Particleboard is a type of fibreboard, a composite material, but it is made up of larger pieces of wood than medium-density fibreboard and hardboard.
Characteristics
Particleboard is cheaper, denser and more uniform than conventional wood and plywood and is substituted for them when appearance and strength are less important than cost. However, particleboard can be made more attractive by painting or the use of wood veneers that are glued onto surfaces that will be visible. Though it is denser than conventional wood, it is the lightest and weakest type of fiberboard, except for insulation board. Medium-density fibreboard and hardboard, also called high-density fiberboard, are stronger and denser than particleboard. A major disadvantage of particleboard is that it is very prone to expansion and discoloration due to moisture, particularly when it is not covered with paint or another sealer. Therefore, it is rarely used outdoors or places that have high levels of moisture, with the exception of some bathrooms, kitchens and laundries, where it is commonly used as an underlayment beneath a continuous sheet of vinyl floor covering. In such an installation the edges must be properly covered upward against the wall and joints and non-covered edges must be properly sealed against moisture penetration. A higher quality material not subject to expansion is underlayment-grade plywood, which is constructed without interior voids in its layers to better resist the high local pressure from objects such as stiletto heels
Climbing Form Work

Ans. Climbing formwork is a special type of formwork for concrete structures that rises with the building process. Best known in the construction of towers, skyscrapers and other tall vertical structures, it allows the reuse of the same formwork over and over for identical (or very similar) sections / stories further up the structure. The climbing formwork structure normally does not only contain the formwork itself, but also usually provides working space / scaffolds for construction crews. It may also provide areas for machinery and screens for weather protection.
Types
Climbing formwork (crane-climbing) - in this type of climbing formwork, the formwork
around the structure is displaced upwards with the help of one or more cranes once the hardening of the concrete has proceeded far enough. This may entail lifting the whole section, or be achieved segmentally.
Climbing formwork (self-climbing) or Slip Form - In this type of formwork, the structure
elevates itself with the help of mechanic leverage equipment (usually hydraulic). To do this, it fixes itself to sacrificial cones or rails emplaced in the previously cast concrete.
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Gliding formwork - This type of formwork is similar to the self-climbing type above.
However, the climbing process is continuous instead of intermittent, and is usually only broken for a short time (for example to fix the mounting mechanisms to new anchoring points). The advantage is that it will produce seamless structures, but it requires a continuous, uninterrupted process throughout.
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Technical Tips on Form Work / Shuttering

Deviation from Specified dimensions of Form Work
The Form work shall be designed and constructed to the shapes, lines and dimensions shoiwn on the drawings within tolerance given as under:
Element
a) b) Deviation from specified dimensions of cross section of columns and beams
Deviation from specified dimensions

- 6 mm + 12 mm - 12 mm + 50 mm
Deviation from dimensions of footings 1) 2) 3) Dimension in plan Eccentricity Thickness 0.02 times the width of footing in the direction of deviation but not more than 50mm +/- 0.05 times the specified thickness
Removal of Form Work (Stripping Time) - Clause 5.2.3.7 of CPWD Specifications

In normal circumstances and where OPC is used, forms may generally be removed after the expiry of the following periods:
Type of Form Work (Location)

a) b) c) d) Vertical formwork to columns, Walls, beam Soffit formwork to slabs (props to be re-fixed immediately after removal of formwork) Soffit formwork to beams (props to be re-fixed immediately after removal of formwork) Props to slabs: (1) Spanning upto 4.5m (2) Spanning Over 4.5m Props to beams & arches: (1) Spanning upto 6m (2) Spanning Over 6m
Min period before striking Form Work

16 - 24 hrs 3 days 7 days 7 days 14 days 14 days 21 days
e)
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All about Reinforcement Steel

Reinforcement Steel or Rebar
Rebar, a portmanteau for reinforcing bar or reinforcement bar, is common steel bar, an important
component of reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry structures. It is usually formed from carbon steel, and is given ridges for better frictional adhesion to the concrete. It can also be described as reinforcement or reinforcing steel.
Use in concrete and masonry

Concrete is a material that is very strong in compression, but virtually without strength in tension. To compensate for this imbalance in concrete's behaviour, rebar is cast into it to carry the tensile loads. Masonry structures and the mortar holding them together have similar properties to concrete and also have a limited ability to carry tensile loads. Some standard masonry units like blocks and bricks are made with strategically placed voids to accommodate rebar, which is then secured in place with grout. This combination is known as reinforced masonry. While any material with sufficient tensile strength could conceivably be used to reinforce concrete, steel and concrete have similar coefficients of thermal expansion: a concrete structural member reinforced with steel will experience minimal stress as a result of differential expansions of the two interconnected materials caused by temperature changes.
Physical characteristics
Steel has an expansion coefficient nearly equal to that of modern concrete. If this weren't so, it would be useless for reinforcing concrete. Although rebar has ridges that bind it mechanically to the concrete with friction, it can still be pulled out of the concrete under high stresses, an occurrence that often precedes a larger-scale collapse of the structure. To prevent such a failure, rebar is either deeply embedded into adjacent structural members, or bent and hooked at the ends to lock it around the concrete and other rebar. This first approach increases the friction locking the bar into place while the second makes use of the high compressive strength of concrete. Common rebar is made of unfinished steel, making it susceptible to rusting. As rust takes up greater volume than the iron or steel from which it was formed, it causes severe internal pressure on the surrounding concrete, leading to cracking, spalling, and ultimately, structural failure. This is a particular problem where the concrete is exposed to salt water, as in bridges built in areas where salt is applied to roadways in winter, or in marine applications. Epoxy-coated rebar or stainless steel rebar may be employed in these situations at greater initial expense, but significantly lower expense over the service life of the project. Fiber-reinforced polymer rebar is now also being used in high-corrosion environments.
Welding
Most grades of steel used in rebar are suitable for welding, which can be used to bind several pieces of rebar together. However, welding can reduce the fatigue life of the rebar, and as a result rebar cages are normally tied together with wire.
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Safety
To prevent workers and / or pedestrians from accidentally impaling themselves, the protruding ends of steel rebar are often bent over or covered with special steel-reinforced plastic "plate" caps. "Mushroom" caps may provide protection from scratches and other minor injuries, but provide little to no protection from impalement.
Bar bending Schedule Bar bending schedule or bar scheme diagram is the comprehensive representation of cut and bend bars as per the design requirements of reinforcement detailer. It helps in determining appropriate material quantities, strength and cost estimation. Bar bending schedule is used as a guide in positioning various structural members such as footings, beams, columns, girders, piles, walls, etc upon casting. Some examples are the bending of hooks, bending of stirrups & ties, meeting point of the top and bottom bars, bend for anchorages, bend of bars in slabs, U straps, and bend for longitudinal position of re-bars. Bar scheme diagram requires a thorough structural analysis for better safety and stability of the concrete structure. The bar bending schedule is used to communicate requirements for cut & bent shapes from the detailer to the fabricator. The schedule contains specialized notes to describe various reinforcing materials etc. Although the process of cutting and bending of reinforcement is relatively complex, the fabricator is well equipped to do the job within a definite set of quality management criteria. The precision of cutting and bending activities is crucial to ensure appropriate fit on site and to facilitate necessary anchorage lengths, lap lengths and cover.
Article Source: EzineArticles.com/2487316
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Welding Electrodes & Procedures
Carbon Steel Electrodes
Brand
AWS Code
Application
Mechanical Properties UTSN/mm2 E% 23% C/J 27/70
ESAB Ferrospeed
A5.1 : E 6012
Chimney, machine building, repair-jobs, shaft reclamation, ship building, steel furniture and frameworks, storage tanks, bus and truck bodies, cement mills, rolling mills, barge - building etc. Ideally suited for structural welding, welding of pipe sockets, general welding fabrication, etc. ESAB FERROSPEED PLUS is recommended in applications such as bogies and under-frame of railway carriages and wagons, chimney, construction engineering job, pipe welding, sheet metal fabrication, ship building, steel structures and frame works, truck and bus bodies, tanks, boiler components etc. ESAB VORTIC is recommended for applications such as bogies
490
ESAB Ferroarc
A5.1 : E 6013
490
26%
70J
ESAB Ferrospeed plus
A5.1 : E 6013
500
26%
70J
ESAB Vortic
AS.1 : E 6013
490
26%
65J
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and under frames of railway carriages and wagons, boilers and pressure vessels, general engineering constructions, pipe welding, sheet metal fabrications, ship construction steel structure and frameworks, tanks and coaches, trucks, bus frames and bodies, etc. ESAB 28 A5.1 : E 6013 It is recommended for welding structures of varying thickness of MS plates in different type of joints and welding ordinary grade ship steel as well as structural steel of similar strength and composition. Suitable for welding of pipes, bridges, boilers and pressure vessels storage tanks, etc. ESAB VORDIAN is recommended for applications such as boiler and pressure vessels, bogies and under frame of railway carriages and wagons, bridges and dam construction, cranes, machine building, plate and sheet metal fabrication, ship construction, framework, tankages, pipes, etc. Boiler and pressure vessels, bogies and under frames of carriages and wagons, cranes, shipbuilding, storage tanks, bridges and dams, machine building, heavy structural work, etc. 500 26% 90J
ESAB Vordian
A5.1 : E 6013
490
26%
90J
ESAB 46
A5.1 : E 6013
520
26%
70J
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ESAB C23S
A5.1 : E 7024
Welding of thick plate in shipbuilding, penstock fabrication, air-receivers, compressors, boilers, structural works, heavy beams and girders etc. This electriode is ideal where superior fi nal bead fi nish coupled with good radiographic and mechanical properties are required. Boiler and pressure vessels, penstock, structure and other components under restrained conditions and dynamic loading, ship building, steel of doubtful composition, grey cast iron, buffer layer prior to hard facing etc. For welding heavy section of mild and medium tensile steels that are subjected to dynamic loading. It is intended for welding carbon and C-Mn steels. It is also suitable for depositing nonmachinable weld on Cast Iron, buffer layer for hard facing, etc. Boiler and pressure vessels, penstock, structural and other components under restrained conditions and dynamic loading, ship building, steel of doubtful composition, grey cast iron, buffer layer prior to hard facing etc.
550
23%
65J
ESAB Ferroweld 1
A5.1 : E 7016
540
30%
80J
ESAB 56
A5.1 : E 7016
550
29%
110J
ESAB Ferroweld 2
A5.1: E 7018
570
26%
75J
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ESAB 36 H
A5.1: E 7018
ESAB 36H is ideally suited for welding boiler quality and pressure vessel steels and heavy structures as well as pipes, tankages, etc. Boiler and pressure vessels, penstock, structure and other components under restrained conditions and dynamic loading, ship building, steel of doubtful composition, grey cast iron, buffer layer prior to hard facing etc. ESAB 36H (SPL) is ideal for welding of fi ne grained carbon manganese steels and medium tensile steels having UTS of 50-58 Kgf/mm2 and is recommended for welding of pressure vessels, boilers, hortonspheres, mounded bullets, heavy fabrication work and for ipelines subjected to low temperature. OK 48.20 (Spl) is especially designed for welding of CMn steels such as ASTM A 106 Gr B, pipelines, etc. used for sour gas service. ESAB 36H (Spl) M is designed for welding C-Mn steels used in boilers, pressure vessels, spheres, storage tanks and piping used for sour gas service.
540
28%
100J
OK 48.20
A5.1: E 7018
560
30%
100J
ESAB 36 H (Spl)
A5.1: E 70181
570
28%
75J
OK 48.20 (Spl)
A5.1: E 7018
590
26%
120J
ESAB 36 H Spl (M)
A5.1: E 70181
540
34%
150J
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ESAB Vortex - 1
A5.1 : E6013
Boilers and pressure vessels, shipbuilding and heavy structurals.
510
26%
65J
Source:- esabindia.com/products/welding_consumables/carbon_steel_electrodes.htm
Pipe Welding Electrodes
Mechanical Properties Brand AWS Code Application UTSN/mm2 500 E% 27% C/J 50J
PIPEWELD 6010R
A5.1 : E6010
PIPEWElD 6010R is designed for site welding of carbon steel pipes and pipelines in all positions using conventional techniques particularly for root run. It can be used where stringent NDT requirement and testing codes are involved.
Pipeweld 6010 Plus OK 22.46 P
A5.1 : E6010
495
26%
40J
A5.5 : E7010G 5.5 : E8010-G A5.5 : E9010G A5.1 : E6011
544
24%
60J
OK 22.47 P OK 22.48 P
600 700
24% 22%
70J 60J
PIPEWELD 6011
480
27%
50J
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Quantity Survey, Estimation, Mensuration
Page 48 of 164
RULES FOR ROUNDING OFF VALUE (SP 27-1987)

1. SCOPE 1.1 This sub-section prescribes rules for rounding off numerical values for the purpose of reporting results of a test, an analysis, a measurement or a calculation. It also makes recommendations as to the number of figures that should be retained in course of computation. 2. TERMINOLOGY 2.0 For the purpose of this sub-section, the following definitions shall apply. 2.1 Number of Decimal Places - A value is said to have as many decimal places as there are number of figures in the value, counting from the first figure after the decimal point and endiq with the last figure on the right. Examples: Value Decimal Places 0.029 50 5 21.029 5 4 2 000~000 001 6 291.00 2 1032 x 103 2 ( see Note 1 )
NOTE 1 - For the purpose of this sub-section, the expression IO.32 x 10sshould be taken to consist of two parts, the value proper which is IO.32 and the unit of expression for the value, 103.
2.2 Number of Significant Figures - A value is said to have as many significant figures as there are number of significant dig&s ( see Note 2 ) in the value, counting from the left-most non-zero digit and ending with the right-most digit in the value. Examples: Value Signijcant Figures 0.029 500 5 0.029 5 3 10.029 5 6 2 000~000 001 10 5 677-O 5 567 700 6 56.77 x l02 4 0 056.770 5 3 900 4 ( see Note 3 ) NOTE 2 - Any of the digits, 1, 2, 3 ,........ ,9 occurring in a value shall be a significant digit(s); and zero shall be a significant digit only when it is preceded by some other digit ( excepting zeros ) on its left. When appearing in the power of 10 to indicate the magnitude of the unit in the expression of a value, zero shall not be a significant digit. NOTE 3 - With a view to removing any ambiguity regarding the significance of the zeros at the end in a value like 3 900, it would be always desirable to write the value in the power-of-ten notation. For example, 3 900 may be written as 3.9 x l0s, 3.90 x 10s or 3.900 X 10s depending upon the last figure(s) in the value to which it is desired to impart significance. 2.3 Fineness of Rounding - The unit to which a value is rounded off. For example, a value may be rounded to the nearest 0.000 01, 0.000 2, 0.000 5, 0.001, 0.002 5, 0.005, 0.01, 0.07, 1, 2.5, 10, 20, 50, 100 or any other unit depending on the fineness desired. 3. RULES FOR ROUNDING OFF VALUES 3.0 The rule usually followed in rounding off a value to unit fineness of rounding is to keep unchanged the last figure retained when the figure next beyond is less than 5 and to increase by I the last figure retained when the figure next beyond is more than 5. There is diversity of practice when the figure next beyond the last figure retained is 5. In such cases, some computers round up, that is, increase by 1, the last figure
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retained; others round down, that is, discard everything beyond the last figure retained. Obviously, if the retained value is always rounded up or always rounded down, the sum and the average of a series of values so rounded will be larger or smaller than the corresponding sum or average of the unrounded values. However, if rounding off is carried out in accordance with the rules stated in 3.1 in one step ( see 3.3 ), the sum and the average of the rounded values would be more nearly correct than in the previous cases ( see Appendix A ). 3.1 Rounding Off to Unit Fineness - In case the fineness of rounding is unity in the last place retained, the following rules shall be followed: Rule I - When the figure next beyond the last figure or place to be retained is less than 5, the figure in the last place retained shall be left unchanged. Rule II - When the figure next beyond the last figure or place to be retained is more than 5 or is 5 followed by any figures other than zeros, the figure in the last place retained shall be increased by 1. Rule III - When the figure next beyond the last figure or place to be retained is 5 alone or 5 followed by zeros only, the figure in the last place retained shall be (a) increased by 1 if it is odd and (b) left unchanged if even ( zero would be regarded as an even number for this purpose ).
For more details it is recommended to have SP-27 (Handbook of Methode of measurements for Building Works)
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TABLE for MEASUREMENT OF MATERIALS
NAME: OF MATERIAL How MEASURED Aggregates Brick/stone of 40 mm nominal size and above
Brick/stone aggregates of less than 40 mm size cinder, sand, moorum, fly ash, pozzolana, stone, stone dust
Aluminium Flats Aluminium Strip and Edging Asbestos Cement Products Barge boards
In m3 after making a deduction of 75 percent from stack measurements and as per type In m3 of gross stack measurements according to nominal size and type
In kg, stating size In running metre stating size Enumerated, stating size In pairs, according to size and type Enumerated, stating size, type and length Enumerated, stating size and type Enumerated, stating type, size and length Enumerated and described
Ridge Gutters
Roof lights, north light curves Sheets Ventilators, eaves fillers, apron pieces, louvers, cowls, ridge finials, septic tanks Bitumrm Products Bitumen felt Bitumen hot sealing compound Bitumen road tar Joint filler ( sealing compound ) Boards Plywood, etc Brick/Brick I&s Blocks Building ( Clay, Cement, Stone, etc ) Cement/Lime Pozrolana Mixture Distemper Doors/Windows/Ventilator Frames Doors Windows/Ventilators ( Excluding Filtingr In m* and drscribed and Finishes ) Fibrc Glass Felt Filler Fibrous / Non Fibrous Fittings for Doors and Windows
In m*, stating type, grade and width By weight, in kg, stating grade and type In tonnes, stating type In kg In ms, stating type and thickness Enumeratrd, stating class and size Enumerated stating size, type and grade, if any In kg, stating type In kg In linear metre and described ( outside dimensions measured )
In m2 and described
In m stating thickness and grade In m2 and described Enumerated
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Mensuration Formulas
1. Area of rectangle (A) = length(l) * Breath(b) 2. Perimeter of a rectangle (P) = 2 * (Length(l) + Breath(b)) 3. Area of a square (A) = Length (l) * Length (l) 4. Perimeter of a square (P) = 4 * Length (l) 5. Area of a parallelogram(A) = Length(l) * Height(h)
6. Perimeter of a parallelogram (P) = 2 * (length(l) + Breadth(b))
7. Area of a triangle (A) = (Base(b) * Height(b)) / 2
And for a triangle with sides measuring a , b and c , Perimeter = a+b+c and s = semi perimeter = perimeter / 2 = (a+b+c)/2
And also . Area of triangle = This formulas is also knows as Heroes formula. 8. Area of triangle(A) =
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Where , A , B and C are the vertex and angle A , B , C are respective angles of triangles and a , b , c are the respective opposite sides of the angles as shown in figure below:
area of triangle - mensuration
9. Area of isosceles triangle = Where , a = length of two equal side , b= length of base of isosceles triangle.
10. Area of trapezium (A) = Where , a and b are the length of parallel sides and h is the perpendicular distance between a and b .
11. Perimeter of a trapezium (P) = sum of all sides 12. Area f rhombus (A) = Product of diagonals / 2 13. Perimeter of a rhombus (P) = 4 * l where l = length of a side 14. Area of quadrilateral (A) = 1/2 * Diagonal * (Sum of offsets)
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15. Area of a Kite (A) = 1/2 * product of its diagonals 16. Perimeter of a Kite (A) = 2 * Sum on non-adjacent sides
17. Area of a Circle (A) = Where , r= radius of the circle and d= diameter of the circle. 18. Circumference of a Circle = r= radius of circle d= diameter of circle 19. Total surface area of cuboid = where , l= length , b=breadth , h=height 20. Total surface area of cuboid = where , l= length 21. length of diagonal of cuboid = 22. length of diagonal of cube = 23. Volume of cuboid = l * b * h 24. Volume of cube = l * l* l
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25. Area of base of a cone = 26. Curved surface area of a cone =C Where , r = radius of base , l = slanting height of cone 27. Total surface area of a cone =
28. Volume of right circular cone = Where , r = radius of base of cone , h= height of the cone (perpendicular to base) 29. Surface area of triangular prism = (P * height) + (2 * area of triangle) Where , p = perimeter of base 30. Surface area of polygonal prism = (Perimeter of base * height ) + (Area of polygonal base * 2) 31. Lateral surface area of prism = Perimeter of base * height 32. Volume of Triangular prism = Area of the triangular base * height 33. Curved surface area of a cylinder = Where , r = radius of base , h = height of cylinder 34. Total surface area of a cylinder = 35. Volume of a cylinder = 36. Surface area of sphere = where , r= radius of sphere , d= diameter of sphere
37. Volume of a sphere = 38. Volume of hollow cylinder = where , R = radius of cylinder , r= radius of hollow , h = height of cylinder 39. Surface area of a right square pyramid =
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Where , a = length of base , b= length of equal side ; of the isosceles triangle forming the slanting face.
40. Volume of a right square pyramid =
41. Area of a regular hexagon =
42. area of equilateral triangle = 43. Curved surface area of a Frustums = 44. Total surface area of a Frustums = 45. Curved surface area of a Hemisphere = 46. Total surface area of a Hemisphere =
47. Volume of a Hemisphere =
48. Area of sector of a circle = where , = measure of angle of the sector , r= radius of the sector
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Costing
Page 57 of 164
Basics of Costing
Cost engineering
(Wikipedia) "Cost engineering [is] the engineering practice devoted to the project cost management, involving such activities as estimating, cost control, cost forecasting, investment appraisal, and risk analysis." "Cost Engineers budget, plan and monitor investment projects. They seek the optimum balance between cost, quality and time requirements." A cost engineer is "an engineer whose judgment and experience are utilized in the application of scientific principles and techniques to problems of estimation; cost control; business planning and management science; profitability analysis; project management; and planning and scheduling." One key objective of cost engineering is to arrive at accurate cost estimates and schedules and to avoid cost overruns and schedule slips. Cost engineering goes beyond preparing cost estimates and schedules by supporting assessment and decision making. "The discipline of cost engineering can be considered to encompass a wide rang e of cost-related aspects of engineering and program management, but in particular cost estimating, cost analysis/cost assessment, design-to-cost, schedule analysis/planning and risk assessment." The broad array of cost engineering topics represent the intersection of the fields of project management, business management, and engineering. Most people have a limited view of what engineering encompasses. The most obvious perception is that engineering addresses technical issues such as the physical design of a structure or system. However, beyond the physical manifestation of a design of a structure or system (for example, a building), there are other dimensions to consider such as the money, time, and other resources that were invested in the creation of the building. Cost engineers refer to these investments collectively as "costs". Cost engineering then can be considered an adjunct of traditional engineering. It recognizes and focuses on the relationships between the physical and cost dimensions of whatever is being "engineered". Cost engineering is most often taught at universities as part of construction engineering, engineering management, civil engineering, and related curricula because it is most often practiced on engineering and construction capital projects. Engineering economics is a core skill and knowledge area of cost engineering. Total Cost Management is the effective application of professional and technical expertise to plan and control resources, costs, profitability and risk. Simply stated, it is a systematic approach to managing cost throughout the life cycle of any enterprise, program, facility, project, product or service. This is accomplished through the application of cost engineering and cost management principles, proven methodologies and the latest technology in support of the management process. ... Total Cost Management is that area of engineering practice where engineering judgment and experience are utilized in the application of scientific principles and techniques to problems of business and program planning; cost estimating; economic and financial analysis; cost engineering; program and project management; planning and scheduling; and cost and schedule performance measurement and change control. In summary, the list of practice areas ... are collectively called cost engineering; while the process through which these practices are applied is called total cost management or TCM.
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Cost estimate
(Wikipedia) A cost estimate may be defined as, "the summation of individual cost elements, using established methods and valid data, to estimate the future costs of a program, based on what is known today." A Cost Estimate is the approximation of the cost of a program, project, or operation. The cost estimate is the product of the cost estimating process. The cost estimate has a single total value and may have identifiable component values. A problem with a cost overrun can be avoided with a credible, reliable, and accurate cost estimate. An estimator is the professional who prepares cost estimates. There are different types of estimators, whose title may be preceded by a modifier, such as building estimator, or electrical estimator, or chief estimator. Other professional titles may also prepare estimates or contribute to estimates, such as quantity surveyors, cost engineers, etc. A realistic cost estimating was imperative when making wise decisions in acquiring new systems." A cost estimate is often needed to support evaluations of project feasibility or funding requirements in support of planning. A cost estimate is often used to establish a budget as the cost constraint for a project or operation.
Cost Estimating Methods and Best Practices

(Wikipedia) Estimating methods may vary by type and class of estimate. The method used for most definitive estimates is to fully define and understand the scope, take off or quantify the scope, and apply costing to the scope, which can then be summed to a total cost. Proper documentation and review are also important. Pricing transforms the cost estimate into what the firm wishes to charge for the scope. Early estimates may employ various means of cost modeling. The basic characteristics of effective estimating include: clear identification of task, broad participation in preparing estimates, availability of valid data, standardized structure for the estimate, provision for program uncertainties, recognition of inflation, recognition of excluded costs, independent review of estimates, and revision of estimates for significant program changes. Application of best practices helps ensure a high-quality estimate. Certain best practices should be followed if accurate and credible cost estimates are to be developed. These best practices represent an overall process of established, repeatable methods that result in high-quality cost estimates that are comprehensive and accurate and that can be easily and clearly traced, replicated, and updated. Tools that may be part of costs estimation are cost indexes. These factors promote time adjustment of capital costs, following changes in technology, availability of materials and labor, and inflation. Due to the inherent unavailability of up-to-date cost literature, several inflation or cost indexes are available.
Construction Cost Estimates

(Wikipedia)
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Estimates for the cost of facility construction are a major part of the cost estimate domain. A construction general contractor or subcontractor must normally prepare definitive cost estimates to prepare bids in the construction bidding process to compete for award of the contract. Although many estimators participate in the bidding and procurement processes, those are not a necessary function of cost estimate preparation. Earlier estimates are prepared by differing methods by estimators and others to support the planning process and to compare with bids.
Definitive Estimates (Class 1)
(Wikipedia) A definitive estimate is prepared from fully designed plans and specifications (or nearly so), preferably what are called contract documents (CD). The standard method is to review and understand the design package and take off (or perform a quantity survey of) the project scope by itemizing it into line items with measured quantities. RSMeans refers to this as, "Scope out the project," and, "Quantify." Some jurisdictions or areas of practice define the itemization and measuration in certain terms, such as RICS and may have specific rules for development of a Bill of quantities, or BOQ. The ASPE proposes a best practice standard method for the quantity survey. This includes using the Construction Specifications Institute Uniform Numbering System (MasterFormat) to ensure that all work is accounted for. Then costs are applied to the quantified line items. This may be called costing or pricing. In estimating for contracting, the cost is what something costs you to build, and price is what you charge another party for building it. RSMeans refers to this as, "Price the quantities." ASPE recommends the "quantity times material and labor costs format" for the compilation of the estimate. This format is illustrated in the handwritten spreadsheet sample. For labor, the estimator should, "Determine basic production rates and multiply them by the units of work to determine total hours for the work." and then multiply the hours by the per hour average labor cost. Labor burdens, material costs, construction equipment costs, and, if applicable, subcontractor costs are also extended on the estimate detail form. Other costs and pricing are added, such as overhead, profit, sales or use taxes, payment and performance bonds, escalation, and contingency.
Contingency
A contingency may be included in an estimate to provide for unknown costs which are indicated as likely to occur by experience, but are not identifiable. When using an estimate which has no contingency to set a budget or to set aside funding, a contingency is often added to improve the probability that the budget or funding will be adequate to complete the project. Being unable to complete a project risks public ridicule. The estimate or budget contingency is not intended to compensate for poor estimate quality, and is not intended to fund design growth, owner changes, or anything else unrelated to delivering the scope as defined in the estimate documentation. Generally more contingency is needed for earlier estimates due to the higher uncertainty of estimate accuracy.
Costbenefit analysis
(Wikipedia)
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Costbenefit analysis (CBA), sometimes called benefitcost analysis (BCA), is a systematic
process for calculating and comparing benefits and costs of a project, decision or government policy (hereafter, "project"). CBA has two purposes: 1. To determine if it is a sound investment/decision (justification/feasibility), 2. To provide a basis for comparing projects. It involves comparing the total expected cost of each option against the total expected benefits, to see whether the benefits outweigh the costs, and by how much. CBA is related to, but distinct from cost-effectiveness analysis. In CBA, benefits and costs are expressed in money terms, and are adjusted for the time value of money, so that all flows of benefits and flows of project costs over time (which tend to occur at different points in time) are expressed on a common basis in terms of their "net present value." Closely related, but slightly different, formal techniques include cost-effectiveness analysis, costutility analysis, economic impact analysis, fiscal impact analysis and Social return on investment (SROI) analysis.
Know Methods to calculate Depreciation What is Depreciation Depreciation is defined as an accounting methodology which allows an organization to spread the cost of a fixed asset over the expected useful life of that asset. The cost of the fixed asset immediately comes out of the cash account of the organization and is entered as an asset for the organization. At the end of each period of the useful life of the asset a part of the cost is expensed. This amount is added to the accumulated depreciation for the asset. The net value of the asset on the books of the organization is the asset account less the accumulated depreciation account. A fixed asset is considered depreciable if it will wear out or become obsolete over a period of years. The period of years is called the life or the useful life of the item. The life that is assigned to an item will depend on industry standards, management standards, and governmental regulations. Generally, depreciable items include buildings, manufacturing equipment, office equipment, and vehicles. Land is not considered a depreciable item as it does not wear out or become obsolete. Some fixed assets may be expected to have a market value at the end of their useful life. This expected value is called the salvage value. Some organizations set this value on a per asset basis, some use a percentage of the purchase price, some assume that all assets will have zero salvage value, and some use a combination of these methods.
How to Calculate Depreciation Depreciation expense is calculated utilizing either a straight line depreciation method or an accelerated depreciation method. The straight line method calculates depreciation by spreading
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the cost evenly over the life of the fixed asset. Accelerated depreciation methods such as declining balance and sum of years digits calculate depreciation by expensing a large part of the cost at the beginning of the life of the fixed asset. The required variables for calculating depreciation are the cost and the expected life of the fixed asset. Salvage value may also be considered. Examples of depreciation calculations for both straight line and accelerated methods are provided below. Straight Line Depreciation Method The straight line depreciation method divides the cost by the life. SL = Cost / Life Example: A desk is purchased for Rs. 1000. The expected life is 5 years. Calculate the annual depreciation as follows: 1000 / 5 = 200 Each year for 5 years Rs. 200/- would be expensed.
Declining Balance Depreciation Method In the case of considering Salvage Value The declining balance depreciation method uses the depreciable basis of an asset multiplied by a factor based on the life of the asset. The depreciable basis of the asset is the book value of the fixed asset - cost less accumulated depreciation. The factor is the percentage of the asset that would be depreciated each year under straight line depreciation times the accelerator. For example, an asset with a four year life would have 25% of the cost depreciated each year. Using double declining balance or 200%, which is the most common, would mean that depreciation expense in the first year would be twice that or 50%. So to calculate the depreciation expense each year the depreciable basis would be multiplied by 50%. Example: A copy machine is purchased for Rs. 1000/-. The expected life is 4 years. Using double declining balance the depreciation would be calculated as follows: factor = 2 * (1/4) = 0.50 Year 1 2 3 4 Depreciable Basis 1000 500 250 125 Depreciation Calculation 1000 * 0.5 500 * 0.5 250 * 0.5 125 * 0.5 Depreciation Expense 500 250 125 75 Accumulated Depreciation 500 750 875 950
Sum of the Years Digits - In the case of considering Salvage Value
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The first step is to sum the digits or numbers starting with the life and going back to one. For example, an asset with a life of 5 would have a sum of digits as follows: 5+ 4+ 3 +2 + 1 = 15 To find the percentage for each year divide the year's digit by the sum. In the example above the percentage would be calculated as follows: Year 1 5 / 15 = 33.34% Year 2 4 / 15 = 26.67% Year 3 3 / 15 = 20 % Year 4 2 / 15 = 13.33 % Year 5 1/ 15 = 6.67% Example: A conference table is purchase for 1,467.89. The expected life is 5 years. Since this is a 5 year asset the yearly factors have been calculated above. Year 1 2 3 4 5 Depreciation Calculation 1,467.89 * 33.34 % 1,467.89 * 26.67 % 1,467.89 * 20 % 1,467.89 * 13.33 % 1,467.89 * 6.67 % Depreciation Expense 489.40 391.49 293.58 195.67 97.91
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Applicable Laws / Acts / Important Clauses/ IS Codes

List of IS Codes IS 1200 List of IS Codes for Design & Execution Statutory Laws / Acts Pertaining to Indian Construction Industry
Contractual Clauses
PRICE ESCALATION CLAUSE Refund of Security Deposit and Performance Security Conditions for Refund of Security Deposit (Clause 21 CPWD)
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IS Codes
IS Code for Method of Measurements IS 1200
IS 1200 : Part 1 : 1992 IS 1200 : Part 2 : 1974 IS 1200 : Part 3 : 1976 IS 1200 : Part 4 : 1976 IS 1200 : Part 5 : 1982 IS 1200 : Part 6 : 1974 IS 1200 : Part 7 : 1972 IS 1200 : Part 8 : 1993 IS 1200 : Part 9 : 1973 IS 1200 : Part 10 : 1973 IS 1200 : Part 11 : 1977 IS 1200 : Part 12 : 1976 IS 1200 : Part 13 : 1994
Methods of measurement of building and civil engineering works: Part 1 Earthwork Method of measurement of building and engineering works: Part 2 concrete works Method of Measurement of Building and Civil Engineering Works Part III : Brickwork Method of measurement of building and civil engineering works: Part 4 stone masonry Method of measurement of building and civil engineering works: part 5 form work Method of measurement of building and civil engineering works: Part 6 refractory work Method of measurement of building and civil engineering works: Part 7 hardware Method of measurement of building and civil engineering work: Part 8 steel work and iron work Method of measurement of building and civil engineering work: Part 9 roof covering (including cladding) Method of measurement of building and civil engineering works: part 10 ceiling and linings Method of measurement of building and civil engineering work: Part11 paving, floor finishes dado and skirting Method of Measurement of Building and Civil Engineering Works Part XII : Plastering and Pointing Method of measurement of building and civil engineering works: Part 13 Whitewashing, colour washing, distampering and painting of building surfaces Method of measurement of building and civil engineering works: Part 14 glazing Method of measurement of building and civil engineering works: Part 15 painting, polishing, varnishing etc Method of measurement of building and civil engineering works: Part 16 laying of water and sewer lines including appurtenant items Method of measurement of building and civil engineering works: Part 17 road work including air field pavements Method of measurement of building and civil engineering works: Part 18 demolition and dismantling Method of Measurement of Building and Civil Engineering Works Part XIX : Water Supply, Plumbing and Drains Method of measurement of building and civil engineering works: Part 20 laying of gas and oil pipelines Method of measurement of building and civil engineering works: Part 21 wood-work and joinery Method of measurement of building and civil engineering works: Part 22 materials
IS 1200 : Part 14 : 1984 IS 1200 : Part 15 : 1987 IS 1200 : Part 16 : 1979 IS 1200 : Part 17 : 1985 IS 1200 : Part 18 : 1974 IS 1200 : Part 19 : 1981 IS 1200 : Part 20 : 1981 IS 1200 : Part 21 : 1973 IS 1200 : Part 22 : 1982
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IS 1200 : Part 23 : 1988 IS 1200 : Part 24 : 1983 IS 1200 : Part 25 : 1971 IS 1200 : Part 26 : 1987 IS 1200 : Part 27 : 1992 IS 1200 : Part 28 : 1992
Method of measurement of building and civil engineering works: Part 23 piling Method of measurement of building and civil engineering works: Part 24 well foundations Method of measurement of building and civil engineering works: Part 25 tunneling Method of measurement of building and civil engineering works: Part 26 Acid resistant lining Method of measurement of building and civil engineering works: Part 27 Earthwork done by mechanical appliances Methods of measurement of building and civil engineering works: Part 28 Sound insulation works
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CODES AND STANDARDS for Design & Execution

Following is a general listing of Codes and Standards to be used in the design. Applicable codes and standards will be identified in System Design Descriptions/ Technical Specifications as appropriate. The latest editions/ revision of following codes and standards along with addendums/ amendments, if any, shall be followed:
2.01.00 General a b c d e National Building Code of India. "Accepted Standards" and "Good Practice" listed in the appendix to National Building Code of India. IS-1200 : Method of measurement of Building and Civil Engineering Works. IS-1256 : Code of Practice for Building Byelaws.
2.01.01 Earthwork a IS-1498 : Classification and identification of soils for General Engineering purposes. b IS-3764 : Safety Code for excavation work. c IS-7293 : Safety Code for working with construction machinery. d IS-4701 : Code of practice for earth work on canals. e IS-9759 : Guide lines for dewatering during construction. f IS-10379 : Code of practice for field control of moisture and compaction of soils for embankment and subgrade. 2.01.02 Concrete a IS-269 : Ordinary and low heat portland cement. b IS-383 : Coarse and fine aggregate from natural sources for concrete. c IS-432 : Mild Steel and medium tensile steel bars and hard drawn steel wire for concrete reinforcement. d IS-455 : Portland Slag Cement. e IS-456 : Code of Practice for Plain and reinforced concrete. f IS-460 : Test Sieves (all parts g IS-516 : Methods of test for strength of concrete. h IS-1199 : Methods of sampling and analysis of concrete. i IS-1566 : Hard drawn steel wire fabric for concrete Reinforcement. j IS-1786 : High strength deformed steel bars and wires for concrete reinforcement. k IS-1834 : Hot applied sealing compounds for joints in concrete. l IS-2386 : Methods of test for aggregates for concrete (all parts m IS-2502 : Code of practice for bending and fixing of bars for concrete reinforcement. n IS-3370 : Code of practice for concrete structures for storage of liquids (all parts o IS-3414 : Code of practice for design and installation of joints in buildings. p IS-4948 : Welded steel wire fabrics for general use. q IS-6452 : High Alumina Cement for Structural use. r IS-7320 : Concrete slump test apparatus. s IS-7861 : Code of practice for extreme weather concreting (all parts. t IS-8041 : Rapid Hardening Portland Cement.
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u v w x y z aa bb cc dd ee ff gg hh ii jj kk ll mm nn oo pp qq rr ss tt uu vv ww xx yy zz aaa bbb ccc IS-8112 : High strength ordinary Portland Cement. IS-10262 : Recommended guidelines for concrete mix design. IS-12269 : Specification for 53 grade ordinary Portland cement IS-1489 : Portland-pozzolana cement. (Fly ash based (Part-I IS-1542 : Sand for Plaster IS-4082 : Recommendation on stacking and storage of construction materiel and components at site IS-13757 : Burnt clay fly ash building bricks. IS-457 : Code of practice for general construction of plain and reinforced concrete for dams and other massive structures. IS-280 : Mild steel wire for general engineering purpose. IS-1791 : General requirement for batch type concrete mixers IS-1838 : Preformed fillers for expansion joints in concrete pavement and structures IS-2438 : Specification for roller pan mixers. IS-2505 : Concrete vibrators - immersion type. IS-2506 : General requirements for screed board concrete vibrators. IS-2722 : Specification for Portable Swing weigh batchers for concrete (single and double bucket type IS-2750 : Steel scaffoldings IS-2751 : Recommended practice for welding of mild steel plain and deformed bars for reinforced construction. IS-3150 : Hexagonal wire netting for general purposes. IS-3558 : Code of practice for use of immersion vibrators for consolidating concrete. IS-4014 : Code of practice for steel tubular scaffolding IS-4656 : Form vibrators for concrete. IS-4925 : Concrete batching and mixing plant. IS-4990 : Plywood for concrete shuttering work. IS-5256 : Code of practice for sealing expansion joints in concrete lining on canals. IS-5525 : Recommendations for detailing of reinforcement in reinforced concrete works. IS-6461 : Glossary of terms relating to cement concrete. IS-6494 : Code of practice for water proofing of underground reservoir and swimming pools. IS-6509 : Code of practice for installation of joints in concrete pavements. IS-9012 : Recommended practice for shotcreting. IS-9103 : Admixtures for concrete IS-9417 : Recommendations for welding cold worked bars for reinforced concrete construction. IS-11384 : Code of practice for composite construction in structural steel and concrete. IS-12118 : Two parts polysulphide based sealants. IS-12200 : Code of practice for provision of water stops at transverse construction joints in masonry and concrete dams. IS-13311 : Non destructive testing of concrete - methods of test. (Part 1) Ultrasonic pulse velocity. (Part 2) Rebound hammer. SP-16 : Design codes for reinforced concrete to IS:456-1978. SP-23 : Handbook of concrete mixes. SP-24 : Explanatory handbook on Indian standards code for plain and reinforced concrete. (IS : 456 SP-34 : Hand book on concrete reinforcement and detailing. ACI-318 : American Concrete Institute code for structural concrete.
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2.01.03 Precast Concrete Works a SP:7 : National Building Code - Structural(Part 6/Sec.7 Design of prefabrication and system building. b IS:10297 : Code of practice for design and construction of floors and roofs using precast reinforced/ Prestressed concrete ribbed or cored slab units. c IS:10505 : Code of practice for construction of floors and roofs using precast reinforced concrete 2.01.04 Foundations a IS-1904 : Code of practice for structural safety of buildings Shallow foundations. b IS-2950 : Code of practice for design and construction of raft foundations. c IS-2974 : Code of practice for design and construction of Machine foundations (all parts. d IS 2911 : Code of practice for Design and Construction of Pile Foundation. e IS:1080 : Code of practice for design and construction of shallow foundations on soils. f IS:2314 : Steel sheet piling sections g IS:4091 : Code of practice for design and construction foundations for transmission line towers and poles. h IS:6403 : Code of practice for determination of Bearing capacity of Shallow foundations. i IS:8009 : Code of practice for calculation of settlement of foundation. (Part -1) : Shallow foundations. (Part -2) : Deep foundations. j IS:12070 : Code of practice for design and construction of shallow foundations on rocks. k VDI:2056 : Criteria for assessing mechanical vibrations of machines. l VDI:2060 : Criteria for assessing the st of balance of rotating rigid bodies. m DIN:2089 : Helical compression spring made of round wire and rod calculation and design of compression. n DIN:2096 : Helical compression spring out of round wire and rod : Quality requirements for hot formed compression spring. o DIN:4024 : Flexible supporting structures for machine with rotating machines. 2.01.05 Loading a IS-875 : Code of practice for Structural safety of buildings - loading standards. b IRS : Bridge Rules of Government of India, Ministry of Railways (Railway Board. c IS: 4091 : Code of practice for design and construction of foundation for transmission line towers and poles. 2.01.06 Masonry a IS-712 : Building limes. b IS-1077 : Common Burnt Clay Building Bricks. c IS-1127 : Recommendations for dimensions and workmanship of natural building stones for masonry work. d IS-1528 : Methods of sampling and physical tests for refractory materials. e IS-1597 : Code of practice for construction of stone masonry (all parts. f IS-2212 : Code of practice for brickwork. g IS-2116 : Sand for masonry mortars h IS-2185 : Concrete masonry units. (all parts - Hollow and Solid concrete blocks. i IS-2250 : Code of practice for preparation and use of masonry mortars.
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j k l m n o p q r IS-2572 : Code of practice for construction of hollow concrete block masonry. IS-2691 : Burnt clay facing bricks. IS-3414 : Code of practice for design and installation of joints in buildings. IS-3495 : Methods of tests of burnt clay building bricks. IS-4441 : Code of practice for use of Silicate type chemical resistant mortars. IS-4860 : Acid Resistant Bricks. IS-12894 : Fly ash lime bricks. IS:1905 : Code of practice for structural use of unreinforced masonry. SP:20 : Hand book on masonry design and construction.
2.01.07 Doors, Windows and Ventilators a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r IS-399 : Classification of commercial timbers and their zonal distribution. IS-883 : Code of practice for design of structural timber in building. IS-1003 : Timber paneled and glazed shutters (all parts. IS-1038 : Steel doors, windows and ventilators. IS-1081 : Code of practice for fixing and glazing of metal (steel and aluminium doors, windows and ventilators. IS-1361 : Steel windows for industrial buildings. IS-2835 : Transparent sheet glass for glazing and framing purposes. IS-1948 : Aluminium doors windows and ventilators. IS-1949 : Aluminium windows for industrial building. IS-2191 : Wooden flush door shutters (Cellular and hollow core type. IS-2202 : Wooden flush door shutters (solid core type. IS-3103 : Code of practice for Industrial ventilation. IS-3548 : Code of practice for glazing in buildings. IS-3614 : Fire check doors. IS-4021 : Timber door, windows and ventilator frames. IS-4351 : Steel door frames. IS-6248 : Metal rolling shutters and rolling grills. IS-204 : Tower Bolts. (Part 1 : Ferrous metals (Part 2: Non - ferrous metals IS-208 : Door Handles. IS-:281 : Mild steel sliding door bolts for use with padlocks. IS-362 : Parliament Hinges. IS-451 : Technical supply conditions for wood screws IS-733 : Wrought aluminium and aluminium alloy bars, rods and sections for general engineering purposes.. IS-1285 : Wrought aluminium and aluminium alloy extruded round tube & hollow section (for general engineering purposes IS-1823 : Floor door stoppers. IS-1868 : Anodic coatings on Aluminium and its alloys. IS-2209 : Mortice locks (vertical type IS-2553 : Safety glass. (Part-1 - General purposes IS-3564 : Door closers (Hydraulically regulated IS-5187 : Flush bolts. IS-5437 : Figured, rolled and wired glass. IS-6315 : Specification for floor springs (Hydraulically regulated for heavy doors.
s t u v w x y z aa bb cc dd ee ff
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gg hh ii jj kk IS-7196 : Hold fast. IS-7452 : Hot rolled steel sections for doors, windows and ventilators. IS-10019 : Mild steel stays and fasteners. IS-10451 : Steel sliding shutters (top hung type IS-12823 : Prelaminated particle boards.
2.01.08 Roof and Flooring a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o IS-2204 : Code of practice for construction of reinforced concrete shell roof. IS-3201 : Criteria for the design and construction of precast concrete trusses. IS-2210 : Criteria for Design of R.C. shell structures and folded plates. IS-809 : Rubber flooring materials for general purposes. IS-1195 : Bitumen mastic for flooring. IS-1196 : Code of practice for laying bitumen mastic flooring. IS-1198 : Code of practice for laying, fixing and maintenance of linoleum floors. IS-1237 : Cement concrete flooring tiles. IS-1443 : Code of practice for laying and finishing of cement concrete flooring tiles. IS-2114 : Code of practice for laying in situ terrazzo floor finish. IS-2571 : Code of practice for laying in situ cement concrete flooring. IS-5491 : Code of practice for laying in situ granolithic concrete floor topping. IS-5766 : Code of practice for laying burnt clay brick flooring. IS-1197 : Code of practice for laying of rubber floors. IS-2441 : Code of practice for fixing ceiling coverings.
2.01.09 Floor Finishes and Allied Works a b c IS-5318 : Code of practice for laying of flexible PVC sheet and tile flooring. IS-8042 : White portland cement. IS-13801 : Chequered cement concrete tiles.
2.01.10 Waterproofing a IS-3037 : Bitumen mastic for use in waterproofing of roofs. b IS-3067 : Code of practice for general design, details and preparatory work for damp proofing and water proofing of buildings. c IS-3384 : Bitumen primer for use in water proofing and damp proofing. d IS-4365 : Code of practice for application of bitumen mastic for waterproofing of roofs. e ASTM : Standard specification for high solid content cold C836-89a : liquid applied elastomeric water proofing membrane for use with separate wearing course. f ASTM : Standard guide for high solid content cold g C898-89 : liquid applied elastomeric water proofing membrane for use with separate wearing course. 2.01.11 Soil Engineering a IS-1498 : Classification and identification of soils for general engineering purposes. b IS-1892 : Code of practice for sub-surface investigation for foundations. c IS-2131 : Method for standard penetration test for soils. d IS-2720 : Methods of test for soils (all parts. 2.01.12 Water Supply, Drainage and Sewerage a IS-404 : Lead pipes
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b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa bb cc dd ee ff gg hh ii jj kk ll mm nn oo pp qq rr ss tt IS-458 : Concrete pipes IS-651 : Salt glazed stoneware pipes and fittings. IS-771 : Glazed fire-clay sanitary appliances (all parts. IS-774 : Flushing cisterns for water closets and urinals other than plastic cisterns. IS-783 : Code of practice for laying of concrete pipes. IS-1172 : Code of basic requirements for water supply, drainage and sanitation. IS-1626 : Asbestos cement building pipes, gutters and fittings (all parts. IS-1742 : Code of practice for building drainage. IS-2064 : Code of practice for selection, installation and maintenance of sanitary appliances. IS-2065 : Code of practice for water supply in buildings. IS-2470 : Code of practice for installation of septic tanks (all parts IS-3114 : Code of practice for laying of Cast Iron pipes. IS-4127 : Code of practice for laying of glazed stoneware pipes. IS-12251 : Code of practice for Drainage of Building Basement. IS-1200 : Method of measurement: Laying of water and [Part-XVI] sewer lines including appurtenant items. IS-1536 : Centrifugally cast (spun iron pressure pipes for water, gas and sewage. IS-1537 : Vertically cast iron pressure pipe for water, gas and sewage. IS-3486 : Cast iron spigot and socket drain pipes . IS-5329 : Code of practice for sanitary pipe work above ground for buildings. IS-3076 : Low density polyethylene pipes for potable water supplies. IS-1538 : Cast iron fittings for pressure pipes for water, gas and sewage. IS-1230 : Cast iron rainwater pipes and fittings. IS-1729 : Sand cast iron spigot and socket soil, waste and ventilating pipes, fittings and accessories. IS-784 : Prestressed concrete pipes. IS-1726 : Cast iron manhole covers and frames. IS-5961 : Cast iron grating for drainage purposes. IS-5219 : "P" and "S" traps. [Part-I] IS-772 : General requirements for enamelled cast iron sanitary appliances. IS-775 : Cast iron brackets and supports for wash basins and sinks. IS-777 : Glazed earthenware wall tiles. IS-2548 : Plastic water closet seats and covers (all parts. IS-2527 : Code of practice for fixing rainwater gutters and down pipes for roof drainage. IS-554 : Dimensions for pipe threads, where pressure tight joints are required on the thread. IS-:778 : Copper alloy gate, globe and check valves for water works purposes. IS-781 : Cast copper alloy screw down bib taps & stop valves for water services. IS-782 : Caulking lead. IS-1703 : Copper alloy float valve for water supply fitting IS-2326 : Automatic flushing cisterns for urinals. IS-2556 : Vitreous sanitary appliances (vitreous china IS-3311 : Waste plug and its accessories for sinks and wash basins. IS-3438 : Silvered glass mirrors for general purposes. IS-3989 : Centrifugally cast (Spun iron spigot and socket soil, waste and ventilating pipes, fittings and accessories. IS-4111 : Code of practice for ancillary structure in sewerage system. (Part 1 to 5 IS-5382 : Rubber sealing rings for gas mains, water mains and sewers. IS-5822 : Code of practice for laying of electrically welded steel pipes for water supply.
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uu vv ww xx yy zz aaa bbb ccc IS-7740 : Code of practice for construction and maintenance of road gullies. IS-8931 : Copper alloy fancy single taps combination tap assembly and stop valves for water services. IS-9762 : Polyethylene floats for float valves. IS-10592 : Industrial emergency showers, eye and face fountains and combination units. IS-12592 : Specification for precast concrete manhole covers and frames. IS-12701 : Rotational moulded polyethylene water storage tanks. IS-13983 : P Stainless steel sinks for domestic purposes. SP-35 : Hand book on water supply and drainage with special emphasis on plumbing. CPH&EEO : Manual on sewage and sewage treatment Publication- as updated.
2.01.13 Paving and Road works a IS-73 : Paving bitumen b IS-702 : Industrial Bitumen c IS-1201 : Method of testing tar and bituminous materials. thru' 1220 d IRC: 58 2002: Guidelines for the design of pain jointed rigid pavements for highways ( second revision e IRC: 15- 2002 : Standard specifications and code of practice for construction of concrete roads(third revision f IRC: 37 2001: Guidelines for the design of flexible pavements. (Second revision d Practice followed by Indian Road Congress (all parts 2.01.14 Earthquake Resistant Design a IS-1893 : Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures. b IS-4326 : Code of practice for earthquake resistant design and construction of buildings. 2.01.15 Chimney a IS-4998 : Criteria for Design of R.C. Chimneys (all parts b IS-6533 : Code of practice for design and construction of steel chimneys c ACI-307 : Specification for the design and construction of reinforced concrete chimneys d BS-4076 : Specification for steel chimneys e CICIND : Model Code for concrete chimneys Model code for steel chimneys f ASCE Code : Design and construction of steel chimney liners prepared by Task committee on steel chimney liners. Fossil power committee, Power division published by ASCE 1975. g IS-2606 : Alloy lead anodes for chromium plating h IS-9537 : Rigid steel conduits for electrical wiring The Indian Electricity Rules The Indian Electricity Act The Indian Electricity (Supply Act) The Indian Factories Act i IS-2309 : Practice for protection of buildings and allied structures against lightning 2.01.16 Structural Steelwork a IS-800 : Code of practice for general construction in steel. b IS-802 : Code of practice for use of structural steel in Overhead Transmission Line. Part-I : Load and permissible stresses. Part-II : Fabrication, Galvanizing, Inspection and Packing. c IS-806 : Code of practice for use of steel tubes in general building construction. d IS-808 : Rolled steel beams, channels and angle sections. e IS-813 : Scheme of symbols for welding.
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f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa bb cc dd ee ff gg hh ii jj kk ll mm nn oo pp qq IS-814 : Covered electrodes for manual metal arc welding of carbon and carbon manganese steel. IS-816 : Code of practice for use of metal arc welding for general construction in mild steel. IS-817 : Code of practice for training and testing of metal arc welders. IS-818 : Code of practice for safety and health requirements in electric and gas welding and cutting operation. IS-819 : Code of practice for Resistance spot welding for light assemblies in Mild Steel. IS-919 : Recommendations for limits and fits for engineering. IS-1024 : Code of practice for use of welding in Bridges and Structures subjected to Dynamic loading. IS-1161 : Steel tubes for structural purposes. IS-1182 : Recommended practice for Radiographic Examination of Fusion Welded Butt joints in steel plates. IS-1200 : Method of measurement of steelwork and [Part-VIII] ironwork. IS-1239 : Mild steel tubes, tubular and other wrought steel fittings (all parts. IS-1363 : Black hexagonal bolts, nuts and locknuts (dia. 6 to 39 mm and black hexagon screws (dia.6 to 24 mm. [all parts] IS-1364 : Precision and semi-precision hexagon bolts, screws, nuts and locknuts (dia. range 6 to 39 mm. [all parts] IS-1365 : Slotted counter sunk head screws (dia range 1.6 to 20 mm IS-1367 : Technical supply conditions for threaded steel fasteners. IS-1443 : Code of practice for laying and finishing of cement concrete flooring tiles. IS-1608 : Method for tensile testing of steel products. IS-1730 : Dimensions for steel plate, sheet and strip for structural and general engineering purpose. IS-1731 : Dimensions for steel flats for structural and general engineering purposes. IS-1852 : Rolling and cutting tolerances for hot rolled steel products. IS-1977 : Structural steel (Ordinary quality IS-2016 : Plain Washers IS-2062 : Steel for General structural purposes. IS-2074 : Ready mixed paint, air drying, red oxide zinc-chrome and priming. IS-2633 : Methods of testing uniformity of coating of zinc coated articles. IS-3613 : Acceptance tests for wire-flux combinations for submerged-arc welding of structural steels. IS-3664 : Code of practice for Ultrasonic Pulse echo testing by contact and immersions methods. IS-3757 : High strength structural bolts. IS-4000 : High strength bolts in steel structures. IS-4759 : Hot dip zinc coatings on structural steel and other allied products. IS-5334 : Code of practice for Magnetic Particle Flaw detection of welds. IS-7215 : Tolerances for fabrication of steel structures. IS-7280 : Base-wire electrodes for sub-merged arc welding of structural steels. IS-7318 : Approval test for welders when welding [Part-I] procedure approval is not required. IS-8500 : Structural steel - micro alloyed (medium and high strength qualities IS-9595 : Recommendation for metal arc welding of carbon and carbon manganese steels. AWS D.1.1 : Structural Welding Code. IS-2595 : Code of practice for Radiographic testing
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rr ss tt uu vv ww xx yy zz aaa bbb IS-3658 : Code of practice for liquid penetrate flaw detection. IS-4353 : Sub merged arc welding of mild steel and low alloy steel Recommendation IS-5369 : General requirements for plain washers and lock washer IS -6623 : High strength structural nuts. IS-6649 : Hardened and tampered washers for high strength structural bolts & nuts. IS-6911 : Stainless steel plate, sheet and strip. IS-7307 : Approved test for welding procedures (Part - I: Fusion welding of steel. IS-7310 : Approval test for welders working to approval welding procedure. : Fusion welding of steel (Part-I) IS-9178 : Criteria for design of steel bins for storage of (Part-1to 3 bulk material. IS-12843 : Tolerances for erection of steel structures SP-6 : ISI Hand book for structural Engineers. (Part 1 to 7)
2.01.17 Painting a IS-348 : Specification for French Polish. b IS-427 : Specification for Distemper, dry colour as required. c IS-428 : Specification for Distemper, oil emulsion, colour as required. d IS-1477 : Code of practice for painting of ferrous metal [I & II] in buildings. e IS-2338 : Code of practice for finishing of wood and [I & II] wood based materials. f IS-2339 : Specification for Aluminium Paints for general purposes in dual containers. g IS-2395 : Code of practice for painting concrete, masonry and plaster surface. h IS-2932 : Specification for enamel, synthetic, exterior a) Undercoating b) finishing. i IS-2933 : Specification for enamel, exterior a) undercoating, b) finishing. j IS-5410 : Specification for cement paint. k IS-627 : Washable Distemper l IS-1650 : Specification for colours for building and decorativematerials. m IS-2524 : Code of practice for painting of nonferrous metals in buildings. n IS-6278 : Code of practice for white washing and Colour washing. o IS-10403 : Glossary of term related to building finish. p IS-12027 : Silicone based water repellent q IS-13238 : Epoxy based zinc phosphate primer (2 pack r IS-13239 : Epoxy surfacer (2 pack s IS-13467 : Chlorinated rubber for paints t IS-14209 : Epoxy enamel, two component glossy. u BS-5493 : Code of practice for protective coating of iron and steel structures against corrosion. 2.01.18 Sheeting Works a IS-277 : Galvanised steel sheets (Plan & corrugated b IS-730 : Hook bolts for corrugated sheet roofing. c IS-801 : Code of practice for use of cold formed light gauge steel structural members in general building construction. d IS-7178 : Heat Treated steel tapping screws-Mechanical properties. e IS-8869 : Washers for corrugated sheet roofing. f IS-12093 : Code of practice for laying and fixing of sloped roof covering using plain and corrugated galvanised steel sheets.
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g h i j IS-12436 : Preformed rigid Polyurethane (PUR and Polyisocyanurate (PIR foams for thermal insulation. IS-12866 : Plastic translucent sheets made from thermosetting polyester resin (glass fibre reinforced IS-14246 : Continuously pre-painted galvanised steel sheets and coils. BS-5950 : Code of practice for design of light gauge profiled (Part-6) steel sheeting
2.01.19 Acid and Alkali Resistant Lining a IS-412 : Expanded metal steel sheets for general purpose. b IS-4443 : Code of practice for use of resin type chemical resistant mortars. c IS-4456 : Method of Test for chemical resistant tiles. (Part I & II) d IS-4832 : Specification for chemical resistant mortars. (Part 1): Silicate type (Part 2) : Resin type (Part 3) : Sulphur type e IS-9510 : Bitumastic acid resisting grade. 2.01.20 Safety a IS-1641 : Code of practice for fire safety of buildings - General principles of fire grading and classification. b IS-1642 : Code of practice for fire safety of buildings - Details of construction. c IS-4081 : Safety code for blasting and related drilling operations. d IS-4130 : Demolition of buildings - code of safety. e IS-5121 : Safety code for piling and other deep foundations. f IS-5916 : Safety code for construction involving use of hot bituminous materials. g IS-7969 : Safety code for handling and storage of building materials. Indian Explosives Act 1940 (As updated 2.01.21 Miscellaneous a IS:803 : Code of practice for design, fabrication and erection of vertical mild steel cylindrically welded in storage tanks. b IS:10430 : Criteria for design of lined canals and guidance for selection of type of lining. c IS:12867 : PVC handrails covers. d CIRIA : Design and construction of buried thin-wall pipes. Publications 2.01.22 a Indian Road Congress (IRC Bridge Codes) b Indian Railway Standard Bridge Rules 2.01.23 Environmental Protection Charter on Corporate Responsibility for Environmental Protection (CREP published in Gazette of India dated 27.08.2003.
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Statutory Laws / Acts Pertaining to Indian Construction Industry

The Indian Contract Act, 1872 The Minimum Wages Act, 1948 The Contract labour (regulation and abolition) act, 1970 Child Labour Act, 1986 The buildings and other construction workers (regulation of employment and conditions of service) act, 1996
The Right To Information Act, 2005 The Special Economic Zones Act, 2005 NEW DELHI_MUNICIPAL COUNCIL ACT 1994 REGISTRATION ACT 1908 THE BUILDING AND OTHER CONSTRUCTION WORKERS WELFARE CESS BILL 1996
THE CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT 1986 THE EMPLOYEES' PROVIDENT FUNDS AND MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS ACT, 1952
THE EMPLOYEES STATE INSURANCE ACT 1948 THE FACTORIES ACT 1948 THE FOREIGN EXCHANGE REGULATION ACT (FERA) 1973 THE INDIAN PENAL CODE 1860 THE INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES ACT 1947 THE PAYMENT OF BONUS ACT 1965 THE PAYMENT OF GRATUITY ACT 1972 THE PAYMENT OF WAGES ACT 1936
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PRICE ESCALATION CLAUSE -
(taken from GCC of DAE)
If, after submission of the tender, the price of material specified in Bill of Quantities increases/decreases beyond the price(s) prevailing at the time of the last stipulated date for receipt of tenders (including extensions, if any) for the work, then the amount of the contract shall accordingly be varied and provided further that any such variations shall be effected for stipulated period of contract including the justified period extended under the provisions of clause 5 of the contract without any action under clause 2. However for the work done/during the justified period extended as above, it will be limited to indices prevailing at the time of stipulated date of completion or as prevailing for the period under consideration, whichever is less. The increase / decrease in prices shall be determined by the All India Wholesale Price Indices of materials as published by Economic Adviser to Government of India, Ministry of Commerce and Industry and base price for cement and/or steel reinforcement bar s as issued under authority of Engineer-in charge as valid in the last stipulated date of receipt of tender, including extension, if any, and for the period under consideration incase, price index of a particular material is not issued by Mini stry of Commerce & Industry, then the price index of nearest similar materials is indicated in Bill of Quantities shall be followed. The amount of the contract shall accordingly be varied for cement and/or steel reinforcement bars and will be worked out as per the formula given below for individual material: a) Adjustment for component of individual material: V = PXQX (Cl Clo) Clo
Where, V: Variation in material cost i .e. increase or decrease in the amount in rupees to be paid or recovered. P: Base price of material as issued under authorit y of Engineer -in charge, valid at the time of the last stipulated date of receipt of tender including extensions, if any. Q: Quantit y of material used in the works since previous bill. Clo: All India whole sale price index for material as Published by the Economic Advisor to Government of India, Ministry of Industry and Commerce as valid on the last stipulated date of receipt of tenders including extensions, if any. Cl: All India whole sale price Index for material for period under consideration as published by Economic Advisor to Government of India, Ministry of Industry and Commerce. (In respect of the justified period extended under the provisions of clause 5 of the contract without any action under clause 2, the index prevailing at the time of stipulated date of completion or the prevailing index of the period under consideration, whichever is less, shall be considered)
PAYMENT DUE TO INCREASE / DECREASE IN PRICES / WAGES AFTER RECEIPT OF TENDER FOR WORKS
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If the prices of materials (not being materials supplied or services rendered at fixed prices by the department in accordance with material supply clause) and/or wages of labour required for execution of the work increase; the contractor shall be compensated for such increase as per provisions detailed below and the amount of the contract shall accordingly be varied, subject to the condition that such compensation for escalation in prices and wages shall be available only for the work done during the stipulated period of the contract including the justified period extended under the provisions of extension of time clause of the contract without any action under clause of time completion. However, for the work done during the justified period extended as above, the compensation as detailed below will be limited to prices/wages prevailing at the time of stipulated date of completion or as prevailing for the period under consideration, whichever is less. No such compensation shall be payable for a work for which the stipulated period of completion is equal to or less than the time as specified In Bill of Quantities. Such compensation for escalation in the prices of materials and labour, when due, shall be worked out based on the following provisions:(i) The base date for working out such escalation shall be the last stipulated date of receipt of tenders including extension, if any. (ii). The cost of work on which the escalation will be payable shall be reckoned as below: Gross value of work done upto this quarter ---------- (A) Gross value of work done upto the last quarter ---------- (B) Gross value of work done since previous quarter (A-B) : ---------- (C) Full assessed value of Secured Advance fresh paid in this quarter ---------- (D) Full assessed value of Secured Advance recovered in this quarter: ---------- (E) Full assessed value of Secured Advance for which escalation is payable in this quarter (D-E). ----------(F) Advance payment made during this quarter ---------- (G) Advance payment recovered during this quarter ---------- (H) Advance payment for which escalation is payable in this quarter (G-H) ---------- (I) Extra items/deviated quantities of item paid as per Clause 12 based on prevailing market rates during this quarter ---------- (J) Then, M = C + F + I J N = 0.85 x M Less cost of material supplied by the Department as per Clause 10 and recovered during the quarter ---------- (K) Less cost of services rendered at fixed charges and recovered as per clause 34 and recovered during the quarter. ---------- (L) Cost of work for which escalation is applicable W = N - (K + L) (iii) Components of CEMENT, STEEL, materials, labour , P.O.L. , etc. shall be pre-determined for every work and incorporated in the special conditions of contract attached (to the tender paper) here-in-after. The decision of the Engineer -in-Charge in working out such percentages shall be binding on the contractors. (iv) The compensation for escalation for CEMENT, STEEL, materials and P.O.L. shall be worked as per the formulae given below: a) Adjustment for component of Cement
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Vc
WX
Xc 100
(Cl Clo) Clo
Vc : Variation in cement cost i .e. increase or decrease in the amount in rupees to be paid or recovered. W: Cost of work done, worked out as indicated in sub para (ii) of clause for payment due to increase or decrease in labour prices. Xc: Component of cement expressed as percent of the total value of work. CI: All India Wholesale price Index for cement for the period under consideration as published by the Economic Advisor to Government of India, Ministry of Industry & Commer ce. (In respect of the justi fi ed period extended under the provisions of clause 5 of the contract wi thout any action under clause2, the index prevai ling at the time of stipulated date of completion or the prevai ling index of the period under consideration, whichever is less, shall be considered). CI0: All India Whole Sale Price Index for Cement as published by the Economic Adviser to Government of India, Ministry of Industry and Commerce as valid on the last stipulated date of receipt of tenders including extension, if any. b) Adjustment for component of Steel Vs = WX Xs 100 X (SI SIo) SIo
VS: Variation in steel cost i .e. increase or decrease in the amount in rupees to be paid or recovered. W: Cost of work done, worked out as indicated in sub para (ii) of above. XS: Component of steel expressed in per cent to the total value of work. (as indicated under Para 21 of special conditions of contract). SI: All India Wholesale Price Index for steel (bars & rods) for the period under consideration as published by Economic Advisor to the Government of India, Ministry of Industry & Commerce. However , the Price Index shall be minimum of the following:i) Index for the month when the last consignment of steel reinforcement for the stipulated contract period is over. ii) Index for the month by which half of the stipulated contract period is over. iii) Index for the period under consideration. For the justified period extended under the provisions of clause 5 of the contract, without any action under clause for compensation for delay2, the same principle as for the period within stipulated period of completion, will apply. a) For the month when the last consignment of steel reinforcement for the work is procured or b) For the month in which half of the stipulated contract period is over. Whichever of these two is earlier.
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SI0: All India Whole Sale Price Index for Steel (Bar & Rods) published by the Economic Adviser to Government of India, Ministry of Industry and Commerce New Delhi , as valid on the last stipulated date of receipt of tender including extension, if any. c) Adjustment for component of Material (except cement & steel /electrical component of construction material) VM = WX XM 100 X (MI MIo) MIo
VM: Variation in Materials cost i.e. increase or decrease in the amount in rupees to be paid or recovered. W: Cost of work done, worked out as indicated in sub Para (ii) of above. XM: Component of Materials expressed as percent of the total value of work. MI: All India Wholesale Price Index for civil component/electrical component of construction material as worked out on the basis of Al l India Wholesale Price Index for individual Commodities/Group items for the period under consideration as published by Economic Advisor to Government of India, Ministry of Industry & Commerce and applying weightages to the individual Commodities/Group items. (In respect of the justified period, extended under the provisions of clause 5 of the contract without any action under clause 2, the index prevailing at the time of stipulated date of completion or the prevailing index of the period under consideration, whichever is less, shall be considered). MI0: All India Whole Sale Price Index for civil component / electrical component of construction materials as worked out on the basis of All India whole sale Price Index for Individual Commodities/ group items valid on the last stipulated date of receipt of tender including extension, if any, as published by the Economic Adviser to Government of India, Ministry of Industry and Commerce, and applying weightages to Individual Commodities / group Items d) Adjustment for component of POL VF = WX Z 100 X (FI FIo) FIo
VF : Variation in cost of Fuel, Oil and Lubricant i.e. increase or decrease in the amount in rupees to be paid or recovered. W: Value of work done, worked out as indicated in sub Para (ii) of clause 10CC. Z: Component of Fuel, Oil and Lubricant expressed as percent of the total value of work. FI: All India Wholesale Price Index for Fuel , Oi l & Lubricant for the period under consideration as published by Economic Advisor to Government of India, Ministry of Industry & Commerce, New Delhi .
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(In respect of the justified period extended under the provisions of clause 5 of the contract without any action under clause 2, the index prevailing at the time of stipulated date of completion or the prevailing index of the period under consideration, whichever is less, shall be considered). FI0: All India Whole Sale Price Index for Fuel, Oil and Lubricant as published by the Economic Adviser to Government of India, Ministry of Industry and Commerce, New Delhi valid on the last stipulated date of receipt of tender including extension, if any. v) The following principles shall be followed while working out the indices mentioned in para (iv) above. (a) The compensation for escalation shall be worked out at quarterly intervals and shall be with respect to the cost of work done as per bills paid during the three calendar months of the said quarter. The first such payment shall be made at the end of three months after the month (excluding) in which the tender was accepted and thereafter at three months interval. At the time of completion of the work, the last period for payment might become less than 3 months, depending on actual date of completion. (b) The index (MI / FI etc .) relevant to any quarter / period for which such compensation is paid shall be the arithmetical average of the indices relevant to the three calendar months. If the period up to date of completion after the quarter covered by the last such installment of payment, is less than three months, the index MI & FI shall be the average of the indices for the months falling within that period. vi) The compensation for escalation for labour shall be worked out as per the formula given below: VL = WX Y 100 X (LI LIo) LIo
VL: Variation in labour cost i .e. amount of increase or decrease in rupees to be paid or recovered. W: Value of work done, worked out as indicated in sub-Para (ii) above. Y: Component of labour expressed as a percent of the total value of the work Ll0: Minimum daily wage in rupees of an unskilled adult male mazdoor, fixed under any law, statutory rule or order as on the last stipulated date of receipt of tender including extension, if any. Ll: Minimum wage in rupees of an unskilled adult male mazdoor, fixed under any law, statutory rule or order as applicable on the last date of the quarter previous to the one under consideration. (In respect of the justified period extended under the provisions of clause 5 of the contract, without any action under clause 2, the minimum wage prevailing on the last data of quarter previous to the quarter pertaining to stipulated date of Completion or the minimum wage prevailing on the last date of quarter previous to the one under consideration, whichever is less, shall be considered.) vii) The following principles will be followed while working out the compensation as per sub para (vi) above.
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a) The minimum wage of an unskilled Male Mazdoor mentioned in sub para (vi) above shall be the higher of the wage notified by Government of India, Ministry of Labour and that notified by the local administration, both relevant to the place of work and the period of reckoning. b) The escalation for labour also shall be paid at the same quarterly intervals when escalation due to increase in cost of materials and/or P.O.L. is paid under this clause. If such revision of minimum wages takes place during any such quarterly intervals, the escalation compensation shall be payable at revised rates only for work done in subsequent quarters. c) Irrespective of variation in minimum wages of any category of labour, for the purpose of this clause, the variation in the rate for an unskilled adult Male Mazdoor alone shall form the basis for working out the escalation compensation payable on the labour component . viii) In the event the price of materials and/or wages of labour required for execution of the work decrease( s), there shall be a downward adjustment of the cost of work so that such price of materials and/or wages of labour shall be deductable from the cost of work under this contract and in this regard the formula herein before stated under this c lause 10 CC shall mutatis mutandis apply, provided that: (a) No such adjustment for the decrease in the price of material s and/or wages of labour aforementioned would be made in case of contract s in which the stipulated period of completion of the work i s equal to or less than the time as specified in Bill of Quantities. (b) The Engineer -in-Charge shall otherwise be entitled to lay down the procedure by which the provision of this sub-clause shall be implemented from time to time and the decision of the Engineer-in-Charge in this behalf shall be final and binding on the contractor.
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Definition - Wholesale price index

(source Wikipedia)
The Wholesale Price Index or WPI is "the price of a representative basket of wholesale goods. Some countries use the changes in this index to measure inflation in their economies, in particular India The Indian WPI figure is released weekly on every Thursday and influences stock and fixed price markets. The Wholesale Price Index focuses on the price of goods traded between corporations, rather than goods bought by consumers, which is measured by the Consumer Price Index. The purpose of the WPI is to monitor price movements that reflect supply and demand in industry, manufacturing and construction. This helps in analyzing both macroeconomic and microeconomic conditions.
Calculation
The wholesale price index (WPI) is based on the wholesale price of a few relevant commodities of over 2,400 commodities available. The commodities chosen for the calculation are based on their importance in the region and the point of time the WPI is employed. For example in India about 435 items were used for calculating the WPI in base year 1993-94 while the advanced base year 2004-05 uses 676 items. The indicator tracks the price movement of each commodity individually. Based on this individual movement, the WPI is determined through the averaging principle. The following methods are used to compute the WPI: Laspeyres Formula (relative method) It is the weighted arithmetic mean based on the fixed value-based weights for the base period. Ten-Day Price Index Under this method, sample prices with high intra-month fluctuations are selected and surveyed every ten days through phone. Utilizing the data retrieved by this procedure and with the assumption that other non-surveyed "sample prices" remain unchanged, a "ten-day price index" is compiled and released. Calculation Method Monthly price indexes are compiled by calculating the simple arithmetic mean of three ten-day sample prices in the month.
Definition - Consumer price index

(source Wikipedia)
A consumer price index (CPI) measures changes in the price level of consumer goods and services purchased by households. The CPI is a statistical estimate constructed using the prices of a sample of representative items whose prices are collected periodically. Sub-indexes and subsub-indexes are computed for different categories and sub-categories of goods and services, being combined to produce the overall index with weights reflecting their shares in the total of the consumer expenditures covered by the index. It is one of several price indices calculated by most national statistical agencies. The annual percentage change in a CPI is used as a measure of inflation. A CPI can be used to index (i.e., adjust for the effect of inflation) the real value of wages, salaries, pensions, for regulating prices and for deflating monetary magnitudes to show changes in real values
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REFUND OF SECURITY DEPOSIT AND PERFORMANCE SECURITY Conditions for Refund of Security Deposit - 21.1 Lumpsum Deposits Recoveries and Release - 21.1 Time Limit on Claims for Refund of Security Deposit - 21.1 Refund of Security Deposit, regarding Specialised Items of Work. - 21.1 Divisional Accountants Responsibility for Prompt Refund of Security Deposit - 21.2
SECTION 21 of CPWD Refund of Security Deposit and Performance Security Conditions for Refund of Security Deposit 21.1 The Security Deposit and Performance Security shall not be refunded to a contractor except in accordance with the terms of his security bond or agreement. 21.2.1 In case of works executed against agreements in Forms PWD 7 & 8 the refund of security deposit to a contractor on the completion of works is regulated by Clause 17 thereof. This clause envisages the issue of a completion certificate in terms of Clause 8 of the Contract. Such completion certificate shall be issued by the authority in a manner detailed in section 29. 21.2.2 The Performance Security shall be refunded to the contractor on completion of the work and recording of the completion certificate as above. 21.3 In cases the completion certificate is recorded by a junior Engineer/Sectional Officer, the S.D.O. concerned shall countersign it within one month. In case of works costing more than the normal acceptance power of tender of EE, the original certificate must be recorded by the S.D.O. and countersigned by the Executive Engineer within one month. If the S.D.O. is not available the Executive Engineer should himself record the certificate. 21.4 The period of maintenance as prescribed in Clause 17 of the Contract will be counted from the date of completion as recorded in the certificate mentioned above. The Security Deposit of the contractor should be refunded by the Executive Engineer after the prescribed maintenance period as stipulated in the agreement or after the final bill has been prepared and passed for payment, which ever is later. 21.5 The Divisional Officers should keep a close watch on the delays in the refund of security deposit to contractors and for this purpose they should periodically review the register of security deposit Form PWA 67 maintained in the Division. (The instructions contained in para 22.4.20 of the CPWA. Code will continue to be observed as a normal procedure). Lumpsum Deposits Recoveries and Release 21.6 Once the recoveries become due from the contractor, the same should be effected from the money due to the contractor either from the same work or from any other work or from the security deposit. Action to recover the overpaid amount should not pend or be in abeyance on account of the case being before the arbitrator. Action in terms of the award can be taken after the award is received and accepted by competent authority. The recovery of overpaid amounts
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should be effected as early as possible and the recovery should not be held in abeyance during the pendency of arbitration proceeding. Time Limit on Claims for Refund of Security Deposit 21.7 The claim for refund of security deposit is governed by the Limitation Act. The period of limitation is 3 years commencing from the date the right to due accrues. In the case of security deposit paid along with the individual contract, the right to due would accrue under Clause 17 after the maintenance period or payment of final bill whichever is later. Refund of Security Deposit, regarding Specialized Items of Work 21.8 The specialised items of work such as anti-termite treatment, waterproofing work, kiln seasoned and chemically treated wooden shutters etc. shall be entrusted to specialised firms or registered contractor but they should be asked to give a specific guarantee that they shall be responsible for removal of any defect cropping up in these works executed by them with in guarantee period. The form of the guarantee to be executed by the contractors is given vide Appendix - 24. It has further been decided that 10% of the security deducted from the bills of the contractors shall be refunded to him after expiry of maintenance period in accordance with the terms of the contract in this behalf. The Divisional Officer shall, however, maintain a register in which all these works carried out in the Division shall be entered and which shall be reviewed by the EE. The Register will contain the following heads :
o o o o o o
Name of the work: Date of completion: Specification in brief: Rate paid. Name of the firm/or registered contractors: History of all defects with date noticed during the guarantee period, and Action taken by the firm.
The history will help as a ready reference about the efficiency and the quality of the work done by the firm. Divisional Accountants responsibility for prompt Refund of Security Deposit 21.9 In order to avoid delay in the refund of security deposit to the contractor, the Divisional Accountant should put up to the Divisional Officer, every month a list of all the cases where the security deposit becomes due for refund so that the requisite certificate is immediately obtained by the Divisional Officer from the Sub-Divisional Officer concerned and the security deposit refunded without waiting for any application from the contractor.
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Few Methods & Materials represented for ready reference
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Different Type of Pipes

S. No.
PIPES
Question
Answer
1.
What is difference of MS pipe and ERW Pipe?
MS is (MILD STEEL) material ERW is Electric Resistance Welding (as per IS1239 or IS3589) Pipe and tube are same in shape etc. but the only difference is that Pipe is used for Transferring Material (Gas, Liquid etc.) whereas tubes are used for Heat Exchanging purpose. Galvanized is for water, doesn't rust. Black is for gas. The pipe is the same, just coated differently. Generally a hose is flexible and a pipe is not.
2.
What is the difference between pipes and tubes? What are the differences between Galvanized pipe and black steel pipes? What is the difference between hose and pipe?
3.
4.
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Know few daily use materials in details - Source - (source Wikipedia)

Cement In the most general sense of the word, cement is a binder, a substance which sets and hardens independently, and can bind other materials together. The most important use of cement is the production of mortar and concrete - the bonding of natural or artificial aggregates to form a strong building material which is durable in the face of normal environmental effects. A building material made by grinding calcined limestone and clay to a fine powder, which can be mixed with water and poured to set as a solid mass or used as an ingredient in making mortar or concrete. Cement, binding material used in construction and engineering, often called hydraulic cement, typically made by heating a mixture of limestone and clay until it almost fuses and then grinding it to a fine powder. When mixed with water, the silicates and aluminates in the cement undergo a chemical reaction; the resulting hardened mass is then impervious to water. It may also be mixed with water and aggregates (crushed stone, sand, and gravel) to form concrete. Portland cement is made by mixing substances containing lime, silica, alumina, and iron oxide and then heating the mixture until it almost fuses. During the heating process dicalcium and tricalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, and a solid solution containing iron are formed. Gypsum is later added to these products during a grinding process. Natural cement, although slower-setting and weaker than portland cement, is still employed to some extent and is occasionally blended with portland cement. Cement with high aluminate content is used for fireproofing, because it is quick-setting and resistant to high temperatures; cement with high sulphate content is used in complex castings, because it expands upon hardening, filling small spaces. Hydraulic cements Hydraulic cements are materials which set and harden after combining with water, as a result of chemical reactions with the mixing water and, after hardening, retain strength and stability even under water. The key requirement for this is that the hydrates formed on immediate reaction with water are essentially insoluble in water. Most construction cements today are hydraulic, and most of these are based upon Portland cement, which is made primarily from limestone, certain clay minerals, and gypsum, in a high temperature process that drives off carbon dioxide and chemically combines the primary ingredients into new compounds. Non-hydraulic cements include such materials as (non-hydraulic) lime and gypsum plasters, which must be kept dry in order to gain strength, and oxychloride cements which have liquid components. Lime mortars, for example, "set" only by drying out, and gain strength only very slowly by absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to re-form calcium carbonate. Setting and hardening of hydraulic cements is caused by the formation of water-containing compounds, forming as a result of reactions between cement components and water. The reaction and the reaction products are referred to as hydration and hydrates or hydrate phases, respectively. As a result of the immediately starting reactions, a stiffening can be observed which is very small in the beginning, but which increases with time. After reaching a certain level, this point in time is referred to as the start of setting. The consecutive further consolidation is called setting, after which the phase of hardening begins. The compressive strength of the material then grows steadily, over a period which ranges from a few days in the case of "ultra-rapid-hardening" cements, to several years in the case of ordinary cements. Different type of Portland cement These are often available as inter-ground mixtures from cement manufacturers, but similar formulations are often also mixed from the ground components at the concrete mixing plant. Portland Blastfurnace Cement contains up to 70% ground granulated blast furnace slag, with the rest
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Portland clinker and a little gypsum. All compositions produce high ultimate strength, but as slag content is increased, early strength is reduced, while sulfate resistance increases and heat evolution diminishes. Used as an economic alternative to Portland sulfate-resisting and low-heat cements. Portland Flyash Cement contains up to 30% fly ash. The flyash is pozzolanic, so that ultimate strength is maintained. Because flyash addition allows a lower concrete water content, early strength can also be maintained. Where good quality cheap flyash is available, this can be an economic alternative to ordinary Portland cement. Portland Pozzolan Cement includes fly ash cement, since fly ash is a pozzolan, but also includes cements made from other natural or artificial pozzolans. In countries where volcanic ashes are available (e.g. Italy, Chile, Mexico, the Philippines) these cements are often the most common form in use. Portland Silica Fume cement. Addition of silica fume can yield exceptionally high strengths, and cements containing 5-20% silica fume are occasionally produced. However, silica fume is more usually added to Portland cement at the concrete mixer. Masonry Cements are used for preparing bricklaying mortars and stuccos, and must not be used in concrete. They are usually complex proprietary formulations containing Portland clinker and a number of other ingredients that may include limestone, hydrated lime, air entrainers, retarders, waterproofers and coloring agents. They are formulated to yield workable mortars that allow rapid and consistent masonry work. Subtle variations of Masonry cement in the US are Plastic Cements and Stucco Cements. These are designed to produce controlled bond with masonry blocks. Expansive Cements contain, in addition to Portland clinker, expansive clinkers (usually sulfoaluminate clinkers), and are designed to offset the effects of drying shrinkage that is normally encountered with hydraulic cements. This allows large floor slabs (up to 60 m square) to be prepared without contraction joints. White blended cements may be made using white clinker and white supplementary materials such as high-purity metakaolin. Colored cements are used for decorative purposes. In some standards, the addition of pigments to produce "colored Portland cement" is allowed. In other standards (e.g. ASTM), pigments are not allowed constituents of Portland cement, and colored cements are sold as "blended hydraulic cements". Non-Portland hydraulic cements Pozzolan-lime cements. Mixtures of ground pozzolan and lime are the cements used by the Romans, and are to be found in Roman structures still standing (e.g. the Pantheon in Rome). They develop strength slowly, but their ultimate strength can be very high. The hydration products that produce strength are essentially the same as those produced by Portland cement. Slag-lime cements. Ground granulated blast furnace slag is not hydraulic on its own, but is activated by addition of alkalis, most economically using lime. They are similar to pozzolan lime cements in their properties. Only granulated slag (i.e. water-quenched, glassy slag) is effective as a cement component. Supersulfated cements. These contain about 80% ground granulated blast furnace slag, 15% gypsum or anhydrite and a little Portland clinker or lime as an activator. They produce strength by formation of ettringite, with strength growth similar to a slow Portland cement. They exhibit good resistance to aggressive agents, including sulfate. Calcium aluminate cements are hydraulic cements made primarily from limestone and bauxite. The active ingredients are monocalcium aluminate CaAl 2O4 (CA in Cement chemist notation) and Mayenite Ca12Al14O33 (C12A7 in CCN). Strength forms by hydration to calcium aluminate hydrates. They are well-
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adapted for use in refractory (high-temperature resistant) concretes, e.g. for furnace linings. Calcium sulfoaluminate cements are made from clinkers that include yeelimite (Ca4(AlO2)6SO4 or C4A3 in Cement chemists notation) as a primary phase. They are used in expansive cements, in ultra-high early strength cements, and in "low-energy" cements. Hydration produces ettringite, and specialized physical properties (such as expansion or rapid reaction) are obtained by adjustment of the availability of calcium and sulfate ions. Their use as a low-energy alternative to Portland cement has been pioneered in China, where several million tonnes per year are produced. Energy requirements are lower because of the lower kiln temperatures required for reaction, and the lower amount of limestone (which must be endothermically decarbonated) in the mix. In addition, the lower limestone content and lower fuel consumption leads to a CO2 emission around half that associated with Portland clinker. However, SO2 emissions are usually significantly higher. Natural Cements correspond to certain cements of the pre-Portland era, produced by burning argillaceous limestones at moderate temperatures. The level of clay components in the limestone (around 30-35%) is such that large amounts of belite (the low-early strength, high-late strength mineral in Portland cement) are formed without the formation of excessive amounts free lime. As with any natural material, such cements have very variable properties. Geopolymer cements are made from mixtures of water-soluble alkali metal silicates and aluminosilicate mineral powders such as fly ash and metakaolin. FLY ASH Fly ash (one of several coal combustion products, or CCPs) is the finely divided mineral residue resulting from the combustion of coal in electric generating plants. Fly ash consists of inorganic, incombustible matter present in the coal that has been fused during combustion into a glassy, amorphous structure. Chemical composition and classification Component Bituminous Subbituminous Lignite SiO2 (%) Al2O3 (%) Fe2O3 (%) CaO (%) LOI (%) 20-60 5-35 10-40 1-12 0-15 40-60 20-30 4-10 5-30 0-3 15-45 20-25 4-15 15-40 0-5
Fly ash material solidifies while suspended in the exhaust gases and is collected by electrostatic precipitators or filter bags. Since the particles solidify while suspended in the exhaust gases, fly ash particles are generally spherical in shape and range in size from 0.5 m to 100 m. They consist mostly of silicon dioxide (SiO2), aluminium oxide (Al2O3) and iron oxide (Fe2O3), and are hence a suitable source of aluminum and silicon for geopolymers. When processed to the correct surface area (particle size)''''They can be''''are also pozzolanic in nature and react with calcium hydroxide and alkali to form calcium silicate hydrates (cementitious compounds). Two classes of fly ash are defined by ASTM C618: Class F fly ash and Class C fly ash. The chief difference between these classes is the amount of calcium, silica, alumina, and iron content in the ash. In Europe, there is EN450 with a significant difference being the carbon content. Engineering properties and development of strength over time are different depending on the chemical composition of the fly ash. The chemical properties of the fly ash are largely influenced by the chemical content of the coal burned (i.e., anthracite, bituminous, and lignite). Not all fly ashes meet ASTM C618 requirements, although depending on the application, this may not be
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necessary. Ash used as a cement replacement must meet strict construction standards, but no standard environmental standards have been established in the United States. Three-fourths of the ash must have a fineness of 45 m or less, and have a carbon content, measured by the loss on ignition (LOI), of less than 4%. In the U.S., LOI needs to be under 6%. The particle size distribution of raw fly ash is very often fluctuating constantly, due to changing performance of the coal mills and the boiler performance. This makes it necessary that fly ash used in concrete needs to be processed using separation equipment like mechanical air classifiers. Especially important is the ongoing quality verification. This is mainly expressed by quality control seals like the Indian ISI mark or the DCL mark of the Dubai Municipality. A typical Fly Ash processing plant with quality verification is the DIRK India plant in Nashik/Maharashtra, India. Class F fly ash The burning of harder, older anthracite and bituminous coal typically produces Class F fly ash. This fly ash is pozzolanic in nature, and contains less than 10% lime (CaO). Possessing pozzolanic properties, the glassy silica and alumina of Class F fly ash requires a cementing agent, such as Portland cement, quicklime, or hydrated lime, with the presence of water in order to react and produce cementitious compounds. Class C fly ash Fly ash produced from the burning of younger lignite or subbituminous coal, in addition to having pozzolanic properties, also has some self-cementing properties. In the presence of water, Class C fly ash will harden and gain strength over time. Class C fly ash generally contains more than 20% lime (CaO). Unlike Class F, self-cementing Class C fly ash does not require an activator. Alkali and sulfate (SO4) contents are generally higher in Class C fly ashes. Environmental benefits to recycling fly ash includes reducing the demand for virgin materials that would need quarrying and substituting for materials that may be energy-intensive to create (such as Portland cement). Fly ash reuse The reuse of fly ash as an engineering material primarily stems from its pozzolanic nature, spherical shape, and relative uniformity. Fly ash recycling, in descending frequency, includes usage in: Portland cement and grout; Embankments and structural fill; Waste stabilization and solidifaction; Raw feed for cement clinkers; Mine reclamation; Stabilization of soft soils; Road subbase; Aggregate; Flowable fill; Mineral filler in asphaltic concrete; Other applications include cellular concrete, roofing tiles, paints, metal castings, and filler in wood and plastic products. Portland cement Owing to its pozzolan properties, fly ash is used as a replacement of Portland cement in concrete. The use of fly ash as a pozzolanic ingredient was recognized as early as 1914, although the earliest noteworthy study of its use was in 1937. Before its use was lost to the Dark Ages, Roman structures such as aqueducts
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or the Pantheon in Rome used volcanic ash (which possesses similar properties to fly ash) as pozzolan in their concrete. As pozzolan greatly improves the strength and durability of concrete, the use of ash is a key factor in their preservation. Use of fly ash as a partial replacement for Portland cement is generally limited to Class F fly ashes. It can replace up to 30% by mass of Portland cement, and can add to the concretes final strength and increase its chemical resistance and durability. Recently concrete mix design for partial cement replacement with High Volume Fly Ash (50 % cement replacement) has been developed. For Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC)[used in dam construction] replacement values of 70% have been achieved with POZZOCRETE (processed fly ash) at the Ghatghar Dam project in Maharashtra, India. Due to fly ashs spherical shape, it can also increase workability of cement while reducing water demand. The replacement of Portland cement with fly ash also reduces the greenhouse gas signature of concrete, as the production of one ton of Portland cement produces one ton of CO2. Since the worldwide production of Portland cement is expected to reach nearly 2 billion tons by 2010, its replacement by fly ash could dramatically reduce global emissions of carbon Embankment Fly ash properties are somewhat unique as an engineering material. Unlike typical soils used for embankment construction, fly ash has a large uniformity coefficient consisting of silt-sized particles. Engineering properties that will affect fly ashs use in embankments include grain size distribution, compaction characteristics, shear strength, compressibility, permeability, and frost susceptibility. Nearly all fly ash used in embankments are Class F fly ashes. Soil stabilization Soil stabilization involves the addition of fly ash to improve the engineering performance of a soil. This is typically used for a soft, clayey subgrade beneath a road that will experience many repeated loadings. Improvement can be done with both Class C and Class F fly ashes. If using a Class F fly ash, an additive (such as lime or cement) is needed whereas the self-cementing nature of Class C fly ash allows it to be used alone. Flowable fill Fly ash is also used as a component in the production of flowable fill (also called controlled low strength material, or CLSM), which is used as self-leveling, self-compacting backfill material in lieu of compacted earth or granular fill. The strength of flowable fill mixes can range from 200 to 1,200 lbf/in (1.4 to 8.3 MPa), depending on the design requirements of the project in question. Flowable fill includes mixtures of Portland cement and filler material, and can contain mineral admixtures. Fly ash can replace fine aggregate (in most cases, river sand) as a filler material. High fly ash content mixes contain nearly all fly ash, with a small percentage of Portland cement and enough water to make the mix flowable. Low fly ash content mixes contain a high percentage of filler material, and a low percentage of fly ash, Portland cement, and water. Class F fly ash is best suited for high fly ash content mixes, whereas Class C fly ash is almost always used in low fly ash content mixes. Asphalt concrete Asphalt concrete is a composite material consisting of an asphalt binder and mineral aggregate. Both Class F and Class C fly ash can typically be used as a mineral filler to fill the voids and provide contact points between larger aggregate particles in asphalt concrete mixes. This application is used in conjunction, or as a replacement for, other binders (such as Portland cement or hydrated lime). For use in apshalt pavement, the fly ash must meet mineral filler specifications outlined in ASTM D242. The hydrophobic nature of fly ash gives pavements better resistance to stripping. Fly ash has also been shown to increase the stiffness of the asphalt matrix, improving rutting resistance and increasing mix durability.
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Polymers More recently, fly ash has been used as a component in geopolymers mixtures. Roller compacted concrete Another new application is using fly ash in roller compacted concrete dams. This has been demonstrated in the Ghatghar Dam Project in India.
Bricks Ash bricks have been used in house construction in Windhoek, Namibia since the 1970's. There is, however, a problem with the bricks in that they tend to fail or produce unsightly pop-outs. This happens when the bricks come into contact with moisture and a chemical reaction occurs causing the bricks to expand. In May 2007, Henry Liu, a retired 70-year old American civil engineer, announced that he had invented a new, environmentally sound building brick composed of fly ash and water. Compressed at 4,000 psi and cured for 24 hours in a 150F (66C) steam bath , then toughened with an air entrainment agent, the bricks last for more than 100 freeze-thaw cycles. Owing to the high concentration of calcium oxide in class C fly ash, the brick can be described as "self-cementing". The manufacturing method is said to save energy, reduce mercury pollution, and costs 20% less than traditional clay brick manufacturing. Liu intends to license his technology to manufacturers in 2008. Grout A binding or structural agent used in construction and engineering applications. Grout is typically a mixture of hydraulic cement and water, with or without fine aggregate; however, chemical grouts are also produced. The type most commonly specified in construction and engineering is cementitious grout, which is used where its more conventional sister material, concrete, is less suited because of placing limitations or restrictions on coarse-aggregate contents. Cementitious grouts are used to fill voids and cracks in pavements, building and dam foundations, and brick and concrete masonrywall assemblies; to construct floor toppings or provide flooring underlayment; to place ceramictile; and to bind preplaced-aggregate concrete. Grout can be formulated from a variety of cements and minerals and proportioned for specificapplications. Neat cement grout refers to formulations without aggregate, containing only hydraulic cement, water, and possibly admixtures. Sanded grout is any mix containing fine aggregate and it is formulated much like masonry mortar. Whether neat or sanded, cementitious grouts derive their strength and other properties from the same calcium silicate-based binding chemistry as concrete. Non-shrink grout is a hydraulic cement grout that produces a volume that, when hardened under stipulated test conditions, is greater than or equal to the original installed volume; often used as a transfer medium between load-bearing members. It has the following characteristics: can be loaded in a few hours (2-5) ready for use cement, need only be mixed with water does not shrink develops a controlled increase in volume with force-locking bonding between surrounding concrete or metal walls. Paint Paint is any liquid, liquifiable, or mastic composition which after application to a substrate in a thin layer
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is converted to an opaque solid film. Paint is used to protect, decorate (such as adding color), or add functionality to an object or surface by covering it with a pigmented coating. An example of protection is to corrosion of metal. An example of decoration is to add festive trim to a room interior. An example of added functionality is to modify light reflection or heat radiation of a surface. Another example of functionality would be the use of color to identify hazards or function of equipment and pipelines. As a verb, painting is the application of paint. Someone who paints artistically is usually called a painter or artist, while someone who paints commercially is often referred to as a painter and decorator, or house painter. Pigment (Paint) Pigments are granular solids incorporated into the paint to contribute color, toughness or simply to reduce the cost of the paint. Alternatively, some paints contain dyes instead of or in combination with pigments. Other paints contain no pigment at all. Pigments can be classified as either natural or synthetic types. Natural pigments include various clays, calcium carbonate, mica, silicas, and talcs. Synthetics would include engineered molecules, calcined clays, blanc fix, precipitated calcium carbonate, and synthetic silicas. Hiding pigments, in making paint opaque, also protect the substrate from the harmful effects of ultraviolet light. Hiding pigments include titanium dioxide, phthalo blue, red iron oxide, and many others. Fillers are a special type of pigment that serve to thicken the film, support its structure and simply increase the volume of the paint. Fillers are usually comprised of cheap and inert materials, such as talc, lime, baryte, clay, etc. Floor paints that will be subjected to abrasion may even contain fine quartz sand as a filler. Not all paints include fillers. On the other hand some paints contain very large proportions of pigment/filler and binder. A commercially important pigment is titanium dioxide. The titanium dioxide used in most paints today is often coated with silicon or aluminum oxides for various reasons such as better exterior durability, or better hiding performance (opacity) via better efficiency promoted by more optimal spacing within the paint film. Opacity is also improved by optimal sizing of the titanium dioxide particles. Some pigments are toxic, such as the lead pigments that are used in lead paint. Paint Binder The binder, or resin, is the actual film forming component of paint. It is the only component that must be present; other components listed below are included optionally, depending on the desired properties of the cured film. The binder imparts adhesion, binds the pigments together, and strongly influences such properties as gloss potential, exterior durability, flexibility, and toughness. Binders include synthetic or natural resins such as acrylics, polyurethanes, polyesters, melamine resins, epoxy, or oils. Binders can be categorized according to drying, or curing, mechanism. The four most common are simple solvent evaporation, oxidative crosslinking, catalyzed polymerization, and coalescence. There are others. Note that drying and curing are two different processes. Drying generally refers to evaporation of vehicle, whereas curing refers to polymerization of the binder. Depending on chemistry and composition, any
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particular paint may undergo either, or both processes. Thus, there are paints that dry only, those that dry then cure, and those that do not depend on drying for curing. Paints that dry by simple solvent evaporation contain a solid binder dissolved in a solvent; this forms a solid film when the solvent evaporates, and the film can re-dissolve in the solvent again. Classic nitrocellulose lacquers fall into this category, as do non-grain raising stains composed of dyes dissolved in solvent. Latex paint is a water-based dispersion of sub-micron polymer particles. The term "latex" in the context of paint simply means an aqueous dispersion; latex rubber (the sap of the rubber tree that has historically been called latex) is not an ingredient. These dispersions are prepared by emulsion polymerization. Latex paints cure by a process called coalescence where first the water, and then the trace, or coalescing, solvent, evaporate and draw together and soften the latex binder particles together and fuse them together into irreversibly bound networked structures, so that the paint will not redissolve in the solvent/water that originally carried it. Residual surfactants in the paint as well as hydrolytic effects with some polymers cause the paint to remain susceptible to softening and, over time, degradation by water. Paints that cure by oxidative crosslinking are generally single package coatings that when applied, the exposure to oxygen in the air starts a process that crosslinks and polymerizes the binder component. Classic alkyd enamels would fall into this category. Paints that cure by catalyzed polymerization are generally two package coatings that polymerize by way of a chemical reaction initiated by mixing resin and hardener, and which cure by forming a hard plastic structure. Depending on composition they may need to dry first, by evaporation of solvent. Classic two package epoxies or polyurethanes would fall into this category. Still other films are formed by cooling of the binder. For example, encaustic or wax paints are liquid when warm, and harden upon cooling. In many cases, they will resoften or liquify if reheated. Recent environmental requirements restrict the use of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), and alternative means of curing have been developed, particularly for industrial purposes. In UV curing paints, the solvent is evaporated first, and hardening is then initiated by ultraviolet light. In powder coatings there is little or no solvent, and flow and cure are produced by heating of the substrate after application of the dry powder. Paint Vehicle or solvent The main purpose of the vehicle is to adjust the viscosity of the paint. It is volatile and does not become part of the paint film. It can also control flow and application properties, and affect the stability of the paint while in liquid state. Its main function is as the carrier for the non volatile components. Water is the main vehicle for water based paints. Solvent based, sometimes called oil based, paints can have various combinations of solvents as the vehicle, including aliphatics, aromatics, alcohols, and ketones. These include organic solvents such as petroleum distillate, alcohols, ketones, esters, glycol ethers, and the like. Sometimes volatile low-molecular weight synthetic resins also serve as diluents. This component is optional: some paints have no diluent. Also note that the term "vehicle" is industrial jargon. In some companies the term is used to refer to the solvent and in others, it is used to refer to the binder. Paint Additives Besides the three main categories of ingredients, paint can have a wide variety of miscellaneous additives, which are usually added in very small amounts and yet give a very significant effect on the product. Some
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examples include additives to modify surface tension, improve flow properties, improve the finished appearance, increase wet edge, improve pigment stability, impart antifreeze properties, control foaming, control skinning, etc. Other types of additives include catalysts, thickeners, stabilizers, emulsifiers, texturizers, adhesion promoters, UV stabilizers, flatteners (de-glossing agents), biocides to fight bacterial growth, and the like. Resin A nonvolatile solid or semisolid organic material, usually of high molecular weight; obtained as gum from certain trees or manufactured synthetically; tends to flow when subjected to heat or stress; soluble in most organic solvents but not in water; the film-forming component of a paint or varnish; used in making plastics and adhesives. OR Resin Any natural or synthetic organic compound consisting of a noncrystalline (amorphous) solid or viscous liquid substance or mixture. Natural resins are usually transparent or translucent yellow to brown and can melt and burn. Most are exuded from trees, especially pines and firs (conifer), when the bark is injured or stripped. The fluid secretion usually dries out and hardens into a material that can be worked. Natural resins have been used in perfumes and medicines (e.g., balsams), in paints and varnishes (e.g., turpentine and shellac, the latter derived from the secretion of an insect), and in decorative ware (e.g., amber, Oriental lacquer). Synthetic resins are all plastics; the term resin, though still used in the modern industry, dates from the years when synthetics began to replace natural resins. Thermoplastic resins are plastics such as polyethylene that can be shaped repeatedly on reheating, whereas thermosetting resins are plastics such as epoxy that set permanently and cannot be reshaped Epoxy A high-strength adhesive, often made of two different materials that must be mixed together just prior to use. A class of synthetic, thermosetting resins which produce tough, hard, chemical-resistant coatings and excellent adhesives. Synthetic resin with great strength and adhesive power Epoxy resin is widely used in the boatbuilding and repair business as a tough gap-filling adhesive. It also forms high-grade laminates with glass fibers and other materials.Clear epoxy in thin consistency is used to seal wood and protect it from water penetration. Its also used extensively in paints as a sanding filler and a barrier coat to help prevent osmosis in fiberglass hulls.For amateur use, epoxy is supplied as a liquid resin and a separate liquid catalyst, which must be mixed together to start a chemical cure. Its particularly effective in repairs to fiberglass hulls, which are typically made from polyester resin, but when its properly applied, it forms an extremely strong bond that clings tenaciously to almost any surface. And while it is very strong, it stays flexible.Epoxy resin has revived interest in wooden boatbuilding because of its promise to reduce maintenance and extend the life of wooden hulls. The theory is that wood saturated in epoxy is immune to attack by dry rot and even by the various kinds of wood-boring mollusks that have always been attracted to wooden boats.The resin can be thickened and strengthened with various fillers that make gap-filling easier and compensate for lack of woodworking skill in amateur builders a fact many traditionalists decry. Some critics believe epoxy has no place in wooden boat-building because it is sensitive to heat and starts to deform at temperatures commonly found on deck in hot climates. Most epoxy is not totally waterproof, either, and is rated only as water-resistant. It is particularly vulnerable to degradation by the suns ultraviolet rays and, therefore, must be protected by coats of paint or varnish loaded with ultraviolet filters.However, epoxy is a generic term for a whole group of resins, any of which might be formulated for special purposes such as better resisting heat or moisture penetration. The adhesive most commonly recommended for wood-to-wood applications is resorcinol, which is used extensively in outdoor- and marine-grade plywood. Epoxy resins Group of synthetic resins used to make plastics and adhesives. These materials are noted for their
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versatility, but their relatively high cost has limited their use. High resistance to chemicals and outstanding adhesion, durability, and toughness have made them valuable as coatings. Because of their high electrical resistance, durability at high and low temperatures, and the ease with which they can be poured or cast without forming bubbles, epoxy resin plastics are especially useful for encapsulating electrical and electronic components. Epoxy resin adhesives can be used on metals, construction materials, and most other synthetic resins. They are strong enough to be used in place of rivets and welds in certain industrial applications. Varnish
A transparent surface coating which is applied as a liquid and then changes to a hard solid. Varnishes are solutions of resinous materials in a solvent, and dry by the evaporation of the solvent or by a chemical reaction, either with oxygen from the air or by some other means, including absorption of atmospheric moisture. Spirit varnishes are those in which the evaporation of solvent is the only drying process; the solvent is usually alcohol, although the term is used for similar coatings made with other solvents. Shellac varnish, made by dissolving shellac in alcohol, is the most common of this type. Oleoresinous varnishes are made by treating a drying oil with a resin, usually with heat, and dissolving the reaction product in a solvent, usually a petroleum fraction; drying results from the evaporation of the solvent, followed by polymerization of the drying oil portion, a reaction which is accelerated by metallic driers added to the varnish. For a discussion of the mechanism of this drying action. Varnish coatings on wood are used to protect against abrasion, staining, and weather and to reduce the penetration of water and other materials without obscuring the grain or changing the color materially. Varnishes are used on masonry to reduce the penetration of moisture and the damage from freezing. Paper is coated with varnish to resist moisture and keep printing from being damaged.
Plastic Plastic, any organic material with the ability to flow into a desired shape when heat and pressure are applied to it and to retain the shape when they are withdrawn. Composition and Types of Plastic A plastic is made up principally of a binder together with plasticizers, fillers, pigments, and other additives. The binder gives a plastic its main characteristics and usually its name. Thus, polyvinyl chloride is both the name of a binder and the name of a plastic into which it is made. Binders may be natural materials, e.g., cellulose derivatives, casein, or milk protein, but are more commonly synthetic resins. In either case, the binder materials consist of very long chainlike molecules called polymers. Cellulose derivatives are made from cellulose, a naturally occurring polymer; casein is also a naturally occurring polymer. Synthetic resins are polymerized, or built up, from small simple molecules called monomers. Plasticizers are added to a binder to increase flexibility and toughness. Fillers are added to improve particular properties, e.g., hardness or resistance to shock. Pigments are used to impart various colors. Virtually any desired color or shape and many combinations of the properties of hardness, durability, elasticity, and resistance to heat, cold, and acid can be obtained in a plastic. There are two basic types of plastic: thermosetting, which cannot be resoftened after being subjected to heat and pressure; and thermoplastic, which can be repeatedly softened and remolded by heat and pressure. When heat and pressure are applied to a thermoplastic binder, the chainlike polymers slide past each other, giving the material plasticity. However, when heat and pressure are initially applied to a thermosetting binder, the molecular chains become cross-linked, thus preventing any slippage if heat and pressure are reapplied. Bricks A brick is a block made of kiln-fired material, usually clay or shale, but also may be of lower quality mud, etc. Clay bricks are formed in a moulding (the soft mud method), or in commercial manufacture more frequently by extruding clay through a die and then wire-cutting them to the proper size (the stiff mud
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process). Bricks were very popular as a building material in the 1700, 1800 and 1900s. This was probably due to the fact that it was much more flame retardant than wood in the ever crowding cities, and fairly cheap to produce. Another type of block replaced clay bricks in the late 20th century. It was the Cinder block. Made mostly with concrete. Concrete Concrete is a composite building material made from the combination of aggregate (composite) and a binder such as cement. The most common form of concrete is Portland cement concrete, which consists of mineral aggregate (generally gravel and sand), portland cement and water. After mixing, the cement hydrates and eventually hardens into a stone-like material. When used in the generic sense, this is the material referred to by the term concrete. Tiles A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as ceramic, stone, metal, or even glass. Tiles are generally used for covering roofs, floors, walls, showers, or other objects such as tabletops. Alternatively, tile can sometimes refer to similar units made from lightweight materials such as perlite, wood, and mineral wool, typically used for wall and ceiling applications. Less precisely, the modern term can refer to any sort of construction tile or similar object, such as rectangular counters used in playing games (see tile-based game). The word is derived from the French word tuile, which is, in turn, from the Latin word tegula, meaning a roof tile composed of fired clay. Tiles are often used to form wall and floor coverings, and can range from simple square tiles to complex mosaics. Tiles are most often made from porcelain, fired clay or ceramic with a hard glaze, but other materials are also commonly used, such as glass, metal, cork, and stone. Tiling stone is typically marble, onyx, granite or slate. Thinner tiles can be used on walls than on floors, which require thicker, more durable surfaces. Vitrified Tile Vitrified Tile is a tile is created by the Vitrification process. It is processed in ways that it has very low porosity (and water absorption) making it stain-resistant and strong. Vitrified tile can be used as an alternative to marble and granite flooring. Ceramic Tile A burned-clay product composed of a clay body with a decorative surface glaze; used principally for decorative and sanitary effects. Marble Marble is a nonfoliated metamorphic rock resulting from the metamorphism of limestone, composed mostly of calcite (a crystalline form of calcium carbonate, CaCO3). It is extensively used for sculpture, as a building material, and in many other applications. Marble is a metamorphic rock resulting from regional or rarely contact metamorphism of sedimentary carbonate rocks, either limestone or dolostone, or metamorphism of older marble. This metamorphic process causes a complete recrystallization of the original rock into an interlocking mosaic of calcite, aragonite and/or dolomite crystals. The temperatures and pressures necessary to form marble usually destroy any fossils and sedimentary textures present in the original rock. Pure white marble is the result of metamorphism of very pure limestones. The characteristic swirls and veins of many colored marble varieties are usually due to various mineral impurities such as clay, silt, sand, iron oxides, or chert which were originally present as grains or layers in the limestone. Green coloration is often due to serpentine resulting from originally high magnesium limestone or dolostone with silica impurities. These various impurities have been mobilized and recrystallized by the intense pressure and heat of the metamorphism. Aluminum Composite Panel ACP Aluminum Composite Panel (ACP) or Aluminum Composite Material (ACM) is a widely-used term
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describing flat panels that consist of a non-aluminum core bonded between two aluminum sheets. Aluminum sheets can be coated with PVDF or Polyester paint. ACPs are frequently used for external cladding of buildings (building facades), for insulation and for signage. ACP is very rigid and strong despite its light weight. Aluminum can be painted in any kind of color, and ACPs are produced in a wide range of metallic and non-metallic colors as well as patterns that imitate other materials, such as wood or marble. Applications of ACPs are not limited to external building cladding, but can also be used in any form of cladding such as partitions, false ceilings etc. Aluminum Composite Panels are also widely used within the signage industry as an alternative to heavier, more expensive substrates. The core is commonly low density Polyethylene or an insulating material no less than 10 cm thick when its use is refrigeration insulation. Curtain Wall & Structural glazing Curtain Wall The traditional curtain wall is a frame of aluminum with mullions and transoms quite similar to large framed glazing except that the walls form an independent envelope around the main structure and are generally not resting on the concrete structure but only connected to it. The design factors for wind loading and provisions for expansions and movements of wall v/s the structure and glass v/s the aluminium are to be considered carefully. Planimetry of the whole glass wall as a single unit and special sealing elements, materials and techniques make it a highly specialized job. The glass is kept in place by placing it in the sash and fixing with a pressure plate & screws. Structural Glazing Structural glazing is a system of bonding glass to an aluminium window frame utilizing a high-strength, high performance silicone sealant. It uses the adhesive qualities of silicone sealants to retain the glass in the frame by adhesion without the necessity of any mechanical retention such as beads, clips or bolt fixings. Structural glazing with sealants allows perfectly uniform large glazed surfaces, not interrupted by traditional frames or any other supporting or fitting system projecting out of the frame. Instead of being fitted in a frame, the glass is fixed to a support, which in turn is attached to a structural element of the building, the tightness of the whole system being obtained by a silicone seal. The glass is fixed on its support by means of a silicone seal along the edges of the internal surface. This technique can be used with almost all types of glass, including insulating glass units.
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Area Measurements Ready Reference Notes
Plinth Area Measurement Gross Building Area Gross Floor Areas Fully Enclosed Covered Area Unenclosed Covered Area Usable Floor Area Service Areas Non-Habitable Areas Method for Measuring Office Floor Area
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Plinth area Measurement

Following areas shall be included where occurring in each category of plinth area; a) Area of the wall at the floor level excluding plinth offsets if any. When the building consists of columns projecting beyond the cladding, the plinth area shall be measured upto the external face of the cladding (in case of corrugated sheet cladding outer edge of corrugation shall be considered). b) Internal shaft for sanitary installations and garbage chute, provided these do not exceed 2 sqm in area, vertical duct for air conditioning, and lift well including landing. c) Stair cover (Mumty). d) Machine room, and e) Porch The Following Shall not be included in the plinth area:a) Additional floor for seating in assembly buildings / theaters and auditorium. b) Cantilevered porch. c) Balcony. d) Area of loft. (Loft is an intermediate storage area between two main floors). e) Internal sanitary shaft and garbage chute provided these are more than 2 Sqm in area. f) Area of architectural band, cornice (Horizontal or ornamental feature projecting from the face of a wall) etc. g) Area of vertical sun breaker or box louver projecting out and other architectural features, for eg. slab projection for keeping flower pots. h) Open platform. j) Terrace at floor One. k) Spiral staircase including landing, and m) Towers, Domes projecting above the terrace level at terrace.
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MEASUREMENT OF BUILDING AREAS

1. GROSS BUILDING AREA
The total enclosed and unenclosed area of the building at all building floor levels measured between the normal OUTSIDE face of any enclosing walls, balustrades and supports. Unit of Measurement: Square Metres (m2).
2. GROSS FLOOR AREAS

The sum of the 'Fully Enclosed Covered Area' and 'Unenclosed Covered Area' as defined.
2a. Fully Enclosed Covered Area

The sum of all such areas at all building floor levels, including basements (except unexcavated portions), floored roof spaces and attics, garages, penthouses, enclosed porches and attached enclosed covered ways alongside buildings, equipment rooms, lift shafts, vertical ducts, staircases and any other fully enclosed spaces and usable areas of the building, computed by measuring from the normal INSIDE face of exterior walls but ignoring any projections such as plinths, columns, piers and the like which project from the normal inside face of exterior walls. It shall not include open courts, light wells, connecting or isolated covered ways and net open areas of upper portions of rooms, lobbies, halls, interstitial spaces and the like which extend through the storey being computed.
2b. Unenclosed Covered Area

The sum of all such areas at all building floor levels, including roofed balconies, open verandahs, porches and porticos, attached open covered ways alongside buildings, undercrofts and usable space under buildings, unenclosed access galleries (including ground floor) and any other trafficable covered areas of the building which are not totally enclosed by full height walls, computed by measuring the area between the enclosing walls or balustrade (i.e. from the inside face of the U.C.A. excluding the wall or balustrade thickness). When the covering element (i.e. roof or upper floor) is supported by columns, is cantilevered or is suspended, or any combination of these, the measurements shall be taken to the edge of the paving or to the edge of the cover, whichever is the lesser, U.C.A. shall not include eaves overhangs, sun shading, awnings and the like where these do not relate to clearly defined trafficable covered areas, nor shall it include connecting or isolated covered ways.
3. USABLE FLOOR AREA

The sum of the floor areas measured at floor level from the general inside face of walls of all interior spaces related to the primary function of the building. This will normally be computed by calculating the 'Fully Enclosed Covered Area' (F.E.C.A.) and deducting all of the following areas supplementary to the primary function of the building:
Deductions
(a) Common Use Areas
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All floored areas in the building for circulation and standard facilities provided for the common use of occupiers, tenants and/or the public such as lobbies and fire escapes, verandahs and balconies, corridors and passages, toilet and rest rooms areas, cloak and locker areas, cleaner's rooms including stores and cupboards, tea making and similar amenities areas.
(b) Service Areas

All areas set aside for building plant supplying services and facilities common to the building for the use of occupants, tenants and/or public, such as mechanical plant and equipment rooms, electrical equipment and switchrooms, tank rooms, lift motor rooms, meter cupboards, telecommunication switchrooms, refuse collection areas, loading bays and all car parks including access ways thereto. However, some ancillary areas should be included such as plant rooms housing equipment directly used in the department and workshops.
(c) Non-habitable Areas
All non-habitable building space such as that occupied by internal columns and other structural supports, internal walls and permanent partitions, lift shafts, service ducts and the like. These are extracts of NWPC standard method of measurement of building areas with an addition from Australian Universities Commission.
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Method for Measuring Office Floor Area

A Summary of the generally accepted method for measuring office space
This general overview of the the method used for measuring office space is to allow you to get a general idea on how office space should be measured for rental purposes. This method been the generally accepted method for measuring office space for many years. It should be noted that this standard can and should be used in measuring office space in old as well as new buildings. It is applicable to any architectural design or type of construction.
Usable Area
The Usable Area is the actual area that can be occupied on a floor or an office. The amount of Usable Area on a multi-tenant floor usually does vary over the life of a building as corridors expand and contract and as floors are remodeled. Usable floor area is converted to Rentable Area by the addition of a conversion factor (common area factor). The Usable Area of an office is calculated by measuring to the finished surface side of the office side of corridor and other permanent walls, to the center of the partitions that separate the office from adjoining Usable Areas, and to the inside finished surface of the main portions of the permanent outer building walls. The Usable Area of a floor is equal to the total of all Usable Areas on that floor.
Rentable Area
The Rentable Area is the tenant's gross square footage of the entire office floor, minus the elevator core, flues, pipe shafts, vertical ducts, balconies, stairwell areas and other similar columns and projections. The Rentable Area of a floor is fixed for the entire life of the building. It is not affected by changes in corridor sizes and configuration. No deduction is made for columns and projections which are structurally necessary to the building. The Rentable Area of an office floor is calculated by multiplying the Usable Area of that office by the result of the division of the Floor Rentable Area of the floor by the Usable Area of the floor resulting in the Floor Rentable/Usable Ratio.
Building Common Area

The Building Common Area includes all the areas of a building that are used to provide services to building tenants. These are areas which are not included in the office area of any specific tenant. It also includes any other common areas and is added to the Floor Rentable Area to calculate the Rentable Area.
Gross Rentable Area

Rent is almost always paid based upon the Gross Rentable Area which includes the Floor Rentable Area plus the pro rata share of Building Common Area.
Building Rentable Area + Pro Rata Building Common Area = Rentable Area
Load Factor
The Load Factor, or Rentable /Useable Ratio, is the percentage of space on a floor that is not usable plus a pro-rata share of the Building Common Area, expressed as a percent of Usable Area. AKA Common Area Factor or the Loss Factor. A Typical range is 10% to 18%.
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Gross Rentable Area Usable Area = R/U Ratio
Conversion Formulas
Load Factor (Load) (Usable Area x R/U Ratio) Rentable Area R/U Ratio Usable Area x (1 + Load) R/U Ratio - 1 Rentable Area Usable Area Rentable Area
Definitions
A wall, ceiling, or floor surface, including glass, as prepared for tenant use. It excludes Finished Surface: the thickness of any additional surface additions such as paneling, carpet or other similar surface addition. Stairs, elevator shafts, flues, pipe shafts, vertical ducts, and similar (including enclosing Major Vertical walls) which serve more than one floor of a building. It does not include stairs, lifts, and Penetrations: other similar structures which serve only one tenant occupying office space on 2 or more floors.
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Conversion Table
Conversion - Wire Gauge to Equivalent mm (Plates) Conversion Factor - Rate per Unit of measurement to other
Conversion - Wire Gauge to Equivalent mm (Plates) S. No.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Wire Gauge
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
Equivalent mm
3.15 mm 2.50 mm 2.00 mm 1.66 mm 1.25 mm 1.00 mm 0.80 mm 0.63 mm 0.50 mm 0.44 mm
Weight - Kg / Sqm
24.70 19.61 15.69 12.55 9.80 7.84 6.27 4.94 3.91 3.10
Conversion Factor - Rate per Unit of measurement to other S. No.

1 2 3 4 5
To Convert
Rate per running foot into Rate per running metre Rate per 10 running feet into Rate per running metre Rate per 100 running feet into rate per running metre Rate per square foot into Rate per running metre Rate per 10 square feet into Rate per square metre. Page 107 of 164
Multiply By Vice Versa

3.2800 0.3280 0.0328 10.7640 1.0764 0.3048 3.0480 30.4800 0.0929 0.9290
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Rate per 100 square feet into Rate per square feet. Rate per cubic foot into Rate per cubic metre. Rate per 100 cubic feet into Rate per cubic metre. Rate per pound into Rate per Kg. Rate per hundredweight (cwt) into Rate per quintel. Rate per ton into Rate per tonne (metric). Pounds / running foot into kgs / running metre. Pounds / square foot into kgs / square metre. Pounds / cubic foot into kgs / cubic metre. Pounds / gallon into kgs / litre. Rate per gallon into Rate per litre. Pounds / square inch into kg / sq cm. ton / sqft into tonne / sq m. Bending moment from foot - pounds to kilograms - metres. Rate per acre into Rate per hectare.
0.1076 35.3150 0.3532 2.2046 1.9684 0.9842 1.4881 4.8810 16.0184 0.0998 0.2200 0.0700 10.9370 0.1380 2.4710
9.2900 0.0283 2.8300 0.4536 0.5080 1.0160 0.6720 0.2050 0.0624 1.0020 4.5460 14.2230 0.0914 7.2330 0.4047
S. No.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
Multiply
acres acres centimetres centimetres cubic centimtres cubic feet cubic feet cubic feet cubic feet cubic feet cubic feet
By
To Obtain
0.404687 hectares 0.0040469 square kilometres 0.0328083 feet 0.3937 inches 0.00003532 cubic feet 0.06102 cubic inches 28317 cubic centimetres 0.028317 cubic metres 6.22905 gallons, Imperial 0.2832 hectolitres 28.317 litres
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12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. cubic inches cubic metres cubic metres degrees, angular degrees, F (less 32F) degrees, C foot pounds feet feet feet gallons, Imperial gallons, Imperial gallons, Imperial gallons, U.S. gallons, U.S. grams hectares hectares hectares horse power, metric horse power, U.S. inches inches inches kilograms kilograms kilogram metres kilograms per metre kilograms per sq cm kilograms per sq metre kilograms per cubic metre kilometres 16.38716 cubic centimetres 35.3145 cubic feet 1.3079 cubic yards 0.0174533 radians 0.5556 degrees, C 1.8 degrees, F (less 32 F) 0.13826 kilogram metres 30.4801 centimetres 0.304801 metres 304.801 millimetres 0.160538 cubic feet 1.20091 gallons, U.S. 4.54596 litres 0.832702 gallons, Imperial 3.78543 litres 0.0022046 pounds, avoirdupois 2.47104 acres 107638.7 square feet 0.00386101 square miles 0.98632 horsepower, U.S. 1.01387 horsepower, metric 2.54001 centimetres 0.0254001 metres 25.4001 millimetres 2.20462 pounds 0.00098421 tons (=2240 lbs) 7.233 foot pounds 0.671972 pounds per foot 14.2234 pounds per inch 0.204817 pounds per sq foot 0.0624283 pounds per cubic foot 0.62137 miles
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44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. kilometres litres litres litres litres metres metres metres miles millimetres millimetres ounce (oz) pounds (avoirdupois) pounds (avoirdupois) pounds (avoirdupois) pounds (avoirdupois) pounds per foot pounds per square foot pounds per square inch pounds per cubic foot radians square centimetres square feet square feet square inches square kilometres square kilometres square metres square metres square miles square yards tons (2240 pounds) tons (2240 pounds) 3280.7 feet 0.219975 gallons, Imperial 0.26417 gallons, U.S. 0.035 cubic feet 61.022 cubic inches 3.28083 feet 39.37 inches 1.09361 yards 1.60935 kilometres 0.00328083 feet 0.03937 inches 28.349 grams 453.592 grams 0.453592 kilograms 0.0004464 tons (=2240 lbs) 0.0004536 tonne (metric) 1.48816 kilograms per metre 4.88241 kilograms per sq metre 0.07031 kilograms per sq cm 16.0184 kilograms per cu metre 57.29578 degrees, angular 0.155 square inches 0.00092903 ares 0.0929034 square metres 6.45163 square centimetres 247.104 square acres 0.3861 square miles 10.7639 square feet 1.19599 square yards 2.59 square kilometres 0.83613 square metres 1016.05 kilograms 1.01605 tonne (metric)
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77. 78. 79. tonne (metric) tonne (metric) yards 2204.62 pounds 0.98421 tons (=2240 lbs) 0.914402 metres
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Unit Weights - Structural Steel Elements

ISA - Hot - Rolled Steel Equal Angles ISA - Hot - Rolled Steel Un-Equal Angles ISMC - Hot-Rolled Steel Sections - Medium Channels (Sloping Flanges) ISMB - Hot-Rolled Steel Sections - Medium Weight Beams Weight of Standard CHEQUERED PLATES Weight of Reinforcement Steel Bars with their Standard Cross sectional Areas Weight of G.I. Pipes for Water, Gas & Air confirming to IS 1239 Weight of Pipes for Water, Gas & Air confirming to IS:3589/2001
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ISA - HOT - ROLLED STEEL EQUAL ANGLES - (as per IS : 808, 1976 and Part V)
Designation
Size (mm X mm) 20 x 20 25 x 25
Thickness (mm) 3 4 3 4 5 3 4 5 3 4 5 6 3 4 5 6 3 4 5 6 3 4 5 6 7 8 5 6 8 10 4 5 6 8 10 5 6 8 10 5 6 7 8 10 5 6
Weight per metre (in Kg) 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.8 1.4 1.8 2.2 1.6 2.1 2.6 3.0 1.8 2.4 3.0 3.5 2.1 2.7 3.4 4.0 2.3 3.0 3.8 4.5 5.15 5.82 4.1 4.9 6.4 7.9 3.7 4.5 5.4 7.0 8.6 4.9 5.8 7.7 9.4 5.3 6.3 7.38 8.3 10.2 5.7 6.8
ISA 2020 ISA 2525
ISA 3030
30 x 30
ISA 3535
35 x 35
IS4040
40 x 40
ISA 4545
45 x 45
ISA 5050
50 x 50
ISA 5555
55 x 55
ISA 6060
60 x 60
ISA 6565
65 x 65
ISA 7070
70 x 70
ISA 7575
75 x 75
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8 Thickness (mm) 10 6 8 10 12 6 8 10 12 6 6.5 8 10 12 15
Designation
Size (mm X mm) 80 x 80
ISA 8080
ISA 9090
90 x 90
8.9 Weight per metre (in Kg) 11.0 7.3 9.6 11.8 14.0 8.2 10.8 13.4 15.8 9.2 9.99 12.1 14.9 17.7 21.9 13.4 16.6 19.7 25.7 14.7 18.2 21.6 26.6 15.9 19.7 23.5 30.7 22.9 27.3 33. 35.8 40.1 44.1 40.9 48.6 53.7 36.9 48.5 60.0 71.1 73.9
ISA 100100
100 x 100
ISA 110110
110 x 110
8 10 12 16
ISA 120120
120 x 120
8 10 12 15
ISA 130130
130 x 130
8 10 12 16 10 12 15 16 18 20 15 18 20 12 16 20 24 25
ISA 150150
150 x 150
ISA 180180
180 x 180
ISA 200200
200 x 200
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ISA - HOT - ROLLED STEEL UN-EQUAL ANGLES

Designation
Size (mm X mm) 30 x 20
Thickness (mm) 3 4 5 3 4 5 6 3 4 5 6 3 4 5 6 5 6 8 5 6 8 5 6 8 10 5 6 8 10 5 6 8 10 6 8 10 12
Weight per metre (in Kg) 1.1 1.4 1.8 1.5 1.9 2.4 2.8 1.7 2.2 2.8 3.3 1.8 2.4 3.0 3.5 3.7 4.4 5.8 4.1 4.9 6.4 4.3 5.2 6.7 8.3 4.7 5.6 7.4 9.0 4.9 5.9 7.7 9.4 6.8 8.9 11.0 13.0 7.5 9.9 12.2 8.0 10.5 13.0 15.4 9.2
ISA 3020
ISA 4025
40 x 25
ISA 4530
45 x 30
ISA 5030
50 x 30
ISA 6040
60 x 40
ISA 6545
65 x 45
ISA 7045
70 x 45
ISA 7550
75 x 50
ISA 8050
80 x 50
ISA 9060
90 x 60
ISA 10065
100 x 65
6 8 10
ISA 10075
100 x 75
6 8 10 12
ISA 12575
125 x 75
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Size (mm X mm) Thickness (mm) 8 10
Designation
Weight per metre (in Kg) 12.1 14.9 10.1 13.4 16.5 19.7 13.7 17.0 20.2 16.3 20.1 24.0 31.4 22.9 27.3 35.8 26.9 32.1 42.2 52.0
ISA 12595
125 x 95
6 8 10 12
ISA 15075
150 x 75
8 10 12
ISA 150115
150 x 115
8 10 12 16
ISA 200100
200 x 100
10 12 16
ISA 200150
200 x 150
10 12 16 20
Page 116 of 164

ISMC - Hot-Rolled Steel Sections - Medium Channels (Sloping Flanges)

Designation Weight per metre (in Kg) Sectional 2 Area (cm ) Depth of Width of Thickness of Thickness of Channel Flange Flange (mm) Web (mm) (mm) (mm)
ISMC 75 ISMC 100 ISMC 125 ISMC 125+
7.14 9.56 13.1 13.7
9.1 12.2 16.7 17.5
75 100 125 125
40 50 65 66
7.5 7.7 8.2 8.1
4.8 5.0 5.3 6.0
ISMC 150 ISMC 150+ ISMC 175 ISMC 175+
16.8 17.7 19.6 21.7
21.3 22.6 24.9 27.6
150 150 175 175
75 76 75 77
9.0 9.0 10.2 10.2
5.7 6.5 6.0 7.5
ISMC 200 ISMC 200+ ISMC 225 ISMC 225+
22.3 24.3 26.1 30.7
28.5 31.0 33.3 39.0
200 200 225 225
75 76 80 83
11.4 11.4 12.4 12.4
6.2 7.5 6.5 9.0
ISMC 250 ISMC 250+ ISMC 250++ ISMC 300
30.6 34.2 38.1 36.3
39.0 43.5 48.5 46.3
250 250 250 300
80 82 84 90
14.1 14.1 14.1 13.6
7.2 9.0 11.0 7.8
ISMC 300+ ISMC 300++ ISMC 350 ISMC 400
41.5 46.2 42.7 50.1
52.8 58.8 54.4 63.8
300 300 350 400
92 94 100 100
13.6 13.6 13.5 15.3
10.0 12.0 8.3 8.8
Page 117 of 164

ISMB - Hot-Rolled Steel Sections - Medium Weight Beams

(as per IS : 800, 1964 and Part II) Designation Weight per Depth of Sectional metre Beam 2 Area (cm ) (in Kg) (mm) 11.5 13.0 14.9 19.3 25.4 31.2 37.3 44.2 52.4 61.6 72.4 86.9 103.7 122.6 14.6 16.6 19.0 24.62 32.33 39.72 47.55 56.26 66.71 78.46 92.27 110.74 132.11 156.21 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 Width of Thickness Thickness Flange of Flange of Web (mm) (mm) (mm) 70 70 75 85 100 110 125 140 140 140 150 180 190 210 7.2 7.6 7.6 8.6 10.8 11.8 12.5 12.4 14.2 16.0 17.4 17.2 19.3 20.8 4.0 4.4 4.8 5.5 5.7 6.5 6.9 7.5 8.1 8.9 9.4 10.2 11.2 12.0
ISMB 100 ISMB 125 ISMB 150 ISMB 175 ISMB 200 ISMB 225 ISMB 250 ISMB 300 ISMB 350 ISMB 400 ISMB 450 ISMB 500 ISMB 550 ISMB 600
Weight of Standard CHEQUERED PLATES
S. No. 1. 2. 3.
Thickness (in mm) 7 mm 10 mm 12 mm
Weight - Kg / Sqm 61.10 84.60 100.30
Weight of Reinforcement Steel Bars with their Standard Cross sectional Areas
Cross Sectional Area mm) 28.3 38.5 50.3 78.6 113.1 (Sq
S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Nominal Size (In mm) 6 7 8 10 12
Mass per meter (Kg / m) 0.222 0.302 0.395 0.617 0.888
Page 118 of 164

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 16 18 20 22 25 28 32 36 40 45 50 201.2 254.6 314.3 380.3 491.1 616.0 804.6 1018.3 1257.2 1591.1 1964.3 1.58 2.00 2.47 2.98 3.85 4.83 6.31 7.99 9.85 12.5 15.42
These are as per clause 5.2 of IS 1786 - 1985
Page 119 of 164

Weight of G.I. Pipes for Water, Gas & Air confirming to IS 1239 For Water, Gas and Air Pipeline conforming to IS: 1239 Nominal Mass of Galvanized Steel Tubes
N. B. in mm Se ri es N. B. in inc hes Outside Diameter Wal l thic knes s mm Plain end Screwed & Socketed No.of Pipes per bundl e Socket
Min. mm
Max. mm
SW G
Kg /mtrs.
mtrs /tonn e
Kg /mtrs.
mtrs /tonn e
Min. Oute r dia. mm
Min. Length mm
15 mm 15 mm 15 mm 20 mm 20 mm 20 mm 25 mm 25 mm 25 mm 32 mm 32 mm 32 mm 40 mm 40 mm 40 mm 50 mm 50 mm 50 mm 65 mm 65 mm 65 mm 80 mm
L M H L M H L M H L M H L M H L M H L M H L
1/2 1/2 1/2 3/4 3/4 3/4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2.5 3
21.0 21.0 21.0 26.4 26.5 26.5 33.2 33.3 33.3 41.9 42.0 42.0 47.8 47.9 47.9 59.6 39.7 59.7 75.2 75.3 75.3 87.9
21.4 21.8 21.8 26.9 27.3 27.3 33.8 34.2 34.2 42.5 42.9 42.9 48.4 48.8 48.8 60.2 60.8 60.8 76.0 76.6 76.6 88.7
2.0 2.6 3.2 2.3 2.6 3.2 2.6 3.2 4.0 2.6 3.2 4.0 2.9 3.2 4.0 2.9 3.6 4.5 3.2 3.6 4.5 3.2
14 12 10 13 12 10 12 10 8 12 10 8 11 10 8 11 9 7 10 9 7 10
0.947 1.210 1.440 1.380 1.560 1.870 1.980 2.410 2.930 2.540 3.100 3.790 3.230 3.560 4.370 4.080 5.030 6.190 5.710 6.410 7.930 6.720
1056 826 694 725 641 535 505 415 341 394 323 264 310 281 229 245 199 162 175 156 126 149
0.956 1.22 1.45 1.39 1.57 1.88 2.00 2.43 2.95 2.57 3.13 3.82 3.27 3.60 4.41 4.15 5.10 6.26 5.83 6.54 8.05 6.89
1046 820 690 719 637 532 500 412 339 389 319 262 306 278 227 241 196 160 172 153 124 145
165 132 110 112 98 84 80 65 55 60 51 42 48 45 36 39 30 27 27 24 20 23
27
37
32.5
39
39.5
46
49
51
56
51
68
60
84
69
98
75
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80 mm 80 mm 100 mm 100 mm 100 mm 125 mm 125 mm 150 mm 150 mm M H L M H M H M H 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 88.0 88.0 113.0 113.1 113.0 138.5 138.5 163.9 163.9 89.5 89.5 113.9 115.0 115.0 140.8 140.8 166.5 166.5 4.0 4.8 3.6 4.5 5.4 4.8 5.4 4.8 5.4 8 6 9 7 5 6 5 6 5 8.360 9.900 9.750 12.20 14.50 15.90 17.90 18.90 21.30 120 101 103 82 69 63 56 53 47 8.53 10.40 10.00 12.50 14.80 16.40 18.40 19.50 21.90 117 96 100 80 68 61 54 51 46 19 16 16 13 11 10 9 8 7 178 96 151 96 124 87
L=Light, M = Medium, H= Heavy Tolerance s a) Outside Diameter Maximum Deviation Upto & including 21.3mm #9; Above 21.3mm Weight
Light Tubes+ Not limited -8%
Medium and+ Not limited Heavy Tubes -10% Single tube +10% (Light series) Single tube (Medium& Heavy series) 10% For Quality per Load of 10 tonnes minimum (Light series) 5% For Quantity per Load of 10 tonnes minimum (Medium & heavy series) 7.5% Length 4 to 7 meters unless otherwise specified
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Weight of Pipes for Water, Gas & Air confirming to IS:3589/2001

For water steel pipes and sewage conforming to IS: 3589/2001 Outside Diameter OD Nominal Bore Wall Thickness Calculated Weight (Plain end) Kg./ mtr. 168.3 mm 150 mm 2.6 3.2 4.0 4.5 2.6 3.6 4.5 6.3 3.6 4.0 5.0 6.3 4.0 4.5 5.6 7.1 4.0 5.0 5.6 8.0 10.60 12.00 16.20 18.20 13.90 19.10 23.80 33.10 23.90 26.50 33.00 41.10 31.80 35.40 44.00 55.50 34.70 43.20 48.30 68.60 Mtrs./tonne approx. 94 83 62 55 72 52 42 30 42 38 30 24 31 28 23 18 29 23 21 15
219.1 mm
200 mm
273 mm
250 mm
323.9 mm
300 mm
355.6 mm
350 mm
Tolerances Outer Dia Thickness Length
0.75% 10% 4 to 7 meter
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Annexure 1 Glossary of Construction Management Terms

Activity 1. A scheduling term 2. The smallest work unit within a project; the basic building block of a project. ADA The Americans with Disabilities Act which gives civil rights protection to individuals with disabilities similar to those provided to individuals on the basis of race, color, sex, national origin, age, and religion. It guarantees equal opportunity for individuals with disabilities in public accommodations, employment, transportation, State and local government services, and telecommunications. Addendum (Addenda) Written information adding to, clarifying or modifying the bidding documents. An addendum is generally issued by the owner to the contractor during the bidding process and as such, addenda are intended to become part of the contract documents when the construction contract is executed. Agent One authorized by a client (principal) to act in his/her stead or behalf and owes the client a "fiduciary duty" (Trust). Example: Construction Manager for fee but classified as an independent contractor for tax purposes. A construction manager for fee does not have any financial responsibility whereas a construction manager at-risk does have financial risk similar to a general contractor. Agreement An arrangement between the parties regarding a method of action. Alterations 1. A term used to describe partial construction work performed within an existing structure 2. Remodeling without a building addition. Alternate Bid Amount stated in the bid to be added or deducted from the base bid amount proposed for alternate materials and/or methods of construction. Application for Payment Contractor's written request for payment for completed portions of the work and, for materials delivered or stored and properly labeled for the respective project. Architect One who designs and supervises the construction of buildings or other structures. Architects Basic Services
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A recognized series of phases performed by an architect as follows: 1st Schematic Design Phase, 2nd Design Development Phase, 3rd Construction Document Phase, 4th Bidding or Negotiated Phase, 5th Construction Phase. Architect-Engineer An individual or firm offering professional services as both architect and engineer. Architectural Drawing A line drawing showing plan and/or elevation views of the proposed building for the purpose of showing the overall appearance of the building. As-Built Drawings (also known as Record Drawings) Contract drawings marked up to reflect changes made during the construction process. It is good practice to make As-Built drawings by marking the changes on reproducible drawings such a sepias for the duplication purposes later. Bid 1. An offer or proposal of a price 2. The amount offered or proposed. (see RFP) Bid Bond A written form of security executed by the bidder as principal and by a surety for the purpose of guaranteeing that the bidder will sign the contract, if awarded the contract, for the stated bid amount. Bid Date/Time The due date and time set by the owner, architect or engineer for receiving bids. Bid Form A standard written form furnished to all bidders for the purpose of obtaining the requested information and required signatures from the authorized bidding representatives. Bid Opening The actual process of opening and tabulating bids submitted within the prescribed bid date/time and conforming with the bid procedures. A Bid Opening can be open (where the bidders are permitted to attend) or closed (where the bidders are not permitted to attend). (see Bid Date/Time, Open Bid, Closed Bid) Bid Price The stipulated sum stated in the bidders bid. Bid Tabulation A summary sheet listing all bid prices for the purpose of analyzing the bid results. Bid tabulations include the required items of the invitation to bid and usually include bid amount, completion time, addenda's included, contract exclusions, bonding rate, etc. Often times, the apparent low bidder is not the low bidder. (see Bid Form ) Bid Shopper
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A buyer or client who seeks to play one proposed supplier or subcontractor against the other for the purpose of reducing a purchase price. Bid Time (see Bid Date/Time) Bidding Documents The published advertisement or written invitation to bid , instructions to bidders, the bid form and the proposed contract documents including any acknowledged addenda issued prior to receipt of bids. Bidding Period The calendar period allowed from issuance of bidding requirements and contract documents to the prescribed bid date/time. ( see Bid Date/Time) Bidding Requirements The written minimum acceptable requirements set forth by the owner to the contractor during bidding process. The owner usually reserves the right to reject a bid if the Bidding Requirements are not met. (see Bidding Documents) Bond (see Bid Bond; Contract Bond; Contract Payment Bond; Contract Performance Bond; Labor and Material Payment Bond; Performance Bond; Subcontractor Bond; surety) Bonding Company A properly licensed firm or corporation willing to execute a surety bond, or bonds, payable to the owner, securing the performance on a contract either in whole or in part; or securing payment for labor and materials. Budget (Construction Budget) 1. An itemized summary of estimated or intended expenditures for a given period of time 2. The total sum of money allocated for a specific project. Building 1. To form by combining materials or parts 2. A structure enclosed within a roof and within exterior walls housing, shelter, enclosure and support of individuals, animals, or real property of any kind. Building Code The legal requirements set up by the prevailing various governing agencies covering the minimum acceptable requirements for all types of construction. (See Codes) Building Envelope (Sometimes referred to as Building Shell) 1. The waterproof elements of a building which enclose conditioned spaces through which thermal energy may be transferred to or from the exterior. 2. The outer structure of the building. (See Tenant and Leasehold improvements for building interiors) Building Inspector/Official A qualified government representative authorized to inspect construction for compliance with applicable building codes, regulations and ordinances. Courts have ruled that building inspections are exempt from errors and omissions liabilities.
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Building Permit A written document issued by the appropriate governmental authority permitting construction to begin on a specific project in accordance with drawings and specifications approved by the governmental authority. Building Process A term used to express every step of a construction project from its conception to final acceptance and occupancy. Change Order A written document between the owner and the contractor signed by the owner and the contractor authorizing a change in the work or an adjustment in the contract sum or the contract time. A change order may be signed by the architect or engineer, provided they have written authority from the owner for such procedure and that a copy of such written authority is furnished to the contractor upon request. The contract sum and the contract time may be changed only by change order. A change order may be in the form of additional compensation or time; or less compensation or time known as a Deduction (from the contract) the amount deducted from the contract sum by change order. Change Order Proposal (See Change order) A change order proposal is the written document before it has been approved and effected by the Contractor and Owner. A change order proposal can be issued by either the contractor or the owner. The change order proposal becomes a change order only after it has been approved and effected by the Contractor and Owner. Change Order Request A written document issued by the owner requesting an adjustment to the contract sum or an extension of the contract time; generally issued by the architect or owners representative. Closed Bid/Estimate A service offered by constructionplace.com where only invited bidders or estimators are given access to the project specific RFP (Request for Proposal) information is given access to project specific RFP (Request for Proposal) information. This option is for those seeking bids/estimates from a pre qualified and selected list of professionals or service. For security and easy access, the RFP poster receives an e-mail showing the list of bidders/estimators and links to View the RFP Details and View any Bids as they are received.This e-mail gives the poster the ability to file and track their respective RFP's using their own e-mail filing system. (see Open Bid/Estimate) Codes Prevailing regulations, ordinances or statutory requirements set forth by governmental agencies associated with building construction practices and owner occupancy, adopted and administered for the protection of public health, life safety and welfare. (see Building Code) Construction Documents All drawings, specifications and addenda associated with a specific construction project. Construct To assemble and combine construction materials and methods to make a structure.
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Construction The act or process of constructing. Construction Cost 1. The direct contractor costs for labor, material, equipment, and services; contractors overhead and profit; and other direct construction costs. Construction cost does not include the compensation paid to the architect and engineer and consultants, the cost of the land, rightsof-way or other costs which are defined in the contract documents as being the responsibility of the owner. (see Soft Costs) Construction Documents A term used to represent all drawings, specifications, addenda, other pertinent construction information associated with the construction of a specific project. Construction Documents Phase The third phase of the architect's basic services wherein the architect prepares working drawings, specifications and bidding information. Depending on the architects scope of services the architect may assists the owner in the preparation of bidding forms, the conditions of the contract and the form of agreement between the owner and contractor. Construction Document Review The owners review of the borrowers construction documents (plans and specifications), list of materials, and cost breakdowns for the purpose of confirming that these documents and estimates are feasible and are in accordance with the proposed loan or project appraisal. Construction Inspector (see Project Representative) Construction Management Organizing and directing men, materials, and equipment to accomplish the purpose of the designer. Construction Management Contract A written agreement wherein responsibilities for coordination and accomplishment of overall project planning, design and construction are given to a construction management firm. The building team generally consists of the owner, contractor and designer or architect. Construction Phase The fifth and final phase of the architect's basics services, which includes the architect's general administration of the construction contract(s). Consultant One hired by the owner or client to give professional advise. Cost Breakdown (see Schedule of Values) Cost Codes A numbering system given to specific kinds of work for the purpose of organizing the cost control process of a specific project. Cost of Work
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All costs incurred by the contractor in the proper performance of the work required by the plans and specifications for a specific project. Cost Plus Contract (see Cost Plus Fee Agreement) Cost Plus Fee Agreement (Cost-Plus) A written agreement with the owner under which the contractor or the architect and engineer is reimbursed for his/her direct and indirect costs and, in addition, is paid a fee for his services. The fee is usually stated as a stipulated sum or as a percentage of cost. Contract 1. An agreement between two or more parties, especially one that is written and enforceable by law 2. The writing or document containing such an agreement. Contract Administration The contractual duties and responsibilities of the architect and engineer during the construction phase of a specific project. Contract Bond A written form of security from a surety company, on behalf of an acceptable prime or main contractor or subcontractor, guaranteeing complete execution of the contract and all supplemental agreements pertaining thereto and for the payment of all legal debts pertaining to the construction of the project. Contract Date (see date of agreement) Contract Documents A term used to represent all executed agreements between the owner and contractor; any general, supplementary or other contract conditions; the drawings and specifications; all addenda issued prior to execution of the contract; and any other items specifically stipulated as being included in the contract documents. Contract Over-run (under-run) The difference between the original contract price and the final completed cost including all adjustments by approved change order. Contract Payment Bond A written form of security from a surety company to the owner, on behalf of an acceptable prime or main contractor or subcontractor, guaranteeing payment to all persons providing labor, materials, equipment, or services in accordance with the contract. Contract Performance Bond A written form of security from a surety company to the owner, on behalf of an acceptable prime or main contractor or subcontractor, guaranteeing the completion of the work in accordance with the terms of the contract. Contract Period The elapsed number of working days or calendar days from the specified date of commencing work to the specified date of completion, as specified in the contract.
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Contract Sum The total agreeable amount payable by the owner to the contractor for the performance of the work under the contract documents. (see Change Order) Contract Time The time period set forth established in the contract documents for completing a specific project; usually stated in working days or calendar days. The contract time can only be adjusted by valid time extensions through change order. Contractual Liability The liability assumed by a party under a contract. Contractor A properly licensed individual of company that agrees to furnish labor, materials, equipment and associated services to perform the work as specified for a specified price. Contractor's Option A written provision in the contract documents giving the contractor the option of selecting certain specified materials, methods or systems without changing in the contract sum. Contractor's Qualification Statement A written statement of the Contractor's experience and qualifications submitted to the Owner during the contractor selection process. The American Institute of Architects publishes a standard Contractor's Qualification Statement form for this purpose. Contracting Officer An official representative of the owner with specific authority to act in his behalf in connection with a specific project. Critical Path The set of activities that must be completed on time for the project completion date to be met. Activities on the critical path have no slack time. Critical Path Method (C. P.M.) A planning scheduling and control line and symbol diagram drawn to show the respective tasks and activities involved in constructing a specific project. CSI Construction Specification Institute CSI Master Format The CSI Master Format is a system of numbers and titles for organizing construction information into a regular, standard order or sequence. By establishing a master list of titles and numbers Master Format promotes standardization and thereby facilitates the retrieval of information and improves construction communication. It provides a uniform system for organizing information in project manuals, for organizing project cost data, and for filing product information and other technical data. Current Date Line A vertical line on the chart indicating the current date.
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Daily Construction Report A written document and record that has two main purposes: 1. they furnish information to off-site persons who need and have a right to know important details of events as they occur daily and hourly, and they furnish historical documentation that might later have a legal bearing in cases of disputes. Daily reports should be as factual and impersonal as possible, free from the expression of personal opinions and feelings. Each report should be numbered to correspond with the working days established on the progress schedule. In the event of no-work days, a daily report should still be made, stating "no work today" ( due to rain, strike, or other causes). The report includes a description of the weather; a record of the total number of employees, subcontractors by name, work started and completed today, equipment on the job site, job progress today, names and titles of visitors, accidents and/or safety meetings, and a remarks column for other job related information. Date of Agreement 1. Usually on the front page of the agreement 2. If not on front page it may be the date opposite the signatures when the agreement was actually signed 3. or when it was recorded 4. or the date the agreement was actually awarded to the contractor. Date of Commencement of the Work The date established in a written notice to proceed from the owner to the contractor. Date of Substantial Completion The date certified by the architect when the work or a designated portion thereof is sufficiently complete, in accordance with the contract documents, so the owner may occupy the work or designated portion thereof for the use for which it is intended. Demising Walls The boundaries that separate your space from your neighbors' and from the public corridor. Design A graphical representation consisting of plan views, interior and exterior elevations, sections, and other drawings and details to depict the goal or purpose for a building or other structure. Design-Build Construction When a Prime or Main contractor bids or negotiates to provide Design and Construction services for the entire construction project. Design-Construct Contract A written agreement between and contractor and owner wherein the contractor agrees to provide both design and construction services. Design-Development Phase The second phase of the architect's basic services wherein the architect prepares drawings and other presentation documents to fix and describe the size and character of the entire project as to architectural, structural, mechanical and electrical systems, materials and other essentials as may be appropriate; and prepares a statement of probable construction cost.
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Detail 1. An individual part or item 2. A graphical scale representation (drawing at a larger scale) of construction part(s) or item(s) showing materials, composition and dimensions. Direct Cost (or expense) All items of expense directly incurred by or attributable to a specific project, assignment or task. Direct Costs, Hard Costs, and Construction Costs are synonymous. (see Construction Costs and Hard Costs) Drawings 1. A term used to represent that portion of the contract documents that graphically illustrates the design, location and dimensions of the components and elements contained in a specific project 2. A line drawing. Duration The length of an activity, excluding holidays and other non-working days. Engineer (see Professional Engineer) Estimate 1. To calculate approximately the amount, extent or value of something 2. To form an opinion of estimated costs. Estimate of Construction Cost, Detailed A calculation of costs prepared on the basis of a detailed analysis of materials and labor for all items of work, as contrasted with an estimate based on current area, volume or similar unit costs. *195 Estimating A process of calculating the amount of material, labor and equipment required for a given project necessary to complete the work as specified. Facility or Site Analysis A visual inspection of a building and on-site improvements for functional or physical deterioration; prepare optional Replacement Cost Estimate for making recommendations to improve functional and physical deficiencies to increase market value; AND/OR prepare a Reserve Study over five (5) years to increase Net Operating Income (NOI) for the facility.(See Site Analysis) Fast Track Construction (Fast Tracking) A method of construction management which involves a continuous design-construction operation. When a prime or main contractor starts the construction work BEFORE the plans and specifications are complete. (See Design-Build Construction) Field Order A written order effecting a minor change or clarification in the work not involving an adjustment to the contract sum or an extension of the contract time. Field Report (see Daily Construction Report)
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Field Work Order A written request to a subcontractor or vendor, usually from the general or main contractor, site for services or materials. Final Acceptance The action of the owner accepting the work from the contractor when the owner deems the work completed in accordance with the contract requirements. Final acceptance is confirmed by the owner when making the final payment to the contractor. Final Inspection A final site review of the project by the contractor, owner or owners authorized representative prior to issuing the final certificate for payment. Final Payment The last payment from the owner to the contractor of the entire unpaid balance of the contract sum as adjusted by any approved change orders. (see Final Acceptance) Finish Date The date that an activity or project is completed. Fixed Fee A set contract amount for all labor, materials, equipment and services; and contractors overhead and profit for all work being performed for a specific scope of work. Fixed Limit of Construction Costs A construction cost ceiling agreed to between the owner and architect or engineer for designing a specific project. (See Budget) FF&E 1. An abbreviation for furniture, fixtures and equipment 2. Items classified as personal property rather than real property 3. An abbreviation generally associated with interior design and planning of retail stores or office facilities. Gantt Chart The schedule of activities for a project. A Gantt Chart shows start and finish dates, critical and non-critical activities, slack time, and predecessor relationships. General Conditions A written portion of the contract documents set forth by the owner stipulating the contractors minimum acceptable performance requirements including the rights, responsibilities and relationships of the parties involved in the performance of the contract. General conditions are usually included in the book of specifications but are sometimes found in the architectural drawings. General Contractor Properly licensed individual or company having primary (prime) responsibility for the work. General Contracting (the traditional method)
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When a prime or main contractor bids the entire work AFTER the final design, plans and specifications are complete and have been approved by the owner. (see Design-Build Construction and Fast Track Construction) Hard Costs (see Construction Costs and Direct Costs) Independent Contractor One free from the influence, guidance, or control of another or others and does not owe a "fiduciary duty". Example: architect, engineer, prime or main contractor, construction manager at-risk. Improvements 1. A term sometimes used to describe TI'S or Tenant Improvements. 2. Improvements can be in the form of new construction or remodel work. (see TI'S) Indemnification 1.The act of indemnifying. 2. The condition of being indemnified. Indirect Cost (or expense) A contractors or consultants overhead expense; expenses indirectly incurred and not chargeable to a specific project or task. The terms Indirect costs and soft costs are synonymous . (see Soft Costs) Inspection 1. The act of inspecting. 2. An official examination or review of the work completed or in progress to determine its compliance with contract requirements. Inspection for Disbursement of Funds An independent vehicle for the disbursement and accounting of construction funds allowing construction obligations to be paid (progress payments) when work is completed, inspected and approved. Job Costs are reviewed prior to making disbursements to establish that the actual construction payments are within the confines of the original estimate confines or schedule of construction values. Inspection List (punch list) A list prepared by the owner or his/her authorized representative of items of work requiring immediate corrective or completion action by the contractor. Inspection Report Sometimes used to describe an Inspection List. (see Inspection List) Inspector One who is appointed or employed to inspect something. Interior Finish A term used to represent the visible elements, materials and applica tions applied to a buildings interior excluding furniture, fixtures and equipment. (see FF&E)
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Invoice A list sent to a purchaser containing the items and charges of merchandise. (see Statement) Labor and Material Payment Bond 1. A written form of security from a surety (bonding) company to the owner, on behalf of an acceptable prime or main contractor or subcontractor, guaranteeing payment to the owner in the event the contractor fails to pay for all labor, materials, equipment, or services in accordance with the contract. (see Performance Bond and Surety Bond) Leasehold Improvements A term used to mean Tenant Improvements. Generally, this term is used when building in retail stores as contrasted with the term Tenant Improvements which are generally associated with office buildings. The terms are often used interchangeably. (see TI'S) Lien, Mechanic's or Material The right to take and hold or sell an owners property to satisfy unpaid debts to a qualified contractor for labor, materials, equipment or services to improve the property. (see Preliminary Lien Notice) Lien Release A written document from the contractor to the owner that releases the Lien, Mechanics or Material following its satisfaction. Lien Waiver 1. An written document from a contractor, subcontractor, material supplier or other construction professional(s), having lien rights against an owners property, relinquishes all or part of those rights. 2. 2. Lien waivers are generally used for processing progress payments to prime or main or subcontractors as follows: Conditional Lien Waiver, Unconditional Lien Waiver, and Final Lien Waiver. Lump Sum Agreement (See Stipulated Sum Agreement) Lump Sum Bid A single entry amount to cover all labor, equipment, materials, services, and overhead and profit for completing the construction of a variety of unspecified items of work without the benefit of a cost breakdown. Lump Sum Contract A written contract between the owner and contractor wherein the owner agrees the pay the contractor a specified sum of money for completing a scope of work consisting of a variety of unspecified items or work. Meeting Attendance Form A form consisting of three columns (individuals name, individuals title, and company the individual represents). This form is given to all persons attending any meeting. Each person attending the meeting will complete their respective information. The date of the meeting should be included for reference. Meeting Notes
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A written report consisting of a project number, project name, meeting date and time, meeting place, meeting subject, a list of persons attending, and a list of actions taken and/or discussed during the meeting. Generally, this report is distributed to all persons attending the meeting and any other person having an interest in the meeting. Milestone An activity with a duration of zero (0) and by which progress of the project is measured. A milestone is an informational marker only; it does not affect scheduling. Open Bid/Estimate A service offered by constructionplace.com where any bidder or estimator is given access to project specific RFP (Request for Proposal) information. This option is for those seeking bids/estimates from any interested professionals or service with out pre qualifying them. For security and easy access, the project poster receives an e-mail showing the links to View the RFP Details and View any Bids as they are received. This gives the RFP poster the ability to file and track the respective RFP's using their own e-mail filing system. (see Closed Bid/Estimate) Owner 1. An individual or corporation that owns a real property. Owner-Architect Agreement A written form of contract between architect and client for professional architectural services. Owner-Builder A term used to describe an Owner who takes on the responsibilities of the general contractor to build a specific project. Owner-Construction Agreement Contract between owner and contractor for a construction project. Owner-Construction Management Agreement Contract between construction manager and client for professional services. Performance Bond 1. A written form of security from a surety (bonding) company to the owner, on behalf of an acceptable prime or main contractor or subcontractor, guaranteeing payment to the owner in the event the contractor fails to perform all labor, materials, equipment, or services in accordance with the contract. 2. The surety companies generally reserve the right to have the original prime or main or subcontractor remedy any claims before paying on the bond or hiring other contractors. (see Labor and Material Payment Bond and Surety Bond) Performance Specifications The written material containing the minimum acceptable standards and actions, as may be necessary to complete a project. Including the minimum acceptable quality standards and aesthetic values expected upon completion of the project. PERT An abbreviation for Program Evaluating and Review Technique. (see Activity; Critical Path Method)
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PERT Schedule A diagram that illustrates, charts and reports a projects estimated start and completion times; and work in progress. Plan 1. A line drawing (by floor) representing the horizontal geometrical section of the walls of a building. The section (a horizontal plane) is taken at an elevation to include the relative positions of the walls, partitions, windows, doors, chimneys, columns, pilasters, etc. 2. A plan can be thought of as cutting a horizontal section through a building at an eye level elevation. Plan Checker A term sometimes used to describe a building department official who examines the building permit documents. Planner A person who forms a scheme or method for doing something; an arrangement of means or steps for the attainment of some object; a scheme, method, design; a mode of action. Plans A term used to represent all drawings including sections and details; and any supplemental drawings for complete execution of a specific project. Pre-Construction Planning and Team Building A process used for the purpose of establishing below market dollar budget(s), overall project scheduling and design criteria; also identification and selection of the most feasible planning, design and construction team. Predecessor An activity that must be completed before another activity can begin. Preliminary Drawings 1. The drawings that precede the final approved drawings. 2. Usually these drawings are stamped or titled "PRELIMINARY"; and the "PRELIMINARY" is removed from the drawings upon being reviewed and approved by the owner. Preliminary Lien Notice A written notice given to the property owner of a specific project by the subcontractors and any person or company furnishing services, equipment or materials to that project. The notice states if bills are not paid in full for the labor, services, equipment, or materials furnished or to be furnished, a mechanic's lien leading to the loss, through court foreclosure proceedings, of all or part of the property being so improved may be placed against the property even through the owner has paid the prime contractor in full. The notice explains how the owner can protect himself against this consequence by 1. requiring the prime contractor to furnish a signed release by the person or firm thus giving the owner notice before making payment to the prime contractor or 2. any other method or device which is appropriate under the circumstances. The state of California mandates that a Preliminary Lien Notice must be given to the property owner not more than 20 days after starting the work on the specific project. Pre-qualification of prospective bidders
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A screening process wherein the owner or his/her appointed representative gathers background information from a contractor or construction professional for selection purposes. Qualifying considerations include competence, integrity, dependability, responsiveness, bonding rate, bonding capacity, work on hand, similar project experience, and other specific owner requirements. Prime Contract A written contract directly between a prime or main contractor or subcontractor for work on a specific project. Prime Contractor 1. Any contractor having a contract directly with the owner. 2. Usually the main (general) contractor for a specific project. Principal 1. The leading participant of professional practice. Professional Engineer One who is professionally engaged in a branch of engineering. Program An ordered list of events to take place or procedures to be followed for a specific project. Progress Payment A payment from the owner to the contractor determined by calculating the difference between the completed work and materials stored and a predetermined schedule of values or unit costs. (see Schedule of values; Unit Costs). Progress Schedule A line diagram showing proposed and actual starting and completion times the respective project activities. (see Activity) Project A word used to represent the overall scope of work being performed to complete a specific construction job. Project Cost All costs for a specific project including costs for land, professionals, construction, furnishings, fixtures, equipment, financing and any other project related costs. Project Directory A written list of all parties connected with a specific project. The list usually includes a classification or description of the party (i.e..., Owner, Architect, Attorney, General Contractor, Civil Engineer, Structural Engineer, etc.); name, address, telephone and FAX numbers opposite their respective classifications or description. It is particularly important that the emergency or after hour telephone numbers are included. These numbers should be kept confidential if requested by the respective parties. Project Manager (Project Management)
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A qualified individual or firm authorized by the owner to be responsible for coordinating time, equipment, money, tasks and people for all or specified portions of a specific project. (see Construction Manager) Project Manual A organized book setting forth the bidding requirements, conditions of the contract and the technical work specifications for a specific project. (see Specifications) Project Representative A qualified individual authorized by the owner to assist in the administration of a specific construction contract. Project Site (see Site) Property Inspections and Reports A limited visual inspection to identify the general features and major deficiencies of the property. Any area not exposed to view, is concealed, or is inaccessible is not included in this inspection. Proposal A written offer from a bidder to the owner, preferably on a prescribed proposal form, to perform the work and to furnish all labor, materials, equipment and/or services for the prices and terms quoted by the bidder. ( see Bid) Proposal Form (see Bid Form) Purchase Order A written document from a buyer to a seller to purchase materials, services, equipment or supplies with acceptable purchase terms indicated. Punch List (see Inspection List) Qualified An individual or firm with a recognized degree, certificate, or professional standing; or who by extensive knowledge, training and experience, has successfully demonstrated his/her abilities to identify and solve or resolve problems associated with a specific subject matter or project type. Record Drawings (see As-Built Drawings) Release of Lien A written action properly executed by and individual or firm supplying labor, materials or professional services on a project which releases his mechanic's lien against the project property. (see Mechanic's Lien) Reimbursable Expenses (or Costs) Amounts expended for or on account of the project which, in accordance with the terms of the appropriate agreement, are to be reimbursed by the owner. Replacement Cost Estimate A cost of constructing a building or structure that would have similar utility, but constructed with modern materials, current building standards, design and layout less depreciation. A land value and cost of on-site improvements can be added if desired.
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Resident Architect An architect permanently assigned at a job site who supervises the construction work for the purpose of protecting the owner's interests during construction. Resident Engineer (inspector) An individual permanently assigned at a job site for the purpose of representing the owner's interests during the construction phase. (see Owner's Inspector) R.R. 1. An abbreviation for Request for Information. 2. A written request from a contractor to the owner or architect for clarification or information about the contract documents following contract award. RFP 1. An abbreviation for Request for Proposal. 2. A written request from the requestor (usually the owner or a contractor) to a contractor, design professional or subcontractor for an estimate or cost proposal. The RFP usually contains a specific scope of work. (see Bid) (see Closed Bid/Estimate) (see Open Bid/Estimate) Roll Out A loose term used to describe the rapid succession (completion) of similar projects over a given time period. Safety Report The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 clearly states the common goal of safe and healthful working conditions. A Safety Report is prepared following a regularly scheduled project safety inspection of the specific project. Schedule A plan for performing work or achieving an objective. Schedule of Values A statement furnished by the contractor to the architect or engineer reflecting the portions of the contract sum allotted for the various parts of the work and used as the basis for reviewing the contractor's applications for progress payments. *455 Schematic A preliminary sketch or diagram representing the proposed intent of the designer. Schematic Design Phase The first phase of the architect's basic services in which the architect consults with the owner to ascertain the requirements of the project and prepares schematic design studies consisting of drawings and other documents showing the scale and project components for the owners approval. Scheme 1. A chart, a diagram, or an outline of a system being proposed 2. An orderly combination of related construction systems and components for a specific project or purpose. Scope of Work
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A written range of view or action; outlook; hence, room for the exercise of faculties or function; capacity for achievement; all in connection with a designated project. (See Performance Specifications) Slack Time The flexibility with non-critical jobs that allows their start dates to be adjusted without affecting the project completion date. Site The place where a structure or group of structures was, or is to be located (a construction site). Soft Costs Soft Costs are cost items in addition to the direct Construction Cost. Soft Costs generally include architectural and engineering, legal, permits and fees, financing fees, construction Interest and operating expenses, leasing and real estate commissions, advertising and promotion, and supervision. (see Construction Cost) Specifications A detailed, exact statement of particulars, especially statements prescribing materials and methods; and quality of work for a specific project. The most common arrangement for specifications substantially parallels the CSI (Construction Specification Institute) format. (see CSI) Special Conditions A section of the conditions of the contract, other than the General Conditions and Supplementary Conditions, which may be prepared for a particular project. Specific clauses setting forth conditions or requirements peculiar to the project under consideration, and covering work or materials involved in the proposal and estimate, but not satisfactorily covered by the General Conditions. (See General Conditions) Standard Details A drawing or illustration sufficiently complete and detailed for use on other projects with minimum or no changes. Standard Dimension A measurement unique to a specific manufactured item. Standards of Professional Practice A listing of minimum acceptable ethical principals and practices adopted by qualified and recognized professional organizations to guide their members in the conduct of specific professional practice. Start Date The date that an activity or project begins. Statement A copy or summary of any account covering a stated period. (See Invoice) Statute of Limitations The period of time in which legal action must be brought for an alleged damage or injury. The period commences with the discovery of the alleged damage or injury; or in construction
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industry cases with completion of the work or services performed. Legal advise should be obtained. Stipulated Sum Agreement A written agreement in which a specific amount is set forth as the total payment for completing the contract. (See Lump Sum Contract) Structural Design A term used to represent the proportioning of structural members to carry loads in a building structure. Structural Systems (frames) The load bearing assembly of beams and columns on a foundation. The beams and columns are generally fabricated off site and assembled on site. Other systems such as non load bearing walls, floors, ceilings and roofs are generally constructed within and on the structural system. Structure 1. Something constructed 2. A building put together based on specific plans and specifications. Sub An abbreviation for Subcontractor. Subcontract A written form of agreement between the prime or main contractor and another contractor or supplier for the satisfactory performance of services or delivery or material as set forth in the plans and specifications for a specific project. Subcontractor A qualified subordinate contractor to the prime or main contractor. Subcontractor Bond A written document from a subcontractor given to the prime or main contractor by the subcontractor guaranteeing performance of his/her contract and payment of all labor, materials, equipment and service bills associated with the subcontract agreement. Sublet To subcontract all or a portion of a contracted amount. Substantial Completion (see Date of Substantial Completion) Substitution A proposed replacement or alternate offered in lieu of and represented as being equivalent to a specified material or process. Substructure The supporting part of a structure; the foundation. Sub-subcontractor An individual or firm having a written contract with a subcontractor to perform a portion of the work. Sub-surface Investigation
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1. A term used to represent an examination of soil conditions below the ground. 2. Investigations include soil borings and geographical laboratory tests for structural design purposes. Successor 1. One that succeeds another 2. A scheduled activity whose start depends on the completion of one or more predecessors. Superstructure The part of a building or other structure above the foundation. Supervision 1.The act, process, or function of supervising construction materials, methods and processes for a specific project 2. Hands on field direction of the contracted work by a qualified individual of the contractor. Supplemental Conditions (See Supplementary Conditions) Supplementary Conditions A written section of the contract documents supplementing and qualifying or modifying the contracts general conditions. (See Conditions of the Contract) Supplier An individual or firm who supplies and/or fabricates materials or equipment for a specific portion of a construction project but does not perform any labor on the project. ( see Vendor) Surety (see Bonding Company) T&M 1. An abbreviation for a contracting method called Time and Materials ( 2) A written agreement between the owner and the contractor wherein payment is based on the contractor's actual cost for labor, equipment, materials, and services plus a fixed add-on amount to cover the contractors overhead and profit. Tenant's Rent able Square Feet Usable square feet plus a percentage (the core factor) of the common areas on the floor, including hallways, bathrooms and telephone closets, and some main lobbies. Rent able square footage is the number on which a tenant's rent is usually based. Tenant's Usable Square Feet The square footage contained within the demising walls. (see Demising Walls) TI'S (Tenant Improvements) TI'S is a term used to define the interior improvements of the project after the Building Envelope is complete. TI'S usually include finish floor coverings; ceilings; partitions; doors, frames, hardware; fire protection; HVAC consisting of branch distribution duct work, control boxes, and registers; electrical consisting of lighting, switches, power outlets, phone/data outlets, exit and energy lighting; window coverings; general conditions; and the general contractors fee. The cost of tenant improvements are generally born by the tenant and the costs of tenant improvements will vary with every building, and with tenant requirements. (see Work Letter) Time (as time of the essence associated with a construction contract)
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A provision in a construction contract by the owner that punctual completion within the time limits or periods in the contract is a vital part of the contract performance and that failure to perform on time is a breach and the injured party is entitled to damages in the amount of loss sustained. Time-and-a-half A term meaning any individuals normal billing hourly rate is increased by a multiple of 1.5 following predetermined normal working hours. Timely Completion Completing the work of the contract before the date required. Time of Completion The date or number of calendar or working days stated in the contract to substantially complete the work for a specific project. (see Date of Substantial Completion) Transmittal A written document used to identify information being sent to a receiving party. The transmittal is usually the cover sheet for the information being sent and includes the name, telephone/FAX number and address of the sending and receiving parties. The sender may include a message or instructions in the transmittal. It is also important to include the names of other parties the information is being sent to on the transmittal form. Travel Time Wages paid to workmen under certain union contracts and under certain job conditions for the time spent in traveling from their place of residence to and from the job. Underwriter's Laboratories Label (UL) A label on a product or manufactured item showing the material is regularly tested by, and complies with the minimum standards of the Underwriter's Laboratories specification for safety and quality. U. B.C. (Uniform Building Code) The Uniform Building Code is one of the family of codes and related publications published by the International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO) and other organizations, such as the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO) and the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), which have similar goals as far as code publications are concerned. The Uniform Building Code is designed to be compatible with these other codes, as together they make up the enforcement tools of a jurisdiction. Uniform System (see CSI Format) Unit Price Contract A written contract wherein the owner agrees to pay the contractor a specified amount of money for each unit of work successfully completed as set forth in the contract. Unit Prices A predetermined price for a measurement or quantity of work to be performed within a specific contract. The designated unit price would include all labor materials, equipment or services associated with the measurement or quantity established. Verbal Quotation
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A written document used by the contractor to receive a subcontract or material cost proposal over the telephone prior to the subcontractor or supplier sending their written proposal via mail or facsimile. Vendor One that sells materials or equipment not fabricated to a special design. Work The successful performance of the entire scope of the project being performed for a specific construction project including labor, materials, equipment, and other associated items necessary to fulfill all obligations under the contract. Working Drawing A drawing sufficiently complete with plan and section views, dimensions, details, and notes so that whatever is shown can be constructed and/or replicated without instructions but subject to clarifications. (see Drawings) Work Order A written order, signed by the owner or his representative, of a contractual status requiring performance by the contractor without negotiation of any sort. Work Letter A written statement (often called Exhibit B to a lease or rental agreement) of the specific materials and quantities the owner will provide at his own expense. The work letter defines the building standards, including the type of ceiling , the type and number of light fixtures, the size and construction of the suite-entry and interior doors. Building standards define the quality of tenant spaces. Generally, a Work Letter is associated with the leasing or renting of office space by a tenant within a Building Envelope. (see TI'S and Building Envelope) Zoning Restrictions of areas or regions of land within specific geographical areas based on permitted building size, character, and uses as established by governing urban authorities. Zoning Permit A document issued by a governing urban authority permitting land to be used for a specific purpose. Source - constructionplace.com/glossary.asp
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Annexure -2 Labour Productivity Norms for Civil Works

Compiled from CPWD RA S. No. Activity Unit Skilled SemSkilled UnSkilled Remarks
One Manday (MD) 8 Hrs Earth Work in Excavation 1 Earth Work in Rough Excavation and Stacking Material in layers at dumping Yard. Brick Work Brick Work in Foundation & Plinth Cum MD Brick Work in Super structure upto 5 floor Cum MD Half Brick Work - (115mm thick) in Foundation & Plinth Sqm MD Half Brick Work - (115mm thick) in Super Structure upto 5 Floor Sqm Mason 0.66 Mason 0.94 Mason 0.09 Mason 0.155 0.07 1.8 0.2 1 0.18 Cum MD 0.59 0.4
MD Pointing on Brick Work Flush / Ruled / Struck / Weathered Pointing on Brick Work Raised & Cut Pointing Sqm
0.12 Mason
0.2
0.07
MD Sqm
0.05 Mason
0.06
0.093
Page 145 of 164

MD Pointing on Tile Brick Work Flush / Ruled / Struck / Weathered Sqm 0.107 Mason 0.131 0.1
MD Pointing on Stone Work Flush / Ruled Sqm MD Pointing on Stone Work Raised & Cut Sqm MD Cement Plaster - 6mm thick Sqm MD Cement Plaster - 12mm thick Sqm MD Cement Plaster - 15mm thick Sqm MD Cement Plaster - 18mm thick in two coats Sqm MD Cement Plaster - 20mm thick Sqm MD Neat Cement Punning over Plaster Sqm MD Plaster of Paris Putty - 2mm thick Sqm MD
0.067 Mason 0.092 Mason 0.2 Mason 0.051 Mason 0.067 Mason 0.08 Mason 0.121 Mason 0.094 Mason 0.027 Mason 0.091
0.08
0.128
0.137
0.093
0.296
0.1
0.167
0.167
0.187
0.234
0.212
0.027
0.091
Page 146 of 164

Flush Band - 12mm thick , 100mm wide bands in plaster Rm Mason For different type of bonds the labour requirement may go up by 15% to 25% 0.032
MD Plaster in Skirting - 18mm thick, upto 300mm height Sqm MD Gypsum Partitions Gypsum Panel Partitions 100mm thick with water proof panels of size 666X500X100mm fixed with tongue & groove jointed with bonding plaster. Sqm
0.027 Mason 0.188
0.242
Mason
MD Stone Work Random Rubble Masonry in foundation & Plinth Cum MD Random Rubble Masonry in Super structure upto 5 floor Cum MD Coursed Rubble Masonry in foundation & Plinth Cum MD Coursed Rubble Masonry in Super structure upto 5 floor Cum MD Tile Work Ceramic Glazed Wall Tiles including 12mm thick mortar bed & Joint filling Sqm
0.05 Mason 1.07 Mason 1.34 Mason 2.12 Mason 2.38 Mason
0.1
1.07
0.8
1.45
1.13
1.24
0.8
1.59
1.5
MD
0.25
0.25
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Ceramic Glazed or Vitrified Floor Tiles 100 x 100mm or 300 x 300mm or 600 x 600mm including 20mm thick mortar bed & Joint filling Sqm Mason
MD Flooring Brick on edge Flooring Sqm MD Dry Brick on Edge Flooring Sqm MD Cement Concrete Flooring 40mm thick Mixing & Placing Cement Concrete Flooring 52mm thick, including 12 mm thick hardner topping Mixing & Placing Cement Concrete Flooring 62mm thick, including 12 mm thick hardner topping Mixing & Placing Pavement Cement Concrete Flooring Mixing & Placing Marble Chip Flooring - 40mm thick (under layer 34mm thick & 6mm granolithic) Including Mixing, Placing, rubbing & polishing Sqm MD Sqm
0.2 Mason 0.108 Mason 0.09 Mason 0.08 Mason 0.14 0.198 0.025
0.2
0.189
0.104
MD Sqm
0.215 Mason
0.16
0.215
MD Cum MD Sqm
0.215 Mason 0.35 Mason
0.186
0.215
0.18
0.05
MD
0.179
0.299
0.104
Page 148 of 164

Annexure 3
Table of Scaffolding materials pertaining to Cup-Lock System
S. No. Element Approx. Size / Standard Lengths Available (mtr)
0.6 0.9 1 1.2 1.5 1.8 2 2.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 1.621 7.5 3.7 5.2 5.5 7.3 16.5 1.2 1.5 1.8
Unit Weight (Kg)

2.36 3.42 3.74 4.45 5.4 6.5 7.2 8.91 2.45 4.95 7.4 9.9 12.42 14.8 7.50 0.565 0.795 1.2 1.3 1.8 2.5
Pictorial view
1. Ledger
2. Vertical Standard
3. 4.
INSIDE BOARD TRANSOM INTERMEDIATE TRANSOM
5.
DECKING BEAM
6. Bottom Cup 7.
LEDGER BLADE WITH & WITHOUT HOLE
Accessories Accessories
8.
TOP CUP 4 LEG
Accessories
9.
SPIGOT
Accessories
Page 149 of 164

10. DROP HEAD
11. INFILL BEAM
1.2 1.8
12. ROUND SPIGOT
Accessories
13. ADJUSTABLE BASE JACK
0.35/0.25 0.45/0.35 0.55/0.45 0.65/0.55 0.75/0.65
2.7 2.9 3.2 3.5 3.8
14. U - HEAD
Customized
15. ADJUSTABLE UNIVERSAL

JACK
0.35/0.25 0.45/0.35 0.55/0.45 0.65/0.55 0.75/0.65
1.6 1.9 2.2 2.5 2.8
16. ADJUSTABLE U HEAD JACK
0.35/0.25 0.45/0.35 0.55/0.45 0.65/0.55 0.75/0.65

Plate Size:150x150x6 mm Pipe size: 48.3 mm, H - I00 mm
3 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.21
17. BASE PLATES
18. BASE PLATES
Plate Size: 150x150x2.5 mm Pipe : 27.3 mm, H - 50 mm
Page 150 of 164

19. BASE PLATES
Plate Size: 150x150x2.5 mm Strip : W - 25 mm, H 50 mm
20. JACK NUT
Accessories
21. FORK HEAD JACK
22. SOLID BASE JACK
Customized
23. SOLID U-HEAD
24. SWIVEL BASE JACK
25. U - HEAD
26. JACK PLATE
Accessories
Page 151 of 164

27. LIGHT DUTY SOLDIERS 1.8 2.4 3
28. PRIMARY WALER
1.8 2.4 3
29. LONGITUDINAL WALER
1.8 2.4 3
30. WALL WALER
1.2 1.8 2.4
31. FLOOR FORM
Customized(as per Specification)
32. SHUTTERING PLATES
1.2x0.6 1.2x0.9 0.9x0.9 0.9x0.6, 0.9x0.3
33. HEAVY DUTY SOLDIERs
Customized 2.4 3
Page 152 of 164

34. SPAN
2.46 - 4.15
35. COLUMNs
Customized(as per Specification)
36. DOUBLE HEAD JACK
37. SWIVEL PROP
Customized
38. STEEL PALLETE
Customized
39. WALK BOARD A (SHEET & HR 1.2 FLAT FITTMENT WITH 48.3 DIA 1.8 PIPE) 2 2.5 40. WALKBOARD - B 1.2 1.8 2 2.5
Page 153 of 164

41. WALKBOARD - C 1.2 1.8 2 2.5
42. PROP
Customized 2.94 - 5.45 2.59 -3.95 2.5 - 4.1 2.0 - 3.75 0.9 - 1.5
43. PROP SLEEVE
44. PROP NUT WITH HANDLE
45. LOCKING PIN
Accessories
46. BASE PLATE
Accessories
47. RAKER PROP
1.1 - 1.6
48. WEDGE
Accessories
49. GUIDING PIN 50. U - CLIP
Accessories Accessories
Page 154 of 164

51. V - PRESSINGS Accessories
52. FACE BRACE -Galvanized 53. STAG BRACKET-Galvanized

1 Board
2.74 3.54 0.243
10.9 9.7
2.34
54. STAG BRACKET-Galvanized

2 Board
0.51
5.82
55. STAG BRACKET-Galvanized

3 Board
0.738
9.54
56. TIE BAR-Galvanized
1.245 1.803 2.413
2.34 5.82 9.54
57. EDGE PROTECTION CLAMP
1.296 1.5
58. DOUBLE COUPLER
for Pipe OD 48.3 mm
59. SWIVEL COUPLER
for Pipe OD 48.3 mm
60. DUAL PURPOSE
DOUBLE COUPLER
for Pipe OD 48.3 mm & 60.3 mm
Page 155 of 164

61. DUAL PURPOSE
for Pipe OD 48.3 mm & 60.3 mm
SWIVEL COUPLER
62. SLEEVE COUPLER
for Pipe OD 48.3 mm
63. JOINT PIN
for Pipe OD 48.3 mm
64. SPARE FORGED CAP
Accessories
65. SWIVEL COUPLER BODY
Accessories
66. DOUBLE COUPLER BODY
Accessories
67. HEX - BOLT
Accessories
68. FORK - BOLT
Accessories
69. GIRDER COUPLER
for Pipe OD 48.3 mm
Page 156 of 164

70. PUTLOG COUPLER
for Pipe OD 48.3 mm
71. FENCING COUPLER
for Pipe OD 42.3 mm / 48.3 mm
72. PUTLOG HEAD

ADAPTER
for Pipe OD 48.3 mm
73. STAIRCASE COUPLER
for Pipe OD 48.3 mm
74. TOE BOARD BRACKET
for Pipe OD 48.3 mm
75. TEE- BOLT
Accessories
76. I - BOLT & FLANGE NUT 77. EYE - BOLT 78. HEX NUT & WASHER 79. CAP RIVETS
Accessories Accessories Accessories Accessories
80. FORGED GIRDER COUPLER
Page 157 of 164

81. WING NUT 0.3
82. TWO WING ANCHOR NUT
70 / 100 mm
0.400 / 0.590
83. THREE WING ANCHOR NUT
100 mm
0.64
84. WATER BARRIER WITH DISC
116
0.54
85. TIE BAR CONNECTOR
100
0.45
86. STEEL CONE
90 mm
0.6
87. C PRESS LEDGERS
0.6 0.9 1.2 1.219 1.294 1.5 2.5
2.35 3.23 4.11 4.17 4.39 5 7.41
88. KWICK STRIP BEAMS
0.9 1 1.5 2 2.5
6.3 6.9 13.7 17 24
Page 158 of 164

89. A - CLAMP
90. B - CLAMP
91. WEDGE CLAMP
4 - 10 mm
0.38
92. COLD ROLLED TIE ROD
15 mm, Upto 6 Mtr. Length
1.47 KG / Mtr
93. HINGES & BRACKETS
94. UNIVERSAL BRACKETS
Page 159 of 164

Annexure - 4 List of Minimum Stock of basic items to have at any project

SL NO Description UOM Minimum Stock Level (Example only, User needs to work based on their project's requirement)
1000.00 1000.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 50.00 20.00 10.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 100.00 20.00 100.00 250.00 100.00 25.00 50.00 20.00 25.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 20.00 5.00 10.00 50.00 15.00 10.00 10.00
General Items
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 31 32 20 21 22 23 Hessian Cloth MS Binding Wire NAILS - 1 1/2" NAILS - 2" NAILS - 2 1/2" NAILS - 3" NAILS - 4" Spade Pickaxe Showel Spade Handle M S Gamela Pvc Gamela Lime Powder Line Dori Shuttring Oil SHALITAX BOARD 25MM Curing pipe 25mm Cotton Waste foam sheet 4mm Hecxa Frame Crow Bar Wire rope celing 12mmx6mtr long wire rope celing 16mmx6mtr long Wire rope celing 25mmx10mtr long wire brush Measuring Tape 5 mtr Chalk Box Welding Electrode 6013/4.00 Make -Modi Welding Electrode 6013/3.15 Make -D&H/modi Welding Electrode 6013/2.5 Make-D&H/MODI Welding Electrode 6013/3.15 Make-Esab Rm Kg Kg Kg Kg Kg Kg Nos Nos Nos Nos Nos Nos Kg roll ltr Nos Mtr kg Nos Nos Nos Nos Nos Nos Nos Nos pkt Pkt pkt pkt Pkt
Welding Consumables
Page 160 of 164

24 25 26 27 28 29 30 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Welding Electrode 7018/3.15 Make- Modi/D&H Welding Electrode 7018/4MM Make -Modi Welding Electrode 7018/4MM Make -ESAB Welding Electrode 7018/2.5MM Make -D&H Welding Electrode 7018/2.5MM Make -Modi Welding Black Glass Welding White Glass Gas Cutting Hose (OXY) Gas Cutting Hose (LPG) Welding Cable 50 sqmm welding Cable 70sqmm Gas Cutting Nozzle Gas Cutting Torch Regulator (Oxgen) Regulator (L P G) Oxygen Cylinders - 7 cum L.P.G Cylinders - 19Kg Paint Golden Yellow Paint (yellow) 50Ml Pack Paint Yellow Paint White Paint (Red) Paint Black Redoxide Primer Thinner Writting Brush Paint brush 3" Paint brush 4" MS Pipe - 40NB Ply Wood 12mm Ply Wood 19mm Ply Wood 6mm Wooden Runner 2"X3"X8' Wooden Runner 3" x 4" x8' vibrator needle 60mm x 6mtr Safety Helmet yellow Safety Helmet White pkt PKT PKT PKT PKT Nos Nos Mtr Mtr Mtr Mtr Nos Nos Nos Nos Nos Nos Ltr Nos Ltr Ltr Ltr ltr ltr Ltr Nos nos nos Nos Nos Nos Nos Nos nos Nos Nos Nos 10.00 20.00 10.00 50.00 50.00 10.00 20.00 50.00 50.00 100.00 100.00 50.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 10.00 5.00 50.00 2.00 50.00 50.00 2.00 25.00 200.00 10.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 500.00 500.00 6.00 200.00 50.00
Paints
43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 1 2
Pipes & Clamps Plyboards, Runners etc.
Concrete Related SAFETY ITEMS
Page 161 of 164

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Safety Helmet Blue Safety Helmet Red Safety Shoes (Workers) Safety Shoes (Service Provider) Safety Shoes (Staff) Gum Boot Workers Gum Boot Staff Safety Belts (Full Body) Hand Gloves (Fiber Coating) HAND GLOVES RUBBER Hand Gloves (Cotton) Hand Gloves (Leather) Hand Gloves Dotted Super EAR MUF MAKE-UDYOGI EAR PLUG Nose MAsk Safety Goggles White Safety Goggles Black Face Shield Welder Caution Tape P P Rope 1" Rain Coat(Staff) Rain Coat(Workers) Flex. Cable 3 coreX1.5sqmm (Polycab) Flex. Cable 4 coreX2.5sqmm(Polycab) M C Socket 30Amp. 3Pol(HPL/STANDARD) M C Socket 20Amp. 2Pol(HPL/STANDARD) M C SOCKET 20Amp. 3Pol(HPL/STANDARD) M C Plug Top 20AMP 3POLE M C Plug Top 30Amp. 3Pol(HPL/STANDARD) M C Plug Top 20Amp. 2Pol(HPL/STANDARD) Halogen lamp 500Wt (Havells) Halogen lamp 1000Wt(Havells) Halogen lamp 150 watts Halogen Fitting 500Watt Halogen Fitting 1000Watt HPSV Lamp 400Wt(Bajaj) PVC Insulation tape (Steel Grip) Tester Make-Taparia Nos Nos Nos Pair Pair Pair Pair Pair Pair Pair PAIR Pair Pair Nos Nos Nos Nos Nos Nos Nos roll Nos Nos Roll Roll Nos Nos Nos Nos Nos Nos Nos nos nos nos Nos Nos Roll Nos 40.00 10.00 200.00 200.00 50.00 100.00 30.00 50.00 300.00 200.00 100.00 40.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 100.00 20.00 20.00 10.00 15.00 2.00 5.00 5.00 3 3.00 30.00 20.00 25.00 50.00 100.00 50.00 25.00 50.00 25.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 100.00 20
ELECTRICAL
Page 162 of 164

Additions in this Revised Edition

DUTIES & RESPONSIBILITIES OF A TIMEKEEPER THE DUTIES & RESPONSIBILITIES OF ACCOUNTING STAFF DUTIES OF AN ACCOUNTANT BAR BENDING SCHEDULE - THEORY WELDING ELECTRODES & PROCEDURES CARBON STEEL ELECTRODES - TABLE PIPE WELDING ELECTRODES - TABLE BASICS OF COSTING - THEORY COST ENGINEERING - THEORY COST ESTIMATE - THEORY CONSTRUCTION COST ESTIMATES - THEORY KNOW METHODS TO CALCULATE DEPRECIATION WHAT IS DEPRECIATION - THEORY HOW TO CALCULATE DEPRECIATION - THEORY WEIGHT OF G.I. PIPES FOR WATER, GAS & AIR CONFIRMING TO IS 1239 - TABLE WEIGHT OF PIPES FOR WATER, GAS & AIR CONFIRMING TO IS:3589/2001 - TABLE ANNEXURE 1 - GLOSSARY OF CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT TERMS .. 11 11 13 42 43 43 47 58 58 59 59 61 61 61 120 122 123
ANNEXURE -2 - LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY NORMS FOR CIVIL WORKS ......... 145 ANNEXURE 3 - TABLE OF SCAFFOLDING MATERIALS PERTAINING TO CUP-LOCK SYSTEM 149 ANNEXURE 4 - LIST OF MINIMUM STOCK OF BASIC ITEMS TO HAVE AT ANY PROJECT ...... 160
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Bibliography
The book is a compilation of various documents and mainly the inspiration is CPWD, Various IS Codes (mainly IS 456), Steel tables Various tender documents which covered information pertaining to escalation clause and list of various codes to be referred for execution and design purpose. Few tables from existing books on construction engineering Various websites from where the contents have been taken. Wikipedia is one of the websites referred apart from various other sites. Vendors data for cup-lock system of scaffolding for photographs, weights & sizes The list is endless and shall remain so.
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Ebook - Gopaals Notes On Construction Engineering-Revised Edition - May-12

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A personal reference compilation of knowledge on Construction Engineering

Gopaals Notes on Construction Engineering

The Book is dedicated to my Parents and to my Guruji.

For their Guidance which made me travel so far that Im

Readers may send their suggestions at:gopaldhussa@gmail.com Preface to Revised addition

Job Description & Role Clarity

General Responsibilities of a Construction Engineer

Specific Duties of a Construction Engineer

Questions to be asked for Technical & Technical Managerial Interviews

We have to check the leadership qualities of a person and ask him:

Site Engineer / Assistant Manager

Duties & Responsibilities of a Timekeeper

The Duties & Responsibilities of Accounting Staff

Make Journal Entries

Verify Journal and Ledger Balances

Reconcile Bank Statements

Support Monthly Close

Support Audit Procedures

Know basics of Standard Site Operations to revise ones technical knowhow

Basic Definitions (from IS 1200)

All about Concrete

What is a concrete mix

What is Workability / slump in concrete? How is it being measured / tested

Quality Control Basics of Concrete

What are Chemical admixtures, their type & uses

What is a Reinforced Cement Concrete

Curing of concrete & its importance

Concrete Strength Test - Concrete testing

Purpose of Provision of Concrete Cover

Paradox about Concrete Cover

A brief about Concrete mixer and Ready mix concrete

Ready Mix Concrete (RMC)

Transportation of Ready Mix Concrete

Cement & Aggregates

Different type of Cements

Storage period of Cement

Classification of Lime Clause 3.1.3.1 of CPWD Specifications

Lime used in building construction shall confirm to IS : 712-1984

Bulking of Fine Aggregate Cl. 3.1.4.5 of CPWD Specifications

Moisture content percentage

Bulking Percentage (By Volume)

Frequency of Sampling Concrete cubes (Clause 14.2 IS 456)

Frequency - The minimum frequency of sampling of concrete of each grade shall be in

Quantity of Concrete in the Work, Cum

1 - 5 Cum 6 - 15 Cum 16 - 30 Cum 31 - 50 Cum 51 Cum and above

Drinking Water Standards

b) Bacteriological Standards Guideline Values for Bacteriological Quality

Untreated water entering the distribution system

3 in an occassional sample, but not in consecutive samples.

Water in the distribution system

Special Notes on Water Treatment

All about Form Work

Type of Form Works.

Table or Flying Form Systems

Plywood Classification and Grading

Climbing Form Work

Technical Tips on Form Work / Shuttering

Deviation from specified dimensions

Removal of Form Work (Stripping Time) - Clause 5.2.3.7 of CPWD Specifications

Type of Form Work (Location)

Min period before striking Form Work

All about Reinforcement Steel