NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECIINOLOGY, KURUKSHETRA TIIEORY EXAMINATION

Ouestion Paper Programme:....M Tech

Subject:.. ........Power Systems Operation and Control
Course Semester:.

..II

No:

E-502
:.
...

Maximum Marks: 100

Number of Questions to be Attempted

..Five" ' "

'

Time allowed: Three hours.....

The Question Paper has ...8...questions spread over ' ' '2' ' "pages' Unless stated otherwise, the Symbols have their usual meanings Assume suitably and state, additional data required, if any'

in context with the Subject'

Paper for The Candidates, before starting to write the solutions, should please check the Question Paper of correct any discrepancy, and also ensure that they have been delivered the Question if any, to the Course No. and the correct Subject title. Immediately point out the discrepancy,

Supervisor on dutY and sort it out.

Qr. The load is atplant2' frl n system consists of two plants connected by a transmission line. a p:wT tgss of causes plant2bus a power transfer of 100 Mw fro* plant 1 bus to ]l ftw
of the FiiO ttre loss coefficients, incremental transmission losses, and the penalty factors two ptants. (b) The yearly load duration ctlrve for a generator is as shown in the figure. The fuel cost is given by 1 F: 8001 80 P + 2.4 P2 Rs/tr; 10 < P < 100. Find the average cost ofoperating the generator
over one year.

/.\,
F;1. R T (t).
10

li&utu-, as P; : E that the transmission loss in an n-bus power system can be expressed [iL"* Zeus, '-' *t .r. f.;ti, th. current injection at bus and \r is real part of Z7<, the jkth element of
.1,

of the system. expression for b) When the transmission loss is expressed as P1: P: L B.itPrc find the incremental transmission loss ITL at bus i,f,rd expression for Pi- so that at P;*, the cost per MWh is (c) liCi Gi) : oi * b;i;;;;;P'

i.

5 5

Q III. equations, explaining the meanings of the various 1i; Wrlt. the hydrothermal coordination symbols/ quantities involved. (b) The cost of operating the thermal glant, and the water use rate for the hydro-plant

minimum.

for a certain hydro-thermal system is as under: C:900 + 25Pr+ 0.02 Pr2 Rs/h 5oc Q: 150 + 6 PH + 0.0025 Pn2 m3/s Pr.rn*:250 MW, Psr* = 360MW. 3oo 160 x 106 m3 of water is to be used. The day load cycle is as shown. Find the cost of operating the system, if the hydro unit operates at constant power ,s cb) --1 Fia, r \?' 4 "n E level all through. (c) How do we model the start-up cost of a thermal unit when cooling in 'banking' mode?

10 5

Q IV. power systems. Distinguish 1a; Oiscuss the advantages and the problems of interconnecting 7 between integrated *d *int.grated interconnections (b) What is understood by unit commitment? Explain the simplest approach to determine unit comitment. How does this simple approach become tedious when start-up and shut-down 8 costs of the thermal units also are to be accounted for? (c) . Explain the cumulative cost equation, incorporating dynamic programing principle, as used in

Explain.

'

Qv.

roirirrg the commitment

problem.

(a) Develop the transfer function block diagram of the generator-load system in connection with 10 load frequency (b) A small system consists of two identical 500-MVA generating units feeding a total load of 510 MW. The inertia constant of each unit is 5 s on 500 MVA base. The load varies by 1.5 % for a 1 ,/o change in frequency. Assuming no speed governing action, find the frequency 10 change when the load diops by 20

control.

MW.

Q VI. (a) Derive the expression for steady-state change in frequency, and the tie-line power flow for an intercu*..t.d two identical areas system when sudden load changes occur in both areas.
(b) An isolated area of capacity 4000 MW is operating at a load of 2500 MW. The regulation constant of the area is 2Hzt pu MW. A2% change in load occys for 1o/o change in frequency. Find the largest sudden change in load that can be allowed if a steady state change in frequency of n& more than 0.ZHzcan be allowed. Take the nominal frequency as 10 50

speed '

'

10

H;.

VII. j tul A line of generalizedconstants A,B,C,D has identical shunt reactors of susceptance Q

B16

each at its both ends. Find the expressions for the resultant A,B,C,D constants. What improvements in the performance of the line are achieved due to this compensation?
10
5 5

(b) Discuss the problems associated with series compensation. (c) 'Energy pricing in energy broker system', explain. Q Vrrr.

(a) Find, applying the least square error criterion, expressions for the constants a and b while fitting a curve of the type y a eo* to a given historical data of peak load vs year of a power 10 system. (b) Drawing a clear schematic block diagram of SCADA system, explain its role in powersystem l0 operation.