I

Background to the Scientific Revolution A. B. C. D. E. F. The Medieval Reliance on Classical Authority Renaissance Scholars and the Discovery of classical disagreements The Artists and Close Observation of Nature Early Modern Technological Innovations New Understandings of Mathematics The Influence of Hermetic Magic

II

Toward a New heaven: A Revolution in Astronomy A. The Ptolomaic Model 1. Ptolemy and Aristotle 2. A Geocentric Universe The Work of Copernicus 1. On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres 2. The Heliocentric Model 3. Early Christian Reactions to Copernicus The Role of Tycho Brahe 1. Uraniborg Castle 2. Detailed Observations Johannes Kepler 1. The Music of the Spheres 2. The Three Laws of Planetary Motion Galileo and Controversy 1. Galileos Telescope 2. The Starry Messenger 3. Trial Before the Inquisition 4. Laws of Motion Isaac Newton and Universal Physics 1. The Principia The Universal Law of Gravity

B.

C.

D.

E.

F. 2. III

Advances in Medicine A. The Influence of Galen 1. Animal Dissection 2. The Four Humors B. Paracelsus 1. Medicine as Chemistry 2. Like Cures Like C. Andreas Vesalius 1. Human Dissection

2. A Correction of Galen D. William Harvey and the Human Blood System IV Women in the Origins of Modern Science A. Informal Educations and Exclusion from Universities B. Margaret Cavendish 1. Critiques of Scientific Method and Theory 2. An Inspiration to Other Women C. Maria Merian and Caterpillars D. Maria Winklemann 1. Discovery of a Comet 2. Rejection by the Berlin Academy E. The Querelles des Femmes 1. The Male Agreement About Female Inferiority 2. A Diminished Medical Role for Women V Toward a New Earth: Descartes, Rationalism, and a New View of Humankind A. Descartes Discourse on Method 1. Rejection of the Senses 2. Separation of Mind and Matter B. The Implications of Cartesian Dualism VI The Scientific Method A. Francis Bacon 1. His Great Instauration 2. The Inductive Method 3. A Practical Science B. Rene Descartes Emphasis on Deduction and Mathematics C. Isaac Newtons Synthesis of Bacon and Descartes VII Science and Religion in the Seventeenth Century A. The Example of Galileo 1. A Split Between Science and Religion 2. Attempts at a New Synthesis B. Benedict de Spinoza 1. Excommunciation from the Amsterdam Synagogue 2. Panentheism 3. A Philosophy of Reason C. Blaise Pascal 1. His Pensees: An Apology for the Christian Faith

2. The Limits of Science and Reason VIII The Spread of Scientific Knowledge A. Scientific Societies 1. The Royal Society of England 2. The Royal Academy of France 3. Scientific Journals B. Science and Socity 1. Acceptance through Practicality 2. Science As a Means of Economic Progress and Social Stability