Adrian Dingles Chemistry Pages 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012.

All rights reserved. These materials may NOT be copied or redistributed in any way, except for individual class instruction.

Revised May 2012

2012 AP Chemistry FRQ Answers DRAFT

1. Guesstimate Points: 2, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2 (a) The pH at the equivalence point is above 7, suggesting that the salt formed in the neutralization reaction with a strong base (NaOH) is a basic one. This means that the salt will undergo a hydrolysis reaction with water that yields hydroxide ions (since it is the conjugate base of a weak acid), making the pH at the equivalence point basic and according to the equation; A + H2O HA + OH . (b) HA + OH H2O + A
-

40.0 mL 1.00 L 0.250 mol (c) At equivalence point, moles of NaOH = 1000 mL 1.00 L = 0.0100 mols
Ratio (from (b)) is 1:1, so moles of HA also = 0.0100 moles

(d) Molar mass =

mass in g 1.22 g -1 = 122 g mol = mols 0.0100 mols

2

(e)

+ H3 O+ A = H3 O (assuming dissociation of HA to be negligible) Ka = 6.3 x 10 = HA 0.200 [ ] [ ] -5

[H3O ] = 3.55 x 10 pH = - log (3.55 x 10 ) = 2.45 (f) Moles of NaOH added = (0.030 L)(0.250 mol/L) = .00750 mols (which is less than 0.0100 moles of acid originally present, so the acid is in excess, the NaOH is limiting, and therefore a buffer has been created in the flask. Since NaOH is limiting, and the ratio is 1:1, the moles of salt produced = moles of NaOH = 0.00750 mols For an acidic buffer, pH = pKa + log ([salt]/[acid]) pH = -log (6.3 x 10 ) + log ((0.00750/0.08))/((0.0025/0.08)) = 4.68 pH = 4.68 = - log [H3O ] [H3O ] = 10
+ -4.68 + -5

-3,

-3

= 2.1 x 10

-5

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 Adrian Dingles Chemistry Pages 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012. All rights reserved. These materials may NOT be copied or redistributed in any way, except for individual class instruction.

Revised May 2012

2. Guesstimate Points: 1, 2, 2, 1, 1, 2 (a) P V = n R T (0.200 atm) (1.00 L) = n (0.0821 L atm mol K ) (273 + 127 K) n = 0.00609 moles (b) (1.40 atm) (1.00 L) = nTOTAL (0.0821 L atm mol K ) (273 + 127 K) nTOTAL = 0.0426 moles Moles of O2 = 0.0426 0.00609 = 0.0365 (P) (1.00 L) = (0.0365 mol) (0.0821 L atm mol K ) (273 + 127 K) P = 1.20 atm (c) Ratio of CO2 to H2O is 0.600:0.800 or 3:4, meaning 3 C atoms to every 8 H atoms, suggesting; C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O 0.00609 moles of hydrocarbon would need 5 times as much O2, i.e., 0.0305 moles of O2. (P) (1.00 L) = (0.0305 mol) (0.0821 L atm mol K ) (273 + 127 K) P = 1. 00 atm (d) C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O (e) (0.00609 mols) (44.0962 g mol ) = 0.269 g (f) Less than 7 as CO2 will dissolve in water to produce carbonic acid according to; H2O + CO2 H2CO3
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1

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 Adrian Dingles Chemistry Pages 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012. All rights reserved. These materials may NOT be copied or redistributed in any way, except for individual class instruction.

Revised May 2012

3. Guesstimate Points: 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2 (a) S = Sproducts Sreactants = (219.3 + 192.8) (284.9) = 127.2 J/(molrxn K) (b) Net bonds broken (endothermic) 1 C-H = 1(413) = 413 1 C-C = 1 (348) = 348 1 C-N = 1(293) = 293 Total = +1054 kJ Net bonds made (exothermic) 1 C=C = 1(614) = -614 1 N-H = 1(391) = -391 Total = -1005 kJ H = sum of bonds broken (endo) and bonds made (exo) = +49 kJ/molrxn (c) Endothermic reaction so temperature of surroundings goes down. (d) ln (3.60 x 10 ) - ln (4.70 x 10 / 2.00 L) = -k (20.0 min) k = 0.0938 min
-1 -4 -3

(e) Rate = k [CH3CH2NH2] Rate = 0.0938 min (4.70 x 10 mol / 2.00 L) = 2.2 x 10 mol L min
-1 -3 -4 -1 -1

(f) Curve. A straight line would result if the reciprocal of concentration is plotted against time AND if the reaction is second order. This is a first order reaction, so no straight line.

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 Adrian Dingles Chemistry Pages 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012. All rights reserved. These materials may NOT be copied or redistributed in any way, except for individual class instruction.

Revised May 2012

4. Guesstimate Points: 5, 5, 5 (a)(i) SrCO3 + 2H Sr
+ 2+

+ CO2 + H2O

(ii) Bubbles of CO2 being liberated or the solid carbonate dissolving (b)(i) 2Mg + O2 2MgO (ii) 0, +2 (c)(i) Ni (ii) Cl
2+

+ 2OH Ni(OH)2

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 Adrian Dingles Chemistry Pages 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012. All rights reserved. These materials may NOT be copied or redistributed in any way, except for individual class instruction.

Revised May 2012

5. Guesstimate Points: 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 (a) More ordered, stronger, intermolecular London dispersion forces in solid iodine (when compared to liquid bromine), require a greater amount of energy in order to be broken (and separate the I2 molecules), and as a result there is a greater endothermic energy for the formation of I2(g) when compared to Br2(g) from the respective elements. (b) The formation of I2(g) from the solid would have the greater increase in entropy. Both

substances end up very disordered gases, but the change from a (relatively) very ordered solid to gas, as opposed to from a liquid to a gas, requires a larger increase in entropy. (c) IBr. IBr is both a molecule with more electrons than Br2 (IBr is more polarizable with greater London dispersion forces), and a polar molecule (because of differences in electronegativity between Br and I that is not present between Br and Br in Br2), so it will have larger intermolecular forces and hence require more energy to become a vapor. (d) I2 is a non-polar molecule and therefore will not dissolve in polar water. It will however be soluble in a non-polar solvent, hexane. The purple color observed in the hexane layer is dissolved I2. Additionally, the hydrogen bonding between water molecules is much stronger than the (potential) IMF between I2 and H2O so iodine will tend to not dissolve in water, but the (potential) IMF between I2 and hexane IS comparable to the LDFs between molecules of hexane so the I2 will dissolve in hexane. (e) (i) I3 is linear with 3LP and 2BP based upon an electron geometry of trigonal bipyramid but with an atom geometry that is linear.
-

(N.B. I would add 3 lone pairs to each of the terminal I atoms to complete the Lewis structure) (ii) Higher concentration of I3 in the water layer. I3 will dissolve in the water layer, since it is charged (ionic) and can form ion to dipole bonds with polar H2O that it will not do with non-polar hexane.
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 Adrian Dingles Chemistry Pages 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012. All rights reserved. These materials may NOT be copied or redistributed in any way, except for individual class instruction.

Revised May 2012

6. Guesstimate Points: 1, 1, 2, 2, 3 (a) Least: Q, X, Pb : Most (b) Pb Pb
2+

+ 2e

(c) (i) 0.47 V = X (- 0.13 V) X = + 0.34 V (ii) Cu (d) The lead electrode loses mass as the metal dissolves and turns into soluble ions. The copper electrode gains mass as ions are reduced and copper metal is deposited. (e)(i) 0 V. The circuit is broken, no ions can flow through the salt bridge. (ii) Greater than 0.47 V. The concentration of Pb according to; Pb
2+ 2+

is reduced by the formation of PbSO4,

(aq)

+ SO4

2-

(aq)

PbSO4(s)

According to the Nernst equation,

Pb2+ and as a result Q becomes less than 1. The log of a number less than 1 is negative. Q= Cu2+

0.0592 Ecell = 0.47 - (negative number) = number greater than 0.47 V 2

(iii) Less than 0.47 V, since the cell will have run down overnight and the potential difference between the two half-cells will be less. (NORMALLY, opening the switch would break the circuit and the voltage would become zero, but because of the way the circuit is set up it is possible to have the switch open and still have the cell running VERY, very odd).
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