6.

a. A primary standard is an enforceable limit on the concentration of a contaminant in water or an enforceable requirement that a particular treatment technique be implemented. Primary standards apply only to contaminants that impact human health. A secondary standard is a recommended limit on the concentration of a water constituent or on the measured value of a water quality parameter (e.g., turbidity). Secondary standards apply to factors that affect a drinking waters aesthetic but not human health attributes. b. An MCL is a primary standard, whereas an MCLG is a maximum concentration goal for a drinking water contaminant, which would be desirable based on human health concerns and assuming all feasibility issues such as cost and technological capability are not considered. An MCLG is not an enforceable limit, but does provide the health-based concentration, which the MCL should seek to approach as closely as possible within the constraints of practical feasibility. There are many contaminants with MCLGs, but no numeric MCL. These include acrylamide, copper and lead.

6.2

The CWA sets up a system by which the maximum concentration of contaminants in discharges to surface waters and in the surface waters themselves are set and enforced, while the SDWA provides the legislative mechanism necessary to set and enforce the maximum contaminant concentrations in drinking water. The CWA is designed to ensure that the quality of surface waters in the U.S. is, at a minimum, appropriate for the beneficial uses for which the water is designated. The SDWA is designed to ensure that water supplied by public water systems for human consumption meets acceptable health standards at the point of use.

6.3

a. The hydraulic detention time is:

V (43.0 ft ) (10.0 ft ) = = = 0.174 d = 4.17 hr Q 2.5 10 6 gal/d ft 3 7.4805 gal
2

b. The critical velocity is:

d ft 3 2.5 10 6 gal 3 d 7.4804 gal Q 24 hr = 2.40 ft = vo = Ab ft 2 hr (43.0 ft )2

c. The weir loading rate is:

d ft 3 2.5 10 6 gal d 7.4804 gal 24 hr Q ft 3 weir loading rate = = = 51.5 Lw 2 (43.0 ft ) ft hr

6.4

From Appendix C: At 20C, = 998.2 kgm-3 and = 0.00100 kgm-1s-1

a. The particle settling velocity is:

vs =

2 g ( p - )d p

18

(9.807 m/s )(0.4)(998.2 kg/m )(1.0 10 =

2 3

-5

kg 18 0.00100 ms

= 2.18 10 -5 m

b.

vo =

Q = Ab

d (7,500 m / d ) 24 60 60 s
3

(10 m )(30 m )

= 2.89 10 -4 m

Since vo > vs, less than 100% of the particles will be removed.
c. The settling velocity of the smallest particle which is 100% removed is equal to vo. So,
1

18vs dp = g ( p - )

kg -4 m 18 0.00100 m s 2.89 10 s = kg m 9.807 2 (0.4) 998.2 3 m s

= 3.65 10 -5

m m = 36.5 s s

6.5

From Appendix C: At 20C, = 998.2 kgm-3 and = 0.00100 kgm-1s-1 The length to width ratio is 5, so Ab = 5w2 Set vo = vs and solve for w:
kg m 3 18 0.100 0.00100 m s s = kg 5 2 m 5 9.807 2 1,200 - 998.2 3 10 m m s
1 2

18Q w= 2 5 g ( p - )d

= 42.7 m

6.6

From Appendix C: At 15C, = 0.00114 kgm-1s-1

a.

G=

P Vb
1 2

(186 W ) G1 = kg 2 0.00114 (4.17 m ) (3.75 m ) m s

= 50.0 s -1

Similarly, G2 = 20.1 s-1 and G3 = 10.0 s-1.

b.

3 N0 d p

(20.0 10 -6 m ) (1.8 105 mL-1 )10 6 mL

3

m 3 = 7.54 10 -4

4GVb N0 =1+ N Q
N0 ( 1.0) 4 7.54 10 -4 50.0 s -1 (4.17 m ) (3.75 m ) =1+ = 17.9 N m 3 d 16,000 d 24 60 60 s
2

)(

Therefore, there will be on average 18 singlets per aggregate.

6.7

From Appendix C: At 15C, = 0.00114 kgm-1s-1

a.

Accumulation = Reaction: V

dN = Vr( N ) dt

and r( N ) = dN 4G dt = N N0 0
N t

4GN

so,

which yields:
b.

N = N 0e

4 Gt -

kg m 2 6.5 10 -5 P s3 G= = kg V 3 0.00114 0.004 m m s

= 3.78 s -1

c.

3 d p N0

(5.0 10 -5 m )
3

1.0 10 7 3 0.0040 m

= 1.64 10 -4

N = N 0e

4 Gt -

(1.0)4 1.64 10 -4 3.78 s -1 60 s (30 min ) 1.0 10 7 min = exp 4.0 L particles L

)(

)(

N = 6.07 10 5
d.

1.0 10 7 4.0 L N0 = 4.12 singlets = 5 -1 aggregate N 6.07 10 L

e.

N = N 0e

4 Gt -

(0.2)4 1.64 10 -4 3.78 s -1 60 s (30 min ) 1.0 10 7 min = exp 4.0 L particles L

)(

)(

N = 1.88 10 6

6.8

m m3 a. Q = va Af = 8.0 80 m 2 = 640 hr hr

b. From the definition of filter efficiency: Vf (Vb + Vr) = fVf

(6.8.1) (6.8.2)

and the definition of the effective filtration rate gives: Vf (Vb + Vr) = refAftc

Combining (6.8.1) and (6.8.2) and rearranging yields: 2 m ref Af t c 7.7 hr 80 m (52 hr ) = = 33,370 m 3 (per cycle) vf = f 0.96

)(

From (6.8.1): Vb + Vr = Vf (1 - f ) = 33,370 m 3 (1 - 0.96) = 1,335 m 3 (per cycle) Thus, the volume of water lost per cycle (Vb + Vr) is 1,340 m3.

6.9

Note that this problem incorporates a practically realistic, yet possibly confusing, nuance in that the total backwash time per cycle (tb) is double the total time that backwash water is flowing through the filter (tb). Thus, calculation of the water volume used in backwash is based on 8 minutes of flow per cycle, whereas the time the filter is off-line for backwashing is 16 minutes.
a.
Vb = Qb L ' = 307,200 L Af t b = 10.0 2 64 m 2 (8.0 min ) 60 s min Af m s

L = 316,800 L Vr = va Af t r = 5.50 2 64 m 2 (15 min ) 60 s min m s

t f = t c t b t r = (24 60 min ) (16 min ) - (15 min ) = 1,409 min

Vf =

Qf L Af t ' = 5.50 2 64 m 2 (1,409 min ) 60 s = 2.98 10 7 L min f Af m s

f =

Vf Vb Vr 2.98 10 7 - 307,200 - 316,800 L = = 0.979 = 98 % Vf 2.98 10 7 L

b. The fraction of a filtration cycle that is not backwashing is: hr 24 hr - (16 min ) tf + tr t b 60 min = = 0.989 tc 24 hr

so the number of filters required is:

n= Qplant =

va Af (0.989 )

(2.40 m s )
3

L 2 5.50 2 64 m m s

m3 (0.989 ) 1000 L

= 6.89

Therefore, at least 7 filters are required.

6.10

a. For a steady state PFR, the Giardia concentration in the contactor effluent is:

N = N 0 e -k
m 3 60 s Q N 0 0.20 s min ln (1,000 ) = 156 m 3 so, Vb = * ln = N k 0.53 min -1

)(

b. For a steady state CSTR, the mass balance is:

QN0 = QN + k*NVb
m 3 60 s Q N 0 0.20 s min (1,000 - 1) = 22,600 m 3 - 1 = so, Vb = * k N 0.53 min -1

)(

c. For a steady state series of CSTRs, the mass balance is:

Nm 1 = N 0 1 + k *

Q N0 so, Vb,1 = * Nm k

0.20 m 3 60 s s min (1,000) 15 - 1 = 67.5 m 3 - 1 = -1 0.53 min

)(

)(

and the total contactor volume is: mVb,1 = 5(67.50 m3) = 337 m3

d.

k=

k* 0.53 min -1 L = = 0.265 n 1.0 mg min C mg 2.0 L

6.11

For a steady state CSTR, the mass balance is: QN0 = QN + k*NVb
Vb k * ( 2.00 L )(7.80 s -1 ) so, Q = = = 0.0156 L s ( 1,000 - 1) N 0 - 1 N

and the volume produced during ten hours of operation would be:
L 60 60 s Qt = 0.0156 (10 hr ) = 562 L s hr

6.12 Hardness in meq/L:

Ca 2+ =

150 mg/L = 7.50 meq/L 20.0 mg/meq 60 mg/L = 4.92 meq/L 12.2 mg/meq

Mg 2+ =

Total hardness = 7.50 + 4.92 = 12.4 meq/L Hardness as CaCO3:

Total hardness = 12.4 mg as CaCO 3 meq 50.0 = 621 mg/L as CaCO 3 L meq

Table 6.4 would classify this as very hard water.

6.13 6.16 The solutions for these problems are the solutions for problems 6.2 - 6.5 in the 2nd edition Solutions Manual.

6.17

Component CO2 Ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ HCO3SO42ClpH

Concentration (mg/L) 14.5 110.0 50.7 75 350 85.5 16.2 8.2

CH C a-C H

Equiv. Weight (mg/meq) 22 20 12.2 23.0 61.0 48.0 35.5 NCH M g-N C H

Concentration (meq/L) 0.6591 5.500 4.156 3.261 5.738 1.781 0.4563 -

5.500

C a 2+ H C O 35.738 0

M g 2+

a. b. c.

Mg-CH = CH Ca-CH = 5.738 5.500 = 0.238 meq/L Mg-NCH = TH CH = 9.656 5.738 = 3.918 meq/L 1 meq/L Ca(OH)2 neutralizes 1 meq/L CO2(aq) so, Ca(OH)2 required = 0.6591 meq/L

9.656

6.18
Component CO2 Ca
2+ 2+

Concentration 6.0 mg/L 50.0 mg/L 20.0 mg/L 3.1 mmole/L 7.6
CH C a-C H

Equiv. Weight (mg/meq) 22 20 12.2 61.0 -

Concentration (meq/L) 0.2727 2.500 1.639 3.100 NCH M g-N C H

Mg

HCO3pH

2.500

C a 2+ H C O 33.100 0

M g 2+

Table P6.18 Components, lime and soda ash dosage, and solids generated
Component (eqn.) CO2(aq) (6.37) Ca-CH (6.38) Mg-CH (6.39) Ca-NCH (6.40) Mg-NCH (6.41) Excess Totals Concentration (meq/L) 0.2727 2.500 0.600 0 1.039 Lime (meq/L) 0.2727 2.500 1.200 0 1.039 0.400 5.412 Soda ash (meq/L) 0 0 0 0 1.039 1.039 CaCO3(s) (meq/L) 0.2727 5.000 1.200 0 1.039 7.512 Mg(OH)2(s) (meq/L) 0 0 0.600 0 1.039 1.639

a. Lime required = (5.412 meq/L)(37.07 mg/meq) = 200.5 mg/L Soda ash required = (1.039 meq/L)(53.0 mg/meq) = 55.1 mg/L b. Sludge generated:

meq mg meq mg 15 10 6 gal 3.785 L kg 7 . 512 50 . 0 1 .639 2 9.2 + gal 10 6 mg L meq L meq d
= 24,040 kg/d

4.139

6.19
Component Ca2+ Mg
2+

Concentration 90 mg/L 30 mg/L 165 mg/L 7.5

CH C a-C H

Equiv. Weight (mg/meq) 20 12.2 61.0 NCH C a-N C H

Concentration (meq/L) 4.500 2.4596 2.705 -

Concentration (mg/L CaCO3) 225.0 123.0 135.3 -

HCO3pH

M g-N C H

225.0

C a 2+ H C O 3135.3 0

M g 2+

][H ] [CO ( ) ] = [HCO K

3 + 2 aq 1

g mol 7.5 mol 10 0.165 L 61.0 g L = 1.914 10 -4 M = 19.14 mg/L CaCO 3 = -7 4.47 10 M

Table P6.19 Components, lime and soda ash dosage, and solids generated
Component (eqn.) CO2(aq) (6.37) Ca-CH (6.38) Mg-CH (6.39) Ca-NCH (6.40) Mg-NCH (6.41) Excess Totals Concentration (mg/L CaCO3) 19.14 135.3 0 90.00 123.0 Lime (mg/L CaCO3) 19.14 135.3 0 0 123.0 20 297.4 Soda ash (mg/L CaCO3) 0 0 0 90.00 123.0 213.0 CaCO3(s) (mg/L CaCO3) 19.14 270.6 0 90.00 123.0 Mg(OH)2(s) (mg/L CaCO3) 0 0 0 123.0

297.4 mg CaCO 3 74 mg Ca(OH) 2 = 220.1 mg a. Limerequired = L L 100 mg CaCO 3 213.0 mg CaCO 3 106 mg Ca(OH) 2 mg b. Soda Ash required = = 225.8 100 mg CaCO L L 3

348.0

6.20 The solution for this problem is the solution for problem 6.6 in the 2nd edition Solutions Manual.

6.21
Component Ca2+ Mg
2+

Concentration 95 mg/L 26 mg/L 160 mg/L 7.0

Equiv. Weight (mg/meq) 20 12.2 61.0 NCH

Concentration (meq/L) 4.75 2.13 2.62 -

Concentration (mg/L CaCO3) 238 107 131 -

HCO3pH
CH C a-C H

C a-N C H

M g-N C H

4.75

C a 2+ H C O 30 2.62

M g 2+

][H ] [CO ( ) ] = [HCO K

3 + 2 aq 1

g mol 7 mol 10 0.160 L 61.0 g L = 5.868 10 -4 M = 1.17 meq/L = 4.47 10 -7 M

Table P6.21 Components, lime and soda ash dosage, and solids generated
Component (eqn.) CO2(aq) (6.37) Ca-CH (6.38) Mg-CH (6.39) Ca-NCH (6.40) Mg-NCH (6.41) Excess Totals Concentration (meq/L) 1.17 2.62 0 2.13 2.13 Lime (meq/L) 1.17 2.62 0 0 2.13 0.400 6.32 Soda ash (meq/L) 0 0 0 2.13 2.13 4.26 CaCO3(s) (meq/L) 1.17 5.24 0 2.13 2.13 10.67 Mg(OH)2(s) (meq/L) 0 0 0 0 2.13 2.13

6.32 meq 37.07 mg = 234 mg a. Limerequired = L L meq 4.26 meq 53 mg mg b. Soda Ash required = meq = 226 L L

6.88

6.22 The solution for this problem is the solution for problem 6.7 in the 2nd edition Solutions Manual.

6.23
Component Ca2+ Mg
2+

Concentration 40.0 mg/L 10.0 mg/L 110 mg/L 7.0 (assumed)

CH

Equiv. Weight (mg/meq) 20 12.2 61.0 NCH Ca-NCH

Concentration (meq/L) 2.00 0.820 1.80 -

Concentration (mg/L CaCO3) 100 41.0 90.2 -

HCO3pH

Ca-CH

M g-NCH

2.00

Ca 2+ HCO 3 1.80 0

M g 2+

][H ] [CO ( ) ] = [HCO K

3 + 2 aq 1

g mol 7 mol 10 0.110 L 61.0 g L = 4.034 10 -4 M = 0.807 meq/L = 4.47 10 -7 M

Table P6.23 Components, lime and soda ash dosage, and solids generated
Component (eqn.) CO2(aq) (6.37) Ca-CH (6.38) Mg-CH (6.39) Ca-NCH (6.40) Mg-NCH (6.41) Excess Totals Concentration (meq/L) 0.807 1.80 0 0.200 0.820 Lime (meq/L) 0.807 1.80 0 0 0.820 0.400 3.83 Soda ash (meq/L) 0 0 0 0.200 0.820 1.02 CaCO3(s) (meq/L) 0.807 3.60 0 0.200 0.820 5.43 Mg(OH)2(s) (meq/L) 0 0 0 0 0.820 0.82

3.83 meq 37.07 mg = 142 mg a. Limerequired = L L meq 1.02 meq 53 mg mg b. Soda Ash required = meq = 54.1 L L

2.82

c. Sludge generated:

meq mg meq mg 37 10 6 gal 3.785 L kg 5 .43 50 . 0 0 .82 2 9.2 + 6 L meq L meq d gal 10 mg
= 41,400 kg/d

6.24

Qf = 5 106 L/d Cf = 1,500 mg/L

Qp = 3 106 L/d Cp = 75 mg/L

Qc, Cc

QfCf = QcCc + QpCp So,

Cc =

and Qf = Qc + Qp

(Q C (Q
f

f f

- Qp C p ) - Qp )

[(5 10

L/d (1,500 mg/L) - 3 10 6 L/d (75 mg/L) = 3,640 mg/L 5 10 6 - 3 10 6 L/d

6.25

Qf = 5 106 L/d Cf = 1,500 mg/L

Qp = 3 106 L/d Cp = 75 mg/L Qc = 2 106 L/d Cc = 3,640 mg/L

a. Water recovery: 6 L QP 3 10 d r= = = 0.60 or 60% Q F 5 10 6 L d b. Salt rejection:

75 mg CP L = 0.95 or 95% =1R =1mg CF 1,500 L

c. Log salt rejection:
R log = - log(1 - R ) = - log(1 - 0.95) = 1.30

6.26

a. The main constituent of concern from the perspective of configuring the POTW treatment train is biodegradable organic matter. It is, however, arguable from the perspective of human health that the main constituents of concern are human pathogens. b. Unit operation function based on an overall aim of removing BOD: i. The grit chamber removes the very largest and most settleable particles, which may contain a modest fraction of organic matter. ii. The primary sedimentation basin removes most of the gravitationally settleable organic matter (as well as inorganic matter). Typically about 35% of the BOD can be removed by primary sedimentation. iii. The bioreactor converts dissolved and fine particulate biodegradable organic matter into microbial cell mass and energy for microbial metabolism. iv. The secondary clarifier physically removes the cell mass generated in the bioreactor by gravitational settling. v. Digestors further degrade the organic particles in the primary clarifier sludge and/or the microbial cell mass separated into the secondary clarifier sludge by exposing it to more prolonged biodegradation.

6.27 Both primary and secondary wastewater treatment are designed to remove biodegradable organic matter (BOM) and the superset of total solids. Primary treatment only removes that BOM which can be physically separated from the raw sewage by floatation, gravitational settling or screening. On the other hand, secondary treatment removes BOM that may be biodegraded by microbes within a relatively short duration (typically the hydraulic retention time is less than 1 day). Much of the BOM degraded in secondary treatment is dissolved or colloidal and it is converted into microbial cell mass. The cells are removed from the secondary effluent by settling in a secondary clarifier (or by exclusion by a membrane).

6.28 6.29 The solutions for these problems are the solutions for problems 6.9 - 6.10 in the 2nd edition Solutions Manual.

6.30

Q, S0, X0

well-mixed aeration pond V, S, X, rg, rsu

Q, S, X

Q = 30 m3/d S0 = 350 mg/L BOD5 S = 20 mg/L BOD5 Ks = 100 mg/L BOD5 kd = 0.10 d-1 m = 1.6 d-1 Y = 0.60 mg VSS/mg BOD5

a. Assuming X0 = 0, the microbe mass balance yields equation 6.57:

S= K s (1 + k d ) ( m - 1 - k d )

and solving for the hydraulic detention time, ,

(100 + 20 mg/L BOD 5 ) Ks + S = = 6.0 d [S ( m - k d ) - K s k d ] 20 mg/L BOD 5 (1.6 - 0.1 d -1 ) - 100 mg/L BOD 5 (0.1 d -1 )

b. From equation 6.60 and 6.51,

mg BOD 5 mg BOD 5 mg VSS 0.60 100 + 20 350 - 20 mg BOD 5 L L Y (K s + S )(S 0 - S ) mg VSS X= = = 7.07 mg BOD 5 KS L (6.0 d ) 1.6 d -1 350 L

and at steady state with X0 = 0, the effluent flux of microbial mass must equal the rate of microbial mass production in the pond:
QX = Vrg'

m 3 L mg VSS kg kg VSS = 0.212 and, QX = 6 30 d 1,000 m 3 7.07 L 10 mg d

6.31

Q, S0, X0

well-mixed aeration lagoon V, S, X, rg, rsu

Q, S, X

l = 60 m w=5m h=2m Q = 30 m3/d S0 = 350 mg/L BOD5 S = 20 mg/L BOD5 Ks = 100 mg/L BOD5 kd = 0.10 d-1 m = 1.6 d-1

a. The lagoons hydraulic detention time is:

V (60 m )(5 m )(2 m ) = = 1.50 d 3 Q 400 m d

and the steady state substrate concentration in the lagoon is: mg BOD5 -1 1 + (1.5 d ) 0.08 d 76.0 mg BOD 5 K s (1 + k d ) L = 161 = S= -1 -1 ( m - 1 - k d ) (1.5 d ) 1.10 d - 1 - (1.5 d ) 0.08 d L

)) )]

Therefore, the lagoons BOD5 removal efficiency is:

mg BOD 5 336 - 161 S0 - S L (100) = 52.2% (100) = Eff = mg BOD 5 S0 336 L

c. The lagoons daily oxygen demand is:

mg BOD 5 1,000 L kg kg O 2 m 3 Q(S 0 - S ) = 400 336 161 = 70.2 3 6 d L d m 10 mg

6.32

P.C.

Q, S0

Qs

V, X, S
Act. Sludge Basin

S.C.

Qe, Xe, S0

RAS Qr, Sr, Xr

WAS Qw, Sw, Xw

Xr = 10,000 mg VSS/L

Q = 0.300 m3/s X = 2,100 mg VSS/L c = 9.0 d S0 = 220 mg BOD5/L F = 0.52 mg BOD 5 M mg VSS d

a. Based on the definition of the food to microbe ratio, mg BOD 5 24 60 60 s m 3 0.300 220 s L d QS 0 V= = 5,220 m 3 F mg BOD5 mg VSS X M 0.52 mg VSS d 2,100 L

( )

b. Noting that Xr = Xw, the cell retention time can be used to calculate the WAS flow rate.

VX Qw = = c X w

mg VSS (5220 m ) 2,100 L

3

= 122 m mg VSS d (9.0 d ) 10,000 L

c. From a hydraulic flow balance around the activated sludge basin, recycle line and secondary clarifier, m3 m 3 d m3 Qe = Q - Qw = 0.300 s - 122 d 24 60 60 s = 0.299 s

d. First, write a microbial mass balance around the secondary clarifier (S.C.).

QsX = QeXe + (Qr + Qw)Xw Noting that Xe 0 and Qr = Qs Qe - Qw, simplify and solve for Qs.
m 3 mg VSS 0.299 10,000 s L Qe X w m3 = 0.378 Qs = = ( X w - X ) 10,000 - 2,100 mg VSS s L

and the hydraulic detention time is then:

V 5220 m 3 = = = 0.160 d Qs m 3 24 60 60 s 0.378 s d

6.33

Q, C0

Qe, Ce

Qs, Cs

Q = 20 MGD Qs = 0.070 MGD C0 = 800 mg TS/L Ce = (1 0.18)C0 = 656 mg TS/L

a. A mass balance around the primary clarifier yields:

Cs = mg TS mg TS Q (C0 - Ce ) + Ce = (20 GD ) 800 - (0.82 )800 + (0.82 ) 800 (0.070 MGD ) L L Qs

Cs = 41,800

mg TS L

b. The mass of solids removed annually is:

0.04381 m 3 s m = Qs Cs t = (0.070 MGD) MGD

m = 4.04 10 6

mg kg 24 60 60 365 s 1,000 L m 3 41,800 L 6 yr 10 mg

kg TS = 4,040 tonne per year yr