PHYSICAL AND GENERAL GEOGRAPHY

Dear fellows, I have made a judgment on the basis of past papers of last 13 years and arranged the questions with respect to topics of syllabus, by viewing it, you will have a good judgment of the syllabus and important topics of paper A which are recurring. There can be mistakes in classification of the questions, but I tried my best to minimize them. To prepare geography paper A, first of all read the topic and note down the key terms, definitions and processes. It will be helpful in revising and also practice diagrams. You can also prepare topics from geography websites; can see animations to clear concepts. Apart from other sciences like biology, chemistry, geo is easy to understand. One can cover the whole syllabus in one month with 4-6 hours study. (Unit no: 2,3,4,5, atmosphere and hydrosphere, the restless crust, sculpting the surface chapters of De Blij are must to read. Remember me in your prayers. Muhammad Naeem Abbas Bhatti (css aspirant 2013)

Elements of Weather and Climate

Insolation and Atmospheric Temperature Define insulations, discuss the distribution of temperature on the surface of Earth and reasons for its variation. 2005 Global Radiation and Heat Balance Write an essay on the heating and cooling of the surface of the earth 2007 Atmospheric Pressure and Winds What do you known about the distribution of atmospheric pressure and the resulting wind system on the earth surface? 2002 Humidity and Precipitation identify the geographic patterns of evapotranspiration.Examine the factors contributing to expanding deserts around the globe.2010 Air Masses, Fronts and Atmospheric Disturbances Define air masses and give classification of air masses and focus on the type which affects weather of pakistan2008 Explain original concept of air masses and present principal air masses 2006

Define Cyclones. How are the temperate Cyclones formed? Discuss the theory regarding their formation.2004 Give a detailed account of the origin, life history, weather type and distribution of extra-tropical or frontal cyclone. 2002 What are main characteristics of thunderstorm? How arc they classified? Also explain their zonal distribution 2001 Classification of Climate and Climatic Regions Discuss salient features of Western European type of climate with its impact on experiencing societies.2012 Which prominent areas experience either of climate type, give the characteristics of the climate type along with associated economic activities, and desert type or monsoon type.2011 Discuss Mediterranean climatic region with its dominating characteristics2010 In what way does the wet, monsoon-dominated climate of southern Asiatic coasts (Am) differ from that close to the equator(aj). Discuss in detail.2009 How do the climate factors of precipitation and temperature influence the distribution of natural vegetation? Where can we find the tropical rainforest? 2006 Discuss Monsoon Climatic Region in detail.2004 Discuss Mediterranean climate as under: (a) Main characteristics (b) Regional variations 2003 Confining your attention to the northern hemisphere contrast the Cool Temperate West Marginal type of climate with the Cool Temperate East Marginal type and try to account for any similarities and differences. 2000

Landforms
Major landforms Briefly explain the features associated with: a. Submerged coastlines b. Emerged coastlines 2006 Rocks: origin, formation and classification. Bring out scientific definition of rock and highlight the process and degree of metamorphism with explicit examples. 2012 What are rocks, classify, discus the formation and characteristics of any one type. 2011 Present the rock cycle in connection with its reincarnation.2010

What is a rock? Classify rocks and discuss the formation and characteristics of any one type.2005

What are Rocks? Discuss igneous rocks and compare and contrast the intrusive and extrusive rocks.2004 Summarize with specific examples classification of rocks and show how different mode of origin affect the exploitation of mineral wealth.2000 Internal Structure of the Earth Discuss the significance of the dee double prime layer, in view of the fact that the earth is a differentiated planet. 2011 Describe the internal structure of the earth in detail giving dimentions, mineral composition and physical properties. What type of evidence is used to obtain this information? What tempratures and pressures may be expected at the earth's centre?2009 Earth is a differentiated planet, discuss critically.2008 The theory of plate tectonics is a unifying theory, discuss critically.2008 What do you understand by the plate theory? What has it to do with: (a) the formation of mountains (b) earth quakes (c) volcanoes. 2000 Earth quakes and Volcancity Write an essay on earthquake.2009 Describe the ways in which earthquake can be managed. Use examples to support your answer.2006 How re earthquakes caused? Describe the major earthquake zones.2003 What are earthquakes? How closely are they connected with earth mo vements? Elaborate their effects and distributions in fhe main regions of the world.2001 Weathering Evaluate physical weathering and its occurrences in different climate areas over the globe.2012 Distinguish between rock weathering and erosion.Show how processes of weathering in cool humid climate, differ from those in hot arid region. You may take examples from any part of the world 2000 Mass Wasting define mass wasting and explain mass wasting in detail.2010 Erosion and Deposition Write in detail on the action of the river in its youth, maturity, and old age.2009

All landforms go through a cycle of youth, maturity, and old age, discuss with examples of erosional and depositional agents.2008 Outline the processes by which a river produces various Land features describing its mode of transportation.2006 Cycle of Erosion Provide a brief account of fluvial cycle of erosion?2007 Landforms produced by Underground and Ground Water Karst topography is distinctive type of terrain resulting largely fromn erosion by ground water and dissolved mineral matter can be deposited in a number of ways, discuss with examples.2008 Describe the conditions essential for the development of Karst Topography, List the principal features of Karst region.2002 Wind What are the erosional and depositional features of winds, discuss any one group of features in detail.2011 Wind produces a variety of interesting sequential landforms both erosional and depositional'. Discuss.2009 What are various types of local winds? Discuss in details the formation and characteristics of the Mountain and Valley winds. 2005 Examine the evolution of AEOLIAN Land forms. 2002 There are certain winds which generated by terrestrial peculiarities and are named accordingly. Pin point/explain such winds (world-wide) with their properties and effects in me prevailing areas.2001 Describe and explain the ways in which each of the following desert landforms originate: (a) Mesa (b) Pedestal rock (c) Barchan (d) Playa (e) Wadi 2000 Glaciers Present glaciated morphology through various stages.2012 describe landforms and evolution of landscapes of glaciation in the mid and high latitudes.2010 Discuss the origin and characteristics of the landforms produced by glaciers 2007 What do you know about major landforms? Describe the landforms produced by the glaciers?2005 What is glaciation? Describe the land forms associated with glaciation in the highland areas 2003 Define glacier. How would you categorise them according to ihc mode of formation? Explain with the help of diagrams the characteristic, features of a glaciated region 2001

Oceans
Continental Margins and the Sea Floor Distribution of Temperature and Salinity Describe in details the distribution of salinity in the Oceans. 2005 Movements of the Ocean Water: Waves. Currents Introduce Atlantic Ocean with its flows configuration as a unique phenomena.2012 What are the ocean movements, discuss the currents of pacific ocean. 2011 Describe the factors contributing to the origin of ocean currents. Also describe the Ocean Currents of the Atlantic Ocean bringing about their effect on the surrounding area? 2009 Define and discuss the origin of ocean currents and discuss the currents of Atlantic ocean.2008 What are ocean currents? Discuss the different factors contributing in their occurrence and also describe their effect on the surrounding areas?2007 What causes the rise and fall of tides? What celestial bodies are most important in determining tides?2007 Distinguish b/w North Indian Ocean and South Indian Ocean currents w.r.t specific controlling factor.2006 What are the Oceans movements? Discuss the Currents of the Pacific Ocean.2005 Give an account of the Indian Ocean Currents and explain their difference from other Ocean currents. 2004 What is meant by Ocean Currents? How the different types of Currents are caused? Highlight the currents of Atlantic Ocean with the help of a sketch map.2001 Examine the relation between the prevalent wind systems and ocean currents in either North Atlantic or North Pacific Oceans. Also suggest effects of the oceanic circulation described 2000 Tides How are tides caused? Describe the various types of tides. 2003 What causes the rise and fall of tides? What celestial bodies are most important in determining tides? 2005

Study of Maps
Types of maps: Topographical Maps, Aerial Photographs. Weather Maps. Map Projections: classification and choice of projections. Merits and Demerits of Cylindrical. Conical and Zenithal Projections. Diagrams, graphs and Distribution Maps based on Statistical Data. Illustrate and suggest merits of dot method while handling demographic data of Pakistan.2012 What are the topographical maps, write in detail the features presented on such maps.2011 show with an aid of a sketch map currents of the Indian ocean.bring out the influence of monsoon on currents of the North Indian ocean.2010 What is the distinction between large-scale, medium-scale and small-scale maps? Explain by giving examples 2009 Write short notes on the following:(a) Modern Cartography (b) Observation of weather phenomenon (c) Uses and limitations of Mercators Projection 2007 (d) Distribution maps and their techniques Describe Map characteristics in detail with example of map design geared either to: a. Data communication or b. Data analysis objectives. 2006 What are the major types of Map Projections under any major type, discuss their characteristics and uses. 2005 Explain the different methods of Thematic Maps. Discuss in detail any one method and its merits and demerits. 2004 Discuss the various types of quantitative aerial maps based on statistical data and show how the use of colours adds to the clarity of distribution. 2003 What are AERIAL photographs? How arc these different from Toptgraphical Maps? Discuss their importance to map making.2002 Differentiate the weather and topographical maps? Briefly express the various terms/features which arc associated with these maps. 2001 What are topographical maps? Write in detail on the features presented on such maps.2000

Short notes 2012 1 Tectonic Plates 2 Block mountains 3 International dateline 4 Isostasy 2011 1 Air masses 2 earthquake waves 3 monsoons 4 map projections 2010 1 choice of projections 2 synoptic charts 3 planetary winds 4 trends in january isotherm 2004 (a) Conical Projection (b) Atoll Formation (c) Yardang (d) Horse Latitudes (e) Cycle of Erosion 2003 (a) Cyclonic Storms (b) Continental Shelf (c) Sand Dunes (d) Pie Diagrams (e) Alnino current 2002 (a) Tides ' (b) Conventional Signs (c) Alluvial Fax (d) Air Mass 2001 (a) Geysers (b) Bonne's Modified Conical Projection (c) Adveclion Tog (d) Artesian wells 2000 (a) Modern Cartography (b) Observation of weather phenomenon (c) Uses and limitations of Mercators Projection (d) Distribution maps and their techniques.