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There are three distinct mechanisms by which heat transfer can occur:
Conduction
is the ow of heat through a solid material from a region of higher to lower temperature.
Convection
is the transfer of heat by means of the actual movement of a stream of uid (can be a vapour or liquid).
Radiation
is the transfer of heat by means of the straight-line passage of electromagnetic waves through space between objects of diering temperatures, without the intervention of any intermediate solid or uid material (can occur across a vacuum).
q A(T T )
where: q = heat transferred (Watts) A = area of emitting body (m2) Th = temperature of the warmer body (K) Tc = temperature of the colder body (K) Relatively small dierences in temperature can result in signicant transfers of energy.
4 h
4 c
Electromagnetic spectrum
increasing wavelength (m) 10-12 10-11 10-10 10-9 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 102 103 10 1
increasing frequency (Hz) The types of electromagnetic radiation can be organized along a continuum or spectrum, encompassing a huge range of frequencies, wavelengths and energy levels increasing energy ionizing non-ionizing radiation radiation
Electromagnetic radiation
region ultraviolet waves frequency wavelength comments ultraviolet C (UVC), most energetic & damaging to tissue, ltered out by several hundred metres of stratospheric ozone layer, blocked by window glass
Electromagnetic spectrum
increasing wavelength (m) 10-12 10-11 10-10 10-9 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 102 102 103 103 10 10 1
1 - 3 PHz
100 - 280 nm
microwaves radio waves 1011 1010 109 108 107 107 106 106
0.94 - 1 PHz
ultraviolet B (UVB), causes most skin damage, mostly 280 - 315 nm blocked by ozone layer, dense clouds & window glass ultraviolet A (UVA), less absorbed by atmosphere, penetrates glass & deep into tissue but less 315 - 400 nm damaging, causes uorescent materials to emit light (black light), used in tanning salons, causes fading of colours
Electromagnetic radiation
region visible light frequency 672 - 750 THz 600 - 672 THz 519 - 600 THz 507 - 519 THz 484 - 507 THz 429 - 484 THz wavelength 400 - 446 nm 446 - 500 nm 500 - 578 nm 578 - 590 nm 592 - 620 nm 620 - 700 nm comments
Electromagnetic spectrum
10-12 10-11 10-10 10-9 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1
Electromagnetic radiation
region infrared waves frequency wavelength comments near (colour, photo, solar or reected) IR, closest to visible range, can record on lm, TV remote controls, bre optics, passes through window glass short wavelength IR mid (intermediate) wavelength IR long wavelength IR, blocked by window glass far (thermal) IR, type of radiation felt as heat, blocked by window glass, produced in heat lamps
0.7 - 1.4 m
solar radiation
1014 1013 1012
0.3 - 20 THz
15 - 1,000 m
100
200
500
0.1
0.2
0.5
10
20
50
ENERGY
radiation at earths surface Of the total radiation reaching the earths surface: 2% is in the ultraviolet range 49% is in the visible range 49% is in the infrared range
short
near
visible
infrared
long
UVC
UVB
UVA
mid
reected radiation
re-emitted radiation
The peak wavelength of this emitted radiation is inversely proportional to its temperature the higher the temperature of the radiating body, the lower the wavelength of the emitted radiation.
The peak wavelength of this emitted radiation is inversely proportional to its temperature the higher the temperature of the radiating body, the lower the wavelength of the emitted radiation.
At typical room temperatures, this radiation is emitted in the longer wavelength infrared region. Such wavelengths cannot pass through window glass readily, and therefore heat up the internal space
through apertures
opaque elements
3) the properties of the glazing material to transmit solar energy (glazing transmission coecient, in percentage)
48N latitude
Clear, cloudless day, including direct, diffuse and reflected radiation (20% ground reflectance) through single-glazing (Tg = 0.87). On the 21st day of each month indicated. Extracted from ASHRAE Solar Intensity & Solar Heat Gain Factor tables.
9 10 11 noon 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
24 37 45 48 45 37 24 4
42 54 61 63 61 54 42 24
60 72 79 81 79 72 60 44 23
79 90 97 99 97 90 79 64 49 39
63 75 82 84 82 75 63 46 24
44 56 64 66 64 56 44 25
25 38 46 48 46 38 25 4
16 30 38 41 38 30 16
Apr 39 49 64 79 90 97 99 97 90 79 64 49 39
Jun 111 146 93 90 98 108 114 116 114 108 98 90 93 146 111
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
24 46 63 75 82 84 82 75 63 46 24
25 44 56 64 66 64 56 44 25
4 25 38 46 48 46 38 25 4
16 30 38 41 38 30 16
surface Feb
Mar
May 122 504 668 689 611 458 249 120 109 103 93 79 61 38 8
Jun 228 534 667 678 600 450 248 126 114 108 98 84 67 46 17
Jul 129 492 653 675 601 453 249 124 112 106 96 81 63 40 9
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
surface Feb
Mar
May 122 504 668 689 611 458 249 120 109 103 93 79 61 38 8
Jun 228 534 667 678 600 450 248 126 114 108 98 84 67 46 17
Jul 129 492 653 675 601 453 249 124 112 106 96 81 63 40 9
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
South-facing vertical surface Jan Feb 5 6 7 8 63 259 9 406 488 10 615 653 11 734 755 noon 772 790 13 734 755 14 615 653 15 406 488 16 63 259 17 18 19
Mar
Apr 20 56 173 335 472 558 587 558 472 335 173 56 20
May 8 38 66 120 243 366 447 474 447 366 243 120 66 38 8
Jun 17 46 72 107 208 319 396 423 396 319 208 107 72 46 17
Jul 9 40 69 119 237 356 435 462 435 356 237 119 69 40 9
Aug 22 59 168 323 456 539 568 539 456 323 168 59 22
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
South-facing vertical surface Jan Feb 5 6 7 8 63 259 9 406 488 10 615 653 11 734 755 noon 772 790 13 734 755 14 615 653 15 406 488 16 63 259 17 18 19
Mar
Apr 20 56 173 335 472 558 587 558 472 335 173 56 20
May 8 38 66 120 243 366 447 474 447 366 243 120 66 38 8
Jun 17 46 72 107 208 319 396 423 396 319 208 107 72 46 17
Jul 9 40 69 119 237 356 435 462 435 356 237 119 69 40 9
Aug 22 59 168 323 456 539 568 539 456 323 168 59 22
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
This Sol-Air Excess Temperature can be thought of as the rise in temperature of the surface caused by the solar radiation.
48N latitude
Apr 2 3 4 5 5 6 6 6 5 5 4 3 2
May 3 7 4 5 6 6 7 7 7 6 6 5 4 7 3
Jun 7 9 6 5 6 6 7 7 7 6 6 5 6 9 7
Jul 3 7 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 6 6 5 5 7 3
Aug 3 3 4 5 6 6 6 6 6 5 4 3 3
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1 3 4 4 5 5 5 4 4 3 1
1 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 1
1 2 3 3 3 2 1
1 2 2 2 2 2 1
Clear, cloudless day, including direct, diffuse and reflected radiation (20% ground reflectance), on the 21st of each month indicated. Vertical surfaces: Tsa - Tair = (/h0) I Horizontal surfaces: Tsa - Tair = (/h0) I 4C Incident short wave solar intensity I = 1.15 x SHGF from preceding table (factor of 1.15 removes 0.87 glazing factor). Values are for dark-coloured surfaces (/h0 = 0.052); for light-coloured surfaces (/h0 = 0.026), divide by 2). Values in table below are calculated from preceeding ASHRAE Solar Intensity & Solar Heat Gain Factor tables.
surface Feb
Mar
Apr 20 38 41 37 28 15 6 6 5 5 4 3 1
1 28 32 25 12 4 4 3 3 1
27 39 36 28 14 5 5 4 4 3 1
May 7 30 40 41 37 27 15 7 7 6 6 5 4 2 0
Jun 14 32 40 41 36 27 15 8 7 6 6 5 4 3 1
Jul 8 29 39 40 36 27 15 7 7 6 6 5 4 2 1
Aug 19 36 40 36 27 15 7 6 6 5 4 3 1
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
24 36 35 27 14 5 5 4 4 3 1
1 26 30 24 12 4 4 3 3 1
5 22 20 10 3 3 2 1 0
16 17 9 3 2 2 1
Apr 2 3 4 5 5 6 6 6 5 5 4 3 2
May 3 7 4 5 6 6 7 7 7 6 6 5 4 7 3
Jun 7 9 6 5 6 6 7 7 7 6 6 5 6 9 7
Jul 3 7 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 6 6 5 5 7 3
Aug 3 3 4 5 6 6 6 6 6 5 4 3 3
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1 3 4 4 5 5 5 4 4 3 1
1 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 1
1 2 3 3 3 2 1
1 2 2 2 2 2 1
Apr 1 3 10 20 28 33 35 33 28 20 10 3 1
May 2 4 7 15 22 27 28 27 22 15 7 4 2
Jun 1 3 4 6 12 19 24 25 24 19 12 6 4 3 1
Jul 2 4 7 14 21 26 28 26 21 14 7 4 2
Aug 1 4 10 19 27 32 34 32 27 19 10 4 1
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
4 15 26 34 40 42 40 34 26 15 4
14 28 38 44 46 44 38 28 14
4 24 36 43 45 43 36 24 4
19 34 42 44 42 34 19
Mar
Apr 20
May 7 30
Jun 14 32
Jul 8 29
Aug 19
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
The text and images used in this presentation have been obtained from a number of di erent sources. This information has been assembled speci cally for the delivery of the course CIVL 478 Building Science & the Building Enclosure, and forms an integral part of the course material which is required for examination. The presentation is intended for educational purposes only, to be used solely by students enrolled in the course. It is not to be distributed electronically or in hard copy format to any other party. Greg Johnson