,

~.

ij

"

j,

lA

,.

f
1"

'l

,8

';

"

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..

l'

1
1

SIMULATION OF A PROPOSED GRINDING CIRCUIT

6

CpANGE TO REDUCE Pb

SLI~ING

11
"

1
J
. by

,
[

Javier RllJllirez-Castro.... "

.,

,>

.'

'.
1

ft'~~~r;~. . '-

''.

...

.,

"

'

A thesis submitted to th(~Ulty of Graduate Studies and Research

i~ partial fulfilment of the requirements for the,degree of
"
Mastet of ~ngineering

.'

"

1
..

,
.1

-1

.,,'"

.1

)~~~~~~'<_If,.h.'#II~...,,,~~.. ,.,, Q!J!!4{:"'""!'1..,...~4_-;n _ _ _ _ _ __

......l ) .... " ..

'

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...

.".,..
,"

..

fi

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Il

.,...

./,

.;

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,
To my parents.

..~
;,

To U1Y brothers for their e~couragment./

p

To my wife~geles for her patience.

To

son Raulito who bas aIl to come .

.
'

./

p'

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:::.
./

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..;
~

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~

...,::.

1.

':~~

-,:-t'f

I~~

,,,,, ..

;>t

" ...... ~,-.....

"

t,r~H".. q ... -.i>t~I~'"

-,,

--'-.

- -

. ,i.

.,

,,

8_
./

<'-, ABS'tRACT "

A simulator ha~-been con~tructed ~o investig~te 'the de~rease in Pb'

~.

sliming acnieved by inco,rPo~ang a Pb flotation

stage in'- a closed gr'ind.
/

l" i~g

c,:l,rcuit. ' The example, is 'the .Pine Point 1;Iines Concentt'ator.

Mode~s

of baIl mill,

'individual mineral-size

cyclone'~d

behavio~r ~o

particular .is discussed.

A plug

flotation were

d~velopd

permitting

'l,

"

be fql1owed.

flo~

The .+1 model, in

II

.)

"

laboratory derived param~ters and a s~al~ factor fitted to pl~t data.

C)J in8upro'V'~d
'"
"
The slmu1ato~

to be minor,'

exc~pt

r
1~
t,

p-order kinetic model was used with

for PbS,

.r

was 'successfu~ly tes~ed against pres'ent ir'cit op~ration

at two tonnages.

l'
,

This required development of a ma~s-balancing data, ad just-

./

,/

ment schema te provide self-consistent minral-size, assays. .,

The predicted 'performane of

th~proPfs~d cir~uit'1ndicated

a consider>

aole coarsening of PbS was possible.

AIse revealed
was'
an added recovery

effect due to cyclone action.

,

~-~-~------

~;.

/'

/.
1

"

/'

I-

"

.'

, ,

(.

"

'.r

'-.
~

'-

,1-

-,

.,

R13sume

"

H,"

'

-'

Un simulateur a t ,ca~~truit pour ~tudier la diminution d slimage

de

, !

,Pb obtenu, -'en incorpo,ran~un etage de flottation d;/"Pb dans un.,ci~~ui t

L 'ex~mple est le ,concentr~te~/de Pine Point Mines, Lt.~~"

ferme de broyage:
.

mdl~'

Des

de

broyeur boulets, yclbnl et de flottation on te \"

~".l;,pp,~ po;'" ~ermettr: ae suivre les: ~rte~n~, . in aivi duels .~ ~

, .

dif;f'erentes taiE!s- d. minerai,

"

En

.paf,~1ier,

broy~Ull'

le modle du

:'.

""

1"'~

',"

,bo~ets . est discut~\,) Un modle cintique d'coulement piston : l'ordre'

J?

&

t utilis avec i~,s 'pa.I'~tres t-rouv~s .au labora..toire, et un facteur

d'chelle
just
des dOlPlees , industrielles., On a montre que le
-.
.....
~

*-~--~

dt. chelle tait pti

t
,
~

~ s~#,

Il

~ o'

pour ~e PbS,. r

, ,,

fap~eur
,\

Le simulateur a t 'teste \rec succs sur le prsent circuit, '-<ix

"

"".

tonnages. \ Cacia ncessit le dev~loppe1llent d'un, s~heme d'ajustement -,de

1

p,onneft.\ d' quilibra.ge de masse pour fournir des essais en accord' avec:'l~
..

a \

..

-~--

taille 'des minerais,

7,

:'
y

-,

Le fonctionnement prvu du circuit propose a iniqu qu'un grossisse~nt

.'

Un effet de recupr~tion' supplementair~

do~sidrabl du PbS tait possible,

"

. , d ~ l' a.ction 'du cYc:lone a au.ssi t revl.

'L
.

- .,,.~fkh rit"', .~ ~lif,n'JiliW"jiil~iif!OhO;;W

}

;;:s

s;.... JCtW ,mo;m:

J,'

.01..

;r!

,,
..i'-" ;I-'"-...,.....t\{~...,.; .. "-

J
,
... h'';I''~~1'h

.... '.-~F_'""A.~I(',_

,...,
j.

""V';;"~.f"1(''''''_~''''t~-.I"' ~

<",

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.,

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, l

','

. .Hi.

\~\ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
1

11

.: ~

l
"

1 am pieased to efCPress my ..gratitude to the .folloWing:

,

.'

,Dr. J

.A.

"
~

'Il

Finh of 'the Department ofr, Mining and Metalltit-gial

III

"

Il

4f

Engineering, McGill Universityv for his permanent interest, encourage~

. '

,~)

,J

,'.

.' ment and guidance during this' work;

/'" Dr.' SanKago

~~ndej~ts Huerta of th b.~iver~idad

1\

"

'

Nacipnal Autonolla.

'

de Mexico (Mexico) for his encouragement;

."

'ta th m~mber;s of th D~partment o-f Mining ~nd Metallurgical

'.
f~
"

Engine~ring, McGill Uni ersity' for the fruitful ct-iticism of this .work;

.0

ta the Consejo

!I,\

for the

,~'

ciona! de . Ci en c.ia y Tecnologia (Mexico) ,

studis at McGill Unve~sity;

.

e Investigaciones Metalurgicas, Univers~dad

to the Instituto
.

t
>:
~

;,

Michoacana de' San Nicolas' de Hidalgo ,CMex,ico) for

the"~niti.es .

offered in pursu'ng my training ~n metallurgy;.

"

and, fj,nally, to COMINCO and the

..
,

.--..-,-",,,,

"

/'

'f'

...

'f

"

,,

~etaiiurgiCal' staff,(of ,1ihe

""

"

.'

,'"
~

'"

C>'

I-

"

I,

(J.

Pine ~oint Mines C~nc~Jlotrtor: for permission to publish the res}Jlts

/'

~/

"

, h(th~s . work,arid f.s>r gathering of the. samples and plant data:

~r . . . .

'

."

. .1,
1

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'1

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'~"~M/~~I!.~~'f".~ltt" ...... ~?~I'Mfl~~~'?Io1""W' l"1.~

fi'

___ :

~~"

"

iv.

, TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABST~CT

RESUME
ACKNOWLliOGEMENTS

"

TABLE OF CONTENTS

...

II"

iv
/

.'

, i

ii

GLOSSARY,

"

vUi

LIST OF FIGURES'

LIST OF 1:ABLES

OIAPTER 1.

xiv

INTRODUCTION'

CHAPTER II.

,6

mE,9RY
2. lo

.
Grinding

2. 1. l
2.1. 2

2.1.3

Energy Copsumption Modeis

The Size-Mass Balance Mode 1
Cumulative-Basis Grinding Kinetics Model

10

Wi

:'

17
19 ,

2.1. 3: 1 First-Order Model

...2.1. 3.2 p-Ord.er Mode1

2.1.3.3 Application to'Heterogeneous

21

Materials
1

',1('

2.IA

Batch to Continuous Madel

'2.2 'Classification
-

__ .r...

24
27

2;2.1 'The Cyclone Performance Curve - Overall

2.2.2 Th.Cyclone Performance Curve
Mineral by Mineral
2.,2.... 3, Corrected Performance Curves
. 2.2.4 Cyclone Modeis

.,

"

" 2.2.4'.1

...

2.2.4.2

......

The G~meTal Equation Qf

Classification '
Model Including Operating
Design Variables

.30
30

3.1
32

and

32
34'

i'

0,

"'.

r'7

,-,'

...

.
,

.~

-.

'1'-

..,.,
,

"
,

v.
'.

'

'. Page

'u

-'

2.~ Data Adjust~ent

36

.
Flow C41cu1ations
[

2~.1

Ba~F~~ss
Size Assays Adjustment .
2.3~3 -Dverall Chemical Assays Adjustment
2.3.4 Size-By-Size Chemieal Assay A4justment
2.3.5 Laboratory Data Adjustment

37

Z. 3. 2

GHAPTER.III.

41
\ 43

- 47

'il

EXPERIMENTAL WORK

49

Standard Experimentalp Procedures

3.1

'.f9

Sampling'
Screening
3.1. 3' Chemieal' Anaiysis
3.1.4 Specifie Gravit y Determination
3.1.1
3.1.2

49,
49

50

SI

Plant

3.2

51
51

3. 3 ... Labora tory

Silica
Ph-Zo'Ore

3.3'.1
3.3.2

CHAPTER IV.

51
54

,.

GRINDING CIRCUIT SIMULATION

;~

"

~i~lation Of' A~tu~l ~ircuit (M~ne;~l-;~-'

4.1
/

Mine~~l)

, 4.1.1 ,~11 Mil] ~olumetrie ~oldup ca\CUlations

4.1.2 M~neral Un1ts.
-,
4.1;3 'Mass Flow Balances
.
4:1.4 Calcu1ation of Miscellaneous Printout
4.1.5 Criterion to Select the Grinding
Fac:.tor F"gm
~
,

4.2 SiMulation of Actual Circuit - Combined

Classixication Model (Mineral-by-Mineral
4.3 Prediction of Proposed Cir~uit (Mineral- \
.'
,
\
by-Minra1)
4.4 Comparison ofPlug Flow and Tanks-in-Series
Models (OVera11)
'\

v:

'RESULTS
5.1

,56

56

diAPTER

48

66

"66
6~

68
70

Laboratory
5.1.1
5.1. 2

_.

"

JooI

.70
\,

, .
..,, ,

Silic
Pb-Zn Ore (CUF and RMO)

70
91
/

,,.

i'
~

~~'--)

f
.:e b , . -

_,J

t;. Jo.. ::

4"

z::izzz

"
iCZZi

-;_

.........

,..~~~

-J

l'A

L
vi.

"
J!.S' .'.
,

-C

,~

'5.1'.3
5.2

.Flotation Model

, Plant
5.2.1 Plant Data Adjus}ment
5.2. Z Cyclone Model
5.2.3 Pla~~-Derived First Order Rate-ofBreakage (Overall)

r
5.3

Simultion
5.3.1 BalI Mill Only
5.3.2 Actu~l Circuit, Mineral-by-Mineral
5.3. 3 ~ Proposed Ci;rcuit
5.3: 4 Plug ,flow vs. Tank-s-in-Series

QIAPTER VI.

DISCUSSION
6.1

Labora~ory

6.1.1
6.1. Z

6.2

6.2~2

..

6.2.3

Data Adjustment.
Plant Derived BalI Mill Model
PI~t Derived Cyclone Model

Simulation

148

6.3.1
6.:3.2

Actua1 Circuit
PrQPosed Circuit

148
150

6.3.3

Ot~er P~ssib1e App1ic~t~ons

15~

CONCLUSIOIS

153

BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX

145
"146
147

<

CHAPTER VII.

piant'
'6.2.1

6.3

Silica
Pb/Zn, Ore .

156

METijODS TO ETERMINE B(x,y) AND S(x)

.APPENDIX II

STANDARD EMlaL ANALYSIS PROCEDURE

A1.1
. AZ.I

('

APPENDIX III

MISCELLANE~S

DATA AND BATCH GRINDING MILL

CALCULATIONS'
II 1. 1 Screening
.: III. 2, Batch Mill Loading and Speed Calculations

.'

A3.1
A3. 1
' A3.l

l
1

"

'

'_'

t,

',r'i

....

; f ' . "J"

....,

./

vii.

~Ptge

'j

rn.2.I.

Calculation of the Charge, of

Silica to the Mill

j\3.5

---..:~~c;.l:llation of the' Pb-ZJl,,:-,,o,,,:r~e~-:--_~=---=--=_ _ _ _--'.-I

_ _ _ _ _..L..I.-..........

Charges for the Wet Batch Grind

Experiments "
.1II.3
.

APPENDIX IV'

APPENDIX

M.I
M.I
M.6
M.I}.

154.2 mtph - Adjusting Results

190.3 mtph,- Adjusting Results

SIMULATION

,G

RESULTS

AS.19

Results at 154.2 mtph

Results at 190.3 mtph

V.2.l

J.

A5.9
AS.14

SECTION V.2

V.2.2

AS.29
AS.34

SECTION V.3

A~.39

~,~~

Results at 154.2 mt~h

Results at 190.3 mtph

,V.S.I
V.3.2

1\

/,
,

tf

AS.SO
AS.S7

SECTION V.4

AS.64
...

Plug Flow BalI Mill Model

Results
Tanks-in-Series BaH Mill Model - Results

V.4.1
V.4.2

~,

.'1

,rI

".
"

~,

,-i

"r

,
;;
"

>

M.20
A4.24

AS.I

V.l,l B-esults at 154.2 mtph

V.1. 2 Results at, 190.3 mtph '
,

AS.l

- SECTION V. 1

.J-

i1

A3.7

Program ~o Adjust the Plant Data

IV.2.2

CUF Grinding Experimental Results

RMD Grinding EXperimental Results

IV.2.1

,. '

IV.2

Calculation of Volumetrie BalI Mill

Holdup

IV.1.l
IV.!. 2

A3.5

AS.67
AS.72

"

;. ~ '1 , .

'''''''"'

'''''' ~

_~ ~

...... , p;'\,.. ... t...-

..

-~

viii.

...

GLOSSARY

SECTION 1

GRINDI~G

BMH/plp volumetrie flow rate.

, Homogeneous Blterials - materials ~ith uniform pt'operties (e. g.
hardness and specifie gravit y), i.e. single mineraI species.
D

Heterogeneous materials- - ma't;:erials having a distribution of properties,

'-

i.e. ores composed of more than one mineraI species .

Primary breakage - a single event of breakage

Breakage function'a B(x,X) or Bij

r,

-/"a,

probabilistic function which

"
expresses
in fractional form the weight fin el' than size x (or,
_

..

screen number i) after primary breakage of partiele~ of size y

(or sereen number j).

"

"

Slection for breakage funetian, S(x) or Si - or specifie rate-of-

, ,

breakage, is a probaoilis~-ic funciion which expresses the massfraction of the charge of size'x, or screen number i, broken in
unit of time, min- l

II.

of

Cumulative-basis spscific rate-of-breakage, k i - rate

'by breakage of a
.

. -1

ms5~,;fractiorr"'1"''''

screen l, mln, .

d1sappearanc~

of par,tic1es coarser than a

~iven

l"

.""

l'
1
SECTION II - CLASSIF1CA'PION
Selectivity
, index, Y.- the mass fraction of solids of a givn pal't-ic1,e

size in tRvfeed reporting to the cyclone underflow.

,
1

...

.ix. ,

--,

Cyclone performance curve or s'electivity curve - a plot of Y against

particle size.
Cut-size d

SO

- partic1e

with equal (50

siz~ fo~hich

percen~)

=-

0.5 and represents particles

probability of reporting tQ either the

, overflow or underflow.
.1

~-==-,;;..,.=;-r-;.;;';;";:~;Q.l._a,::.

- the limiting cyclone performance ... It is tl,le

(

t~e

zerO~le .~ze.

Y-axis at

Aiso is thought

the mass fractipn of particles entrained/ a~)9M0wi~g

~n

f~ed ::t~~porting'to
(
ently 'equated ta a.

Water split. Rf - the mass fra

the underflow:
,

of cyclone

Classification index, Y' - the selectiv'ity index YJ corrected for

short-ci~tuiting.

The correction is Y'

(~-

a)/(l - a) .

Corrected,performance curve or classification curve - a plot of Y'

i

again,st panic1e

s~

Corrected cut-size, dSO(c)

/">

the particle size at which Y' "" 0.5.

Sharpness of classificiltion. n ~

'* fitt~d
.\
\

parameter to an assumed form '

f

'

'of the classification curve, 'namely .

, Y'

"
n
1. ,- exp {- 0.693{d~d50(c)} }

l'

\1

n r:epresents 'th.e 'steepness' of

~he

cuz;ve.

d is partiele

""...

1
fi.

size~

'-

l,

"

x.
,,

LIST OF FrtuRES

Figure
1.1

Actual crosed grinding circuit No.3 at the Pine.

Point M~nes Concentrato~. V-;J
,
.... ,
Propo'sed closed gt:inding circuit. The circuit
incorporates a PhS flotation stage 'after the baIl
mil 1.

1.2

2.1

Closed grindlng circuit. a)'non-rationalized flow rates;

b) rationalized. flow rates.
,1"
38

4.1

Simplified flow chart diagram of computer program to

simulate the actual clospd grinding circuit~

57

Simplified flow chart diagram of comp,uter program to'

simulate the proposed closed grinding ~ircuit.

67

Experiment No.l.

79

~:..;-

..-,

.,

ResultS.r First-order plots.

Experiments No.2 and 3.

Results.

First-order plots.

80

....

5.3

Experimen:t No.4.

~esults.

First-order plots.

81

5.4

Experiment No.5.

Results.

First-ordef plots.

82

5.5

, Experimeni No.6.

Results.

First-order plots.

83,

5.'0

j;

28

2.3

5.2

c-

12

Designaof the cyclone.

, 5.1

.~

..

2.2

4.2

.'

Conceptual scheme af a unit of grinding. The

breakag function is defined by the ground particle
size distributions (right). The selection func~ion
is given by ,the mss fraction selected for grinding.
,G- is a primart breakage event.

'.

~nts

No.6 and 7.

Results.

First-order plots.

Results.' p-order p~ots.

84

5.7

Experiment No:l:

5.8

Experim~nts No.2 and 3.' Results.

5.9

Experiment No. 4..

Resul ts

p-o:rder plots.

87

5.10

Experiment No. 5.

Resul ts .

p-order plots.

,88

5.11

Experiment

No.B.

Results.

p-order plots.

89

p-order plots.

85
86

1/

, (J,

.. .
. ,,

.\

xi.

l .

<'

- .1

/.

~"" X~,

Figure ~ ' . _~,

;' 5.12' :""~perilent\- No. 7 and 8.
5.13

Page

Resu1 ts.

Pb/Zn RMp grinding etperiment.

First-o;der plots.

J>':order plots.

90

Overall resul ts.

94

"
"

"

Pb/ZIi RMD grinding experiment.. Gal'ena (PbS) results.

. First-order plots.

.. ~
"

l~'

l'

5.16

Pb/Zn mm grinding experiment.

First-order plots.

Pyrite

5.17

Pb/Zn CUF grinding exp,ei'iment.

p-ordez: plots.

Overall results .

5.18

Pb/Z-n CUF grinding' experiment.

p-order plots.
."

Galena (PbS) resu1ts.

5. t9

Pb/Zri CUF grindirtg experiment." Sphalerite (ZnS)

results. p-order plots.

10.0

Pb/Zn CUF grinding exp~iment.

p-order plots.
.'

Pyrite (FeS ) results. '

101

Overall resul ts .

If'
"

.~

95'

Sphalerite (ZnS)

'1

Pbn;n mm grinding e~riment.

results. First-order plots.

f'

n'

'

J~~

96
~FeS2)

results.
,

97
98

~/

f
if'

5.20

5.21

Pb/Zn RMO grinding experiment.

p-order plots.
~

lJ;
r" .

5.22

Pb/Zn RMD grinding experiment.

p-order plots.

Galena (PbS) resu:lts.

Pb/Zn RMD grinding experiment.

results. p-order plqts.

Sphalerite (ZnS)
Pyrite (FeS ) results.'
2

l,

99

.:

:l:!

li
~.

,-

'if

'.

1f

102

103

~,-,.J'
i'.,-

5.23

IJ

5.24

l,

Pb/Zn RMD grinding experiment.

p-Qrder plQts.

5.25

Pb/Zn CUF ,grindipg experiment 1

tRbS), +28 mesh
fraction. Plotting of the grinding ratio Cm i (0) lem iet)
vs. time on.a semi-log scale chart.- The graph sh.ows"tne
measur~ and the first and p,-order regression data
107
po~nts.
"

5.26

Pb/Zn lab gri~ding experiments. Overall and mineralby-minera! instantaneous Tate-of-breakage vs. particle
size at 't - 3.26 min. a) CUF experiments; b) RMD
experiments.

j.

.'

it,

, i

~alena

..

104
lOS

"'"

108

"

L
"

'.

P"

xii.
~

Figure

,,

5.21

/
.
Pb/Zn' BMD lab

l,

,. ,

flotation' experiment results.

Mineral-by-min~ral re'coveries vs. part;.icle size.

/

5.28

110

,1

~lant derived cyclone. performance curyes at" 154.2,

mtph.

MineraIs:

'ga1ena, sphalerHe, pyrite and,

a) selectivity index Y "vs.'
partic1e size; b) elassification index ylm,: vs.' '
" l e j-lze.
",
m,1
part 1C
if

caicit~/dolomite.

5.29

Plant derived cyclone >p.~rformance curv,t at 154.2'

mtph. MineraIs:' ga1ena, sphalerite, ~i~e and
calcite/dolomi te. Classification index yI . vs.
particle size. Rosin-Rammler chart.
m,1
t~r

5.30

5 .32

5.33

index

Y'::i

5.34

5.36

1
117 't

General cyclone model. Gorrected cut-size dSOCC)m

vs. mineraI specifie gravi ty. RegressJ-ion lines
I for 154.2 and,:.2 for 190.3 mtph plnt tonnages
(logr1<lg scale) .

120

Plant derived overaii first-order rte-of-breakage

vs. partiC1e size. P~ant operatipn fresh t'hrough-j
puts a t 154.2 and 190.3 mtph (l,og-10g sca1e).

122

Simulation of baIl mill only, using' lab derived

grinding parameters. Tonnage: 154.2 mtph.
a) FbS; b) ZnS.
0

5.35

116/

Plant derived cyc1one,.performance curves ~at 190,.~

mtph. MineraIs: faiena, spha1erite, pYrite an~
calc~te/dolomite. Classification index yI
. /vs.
particle size. Rosin-Rammr hart.
m, J.> "

Q'

Simulation of the actual grinding circuit. ov.erall.

Streams: cyclone oyerflow (CDF) and ba~,i mill /
dishrge (BMo). Mass frequency disti' ution VS?
partic1e size. 8.) 154.2 m~ph; b) t90. mtph.
r/

.,.~

'

Simulation of ball mill on1y', using lb derived

grinding parameters. Tonnage: 154.2 mtph.
a) FeS 2 ; b) cal/dol.

Ils

Plant derived cyclone pe;formance curyes at

190.3 mtph. MineraIs: galena, sphalerite, pyrite
and calcite/dolomite. a) selectivity index Y i

~~: ::~~!~i:~i~:: b) ClasSifi~.tion

5 . 31

-c

114

-1

128

129

132

'1

.......=F'IIII/lfN

!II

., '

':'"'

xiii.

;/

Figure

'.1
(

tt

Simulati'on of -the actual grinding circuit.

Mineral: galena (PbS). S1;reams,: cyclone..,: overflow
(COF) and baIl mill discharge (BMD). Mass frequen'cy
distribution vs. particle size. a) 154.2 mtphj b)
190.3 mtph.

5.37

~,

fi

\1-

133

>

.}

5.38

'i.,.

Simula tion of the actual grindipg" circuit. Mineral:

sphalerite .(ZnS)." Streams: cyclorte overflow (COF)
and baIl mill dis charge (BMO). Mass frequency
distribution vs'. particle _si~e. a) 154.2 mtphj
b) 190.3 mtph.
.
,

\ti-

5.39

Simulation of the actual grinding circuit., Mineral:'

pyrite (FeS 2 ). Streams: cyclone overflo~ (COF) and
baIl mill dIscharge (B!1D).p' Mass frequepcy di~tribu
tion vs. particle size. a) 154.2 mtph; b) 190.3
mtph.
<
, F

5.40
~

5.41

134

135

Actual circuit. Simulated instantaneous-rat~s-of

breakage vs. particle stze. MineraIs: ga1ena,
sphalerite, pyrite and calcite/olomite. 'a) 154.2
'mtphj h) 190.3 mtph.

136, -

.
Cumulative weight percent

Simulation results.
finer
vs. particle size. Mineral: ga1ena (PbS). OVera11
fresh throughput:' 154.2 mtph. a) actua1 circuit;
b) proposed circuit.
.

: 139

_.

Simulation results. Cumulative weight percent finer

vs. particle size. Mineral: ga1ena (PbS). Overa11
1fres~ throughput:
190.3 mtph. a) actua1 circuit;
b) proposed circuit.

140

'------"

l'
i

' ... 1

...

'

.
,

-- -

'

"

xiv .

..

LIST OF, TABLES

Table

Il

.,

Performance of Pine

1.1

Poin~

Circuit

Ref. (2)'.

(June

5. 1975)
3

'"\

,z .1

Nomenclature

3.1

Variables !nvestigated in the Grinding test Work

PT. V:F. is the Percentage~f Voids or Interstitial Space Between ~l1sFilled with th~
Material to be, Ground.,

... 53

_~omparison of Laboratory and Plant Grinding Mill

"Loading Characteristics
v

55

3.2

40

Experiment NO' 1. Partiele Size Distributions

(PCT) and Grinding Kineties. (First-Orde~and
p-Order).
'

5.1

71

Experim,ent No. i~. Particle Size Distributions

(PCT) and Grinding KineticJ' (First-Order and
p-Order).
1

5.2

72

No. 3. parti~d Size Di~tributions

(PCT) and Grinding Kineties. (First-Order and
p-Order)

Experi~t

5.3
,\

~'t
.,
f

EXperiment No. 4. Partie e Size,Distributions

(PT) and Grinding Kineti's. CFir;;-Order and
p,~Order)

5.4

partic~e
9

5.5
c

5.6

Experiment No. 5.
Size Distributions
(PCT) and GrinHing Kinetic
(First-Order and
p-Order) .

/ Experiment

74

No. 6. Partiel Size Distributions

(F1rst-Order,and
,(PCT) and Grinding Kinetic
p-Order)
\

,75

II

76

5.7

5.8'

Experiment Np. 7. P~rtiel S~ze ~istributiQns

(PCT) and Grindin$ Kinetics.' (First-Order and
p-Order).

77

Exgeriment No. 8. (Repeat f Experimen~ No. 7).

Particle Size Distributions (PCT) and Grinding
Kinetics. (First~Order and p-Ord~r).

78

.-

,.

. --'-

.,

Il,d'.t: 1
-~

'.

.t!.-..r /

,.

i~

~
,,

xv.

~.

ll "C

Ta~le,~

-"-

~~

-Statistical Parameters of Size Assays. of the

Screening Analysis of Six of the Twelve ,Samples f
(50% Sampling) Split on the Spinning Riff1e~"
Materials: CUF.
'-;./'' '1

li'

'

92

~elh

and S'tandard ',D~viation of Measured Pb, "Zn

and Fe Assays ~or ed..~h Grina Time

5.10

.,

".

5.9

,~

------------

"

'ln Percent.

(Absol~te).

5.13

'Stream:

Cyclon~'

<>Ver-

5,

",.
/

i; ,

t>

1i"1'

125
<..

Circuit Simulation using Lab ~ind Kine~s

Cp-Order) and Plant-Fitte~ ~m Grin~~Fac:ors

5.17

'

119

' . (

5.16

,-

Cyclone Performance 'using PUtt 1 s: Model of {,

Cyclone :Classificat~on. Tonnage: 190.3 mE~

SimUlated Size Reducti~n of PbS in the BalI Mill.

Results in Percent by W~ight of PbS'Frequenty
Distribution.
'

"

127
130

137j

Prediction of Proposed Grinding Circuit Performance.

Comparison is made with the, Simulation Results of '
the Actual Circuit.
l

Summary of Ov~all simuiating Results of the Atual '

Grinding Circul.t Operating at 154.2 mtph.
'

5.18

J,

118

Rate-of-Breakage k i plant of ~all

Mineral, Back-Calculated using ,
Fla~t Data
Compared with Lab-DerKved p-Orter Instantane~)Us "
Rate-of-Breakage ki,lab-p and Lab-Derived lstOrder Ra te- of - Breq.k.ge ki 1 lab-lst "

5.15

.--"
J

Cyclone Performane using Plitt's Model of

, ,Cyclon Classification-. 'Tonnllge: 154.2 mtph

~~rst~Order

L
tit {

'112

5.14

,.

~)

flow' (COF) .

5.12

1
1

93

Sel Stand~d Error of Size and Mineral Assays

5.11'

1
i

141

)
'~.

'1

.,

c'

,',

-f

..
"

,'.

" ."

J~

,.

; ......

.0

.
..

'CHAPTER l
1
1

.,

-'

INTRODUCTION

'

The ~bjective of gri~g in tumbling ~lls, as practiced, in

the mineraI processing industry, is to physically liberate the valuable

species from the gangue.

mine~al

Following liberation and depending

/'

on the type "of ore,

used.

o~e

or various mineraI

The success of the

sepa~ation

separa~ion

'"

pracesses can be

largely depends on the effectivenes5

are lib'erated without producing excess,ive

SIimes, in terms of flotation recavery, can be

considered ::o=---r--_ticles less than about 5 micrometers. (1)
A typical closed wet grindil:J,g ciru'it is j.llus'trated in
1) ~

F:i.gre 1.1.

i'

This;-i-s.the Pine Point Mines Concentrator No. 3 circuit

which pracesses a lead (galena)-zinc (sphalerite) ore with pyrite and

o

'

calcite/dolomite as the gangue components.

For the purpose of defining
~s

instructive to examine the circuit

th~

objective af this study, it

performa~ce

~iberatio~_~~th . ln~ fin~s.

desired criterion

~~

with respect ta the

especially for

gaIena.
..

Firsf,

con~ider

the cyclone action.

Se~aration

" '

is effected

by a c~mpetition between a centrifugaI force'acting on the partiele mass.

'

"

~nd a hydrodynamic drag

acting on the partiele sprface, ' Parti~le mass
,
"

is clearly dependent on size and specifie

tha't:' flr

parti~leS

for which.

g~avity.

A consequence 1s,

~e hydrodynam,ic drag

is equal, the ones

,/

with'the higher specifi gravit y have a greater probability of reporting

to

th~

underflow. "To a good approximation, in the circuit being

-0
r

.,

\\

/,

...

,~3 ....... ~41~:~f'=~~,'fI!It.,~~~'7"F ... ..,...-.('I~.,{'l;'.~..J<l~i~)~.".,....").'I""

"

.~-t"........-._ n ... _

2.
/

-.

,,
\

,-,

"

FIGURE 1.1

Actual closed grinding circuit No.3 at the Pine,

Point

~ines

Concentrator.

..

CI

,_,..
" 'C'
. _.
r
i'.'.'~I LJJ.JI....".4J).'>a.",..:~.",~'''~i~.l!f.~~~~~
. .;
. .,~~_,,~_.,.--~
.
'.0- ~~$~
_
'J
.
.
..
.. . , .
.' .. ' . ",-C, ,
.'.

'

>~

"1

.....

. .

~.

.:..

..

1
-!

.'

>r:7

"

>
~

.
"

t
.;:

.:

'1

~!:t

CYCLONE

-"<

/'

5x Krebs 0-20
ROD MILL

'.

li

2.9x3.6 m
( 9.5 'x 12' )

.'

"

"

-r

,.
}...

BALL M'ILL
3.5 x 4.9 m \
(11S'x16')

,1

'.I.",.~l'"'~ -;:"'.\

,"

~ ,,,W'\~~

1}

'{

,.'

..s:~

t . .~~,\\"t

/"

"

..

10

---------

------~.

-,\

. ,~

--

ri'

/1
--~--

............. -~...,d .. ~

'L

~-,

~,'

_J>;~

..

..

~"'""""l'.:;t'r.~

.. '

L~

r,

'

3.

l'

1
1
1

considered, equal hydrodynamic drag i.mplies, equal shed particles, as

.)

suh highly shape d~penden~ mineraIs, as mica, are absent. ' The
,

coroilary 'is, that the higher density particles con~ti~ute the ~iner

"

"~

,'-

compon~nts'of

galena,' being the highest density eomponent, is eoneentrated in the

the cyclone.overflow or

fl~tation

feed -and liberated

t,
~.

1
l' .

clos~d circuit~

"

~ecbndly,

'1
the ball.mill can be considered to set on each

mineraI component' individually.

Intuition, 'and some

"

{~

n~rease

~xperience,
,

l'

sug-

{~

gests that the degree of grindability will

from pyrite to

,.

glena (with 'sphalerite and calcite/dolomite in between), i.e. in order

r,'"

ii)

",.

of mineraI hardness.
reduced

depe~ding

The recycled mineraIs will qe individually size

on. the grindabli ty, and this will modify the mineraI

circulating load and cyclone overflow fineness.

./

Table 1.1 shows an example of this circuit performance on

each mineraI component.

The circulating load is relative to the total

(or overal!) circulating load.

<

TABLE 1.1
Performance of Pine Point Circuit (June S, 1975) Ref, (2[.
~.

% -200 Mesh

,.

Relative
Circulating Load

. Mineral ..

in :COF

galena
sphalerite
pyrite
CAL/POL
av era Il

96-...96

2.84

67.73
73.36'
47.33
52.67

1. 97
1.65

t>

0.74
.1.00

'

"

, 4.

The recycling of liberat.ed ga'lena, oupled with' the extreme

fineness of the flotation
liberation with

m~nimum

fee~'

,
1

l,

appears te violate the criteria , of

slimes.

To emphasize, the slimes can cause

flotation recovery and eqally bnpot~antly, dewatering problems.

proposed solution i5 to'remove ('bleed') the closed circuit of galena

by imposin$ a PbS flotation 5tep ,on, the ball mill dis charge.
. '

The

modified circuit is shown in Fig. 1. 2.

employed at other'locations. C3 ,4)

J'-

~inding

capable of yielding

infbrmation on e?ch mineraI. c~mpenent individually.

The objective of this thesis is to

develop a model of the clos ed circuit

This scheme ha? been successfully

This model wiI'!

"

be used tO give a first estimate of the circuit changes to be exp~cted

from incorporating a baIl lI\ill qlscharge PbS flotation step. ,

\.
)

..

-"

.C

.b

l.

,-L

"

,
-,,-1

-~

I!

"

"

s.

-, .

'1

,1

1\

}\

....
-"

~.

l{

"
i'
1

i
l

FIGURE,,'l. 2

Proposed c~osed grirn'n g circuit. The'~ircuit.

incqrporates a PbS f otation stage after,the,

,
J

baUI\ ~~ll.'

'" '

/f

,~

-- 1

...

~
, ,
,"
,~:{: '

\,

.C
"
,-

().

"

//.!
t'

"

"
~

(,

.::l:1,;~,.""';:'-j~-.ii.-l:.c-.,-;,'-:-""r:h:-:;~l)"J:;;:~.l'~71'~~i1iiGi1'4ta&;~~\.l23fJ!4!:,&i&:tQ;j~~~f

"

,',

"

r:-

"C"'."""'"'"
~

......

... '

.
1

l'

1
1
1

"

f'
~

"
W

....
....

'0

....

:E

0-

..J
..J

>

<C
al

'(

...,1

....
:E

...

<

"\. '0

....aO

a:

-~
0

.'

9
LL

..-/

/'

,/

l '
1

\..

"

6.

"

.'1
~'

CHAPTBR Il

Cv

MORY

-'
tr'

2. 1 Grind ing

..

Grinding is a unit operation which

h~s

no sound underlying

.~eory compared to other unit operation's in" chemicai engineerj.ng as

for example, distillation or,heat transfer.

Such a

situat~on

is due

ta the fact that grinding

v~iables

is,~

very complex operation in which many

interact at the same time.

Ta ,mention only a few of them,

the following are outstanding factors affeting the operation:

, a)

Ore type(S) Cgeologicarhistory,. distributio~ 'Of flaws,

mineraI composition, hardness).

bJ'" Grinding mil1 type(6:a) (;od, ball or otherrand overflow. or grate tYpe(6.b):
c)

Wet or dry. (6.c,7.a).

d)

Loadi~ conditions (8,9) (grinding media and'solids

", holdup).
e)
f)

,"

rinding c.irc~it configuration.}lO)

Operating variables c;.l) (flow rateS'. slurry consi!;tency.
article size distributiO~.
co

..
o

",.'

7.

1
1

1
i

Two bas ie ma thema"tical -approaches have been develope,d to describe the

process of

These are:

~rinding.

energy-consumption based modeis and

rnass-size balance models,"

From the former only th~ Boni Model remains

, of 'practical usefulness . However, the Bond .Model is not sui ted to

simulation:

For this purpose, the mass-size balanct;! or population

.balance model ha~ been ,d'eveloped and is now w~dely employed as an aid
f

i'

for

~ssessing

changes to actual flpwsheets.

The fllowing sections

review briefly tne development of 'the main grinding theories and their
Fontri'bu-tion to the present state of knowledge.

,.

';

!'<

2 :1.1

Ep.ergy Consumption Models

\;'

~?

Rittinger(12) , in 1867 postu'lated that the energy r;equired for

"

~~

size reduct~on of a solid is pro~orti~nal to ~he new surface area

l:

}..,
~!

created.

'.

In mathematical'form:

if

l~

ER

~r
.t.
,;

~'
~-

(2.1)

K'( 0' 2 - 0'1)

or,

'<

"

ER == Kt (1/x 2

t,

l/x l )

(2.la)
,w.:.f

"

,"

where

~,

~R

ener~/unit

0"2

product

.P' 1

,~
"

X2

volume

su~ace area/~it

volume

feed surface area/unit Nolume

product size

'1

Xl
K and Kt

..... feed size

7
~

constants

\
~

"

,'

8.

Kick(13) , in 1885 proposed the theory that equivalen~ amounts

. changes

of energy result .in equivalent

geom~tric

in size.

In mathematical

form:

,r
i

where
,

EK

energy /uni t

i.

feed size

[,

pioduct size

3
,

KU

i
~

""

vo1ume<~

constant

Bond (1~), in 1952 proposed a model which is a compromise,

between the previous

('

theor~es

of comminution.

li,'.

't

Third Law of Comminution.

The equation

i~

This i5 the well-known

.followS:

t
fi

t<-

,.

!l'

Kil' (_1_ _ _1_)

(p
1F

!(I

f"

wher'e

J'

EB

energy/unit volume

, .1

,~

",
f;.

,J

<li

tJ~

constant

Kil'

~. ~

"'=

the cumulative 80% by weight passing product size

\

"

F -

the cumulative ;80% by 'Weight passing .feed siz

'.
~.

"

"
, ,
i
"

"j

\
'''!''._ _, _ . -......_ _ _ _=oc,..",-.'''''
_aa;u.,.,.....

""',IIIi_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _...

""-l.~~"-

...rw- .....

~--~

L,

','
9.

, ,

The model is based on the emp!rical experi@nce that:

time of grinding

t.

where,

ex:

(- -

Ip

. 1

(2.4)

--)

IF,

P and F are as defined above. -

,t"
,

Bond

'defi~es

an addi tional concept:

the work index W

1

~
"

,f

r'

lil

. ?'\'
~

It

is defined as the energy/short ton required

to reduce an nfinite-sized
.
pa~ticle

to 80% passing 100 micrometres .

'~p
~

"

l<'
",

l'

Or,

(-L __1_)

Kil'

W.

tt.
.;l

l',i!

Kil' _

'1

-,

10 W.

(2.5)

100

J!

fti

Finally,

W -10.W. (1- - -1)

1.

~!~:
.t: ,
~

~"

)f,
t'
"

This is the familiar re1ationship wide1y used by engineers

in sizing grinding mHIs'. (15)

l,'

".

grindabi1ity of an ore;

~he

The work index W!. is a measure of the

1.

higher the value, the harder the

o~e

tJ:le more energy required for grinding.:

Determinati~h of Wt,,~an be made by(~6):

a)

Direct estimation (laborato~);

v:.

"...

,,

'

b)

Comparison technique (laboratory);

c)

From plant operation data.

>

(2.6)

IF

Ip

"

. ,

,"

and

'"''''

{"

10.

The mpdl has proven to be successful for mill sizing.

empirical base means it shou1d be applied ~ith caution.

Its

Sev~ral cor-

rection factors are often incorporated. (15) .

2.1.2

The

S~ze-Mass

Balance Madel

The energy-consumption models, although useful for certain

purposes. lack the ideal requirement of a mathematical model able to

"

predict the size-mass product of an ore subjected te grinding.

that fundamental requirement, sorne

a new 'theory of .grind.ing.

pi~n~r

theerists began

ta

P.ue to
formulate

~"

'I1le following is a brief review of the deve10pment of the

theory."
"

Epstein (17) was the first ta introduce the t'irO basic comminution
fnc'tions:

the selection for breakage

~nction

S (x) which express es

the mass-fraction of size x select~d for breakage; and th~ breakage

function B(x,y),
Q

~hich

gives the mass-fraction finer than size x after

.primary breakage of particles of size y.

Bass (as quoted by Harris(18)) was the first to introduce a

fundamenta1 mass balance for batch grlnding as an ,integro-differential

tJ

equ.ation of the form:

'f~ 3BCx,y) SC ) aF(y,t)

x
3x
y
ay
/

','

dy' _ S (x) 3F (x, t)

3x

.-

.' ..... (2.1.j)

..

"'-'"
,,~l

"

wh'~l.cl~1,fr~

~rlf"'IIt'p'~,r- -'!"'~~I'"""t) -'''~''''f'~'''~/'''''':-i y~e"'r-i"~ "'f~;"11':""'~~""""'~."""'"

't'?'~"''' __
"

,~

...
,

where

=- cumulative weight

F (x, t)

after

=<m
x

f-

l.
j,

~,

lower particle size

upper particle size

selection function or speci~ic 'ate of b;eakage

S(x)

'l:~

a feed having a size

breakge function (non-cumula ive)

8 (x,y)

l:'

for time

maximum particle size

grindi~g

distribution F(x,O)

finer than size x

Fig. 2.1 shows in schematiC form the meaning

and 8 (x) concepts.

f the 8(x,y}

The syntbol G in the ,figure den.?tes th'e 'ptimary

\

br~akage.

event.

The white areas shown represent the mass f:ractions

select,ed for breakage 'the selectipn fun/tion 8 (x))'. while t~. frequenc~
di$tributions at the right represent the breakage function B(x;y).-

"

.. '

'1

Austin(19) formulated a general equation for hatch grinding

in cumulative form as follbws:

li '

dW i (t)/dt

j =- i-1
i > 1

...
('and j

where

8.(h . . - b. + 1 .)w.(t) - S.w.(t)

J 1,]
1
,J
J
1. l.
..... (2.1.2)

are s creen numbers (i,- 1 is the top

screen and j > 1)
~

w. (t) and w. (t)

l'

l.

are the mass-fractions retained on

screens i and, j,' respecti vely
are specifie rates of breakage (or

. sele~tion funct1ons)
'

of partic1e sizes

i and j, respectively:

"

Units:

time- 1 .

..

'

.., -

.'

'

12.

"

..

J
./

'.
\,

,\

"

.
FIG,URE 2.1

Conceptual scheme of a unit of grinding. The

breakage function is defined by the ground
particle size distributions jCright) = The selec'tion fum::tion ..t:; given by the mass fraction
se lected for grinding. G is a primary' breakage"
event.

,~

1'~

,-

". ,

r;,l;\.

t'i

t
4

'0

";
\

/.

.- r
1
1

"
'-,

~_.

-,

ln
Z

0
t-

:;:)

CD
0:

t-

In
Q
,

-w

:1

0:
W

tZ

--~,

L
fJ

13.

is the cumulative breakage function.

b. .

1,J

'

It gives

the mass~f~actional of material broken,out of siz

interval j which falls Qelow the'upper size of

siz~

interval 1.
~

~---:r/,-It1nt-rI/Appendix

discussed.

l, methods used to determine S(x) and b(x,y) (or b . . ) are

1,)

'An

equivalent equation to Eq.(2.1.2) is th~ ,fol1owing

equation used by LucIde and Austin (20) :

i - l
E
S.B . . w.(t) j .... 1 J 1,J J
i > 1

dw. (t) /dt

where

Sl,W

(2.1.2a)

Ct)

is the oFeakag distribution of size j which is

B. ,
.. ,l,J

broken into size i

b . . - b. + 'l' .
1.,J
,1
,J

-----

If 5 do es not vary with time, iei~(21) has shown that

th~

solution ta

Eq.(2.1.2a) is as follows:
---

- - - _--.->

S B
w1

(0)

SB'

,.1'

1 2,1 e~(- 5 t)
52 _ SI ~r.
1

+,

{w (0) _

1 2,1

~2 - 51 w1

(O)}

~!

.'

w. (t)
1

j _ 1

a . . exp(- SJ.t)

(2.J..3)

1,)

...

,J

.'

L,,'

~~

'''':~''I.l t''~'':t.~'''..rf!;:=t-jr:<'Nr::-'''~l#>trt''')~J",~.7''''~~ ._. . ~".J ~'I!f"'Ijt; ~~..,.-- ... ,.,~~~~"t'f'rl:"~! ~r'

~'
'

I..',
,

"

A'

14.

le
t
"

l
l'

where

,i

a..

1,J

(0)

Equation (2.1.3) also can be

i =- j

E,

ai' k

SkBi kak .

Si - Sj k - ~

< j

k '.... 1
i - l

....

(2.1. 3a)

'

-;~pressed

i > j

,J

in a sghtly dierent fo'rm: (20)

rj"
i

w. Ct)

I:

:L

, whre

d ..

\of.

(2.1.4)

(0) ,

1.J J .

0,

i < j .

exp(- 9 t)
1

i =-j

,,'

d..
:L,)

i - l'
L
a. k a. k
k - i 1,
J.

i > j

.
with

-E

(2.1.4a).
1

k .;. j

a.1, k a.J, k

< j

'" "
a.

1,j'

1
1

i - j

.,
..
.

g.1.

- S.J

-1
E

k -

j.

J
S B.
a .
k 1.1: k ..J

i > j

15.

Equation~

(2.1.3) and (2.1.4) are

does not change with time.

~erived

for batch grinding where S

However, as , stated

the Reid solution beeomes unstable ror S.

(,

S ..
J

by Lueki~' and Austin(20),

To overcome the dif-----

fieul ty, they: proposed the so-called finite difference sOludon- given by

"
i
{w. (t.t)

wiCO)}/41: -

1
E

:l~~>

1
1

SJ. B.1.,J. w:'J -

S. w.
l

.'

where at is choseq sa that

~t

"

was suggested to be

at

<

0.05/5

max

.#

This solution ta the batch grinding

equation yields
t
2 - .slat
w (0)
2 + SI 11t l

w (t.t)
1

(.ilt)

S2 11t

2 + SZt.t

SI t.t B
4
2,l
w (0)
1
2 '+ 52 ilt " 2 + Slt.t

i
E ~ . (M) w. CO)
j _ 1 1,J
J

(2.1.5)

"

'

16.
"

where

i < j

(2 - Sj t')

d..

1.,J

i = j

'(2 + Si dt)

i > j

a ..

1.,J"

(2.1. 5~)

and

1-
i

d..

~.J

"

,i < j
i - j

4/(2 : SiAt)

{lI (2 + S.At)} :

,,

i > j

:'

.'"
~
~
I~

The mass-size balance model described above has some

i~rtant

limitations when expanded ta consider individual mineraI grinding

kinetics.

~.

For example, each in'ineral would

I~

re~uire. a determination of

its pwn selection and breakage function which could&be prOhibit~

cumhersome. (22,23)

1
,
\

~,

requires

cIos~ly

Further, the experirnental determination of S(x)

sized fractions (see Appendix I).

This is no t, realistie:::::

in that breakage, occurs in an enviromnent with a wide size range;

--,..---.

~i

i:

There

is evidence tha't coarse particles of one mineraI 'proteet' finer

"

l
"

1
1

2.1.3 ~umulative-Basis 'Grinding Kinetics 'Model

tf

particl~s of a second m~neral(24): a possibility which s~gle size

experiments on multimineral ores will'miss.

The cOmplexity implied

..

..

by~following

suggested a simpler modelling,procdure.

based on that proposed

by~

. (25-28)

Harr1.s ,

each mineraI individually

The morlel
investigated is
,.
and Tanaka. (29)
, ,
, 1

.-

()

- ,
~---~...."'.........---~-- ;- _~ ~ ..... ,~--

..

,c

"

17.

',-'

2.1.3.1 First-Order Model

~~

t'

. The

first-~rder mod~l

e~tension

is an

of the Reid solution

to the ~rindlng equation (2.1.1) for the top size (i '""' 1) fraction.

1:

'b

!i

Case l . ' cumulative fraction coarser than Screen l _

Ci Ct]
"

-.

..

..
C2(t)

--

;f "

C (O) eXp.(-.k 2 t)
2

(2.1.6b)

'"

.,
l..

(2.1. 6a)

cumulative fraction 'coarser than Screen 2

-

Case i
' .. ..

"

Case 2
-

~...

Cl (0) exp(- klt)

.....

"iil"

cumulative fraction coarser than Screen i

C2.1.6i)

C. Ct)
1.

Case-n

"

.-

cumulative fTl&ction coarser-than Screen n

1

. (2.1. 6n)

where

'.
(

18 .

~.

. wi (t)

w Ct) + w (t) +
1
2

C.(t)
].

"~

C (t)
n

w1 (t) + w2 Ct)

Simila-rly,

\\,

Cl (0)

~l (0),

kl(t)

...

SI Ct)

+.

w. Ct) +
l.

Wn (t)

r"

.~

et'e.

ki(t) - cumulative-basis rate of breakage, min- L of-fraction

l

eoars'er than Sereen i.

"

n ,:-i~ the finest screen.

,r/

im~rtant- spect of Equations (2.1.6)

.
contain the breakage,function B(x,y). Aiso the
An

,'.

is that they do not

s~lection fun~tion

\- has been aVOided,\..and in its .place a

~c~i;~ive-basis

S(x)

selection function

introduced.
This solution suffers bY,not being unique in the sense that
'.)

k.]., depends on the feed se distribution.

However, if ths does

,n~

change drastically, as is usually the case wit'h an operating circuit,

o

Ki, wil). be constant.

A practical difficulty is that first ortler may ,

'not be p;"eserved over such large size intervals. (30)

, ,examples where i t is preserved are available. (31,32)

Nevertheless,

~I

, "

..

'~

2.1.3.2

p-Order1Model

J9.

"~

,1

The potential weakness of the first order equatiqp (2.1.7)

'is that it do es not fit all ~xJ?erimental results from batch grind~ng,
~

partic~larly for the coarser fractions. (30,33)

Such coarse fractions

show a systelJl<itic deviation from first order kinetics known as

,

'abnom:l

!
t~

c,

b:e~ka~34.~36)

_'

The probable explnation for sucb

'abnormal . breakage 1y h a t the coarser fractions are al,ways ground

in a purely decying mannel' without replenishment of the broken
In contras~, the intermediate and fine fractions are

prticles.
b

always broken under c?nstant particulate population conditions.

Cons.equently. the in'stantaneous' or, absolute rate of bre~kage
of the
.

,coarse fractions

15

higher, at the beginl}ing and decrease~ with time,

,until eventual. coll'lplete disappearance; in

\~hich

case the instantaneous

rate of breakage would be zero.

. To account for such deviaons, Harris(2S-2B) has proposed
\
'a non-first 0:1rer itting technique.
/'

The,
y'

Case 1.

a tl.ons suggested are the following:

.~._,

'.

}J

Feed sizes do not

uct.

'p:
exp (- b. t 1)
1.

(2.1.7)

.(

~o .

Ca,se II, 'Feed sizes do

the product.

C. (0) exp(- b.t

C. (t)
1.

Pi,
)

(2.1. 8)

"

where:
C, (t) and C. (0) are as defined in the previous section;
1

1.

b. is the cumula tive-basis specifie ra'fe of breakage of

1.

mass-.fraction coarser than size i.

.

tlme

Dimensions:

-Pi;

')

Pi is the arder of grinding kinetics of mass fraction

coarser than size i.

Dimensionless.

and
. hi and Pi can be determined by a least squa.res,.-!echnique

..

on batch grinding results.

f
The equation~ analysed are:

ln ln {Ci Ct) ~

- Pi ln t

ln b.

.j.

(2,1. 7a),

and,
C, (0)

ln ln

~..1 (t)}

.,

fi~st-o~der mO~1

if P

==

Not'e, the p-order model re,duces to

1.\150,

an instantaneous

kl,

~ate

of breakage

//

can be gefined as:

-'1;

(2.1. Ba)

For Cases l and I~, respectively,

the

p.l ln t + ln b,

--= b , t

p.-l
1.

'(2.1.9)

t
1
1

Tanafa and -5elby (29) developed a model similar to that of

Harris.
size.
"

In this, it iS 'recognized that

'.

b:l

is a functioll of..,particle

Sev,erai possibte forms of this function have been' suggested (37) ;

'
,

2i.

~\,
~,!o

the one assumed

b.

wa'~:

J(xCl

wher~

K and

Cl

are fitted parameters and x is particle size.

The

)/

t~erefore,

p-order model (Eq. (2.1.8)) becomes,

(l

Ci (0) exp(-

C, Ct}
l

Pi

J(x. t

~--l'

tl'

2.1.3.3

Applica tion

t~o&eneous

',mterilS

The theory so':far described and th-e blk of the experimental

testing of the models has been for hamogeneous materials.
purpo~es

For present

it is necessary to extend ta heterogeneous 'materials. and in

1"

"-

,!
J
1
1

particular to be able to describe each mil\eral individually.

The l i terature on heterogeneous ma terials is conspicuous ly
Fuerstenau and Sullivan (38) have reported ,an investigation
of grinding of mixtures of quartz and limestone.
oriented, this work shows that for the same

Ajthough energy

gri~ime,

individually

or mixed, bath 'quartz !!nd limestone produce their own cha:ractristic

size moduli in the

Sc~uhmann

....

Plot. Intuitively. from the plots displayed, l

in their report, it is obs~rv'd that the rate of breakage of the various,

mixtures is a weighted resul t of the ;rat'es of ;:::breakag~ of the quartz
and limestone lndividually.
/

Hyes et' al. (39) have

co,'
:t! _.----- ._fr~.. ....,..".---~~~-:--'"7"
,

r~rted

'

experimental rate' of breakage

of gaiena, marmatite, chalcopyrite:and qartz.

,~.4'

These mineraIs were

/'

. 19-

22.

ground in a small wet rod mill.

",

environ~ntO grindi~g

The

media was.

The report suggested that indi idually, the rate of l,breakage

calc'ite.

of the mineraIs is a function of the

Recently,

G~dner

a two-componen-cl

and Rog

treatment for materials (coal

ore) displaying 'abn0rtlU!-l',

,

behaviour in the sense

iation from first-order.kinetics,"especially

RJ

size~.

at the coarser

gnizing
.\

~hat

tlre ore is composed of at least

two principal components, one hard and one soft, a simple solution was

'.

1~o

treat the \non-rst or er as

~This approac~

:he

sum of two first order equatlons.

fi tting

resembles th

tec~nque

applied by Kelsall to

flotation kinetics. (40) l. Th~ genral two-component equation or grinding. .,"

.
proposed is the following:
,/

'1/

"'\

.#1

.i

't

wi Ct)

J/

'" .

a.

exp (- SAj t) +

aBij

exp(~

Aij

"

"-

SBj t)

"

~'"

A' and B denote components j- .

A" and aB"

1)

1)

--'"

are the coefficients of the l3.eid ,solution to

the gereral equation of grinding, Equations (2.1.3a).

: extenslve
' . 1 y t h e mech
"
Remenyl.: (24)il d'1scusses qulte
an1stlc

, behaviour of mixturs on grinding.

An interesting obs~rvation from

labo~atory studies was that soft minerals can be protected (buffered)

by harder particles.
as weIl. (41)

Th~s..-'may

have been observed in full ~ize mills

In additi\n. it wa.s emphasized that the

~rinding kinetics

O'f the ~x:divid~~l cOfIponents depended o~ the pa!ticular mixture under

obs'ervation.

, ,

,.
,

23.

Tanaka and Selby(24) extended their approach described

previously to binary mix.tures . This approach appears

modelling
--- the grind)ng of heterogeneous materials.

u~eful

in

The equation

, proposed for grinding a binary mixture is of t~e following fom:

.....

C, Ct)
1

fi
(2.1'.11)

where

r is the mass fraction of material (1);

/

K(l) and K(2) are the rate of break age of/materials

,

and (2). respectively.

Dim~nsions:

size-~.time-/3.

The approach of Gardner and Rogers and Tanaka and Selby

mocleis the overall breakage directly.

tt

In principle,

separ~te

~mponent

tions can be written for each component and the

breakage

followed with the overall obtained at the end by summation.

~.

~
~'

et al. (22) reported

~.

essenti~llY' this app,roach.

full mass-size balance model.

~,

fact tha[ a

1\
, f

: \ ':

The model was the

1),0

be assumed and S(x)

Ly~ch(42.a) reports a similar procedure.

.,

In the present case, the p-order model will be applied to

each mineraI.

1
1
1

This can be ~itten

'cm,l. (~)7 .

Pm
C .( 0) exp { _ b ". "t i }

m,l

m.~

,~

'"

,\ "---,. .~~~~~~.J':'J1~:'~~~;ii:_iI
~

i1

(2.1.12)

1::0

/
'.

Cameron

The complexity is illustrated

by the
\

reasonable' breakage functfbn had

obtained by back-calculation.

equa-

'

24.
wher: the ',additio Jal m SUQsci'ipt means each parameter- is defined fol'

.. ch :omponent, oJ;mineral, individually.

2.1.4 Batch ta Continuous Model

Not on1y has the

b~,lk

t
f

of the theory and the test work

considered homogeneous materials, but aiso it has considere,d batch

,
"

grinding, defined by a single time. ' In a continuous mill there is a

t.r

distribution of residence times (or RTD).

The form of the RTD expresses the degree of mixing of the

,

particles. 'The Iimits are:

plug flow (degree of mixing - 0) and fully

li'

mixed (degree'of mixing - 1).

is claimed that short mills, such as

I~

j
\

those in minral processing, work close ta fully'

mi~ed

while the large

tube mills common in the cement industry operate closer ta the plug

t,

flow condition. (20,37)

By measurllg the RTD an~ knowing the breakage

!.,
1

function, the selection function can

he

This

fitted to plant dhta.

'II-

is one approach and is, for instance, currentIy being used by the

,f
,

~RAAIM~

Laval

'univ~rSi ty. (43,

The

b~eakage

function is determined from

'"1

laboratory batch grinds and is t{lken to be a unique. function. '

"'-_.---.....

Several objections can be rised,

to the RTD.

Generally, this is mesured by a tagged water or solids

implse tehnique.

In the former, the equivalence of water and solids

RTD is assumed and in the latter,

\

particularly with regard

s~ch

vexing possibilities as a dif-

ferent RTD for 'each size and'even density component are im[~~~ant
cons'idera tions. (39)
An

analytical method to fit the RTP measured in the

to divide the min into Idea.l tanks in series.

Cl

*Groupe de
~

1t
1\

....

,,~j

..

~echer,che

~lant

is

These tanks can be any

en Autoltisation App,lique a l "Industrie minrale.

,.

,
1

25.

combination of

plu~

flow and fully mixed 'reactors.

The mean residence

>

time of the real mill is split into the residence times in each
of the
.,
,
tanks in the series. (43) The method is widely used in grinding simula-

tion. (20,,44,45)

The fUlly-mixed grinding model "..s given .by the following

eqution:

(2.1.13)
i

"'-Applying
,.

batch derived grinding data to the continuousp mi11

has sorne obvious

~ttractions.

ilQw and replace

by

' The simplest approach is to assume p1ug

~n Equatio~ (2.1.1 2), where

BMH
VF

5rolumettic baIl milI holdup

volumetrie flow rate to mill

i"!

(2.1.14)

There is a potentia1 prob1ern l'Ii th scaling. of1011owing the

suggestion of 01sen and Krogh (46)"

an empirical . correcti'on factor

fitted te p~ant data i~ ift~lU~.

E:uation (2.1.12) ,then becomes

"

. (Ty -

m,l.

,,

where

C (0)

m,l

~.

eXp {- F rn b

Fgm is a plant data fitted p

p .
. T m,l.}

m,l.

(2.1.15)
,J

determined for each

mineraI.

The instantaneous rate-of-breakage, km,~~J. is' calculated

with

th~

following equation:

Cl
(

l'

,/

~
~

, ,

1...
"

26

~u

~.

~.
,

Km,l.

1
~
l'

Fgm bm,l.

Pm i- 1
T

III

(2.1.16)

'

Furuya, Nakajima and Tanaka(37) have proposed a similar model

of continuous grinding based on laboratory derived parameters.

11

model accounts for the degree of mixing and an be written;

This

'

"

C.1 (T) -

C.(O)
exp {-' K(l - mix)xT}!CI
1

mix K XT)
..... (2.1.17)

where

Ci(T) and Ci(O) are cum. weight

fr~ctions afte~

T time of

grinding and feed, respectively.

K is 'a constant appearirt'g in the selection function; units:

mix,~s

the degree of mixing Cmix - 0 for p1ug flow and mix - 1

for fully mixed flow conditions).

x is particle size.
a i5 a fitting constant.
T

is mean residence time.

~.,

LTheir analysis or closed grinding" circuit

(with perfect

classification) lead to the useru1 conclusion that the product size

dist~ibution

is relatively insensitive t9 mixing compared with open

(

circuit, making the present a~s~tion of plug flow less restrictive. (32)
It is interesting to compare Equation (2.1.15) and (2.1.17);"
both equations yields:

equatin~

.1

(,

()
.

,
27.
p.
exp {- Fg b i

:r.1.}

..... (2.1.18)
(

>

i
Using Equation (2.1.8) in (2.1.18) and Tanaka's Equation (2.1.11),
.

{_. Fg b.1.
exp.

p.
T l}

..... (2.1.19)

!,

Finally. SOl~4for Fg yields:

, Fg

(2.1.20)

This can be generalized to consider each mineraI and even each particle
size individually.

The known parameters in Equation (2.1.20) (using 1ab and plant

data) are:

Fg and

(PIani fitted parameters) and b. and 'p. (lab data).

"

1.'

1.

It is re~dily noticed that mix can~ot he solvea directly, requiring a

trial' and error technique.

2.2

,,
Classification

.,

Classification in the No. 3 closed grinding circuit at Pine

Point i5 performed by a cluster of five 50.8 cm (20") hydrocyclones (or
cy.clones) .
j

Figure 2.2 is a standard cyclone design showing the tangential

feed inlet, the vortex finder (overflow or fines outlet) and the spigot
(underfldw or sands outlet).

o
~ ,',~:

":; ~ . . ,,~j~~

,---------

1
,
!

/'

28.
i.

1
;

.)

t
,

.., ,

FIGURE 2.2

Design of the cyclone .

..
()
,0>

~,

~ ~

1-' "

r
1

OVERFLOW

.;'

,.

"

FEEO

VORTE X
FI NOER

~,

NDERFLOW

SPI GO T

'1,----"'

.,.--

FEED

1f

....

"

'

1
, 1

\"

The operating

prin~iple

29.

of the cyclone 1S raJjer simple.

In

practice, however, its performance is affected by many variables. Very

,
briefly, the following is an explanation of the principle of operation

Qt the cyclone:

"

diluted slurry is pumped

a~

a given 'pressur{ to the'" cyclone

0

unit or ta a head tank which feeds the cyclone.

The slurry enters the

cyclone tangentially and the pressure energy 15 transformed te centriThe slurry no~ foJlows the shape of the cylindrical

fugaI 'energy.

section where a fallirrg dow stream spiral is

~n~d.//The spirl

conti~ues fa.lling into"the conical section un,tH arriving at the

cyclone underflow outlet.falling

s~ream

Th~s ori~ice

imposek a constraint on the

leaving the cyclone, thus an inner upstream spiral

builds until reaching the upper overflow outl~t where it leaves freely.
Steady state

con~itions

are achieved and classification takes place

to the competing forces induced inside the cyclone.

d~e

These forces are:

centrifugaI forces depmding upon the mass of the' particle and tending
to draw material to the underflow; and drag forces depending upon the
1.-

surface area of a particle and

~ending

to

dra~materiai

to the overflow.

The l'esult of this force competition is that heavy

'

par~icl'es

1eaire the cyclone by the underflow and the light particles -by the oVer1

flow outlet.
In the above
discussion of classification,
//

rather than size was emphasized.

For homogeneous materials,

size can be interchanged and classif'ication analysed in terms of

paTticle size alone.

nd ~
r
1

i,
1

l
1

30.

C, .

A quite

diff~rent

.pictUre emerges when the cyclone is tised

<>

to classify heterogeneous merterials.

In this

case~

no simplification

'J
to a dependence on parti cIe size aloDe is possible,
becomes ~rticularly

This consideration

importa~t metallurgicaily when locke4 particles

2.2.1

The Cyclone Performance. Curve .- 'Overall

This cunre is

~btained

by plotting the selectivi ty index

Y. 'against d, the geometric size of screen:, openings ~

In mathematical

1.

form

,1

, \,

are 5ubj ected to classification.

Y1.'

i'S given by the fOUo.Wlg equation:

.1

Ca -

Y.l

l)b.
l

+ dl.

(a - l)b i

,c

..'"

(2.2.1)

b.+_d .
l
a-l

l'Ihere

cr

is the ratio of cyclone feed to cyclone overflow.

..

9i and di are mass fraction of size i of underflow and

,.

overflow st,reams, res'pectively.

/
\ 2.2.2

The C clQ.ne'-Performance Cur:ve - Mineral b Mineral

This .is 'a plot of Y
c

species under co~sideI:3.tion;

,)

. against d, wh.ere' m denotes - t1e mineraI

m" 1.

The selectivitY index Y

is fOURd, by

m,l

,/

,"

means of the fOllowing equation,:

;'j

.'"

,..---

Co

__
....._ _
~

f-

.' 31.
I

.,

<

"

(a - l)b.b

<c

rt

1. m,l.

t:

+ d.d

.,

l. mIl.

...,

b.b
.
1. m,l

~ b b

i m, i +

l,
CI -

('2.2.2)

d.d

1. 1.

\
\

'.

m, l.

The terms b

r
.;

of size i in the underflow and overflow, respectively.

(

2.2. 3

Corrected Performance-- Curves

l'n order to account for the

f',

~r

. and d . are chemical assays of mineraI m of fractions

m"l.
m,l.

1055

of efficiency represented

by the short-circuiti~g-of fine particles ta

1

the underflow,

a reduced

il

or corrected perfo~nce curve is obtained by plotting the corrected

;:

selectivity index yI. against particle size d.

L-J:

correction is as. follows:

;:-

..
',1

Yl

where

For the overall the

Y. - a
l.

,.,.

1 - a

'.

Y'. is the corrcted selectiv~ty ind~x.

l.

a is the short-circuited fraction ta

~uation

th~

(2.2. 3). can' be wri tten for each

underflow.

mi~eral sp~cies,

becoming-:

y1

where

y'I

,y

m,1.. -

m,i

(2.2.4)-

l '- ~
.~--

----'=-

-=~-

is 'the lassification ndex of mineraI m.'

m..i
am is the short-circuited fraction of mineraI m to the
t::.

()

,underflow.

!
"

)
oe;-'., ,

ixs ..".,...:aa;:

Il

..'

1.

32.

2.:Z. 4 Cyclone Models

Depending on the fleX~iiity desi~ there ~re in gene,rai

three approaches ta' cyclone modelling:

. det~rmin
ny,J

a)

Ta

f'

the selectivity

indice~
; .rm~from plant

data ~ use them directIy as a matrix of values.

b)

Ta use

.a
c)

selectivity i,ndices 'found in aJ ta derive

liz~ singl~ .equation of classification. (2,'1)

COUPl~With
f411 scale testing programs on the
'-.

gener

Ta

ore of interest and ta find regression equations which

'
. bl ,es. (42,6)r.'
.
!lccount f or operatl.ng
and ' d
eSlgn
var la
)he first is a trivial approa'ch; the remaining two are

discussed.

., .

2.2.4.1

.\
. l

The. General Equation of Classification

For ores containing more than one mineraI species, the

'

cyclone performance can be characterized by a single equation which

' "

.r~lates

dSO(C)m' -rhe corrcted eut-S.ize of each mineraI m, ta Hs

specifie gravit y : (2,49)

is as

f&l~s:

The' derivation of this general relationship

firstly. the mineral by mineraI selectivity indices

. .

~1

il

Y , i are, corrected for ,short .. circuiting" of fines ta the underflow.

The equati~s utilized are quations' (2.2.2) and (2.2.4):

"

m,l.

bl,b

,"

. +

m,l

l '

(1 .-

e)

. (2.2.2)

d.d
~

m,l.

.1

and
y

yI

( .)

m,l

. - a

m,i

,1 -,

(2.2.4)

lm

,
1
li

.!

'L

(\ ~.~'

f:'

~~

"""

~'

33.

.l,'

't"

-l

t,

1:
~

./

~~' th;'~lassificJ'tion
1

~""~ft_
. 1e
I~' part1c

Th e equat10n
"
lS 0 f t h e f orm (48r':

,./.

1/-

yI

(2.2.5~

m,1

"'-

:1
,r

.
d
S1ze.

indices y' m,i are related to the geometric

"

.~ !he parameters dSOCC)m and n

of Equation (2.2.5) are the ~orrected

cut-size, and sharPness of cla;sifieation, respectively, and are

.f

estimated by
'Po

~)

Ieast squares technique.

For regr~.ssion analysis, Equation (2.2.5) can be expressed

i,

as follows:

..

1
ln In(1 _ yi

'

where

x -

.)
,m,1

(2.2.Sa)

=, 'n ,ln(x) + ln 2

(2.2.6)

d/dSO(C)m

.'
FinaIly, the estimated dSO(C)m

~,

val~es

from regression analysis are

further correl~ted to'-"the speific gravity of the various mineraIs.

"
rh'e relationship is. of the following form: (41,49)

--

,(2.2.7)

..

where

Pm and PR, ar; the specif~c. gravities of ,the mineraI 1)1 and

liquiCl (water), resp~ti~elY.,

KI and K2 are th.slope and intercept~ respect~ely.

~

>
From hydr,odynamic theoTY, KI equals 0.5, 0.62 and 1.0 for
Iaminar, intermediate and turbulent flow x:egimes, re'spectively.

i,

--

34.

Model Includ~ Operating and Design Variables

2,2. 4,2

This approach has been principally developed~by Lynch and

Rao(SO). although a recent model has been reported by Plitt(SI) and
"

modelling work is now in progress at G~IM. Laval University. (43)

Il

The model by Lynch is empirically based and the mathematical

relationships are

foun~

by statistical analysis on

obtained from fu'll scale test rigs.

experime~tal

data

These' tests were performed using

~

limestone.

The design variables in the model are the vortex finder,

spigot and inlet diameters, and the operating variables are the flow
rate, percent solfds and size distribution of the solid particles in

'.

the pulp.

This is a mechanistic model which is based on contepts of

dSO(C) and the corrected'performance curve.

.'
.1

which describe the cyclone model are:

relationship; (2)

(1)

The series of equ;tions

pressure-throughput

water split ratio; and (3)

classification size,

1.

Pressure-Throughput
A

ge~eral

Rel~tionship

equation relating pressure, inlet diameter and

changes in size distribution of the cyclone feed s the following:

"

,J

.. (2'.2.8)

-1
1

where

Q -

VF

pull' flow rle to th cyclone .feed, lt/min

vortex finder diamter, cm
1

,U

..

L,

','

.... A"'~, ... -

............ ,'''", m,'"

, .

o'I'-......... l">l'.,

rl~
,

'j

35.

~:

*#
,,,

Spig -

~J

spigot diameter, cm

'~T

,'

pressure in the ~yclone feed,

P -

lt

inlet diameter, cm

Inlet

ft

KPa

(- 53 lJDI)

percent by' wt passing 270 mesh ,

KLl

constant

'.

Watel Split Ratio, Rf

The variables affecting the Rf ratio l'lere feed water'flow
rate, WF and spigot diameter, spig.
form:

, 1

~.

...

The equation is of the following

..

C~

"
;
.
KL3
KL ~ + ---- + KL

R .....

g.

2WF

WF

(2.2.9)

,4

For Ij)nestol}e, KL2' KL3' and KL4 were found to be 193,

271.6

and - 1.61,

WF is the water flow rate in the' cyclone feed in

respectively.
tonne/hr.

Corrected CUt-Size , dSO(Cr'

The dSO(C)

r~lated

to operating and design variables is of

't'

1
1
1

the foilowing form:

'.

log

50

(C)

.KI.S'":~ + KL6

Spig

Iniet

+ KL7

+ KL8

, +

FPS

.....
(2.2.10)
,

.,
where

VF

Spig -

vortex finder diameter , cm

sp~got di.:metq

r ..

\'

l
1

Iniet

inlet diameter, cm'

percent ~olids of pulp in the cyclone feed

FPS

flowrate of pulp in the inlet, It/min

regression constants
0'

The /tegression constants KLS

O.0400-

KLS
KL6

- 0.OS76

KL7

0.0366

to

KL 10 for the 1imestone tests were:

KL

....

0.0299

KL~

0.0'0005

0.0806

, ,

K~io

In applying the models, the constants KLI' Jc'L ' and ,KLlO,-l!,re,
4

usually

fit~

to the plant data at hand, the remaining' con~tant; being

as defined.
co~siderable

An aspect of

interest is to combine the generalized

classificati~n model" Equation (2.2.7f with the Lynch model, Equations

(2.2.9) and (2.2.10).

,The strategy ~s to use Equation (2.2.10) to find

,

dSO(C) f~ calcite/dolomite (the !OOst abundant mineraI,}

cyclone feed).

,0 Assuming

58% in the'

n"

"'"'quation (2.2.7) reJ!l8-ins constant

. thij.t KI o:f

the dSO(C) for PhS, ZnS and FeS 2 are calculated., Finally, back-calcula~ion
'\

of-Y

2.~

. is readily performed.

m,~

, Data Adjustment

It is frequently th'e situation that, sfficient' data.'---is.'ta_ken

~

""'). r

~.

,,:::

...

~.'

- .'"

in a sampling \npaign 59' calculate mas's<"flow r~t~s by-more than, one,

" ,"

route.
,

"

An ,xample" wbuld be a mass flow, caicula.Uo~ s.ing,,~i,the+ SiZi~g

,

"

"

-,'
\

'

,_

...

~ . . ~ ~.
>'

'\

,4 ~

t-f"

..:---------

'k

:,1 .: '"

','

.;P

 (If

,.~,

37~

..

data or chemical assays.

~erabundance

This

of data is sometimes

called 'redundant' in the sense'that it is more than is required to

calculate a mass flow.

As

can ~e expected, different calculation

routes will lead to different mass flow estimates,.

Hopefully. ,the

differenses are small, but~refle~t tne difficulties in sampling

~nd

measurement.
There are severaI reasons why adjusting the' data ta be

consistent with the 'best estimate' mass flow is desirable.

Firstly,

in model buildi~g it is usually necessary to deterlfli~e empirical

constants 'which can be sensitive ta the data base used. (52,53)

l,
At the

1
1

same time. correlating model predictions

with the original
,
, data is
difficult as the model. clear1y, will not allow inconsistencies.
third reason

alt~oug'h

not of diiect 'interest here. is that by observing

those data which receive the most adjustment, insight is gained into
the accuracy of instrument readings or analytical techniques. (52)
A growing crop of papers have been devoted in recent years
,

_ ,

ta adjustment techniques for plant,data. (52.55)

here is based on that described by Lynch. (42b)

The ~ethod adopted

Data adjustment in the

present case is !equired bath for plant data and the laboratory grinding
data.

The latter is handled

2.3.1

Best-Fit Mass Flow Calculations

This tehnique is

di~ferently

bas~d

and is described in Section 2.3.5.

on minimisation of the sunyof squares

of 'resid~al ~rror$':' ~ing from sampling and screening measurements.

Figure 2.3 shows the closed grinding circuit.
th~

mass flow rates and the size

assay~.

The 'top section shows

Below. in the same figure,

l
38.

J
FIGURE 2.3
Closed grinding circuit. ,a) non-,rationalized
flow rates; b) rationalized flow rates.

'1
1
1

"

L "
/

p'

'---',,}
1.

A'

CD

a.j
.(

ej

CY.CLONE

"

BA L L

c1

'M 1 L ~

Il

B
bi

''1

1
~

,.

d,

"v

CD

oc.
e1

ai

CYCLON~~ __ ~ _~. __
,

BALL
MILL

Il

l\

b)

..;..
;,

o
.,

1 - oC

bi

,
1

1
1

, ..

t!Y'-'~""'"

.,

--~~-__ ~",'P.t""'J"r""'",~",

l,

39.
1
",-

'is shawn the cir""it with the mass flow

rate~ rationalfzed ,(~

are a measurement of the circu1ating load in the circuit).

and

(~

- '1)

Mass balance

around both nodes 1 and 2 yie1ds:

a. 1

(ct - l) c, + ae,
l

l.

.'

-=

a (e'l' _- . Cl') + ( C, - a,)

-=

aCe,

(2.3: 1)

-;pl.

b.) + (b,"- - dl.')

1

where

"

(2.3.2)

residual error in node 1 of screen

'-.../

fraction i
residual error in node 2 of screen
/

.fraction i
are unadjusted size a,ssays (see
nomenc la ture in TapIe 2.1)

'The sum of sqt:ares of residual errors is given by'

SS
,

.
\

2
f (6(l
+

SOlying the partial derivative

(2.3.3)

~ith

t:espect ta, a and equating to zero.

/

yields the bes'-it estimate, a.

()

'The solution is the following:

~
~

.,
(

l'
1
1
1
1

"

....t. . .. 11Z,~.

'"

~.":"".....L

_~ _~

,, rj
, '1

.,-

~.....---_ ...................~7W

4.

":U;

Qi...

~.
.
" ,JI!
.J\Q",tiO!o:J~_""'_4i~)-z",,",,,,-.,.,,...,....--.,,~~_~h~'~~
"
~ ~~p'4$IiUiI(!s;P;l&I!e;;;jIIIlJI"i4SJ,"!ll$._IJ_lr

'I _.; ~aQ.at

MtLAA fig; A

,,!
'.;~

'*'

..

,'\

"

~,~

,
\

"
,~

Q$J4IW1!.{' q

'~
'r
~

./

'"

'1r

'".....r"
.'

J"1

Nomenclature

TBLE 2.1

f,

Stre~m

rcuit f~ed

l ,

cyclone

AnalYsis~

Adjusted

ai

-ai

Am

Am

ei

-e

d.l '

cylone underflow

bi

hi

baIl mill discharge

c.

~L ci

l.

.1

'-----

i
m

..,

,m

Unadjusted

mt i
e .
m.l.

'l

.Dm

m
,

Bm _

-B

Cm

m.i
m.i
m.i

-~

am,i
. -e .
m, l.

Adjusted

'

.,
{

- !

Si~e-By-Size

Unadjusted

d.

where:

OVerall

l.

'-

Chemical Analysis, %

Adjusted

f~ed

~\

Unadjusted

cyclone overflow

..

Screen

.\ 'l
1

cL'
m,l..
bm, l..

-c

m,i

screen number
metal (Pb, Zn. or Fe)

"111;

"

....:-

"'"

{1

i>
, -'

--~-

.---.---

--

----_.

---_.-.....--_--~-'"

....,~

-1
~.-

,-

-~ ~

.. --.... ........~ .... ~.::.1,.

- , - .,. .. v~<! ...:...... __

41.

(2.3.4)

,,

2. J. 2

Size Assays Adjustment

,
In >ord~r to have size assays consistent with the best-fit

_circulating load ~ given by Equ~tion (2.3~4)1 minimisation of the

,

of squares of screening/residual errors is necessary.

This sum of

squares is' given by the fOllowing equation:

55.~

t,
,"

SUD!

(2.3.5)

Allowing for scr,eening errors and mass balancing around nodes 1 and 2

gives:

l
1

1
:

If

aCe;... -

L\e.) - (d. - M.) ~

(i - l)(b.~ - /lb.)
... 0
~

(2.3.7)

The constrai~ equations are:

(2.3.8)

(2.3.9)

.'

,-"

-<

42.

To simplify minimisation in

.'

~61ving

the ,partial derivatives,

the Lagrange technique is used~. This techni~ue consists of' adding to

the s~ of squares, gfbe ~straints multiplied by a Lagr~gian multiplier.
Tha~

i5:

(
S

m.1

55. +
1

n. . constraint i

(2.3.10)

i 1

In this case:

a~e1' + ~d. t

(~- l)~b.}

J l

(2.3.11)

Derivatives with respect to residuals yield for each i:

ja~ -.

4b
' l

<\---J
~

'c11i

(2.3.12)

- (2) i

(2.3.13)

,.

t.c.1

(l)ifa'- l}

,,
\

~d.
1

t:.e.

Q{(1)i +

(?3.15)

(2) i

(2)i}

(2.3.16)

.,.

..

.,,'Il;

<.

()

.....

(2.3.14)

',,!,

~.. ~ ..

!!,.H6.'!!t'!.,u.~-*.L-"nJi1.

Ku

...

1.4 ...a~t"jt.~~-tt',w,U';"
""'!f!'''''-

-------------

"

"

43.

l'

Similar1y, for ~(l)i and '~(2)i' part~l1y differentiting'Sm with

;>

respect ,to .(l)i and >-(2)i$ and ,equating to /~ero, yields:

w'

.(l)i

-2

{a

2
-2
1 + (CL - 1) } ~ (2)i a

(2.3.17)

(2.3.18)

The above Equations (2.3.17)

..

(2.3.18) are

an~

system of 1inear

~(l)i and ~(2)i are

simu1taneous equations in'.(1)i and (2)i'

determined from the raw data using Equations (2:3.1) and (2.3.2).
just~d

, Finally, each -size assay is

2.3.3

adjste~

using:

- observed

residua1.

Overa:ll
An extension of the adjustment tech~iHue described above is

. .

to adjust the

/"" ~ ... -----)

o~erall

chemica1 assays of each mineraI

pres~nt

in the

c10sed circuit streams.

To,i11ustrate the

techniqu~.

the next section dea1s in

summarized fOrl!VWith the overall adjustment o:f lead (Pb).

"

Constraints

..

.-

Node 1

.a Epb

(a -

l)Cpb

--

Am/

Node 2

Node.e~.

.
li Epb

Bpb

..

./

(2~3.19)
1

---

"';-

- ~b(
.'

Ct'

(2.3.20)

'(t; - l)B pb + Dpb

'"

i'"

"
(2.3.21)

'0

l'.. A

Node 4

,f

Apb

Dpb

,f

(2.3.22)

---_.........."

,.

".

fi

sr

44.

-(

where

Cf

,.

Apb

is overall Pb assay of RMD stream

Bpb

is overall 'Pb assay of

Cpb

is ov era 11 Pb assay of BMD stream

Dpb

is overall Pb assay of OF stream

Epb

lS

and

CUF

stream

overall Pb .a.ssay of CF strea.m

Nodes 3 and 4 are

baIl mll and entire circuit; respectively.
,
.. r;'~,

,Equations of Residua'l Errors

"

,~

A(l)Pb

- Ca -4,)Pb ~

Apb

- a Epb

(2 .. 3.23)
7

(a - l)B pb + DI*b -

A(2)Pb

A(3)Pb

(4)Pb

Epb

(2~

3 r 24)
/

>

':.-

Cpb ' -' Bpb

,.

Dpb - Apb

(2.3.26)

<

/"~"\

'

ACl Pb to ll(4)Pb are" the overall"lead'CPb) residuals (mas,s

where

of streams l to 4, respectiv:ly.
-/

Sum of SquareS of Residuals

<l'

'{

55. Pb, - ' r(l)Pb

2
+ 2
+
r(2)Pb
Il

.A

,J,'

(3)Pb

. 2

(4)Pb

(2.3.27)

0- -.
,

...

'

L
J
45.

~)

The Lagrangian
f'

/--,

"

S~Pb 2'c~)
+

Pb (A (1) Pb; -

Il -

1) ACp,l>

-1

+ ;; AE;b}

\\

+ 2(3)Pb {A (3 )Pb

- ACpb +. ABpb}

, ,

II

+ 2(4-)pp {A(4JPb -' ADpb + ~Apb}

_.

(~.3.28)

Partial Oerivativ,es to Solve for Residuals and Lagrangian Multipliers

1

/,

at

aAPb

2AApb - '2(I)Pb + 2(4)Pb

(2.3.29a)

'1
1

(2)Pb~a-1)

ABpb
,

.
"1\

at

. alIC
o

pb

.(1)Pb (a - 1)

(3)Pb

O.

. ACpb

a.2.

-.

c3)Pb

2ACpb -

,"

allDpb

(I)Pb(~- 1), + (3)PP

- ,,2.6.~pb> - (\l!)Pb - '(4)Pb

(2.3.29c)

',1

"

.6.f)Pb

"

'

(2)Pb

of

(4JPb

(2.3.29d)
"

"

..

46.

lIEpb -= .- ~O. (l)Pb + (2)Pb)

(2 .. 3. 2ge)

1
"f 1

lI(l)Pb

:.

- \4 j Pb

+ CI JPb

~ a ( CI) Pb
2

+ 1.(2) Pb

... (2'.3.30a)

Similarly:
,

(3 )Pb

(4)Pb

(4)Pb' + a 2C (1)Pb

\l)Pb

(a -\1)

\2)'Pb +

+ 21.

(S}Pb

-
'Ca
(2)Pb

2~(4)Pb - (1)Pb

()
o

'

'

(2.S.S0b)

\2)Pb}

.
"

- 1)

/1

\ J

'2
(a - 1) \l)Pb + (3)Pb (i - 1)

(2.3.30c)

(2.3. SOd)

"

'-

il
47.

,:'

1,'

Gathering terms:

fJ.

(1)Pb

(l)Pb {(a - 1)2 + 1

~2}

-2
+

Cl

k(2)Pb

...

>

l,

+ (3 )Pb

Ca

1~ -

('2.3.31a)

\4)Pb

.....

l"

fJ. C2)Pb

= (l)Pb

-2
a

+ (2)Pb {(a - 1)2 + 1 +

(2}

l~.'.

~/

(2.3.31b)

~,
~

",

1.1
r,

~f
1)

r'

(2.3.31d)

r'

i<
~

"l
Thes~

simultaneous equations are solveq to determine

\l)~bJ

etc.

ri

, Finally, the equations of residua1s (2.3.29) are used to'

adjust the overall chemieal analysis as fo11ows:

"

Adjusted

.- Observed - Residual

2.3.4 Size-By-Size Chemical,Assay Adjustment

f'

These assays ~re the last raw ata'to be adjusted in order

to have overall and mineraI br mineraI self
in the entire circuit.

con~istent

mass balances

This adjustment
,
.is made by first determining

th( minerai size frequency distributions from the measured assays and
~ adjusted size frequency; derived arlier.

...

"

'

! "

i~ ,

.'

~ ~

-,

'''' , J,

,48.
"

l''t
~'

After that', the mineraI size frequency distributions were

adjusted following the technique discussed in Section 2.3.2.
in this case, mass

ba:~nces

mineraI 'mass units.

However,

and residual errors ar& given in terms of

FinaIly, knowing the adjusted overall chemical

assay, the adjusted chemical size by size assay is derived from the

..

adjusted mineraI 5ize frequencY.

2.3.5. Laboratory

D~ta

Adjustment

particunr case of the grinding experimen'ts J?~.rformed

on the

~b-Zn 0,

expected.

e, different mean chemical assays between sampI es, wer'e

This should be sma but, gain reflects errors in sampling

~

and measure,lent.
\

The .uni.que obj ective of adj usting'

size chemical assays

th~

i5 to have self consistent data between samples.

For each mineraI, the adjustment was

as

follows:

1.

Find the overall mineraI units

2.

Determiae the mineraI units of each size fraction.

3.

Determine the mean overall mineraI units for the grind

~f,

each grind sample.

"

samples.
4.

Adju5t the mineraI units of each size ta' agt'ee with the
mean mineraI unit a~say.

"

..
--

'_7-"~---""'" ~-~

..

~-

'
r~--

r,'

~.

~~

.CHAPTER

~,

t,t

~.<"'

'~

\
~

f-

l'

,.

The eXJ;>erimental work entailed two principal efforts:' t:o' ,

obtain a reliable mass-size balance of the Pine Point No. 3

cir~uit;

and to develop a kinetic model of grinding ta describe the No. 3

"

\,

circuit baIl mill using ithe~ plant or iaboratory derived pa~eters.

Some procedures are

co~on

to both of these effrts,and are

descrlbed first.

3.1 Standard Experimental Procedures

3. 1.1 Sampling
Sampling was perrormed in a spinning rffler device of the
following characteristics:
,

a) wheel

di~meter:
,

60 cm

compartments,:

b)
, ";

12

c) wheel speed:

12 rpm. (constant)

d). feeder:

vibratory (variable speed)

The spinning riffler offers the advantage of supplying 12

samples from one bulk sample and has proven ta be a reliable sampling
~

device'. (56) - The a~curacY., of sampling was, nevertheless, test'ed and the ~
mean,

5 tandard

devia tion and' variance measured"

3.1.2 Screening
, ,A

12 Tyler screen series was employed (see Table

Appendix III, for

spec~fications)

'

~,

','1

>

- '----

. . ,. :

~II

EXPERlMENTA~: WORJ(.' ~', '

,l

......... __

III~ l,

nd screening was performed on a

'n

",

n,

, '"

f'

.'

~
~,~-<c;-"

,,

:J

' -'- -~,~ ,

- - - ~ -. ~~RO-Tap,

.'.

a series of screening tests using silica as testing material

.':,' _~a~ 'pe,rformed;

~"Wa5.~~ed.

In arder to determine the optimum time for dry screeni!lg on

Ro-Tap.

T~~~~~

50.'

. \

cumulative weight percen~ fine,r as a function of time

To overcome the agglomeration problem arising when

"

!,

,:(
','

Samples' having high s'limes con'tent are dry screened, a combined wet-

.,dXY

scre~ing"procedur~,

was adopted.

(57)

'nle follQwing desciibes the

'

.scr,~ning :s-equ'ep.ce, ?Sed:

, ,

. .- ai

Wet s.creening 'of, ap:proximately 100 g of material on the

. ,
, finest scren.
", .
u

b)

>

~..

Filtering ana drying

~he

fine

f~ation

at no more than

-"'-T

c)

Decanting and drying the coarse ffaction at no more than

d)

Dry sc-r~ening the 'coarse fraction in t.hep-Tap faro 20

~.

min.

e)

Weighi~

f)

Calculation of the size assays.

the fine and coarse fractions.

,
~.

3.1. 3 Chemica,l Analysis

The sized fractions for the plant survey and laboratory

grinding tests were assayed for Pb, Zn and Fe using standard atomic
.

absorption

~rocedures (se~

Appendix II).

With these assays and the

ID

stoichiometric fact~rs for converting. to mineraI assa~s, the 'calcite-

,/ dolomite

"

composit~on,was '~alculated

by difference.

C)

1)

;;,

'.

'

f'
~.

co
co

'

"

_. . _'A_,._ . . , . . . .

,,'-

___ _

51.

3.1.4 Specific Gravit y Determination

The specifie gravit y of the

ore was determined as

Pb~Zn

follows:
a)

Sampling in the spinning riffler to obtain a representative .

sample of approximately 300 g.

b)

Pouring'into a 500 ml glass graduate in which preyious1y

,

water was added to a definite mark (250 mIr.

~

c')

Degassing for 30 min. using an ultrasonie eleaner at

approximately 40 KHz.

d)

Measuring the displaced volume and calculation of the

,
spe~ific

3.2

gravity . '

Plant

The five streams shown in F,igUl;e 1.1 were sampled every 15

,

min. for two hours on two occasions at feed rates of 154.2 and 190.3

mtph.

These samples were dried

a~d

initial assessmen~ reliability.

screened at

Pine~Point

for an

The samples were then sent to

MeGill for complete size and chemiea1 ana1ysis . Pulp density was aiso
measured; samples collected at

t~e b~ginning,

middle and end of the

.sampling campaign were combined and weighed, then dried and re-weighed
."
~

and per' cent solids ca1ulat~d.~

3.3
3.3.1

Laboratory
Silica
, Siliea

,,
experimen~s

were performed

a suitable grinding pr~cedure.

~:}

u:,
."

~.t!,

.,

p~incipally

te establish

. ,. "-..

\-

~-*~-+

52.
,
J

Pure silica (Si0 2 ) grains of 4 x 6 ~esh ~i2e was the starting

material for these experiments." Td be'further utilized, the silica
was/Jze reduced in a cane

l\

c~Shet.

One ;samp1e of the. crushing

tian was s~arated for a grinding experiment.

synthetically

p~epared

according to the

Seven more samples were

of feed particle

reqQir~ments

distr~bution' defined b~:

size

Table 3.1 is a summary of the variables

testing program.

op~ra-

-"

"

LI

in~~sttgated

in this

These variables are:

-Feed:
Na tural:

.Refers to tne. particle size distri b:udon of the

sampl~

after crushing in the con,e crusher.

Synthetic 1:

Refers to the particle size distribution of

sam~les built up "with' screened fractions.

size dLstribution
is defined
.. .

...,

br

This partile

the Schuhmann-Gaudin-Gates

parameters a and k appearing in the equation:

where:

Synthetic 2:
, particle

s~ze

a -

0.8

650 \lm

Refers to a typita1 rod mi11

distribution.

'

\~

Refers ta a single-size
/

..

...

l ,

discharg~

20 x 28*:

x a

lOO,~k)

product

feed~material

of size -20

,;.

(
'~rt;<~<' (il. f'll't...;.,,,,.I;jf'I"'/'.<~"'Y,.~ ~J"'i~"~

~"'~'1

I~

.....

l'~l(.f~t.,,J t'::/' ... ..,. J/'~~\~>V' ....... ,""'"

53. '

TABLE 3.1
'-

Variables Investigated in the Grinding Test Work.

PeT., V.F. is the Percentage of Voids or Interstitial Space Between Balls Filled with the
Material to be Ground .

SILICA TESTS (DRY)

'ExEerimen ts

Feed

'\

PCT. V.F.

Method

natural

recycling

80%

synthetic 1

one-sample-at-a-time

80%

synthetic

recyling

80%

. synthetic 1

recycling

100%

'\

-5

20 x 2#

, ' recycling

2Q x 28#

recycling

synthetic 2 '

recyc:ling

100t-'

synthetic 2

'ecycl:i.ng

100%

'100%

80%

, ,r '"

Pb-Zn ORE TESTS (WBT)

E?tperiment
CUF

RMO-

Method
,

PCT. V.F.

peT. SOL. by VOL.

one-sample
at-a-time'

120%

4l.1~%

72

one-sampl~

120%

42.13%

69.2%

PCT,. SOL. ~Y)

Wt.

at-a-time -

'-

0;
,

54.

-.
Method:
,

Recycling:

Refers to the method of grinding in which onl'y .

one sampleris

u~ed

for aIl the grinding

time~

i.e. once

t~e

,grinding time of a given sample is completed, the product is

sampled for screen analysis.

fter screening aIl the material

is returhed to

~e

(~

Mill for further grinding.

~'e-Sample-At-A-Time:

This method consisted of preparing'\ne

sample foroeach grinding

p~riod

of time.

The samples were

synthetically bui1t up in such a ~ay as to have identi~a1

-'

"
particle size dis1Tibueion
and total mass.

3"13.2

'

Pb-Zn Ore

..

The Pb-Zn samples for grinaing experiments were collected at

the CUF (cyclon underflow) and RMD (rad'mi11 discharge) at the end o~.
the two haur
, samp1ing campaign at 154.2 mtph.

The samp1es

(~

30 Kg)

were fi1tered and dried and sent in 'ar-tight plastic containers to

McGil1 University.

Preparation of these samples for the grinding

Drying in the o"(en at no more than I50 C.

'b)

Using the spinning riffler ~ the sampI e was split

50

as

to obtain representative samples of approximatelY 1300 g

'each

experime~tal

conditions chosen, for grinding the

"

CUF and RMD materials." These batch grind tests w~re 'designed to
replicte the large continuous operation in respect

t~

pu1p

.-- ---

~ensity,

baIl filling of the mill and charge'of material(~4) (AppendiX III,

()
dk~~1
,'- ~:.
v

1
r

a)

. Tab1e 3.Ishows the

experiments was as\follows:

c!i'

l
55.

$e.ction 111.2.2, cantains the

~alculations).

TapIe 3.2 summarizes the

loading characteristics. of both laboratory and plant baIl mills.

grind~imes wer~

1
f

The

far the CUF material, 2,4,6, 8, 10 and 12' min.,

and for RMD, l, 2, 4, and 8 min.

TABLE 3.2

Comparison of Laboratory and Plant

Mill Loading Characteristics
~

y-

% baIl filling

Lab

Quantity
42*

ru

1
l'lant

39**

120

% vofd fi1ling

size of baIl, cm

120**

2.54 (1")

7.62 (3") ***

,

,JI soUds

(v/v)

42.1

42.1****

,.

determ~ned using 12% internaI mill volume as vOids(8)

**

estimated from geometric onsiderations (see Appendix III)

***

nominal make-up size

**** as measured in plant

After completing ~ach grind period, the mil1 ~as. emp,tied
using the least amount of water possible and the~ulp dewatered using
a

the filter and then dried t no more'than fSO C.

were split ip

th~

The dried samples

.
spinning riffler and sized by the wet~dry screening

./

procedure.

The screened fractions were stored in envelopes

for identification.

Chemical

formed for each grind time.

analysts

on each,size fraction was per-

The expe!imental data was finalJy used'to

determine the cumulative-basis first and

by-mineral grinding kinetics.

~and labell~d

p~order

overall and mineral-

",

,~

)1

L
.,
56.

CHAPTER IV

GRINDING CIRCUIT SIMULATION

'.

,
As discussed in Chapter I. it is proposed to modify the

existing circuit by including a Pp flotation stage on the bal1 miU

~ischarge.

>

In order ta assess the effect of this circuit change,

the fiTst objective~was~to develop

a simulator capable of describing
,
/

the eXistlng circuit. ,With this successfully achieved, the simulation

can be extended with confidence to the proposed circuit.
The strategy adopted was to develop size-by-size. mineral, by-mineral mode~of the grinding, classification and flotation units.
1 .
'
the p-order grinding model was selected and the kinetic parameters.
determined fro~ labortory batch tests.

ne grinding factor, Equation

(2.1.14), was then estimated b~ fitting to the piant data.

1
, 1

The classification model considered individual mineraI

performance and was developed from plant data Cafter adjustment).

For the flotation stage, experiments were performed both at

,1

"

the Pine Point plant and McGi11 laboratories using baIl mill dis charge
from the

~xisting

circuit and fresh ore samplesj mineraI

si~e-recovery

curves'were determined.
/

4.1 . Simu1don of Actua1

Cir~Uit

(Mineral-by-Mineral)

The flow' chart diagram of Figure 4.1 shows schematically

the computer program developed to simulate the actual circuit configuration

. '.

s~<?wn

in Figlfre LI; Appendix V. Section V.1 shows the program. 1

'

.
.;r- .

, ~'if,l(r;,'~"r 7~~.".y'q."~~::r...... .:;";1-<~ r..~.f<\ .... ",

'i-,....... ./,~'

~~~~

...

'~"'~Y

,"\.ciIt"f.~I- ..... ,.'tJ'...~., ..... ~ .... ~ .. ~

~_

c'

57.

"

F1GtS 4.1
G

Simplified flow chart diagram ,of c0l!lputer program

to simu1ate the actua1 closed grindin{ circ~it.
If)

...

'.

'. ~

..
"

1 .

..

,
,

\t

'_I-.;!T't~""''''' "~~/Jrt!:'<.".,~~~~_~.............,"':'Jo.'" ':N".,:.:r~1;...:...,,-~~.... ~,t't~"'~'-?lIJ}oo~~"""'f. .J,..... ,....,.

'i::. .--~ ~.,""'~......_~__

~ ~

..

~._

.-. -

'

-,

COMPUTE
STREAM 3

'.

.'.
4

COMPUTE
RESIDENCE
'1'1 ME

..

.cOMPUTE
STREAM 2

.l..o---_---'
PRINT
RESULTS

COMPUTE
STREAM 5

COMPUTE
PCT SOLl05,
CIR. LOADS,
,ETC.

COMPUTE
CONVERGENCE

CRI TER ION

COMPUTE
STREAM 4

,...

."

NO

..

1.

"

,0

. fi!--

..

.;

./

, .J,

:f

..

br
,.
58.
,1

.1ft

This 1s an iterat1ve program WhlCh accounts for d

mass flow rate
terminates
flow

~t~s

around

bal~nce~

w~en

solid and water

the,ci~cuit.

erat~v6

process

a finite difference between input nd output mass

is achi!3ved.

"

This is the stea,dy state .filow regime

criterion, 'set at 0.1%.

"

Two""kinds of input data to the program ar .provided:

,
1

i '

~ith t~e fresh'fed~o

input data associated

",.

the cl sed circuit and

inp~t da~a as~ociated with the mathematical models

f grinding and

~lassification.

t'

4.1.1 BalI Mill yolumetric, Holdup Calculations

,AI

These calcul,ations r are made from geometric 4onsiderations

1\

grin~ing

, of mill size and

media volume.

F~r

__

detailS,\ see Appendix III,

Section' III.4.
"

4. 1. '2 Mineral Uni t:;

An

arbitrary

fr~sh

of the dry solids,

units/min.
,

"
0,

min~al unit vas selected oPd ~onsistentl~ used

The seletion, was as follows ~ first,lr'

,in the pz:ogram.

(

,1

,~,

tonnage

Seeondly, the above

inpu~.to

uni~s

are

a fixed

amou~t

split~into"the

cottribution qf a11 ~he components ,'omposing the ore.

.,

,;

.,

~rans~ormation
of 10,000
mineraI

Schematically:,

'

. '.

G"

..

'"

.~

'.

j,

.,

"'

.,
%

"'~"....;,~

... ,'

. .1'ililk.
1iII'

"

#~-c~,~,:,:

l,

"

' ._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

,>

" ,

Ji)

."

59.

,/

l 1

sou.

= 10 000

mtph

uni t sim! n.
t

(fram tGd mill)

1
( t 0 cy c l on e )

,./

( f ra m pa II mi II )

.,

....
\

The input mineraI units are

calc~lated,using

,
the product of

. ----size and chemical assays and stoichi?metric factors.

Through the
units/min.
'~

,"

iterati~e

process, the program handies mineraI

When it 'js necessarr to compute the 'residence time (in

minutes) and pulp dilutions, t~o tran$formi~g fator~ are utilized.

The factors are calculated as foliows:
"

SOLI

TON/60 -

10,000 UNIT

"

.. "
,
"

'

, "y"

'.

. . , ' .-;,600.,~OO UNIT/SOLI

and' the reciprocal,

,

.'

"

(4.1a)

UNIT

.. llTON

(4.1b)

(>
/.

"

"

,"

~-:
.~

.1<,
!

,]- "

[t}

,,
60,

1
1

where:

fresh feed input in, onnes/hr

SOLI

TON

factor to convert onnes to mineraI units

UNIT

factOr to conv

t units to tonnes

4.1.3 Mass Flow Balances

.,

Figure 1.1 shows the actul circuit.' Five streams numbered

from l to 5
water... mass

comple~ely
ba~ances

define the closed circuit.

From the solids and

around the three nodS (sump, cyclone and btll

-r

miI1), rate rat~os are calculated.

These mass balancesomake use of

f

simple additions (or subtractions) and of the mathernatical models.

The,following is the logic senuence used by the program to calculate
the mass flow rate balances:

Node 1 (Sump)
1

Calculation of Mineral UnitS{(u

.) in units/min.
l Im,l.~------~----

"

l,

U2 ,m,l
'.

U1 ,m,l'

..... ,r

U5 ,m,1'

..

1
1

,Ii

, '

.'
1

-l,m,i

n~l

' -

size' ,
, . ' l,~

chem

: f

l,m, i . m

"

"

"

-,

i,

\'

L ~J +:

v-

t'?t\'1fiw."iI<'~.;r;::.~...,. .\'t~r""'/l,.,on

1 ,....

..,.

''''''''l:

\l\~'''''''''"\~~ ~ ~ -rf~~\"'r-"'~~~..",4't~

... ,

11'
61.

~,

,/1

51.2:e .
, 1J ~

where:

~'

is the size assay of ore in stream 1, pet.

..

is the size element assay of mineraIs m in

qhemi~mJi

stream l, pct.
1S the stoichiomptric factor of mineraIs m

to convert from element assay to mineraI

assay,.

['

"

First Iteration Cm - ,1)

1 ,m,~

WATI

.O

2 Im,~

WATS

WAT2
,
"

.,

Second Iteration Cm - 2)

+ u

I ~m,~

WATI

5 ,m,~
0

WATS -

ru 2,m,i

WAT2

....
~

etc.

,
j

'
.

'

,. wher:

2, DI, ~

and

Us ,m,l
0

~~' !\~'

.-..

.,

WATI, WAT2 and WATS are

wa~er

flow rtes of streams 1. 2 and

5, respectively.

l
@

and the dilut!ng water of

th;

"

'Units: . mS/min.

. ,

No-n:: ,For comp,uting PU:rP0Se-S'''\TS inc~~de5'

r'

5~

,respectively

" .

mineral,units/min of streams 2 and

'.0__

~ke-u1i' wa.te~ a~4d to ...

stre~ 5

... ,..... ....\1

-~-<

/"

~--------1

..

fil "

Node 2 (Cyclone)

"

. 4m.1.
u

,.

,
;

<

,-

'.

-'

Rf
Ym.j

u3 ' .
,'m,1

CD

u2 ,m,l'

"

,.,

Jt,1

lI>-

"

u4

,m,l

3 , m,}-

. Ym,l'.

.
2 ,m,l

2 ,m,l

"

4 ,m,l

~"BC)

..

WAT2

- WAT4

"

3tm,l..p,and U' 4 ,m,l.

...

,:

.,

4, . respectively.
',t

. .

.,

l,

r
.

.
.

0'

"

are mineraI nits/min in streams 3 and

"

"

...

WAT2

,where:

..

~f

(;)

~~~f-.-::~.~~ '1-

WAT3

...

,
,

WAT4

I
1

.
.

>lr

"

.'
fi',.

-"'-1
1
63.

y
'R

is the

m,l

cyclo~e

selectivity index matrix

is the' spHtting ratio of water from the

feed

~o

the cyclone underrlow.

l

and WAT4

WAT3

are water flow rates in streams 3 and 4,

respective1y.

,'

m3/min.

Units:

Node 3 (Ball Mill)

First Iteration Cm =- 1)

, '"

0) ~ IM--~'u4,m.i
-'

... :

Us ,m,1.

BMH
. b' m,1.
Pm,i

Galculation of Cumulative Mineral-by-Mineral Units in Stream 4

Cu

4 ,m,l

1: u

<>

'"

4,m,l.

Galculati.9JI of Total Volume Flow Rate -(m 3/min)

VT

'"

VSOL + Vu 0
2

t'

.
".

'.
\.,

,.

/'-------"'f
;..

6.""

(;;

l'
i

r
64.

1
,

(j
total volume flow rate in m3/min

wnere: '

'volume flow rate of,all mineraIs in m3, /min

WAT4 in m3 /min
Cu
,4.m.n

total mineraI units of mineraI m in stream 4,

in units/ll1in
specifie gravity of mineraI m in tonnes1m3
)

"

factor to canvert tonnes to mineraI units

mesh number

Calculatian of BalI Mill Mean Residence Time. T'in min

;. . - ,

Bt-iH/V
T

.~

where:

BMH

"

3
.., baIl mill yolume holdup in m

Calcula tian of Mineral-by-Mineral Size Reduction

",

wliere:
ob

Cus

m.1

CUs-

.m,1

CU

. exp {~Fgm
4 ,m,l

Pm,i}

. T,

m.l

F~
b

m,i

is cumulative mineraI units ,on screen i in units/hr

- .is plant-data fitted paramet'r
,

"

P~,i

"

of mineraI m of aIl
-p .
sizes. larger than i in min m,1.
is

spec~fic

rate of

bre~kage

i~

the order of

bre~kage,

dimensionless

, r,
,,

65

Calculation of Mineral Units

Us ,m,l..

...

Us ,m,l:.

Cus ,m,i +

r-

in units/hr

eus ,m,l..

'j

Calculation of

tJ.

the Convergence Criterion (units/minl

fj,'l

.(MlT

MIT -,

i~

'"

M3T)

10,000 units/min

is the total mineral-units in t~e ~OF in units/min

/

after any number of iterations

/
1

4,1.4

:/

Calculation of Miscellaneous Printout

Onc~

V.

the 'convergence criterion (0.1% by weight) is reached,

.. t

<J

severa.l.
!

cale~.tions

a)

are performed.

.ovexali ci~culating l~d

(

-.<\

J
~

,
t

b)

minera1~by-mineral

c)

pulp dilution ,in aIl streams

,

'

'.

These 4re:

rrr.

~J

circulating loads
p'

PCT. finer in a11 streams .

d)

overall CtJM.

e)

minerai-by-minerai siz~ frequeney distribUt~ons (size-

'"

'

bY-$ize and i~ CUM.' ~i~r form)

..

f)

mineral-by-mi~eral insta~fneous rates of breakage at

steady state c'onditions

's.,.
\

In addition, the printout includes the number.of iterations to reaCh

,

' .

'

the steady statecondition,~h~'mean.~eSidenc time, and

:he compu~ed

steady state overall specifie gravIt

y of ball mill fe'ed material.
.

...
.

---

"

, ..,f.':'.

,;

., .
"

'l

66.

11

4.1.5 Criterion to Select the Grinding Factor Fg

m
As already mentioned in.the Theory section~ a grinding factor
/

i5 introduced in the batch grinding m?del to account for residence time

distributions of the mineraIs and possibly miii size scaling considera-

.
,

Tnus, this factor is -a

tions.

Jump~

plant fitting

param~ter.

The

criterion was to choose

F~

values which reprodced the

minera~ circu~.

lating Ioad determined from the adjusted plant data.

,.'

, -r'

Simulation of Actual.Circuit - Combined

4.2

Cla~sification

Model

(~ineral-by-Mineral)
1

A computer pro gram,

u~ing

the 5ame methodology of the previous

sect~on, was written incorporat.~g th~ combinld Lynch and 'general

,~

....

classification model$ desc~ibed in~ ~ections' 2.2.4.1 and 2.

,

The pro gram ,

""11'

iteratively,

"~omputes

the water splitting ratio Rf and dSO(C) for

'~'-

calcite/dolomite given by Equations (2.2.9) and (2.2.10), respectively:

Eq~ation

(2.l.7) i5

~~ed

to calculate dSO(C) for PbS,

Z~~

and FeS 2
The short-circuiting of fines to the-underflow of the individual minerals
r

is assumed equal t~ Rf"

(2.2.5)-

..

')

'

The sharpness of cla~sification, nm' of Equation

f

was assumed constant (the average n

Appendix V, Section V.2, contains the

----1.

of aIl mineraIs individually).

p~ogram.

4.3 Prediction of Proposed Circuit (Mineral-by-Mineral)

Figure 4.2 shows the flow chart diagram of the computer
program used
of the proposed circuit.
. for predicting the performance
,

shown in Figure 1.2 . Except, .for the Pb flotation stage, the program
1s the s,ame as for the one des.cribed .in 4.3 above;

0'0

<

'

\,

-~--

....

,
"

67.

Simplified flow' chart diagram of computer pro gram

to' simulate the propo~d ~losed grinding circuit ~

'.

,.

.\

"",If

,,>

,1

START

COMPUTE
STREAM 3

COMPUTE

COMPUTE
CONVERGENCE

RESIDENCE

CRITERION

TI ME
,

"

COMPUTE

STtAl-tL

COMPUTE.
, STREAM 61'
COMPuTE PCT ,
SOLlDS, CIRC .
LODS, ETC.

. COMPutE
STREAM '4

FIUNT

.RESULTS
.'

,,'

'

77'7g 'r"7r~.:'

_.~~

\~,,-.." '~""",(><~~~"""'~"~""""""1> ~~I"" .....,,"'~ .... " -,r~- <;t.,,:,t.I~"

l-\"of~......-,.

.....~~,~JI'....,.."

'"

11

1
68.

To provide for a c,?nvenient p'ulp dilution in the flotation

unit, the model contemplates aIl water is added at the baIl mill discharge.

t~e

The water mass balance across

cell is completed by assuming

" a dry concentrate.

The convergence criterion is as for the previous program but
the product of the closed circuit now

contai~ two

(Figure 1.2):cyclone overflow (stream 3) and

(stream
~ a~d

z).

separate streams

~tation

concentrate

Only for coltlputing of t., the convergence criterion. s'treams

6 are added

to~ether t~

(In practice,
the stream
, '

farm stteam 8.

of PbS concentrate should be sent for cleaning and the cyclone ovarflDw
. stream be sent to the conventianal PhS rougher stage.)
Section

V.~contains

the program written for

simul~ting

Appendix V.
the proposed'

circuit.
.~

4.4 Comparispn of Plug Flow and Tanks-in-Series Modeis (Overall)

Two'~imul~tion~ were made: one using the plug flow grinding

model - Equation (2.1.8) - and the other; using the three 'tanks', in

series model tank A. tank B and tank C.

,

Tank A was a plug flow mill ..

'

"'(

with 0.2 T'mean residence timej, tanks B,and

C were
,
. fully-mixed,mil1s
;

- Equation (2.1.12) - with 0.4

ca1cu1ated by

me~ns

meart resi4ence time

each.
,

was

of E9uation (2.1.13).

!WO computer programs were written to simulate the grind

-

" circuit, ,one for each grind model.

.

These, iteratively compute the

t',

!.',

.'
.

" ~veral1'flow rates across the entire

circuit until a finite difference
,
~'

- between circuit feed (RMD) and circuit product (cyclone overflow) ,is
achie~ed.

This is the convergence

cr~terion~set

at
,

O.l~

mass flow

rate br, weight.

---1.

---~.~~

... caa:e4a _

Ud

':M'

" _ _H'

1 ID& lU

. 1 "'CIj$i.i1

'

.
"
69.

- ,"
80th programs were written using solids and water mass
"

balanc~s

bath

around the circuit.

uti~i%ed

,sel~tivity

The grinding and classification models

averal! parameters Cp-arder grind kinetics and the

index matri:c'Y i)'

The programs calculat~e 2verall size

reduction of the grind unit and the closed circuit.

~r

each

stre~

,1
1

'of the circuit: the results are given

as weight percent retained and
~\:l-i
\
J

cumulative weight percent finer.

The~programs

are shown in Appendix V#

Sections V.4 and V.S.

'

/1,',
1

1\

",t-

-{~ ~

:~,

,\

..
r

'

",'

tt

"

,'r,

..

'.,i,t],,''),

o
.,.

).
,~'

o-

..
1

.'

70. ~
,

"

CHAPTER V

..,

a "

RESULTS

.1
S. 1

Labora tory,

S. 1. 1

'.

Siliea

tab~~s

5.1 to 5.8

~mmarize

the results or-expriments 1

8, respectively." Th'e tables report the size assays of feed and

produets:

Aiso ~'~wn are the fi:t'st ~nd' p-order kineties kp Pi

i>

obtairled by regression.

The first order plots of experiments 1 to 8

,.

'are shqwn on FigUres 5.1 tO'S.,6. -No that e'xperiments 2 a~d 3 are.
plotted on the same graph "(Figure 5.2), whilst .experiments 7"and 8-r~
bath plotted in Figure 5.6.

The eoordinate

system utilized is semi

log where the ",lines 'shown were determined with the least square

~n

the slopes represent the first' }order rate-.of-breakage, k ..

. . , .

..1

equation used was

,

EqUatio~ ~.1.6J. --1 ISO.~

d,

tbe experimental

experiments 1 to 8 are shawn on Figures 5.7 to 5.12.

>

These

order plots where the Rosin-Rammler chart was used as

Th~

X-axis is log {TlME}'andothe:Y-axis is log log

,

is ~~lative weight fraction finer.

{1~(1

The _quations used

tn

the

si on jana1ysis were Equations (2.r.7a) and (2.l.8a).

The results indicate that either first or p-order is,
'\

an adequat fit.
~nd

......J

'

In more detail, the similarity between experiments

.

3 indicate that the one-sample-at-a-time and

.

. ~ame result.

(,)
"

\'"

iii

_~-""4

____

<

r~cycling
o

Also,. experiments '7 and'8 (see Figure 5.12)

data is very.reprodueible.

"~

Th~ e~fect

of void filling is

methods' yi

"'" , , '

" .fif!!ti.

t _lad

.''''14+ tAI

AI

._~~.";(.,,

;",,;

()

~ alO,! $AU

4il

. t

J*i""J$V.A!UI~IlI',.IJt_.a
~

,; 1

* _
,~

Cjl$ 0

1 Cil (

' .

~
_.r~"-"~~
~~

... ~

~~-

r""")o

"-"

-"

~-

l..

Experiment No, 1.~

Particle Size Distributions (peT) and Grinding Kinetics.
~ (First-l'der and-p-Qrd'er).

""',
,
"

.
,

."

Grind rime, min '

No.

~"

,.
~

'<

Mesh

.,

;/'.

.
Feed

bi

0.5040 "

1. 0154

0.4867

5.26

0.2031

1.1016

0.1487

22.10

0.0835

1. 0529

0.0705

, 27.46

0.0369

1.0221

0.0342, -

20.59

0.0159

0.9318

0.b192

10

12

8.84

3.23

1.18

0.39

0.15

0.06

31.44

25.36

18.51

12.68

8.31

22.68

25.80

26.57

26.04

24.26

ki
'-

48

23.57

48

32.30

~oo

17.25

.-

200

11.60

15.93

19.63

22,.22

24 . .39

26.05

400

6.79

9.25

11.52

14.07

16.78

18.29

17.45"

. 19.72

22.94

t:.

-400

8.49

11.86

14.46

"

'"

~
~

"~

."

-1
~

.t;-

"

Il

"t

j~\
\

Grind Kinetics

Pi

MA

24.53

..

--

.
'"

'"

\,

"

r
!

,f .

'-l
.....

Il

, 1

ri
1

'1

-------

.'
TABLE 5.1

"1

J..""
f

...

"'

.,<
i

V--:,-"

""

...

. . .'\

#1

.... t . ILS_,

()

;~-

-'
,

~;:IW-.$'m""':'i*' ~~~::""!!tri1f1r~.'1:~1:t~r-;::'-"<~,*,"..'J-:'~~Etf"krj~"':!'r'"l::.:~"""",,;-_~ -~*::;~--';Z.~ ....~___ ,..,.::....... ---

...

,(

;~

," ,~

,J

,,'il
~

1,

."

((

~
~

"."

~.'

t
~ 1 ...

TABLE 5.2

....

Mesh
No. '

:~

"

l'

Siz~

-"

Feed

-.

Grind Tinre. min

,

'2

28

12.5.0

4.61

48

'33.63

27.56

22.93

L
~

G:tind Kinetics
8

10

ki

12

bl

Pi

9.70

5.89

26.70

25.28

22.28
13.62

0.4995

1. 0419

0.4444

3.90

" 0.2139

1.0994

0.1865

2S.~6

20.41

0.0840

0.9882

Q.0821

24.57

23.99

26.55

0.0385

0.9441

0.0372

15.31

15.89

~18.22

0.0204

0.8470

0.0167

20.53

14.51

25.57

27.33

13.17

17.12

19.86

7.57

9.49

O.Oa '

0.23

.l
l
;1

0:09'

0.63

....'1. 70

100

Distributions (PCT) and Grinding Kinetics.

(First-Order and p-Order).

Experiment No. 2.

Particle

'

"

200
!1

400,

11.38

10.20

-400

15.20

18.81

22.08

24.84

28.24
-~-

i-

30.89
-

----~------_.-

--_._-----

----

----

--

!-~
i....

i '

\.

'..J

,.

f~~ ~

:--.
>"

o:.i
.~ ,i_~~---,;-;-,---;
f~~

-,,~'," ~ ~

:~,~~c.

-""

,lt ....

~ '-~~-~~--

----_._--_._-~_._-

.....

--_.,~---~-'-

~p ':

-~------........-:-:-

--1

-;a

_'J-

_.
iidn

_ JlI

n:.' _. l .,. tU' III

.' 1'Ji'._

_~

_ Ai
_
..'!!I!!].ll.1..-
"...,."II!!I_.&IOI
'"

,\

~01

- ..e;e:~
kZ$U.#~tlf~

... Jfi:;;:lff

.jc; ...

........ ~t
.."'_ _ _ _... _ _-~
--

q,.....~

.-t~ ~..s:.r::.~"

-.

"
... '

t---,. .

"

r
f

f.

,;::.

.
~ABLE

5.3

."

J<,

Experiment No. ,3.

P,rticle Size Distributibns' (PCT) and Grinding 'Kinetics.
(First-Order and p-Order)~

"' ~
t

l
{

,
Mesh
No~

48

"

100

Grind Kinetics

. 4

12.500

5.63

.
27.33

33.63-

22.93 'li.

26.14

2.23

0.77

20.63

14.67 .

27.31

26.96

'---

10'

kt.

U-

t;

Feed

. 28

Grind Time, min

hi

Pi

1
l

"

0.32

0.10

0.03

0.5195

1.2221

9.94

, 6.31

3.84

4.2.133

1.1095

..

0.3657

0.1528 -

:, 25.52,

23.19

20.39

. 0.0886

-1.0579.

26.69

0.0387

0.9261

18.38

0.0202

0.0741

200 ~

13.17

400

7.57

.-400

.10.20

19.32

15.99
g". 79-

15.12

22.00

23.92

- 25.55

H.8l' .

13.66

18.70

21. 94

15.32

_ 16.94

24.98

27.91-

".

30.67

0.8501
,

"

0.0471 .

.
-.

0.0309

".

~.

"
"

\w:c

...

,r

'-1

Vol
\,

i-

(}

.lr
""

.,

\>

!;

.-'-----),

---

=r"

--:;;,&42 1.

1
i

--- -...

t')

lUe

. . . . __d

SlII ;,@_ _

"~"kGOl!!l!!'4!IJjiJ;ISt1M)CI2P.>I!(I/I:,!lt't 2.t.;:ts;;aA*"!,,.;o~i'J'l!t

~.

'--'"

'~

"-

"
~;

<::-

'JO

i!

'-."",

-.
TABLE 5.4 'Experiment No.

'"

.1

()

~.

Partie le Size Distributions (PCT) an4 Grinding KJnetics.

a

"
Grind Time. min

..

~:t'..<'i

~#rj
\

No.

..

28

"

, 12.50 '

8.86

4
1

4.15

2.96

, 1.37

10

0.26

0.,57 -

48

33.63

30.78

100

22.93

24.94

.
27.20

200

13.17

15.20

'18.38

. -200

23.12 .

25.95

hi

Pi

~.

0.3945

.
0.3519,

1. 04~2 .

18.02

13.61

9.82

0.1576

1.0132

:77

48 22

27.70

26.54

0.0647

0.9832

0'.'0635
a

19.74

2~.O~

23.91

25.68 '

0.0280

0.9677

0.0291

26.41

'" 30.:p

34.21

37.70

1.2

f:

1,

20.2,6

24.32

..

0.1396

17.77

1
i,

Grind Kinetics

1-~ - .~
t

Fed' ",

Mesh

(First-Order and p-Order).

..,~

'"

h~~~'?'~' r

2&$0 -

~
"

,\

.'
~

,
.. ,

...

..

,
..,.
~,

..II

.r

__ ,-i

')

- - - - - - - - - -_ _ _ _ _ _
7_'<___
u_~
-

... ~

__.....-----,
~

__

'----------.-~~.w~~jr~~~ ~-

,"

..
.
------'
,

_.
,

................ " .."

....
~At. . . . .

li;

JJ4JiS1;k__

.'

_4 Sb ;-aW) &":;;0:,

-\

-'rit;_

"'t'''. PP'""",

.~...

~.

-~

Aze

j.p JE

,.~,.~.~ ~

'..

;::;~SLb$tl=~..ti!> 3 ~ le y::; ........ ~___..._~~_.. _~-:,,-:,'l ~~ ............c.JA -..;;... ~

.~

'1"

... :

"-

1)

,;

..

fi

CI

Exper~ment

TABLE 5.5

No. 5.

Particle Size Distributions (PCT) and Grinding'Kinetics.

(First-OrdeT
and p-Order).
1
.
.
-

..
,

Mesh

'

Feed

,.5

28

100.00

85.84

48

o.-()(}

JO.47

No.

100

0.00

74 .18

56.20\

17.50

27.22

4.37

20.05

\)

8.55

31.63

36.6~/
15.60

,,16.7;)

V37:27
2l.. {)4

10 .

8.65

\.47

33.42

27.72

24.95
~

0.00

0.94

2.25

-2.00

0.00

0.7"0

1. 70 ,

'.

200

...

Grind Time,' min

1
"

12

/
/'

2.-28

22.17

27.43 /
.-

28.~~
,

4.38

8.68

12.72

. 16.27

19.40.

21. 85"

3.65

8.04'

12.25

16.71

20.90

25.32

Grind Kinetics
,

k.1

Pi

0.3148

1.0108

0.1182

1.1284 . 0~834

0.0549

1.1333

0.02:45

1.1606

b'1
0.29i6 '

..PO.

0 .379

....

O~O164

.,

\
Il

"

,...

:...;

----------

Il

-,J
"

,.

' ' ' '. . . . . . .

,$2

1"

~
~
~1I'!\l!.S~'_~,.
llJWi ~1\!iIl.

"""CO; 'i!...

..

""",*r"l-.o\_~l=~"""

""""'.l"' ....""'".. "'~.-~_""i'~"';,:

....~,.,t.~.llIl."i;
...p,"';/t'/..,~
....
~~
..." ,
~-~ ~"~"""""",,"

".~--'
"l'. ""-"'~~

"

,."

--

.
~~~-

""

"'-.:........

.~

.~,~~":{~ i\""~ ~~~:-_~. !:: :~~::

~-::c:."':.

." .., 1

..

";-.'

""

.
.

-~

TABLE 5.6

Expe~iment

No. 6.

a
Di~tributions

Partic1e Sire
(First-Orde~

'.

and p-Order).

(PCT) " nd Grinding Kinetics.

Grind Kinetics

Grind Time, min

Mesh
'No.

Peed

, 28

100.00

48 .

IOO
200
400

-400

ki

b'1

Pi

10

12

~2.05

5-;14

2.25

0.86

0.4079

1. 0893

36~69

34.51

,28.62

20.89

.15.20

'0.1616

1. 1746

10.03

17.74

23.60

27.11

28.68

28.13

0.0714

1.1t1-07

0.0469

0.00

5.23'

10.05

14.75

18.66

22.22

24.56

0.0325

1.1274

0.0222

0.00

2.38

4.81

7.31

9.75

12.37

14.41

0.0159

13.59 .

16.84

50.96

25.61

0.00

28.94

0.00

'l!i

c}

"

0.00

".

0~08,6

.
1.18

0.0113

2.46

" 5.10

7.78

10.72

960

"-

--- -

- - -_

..

_-

'---------

--

,.

'"

~ 'r

'"

-....J

0-

..j '

"

....

'--

~' - - - - - -

(-

-----

--~--

)'I?

----~'
-~~ . .

-~

-,.

'

~ _ _ _..........~~~~.,o\'r~'i!;:,,~,~~

1~ ~~..

t')

"

.:",-;"'

'.~

~1

\.fI

.0

li
v-

,.,

.,

..,~~~'Z~";-"'~~ "'':W!"~~;r'.,L~~~''j
.. ~.u;'''r~~~~~m-''''''''''~-~~~~~,~",
.
"
)"IJP"'_.'
""'o",," ... ,.~..

..

t!
.,{.

..

1
\

-.,..

,.

.1

""

TABLE

".

,
Mesh
No.

,1
\

'1

Experiment No. 7.
Partic1e Size Distributiohs (peT) and Grinding Kinetics.
(Eirst-Order anq p-Order).

5.7

'.

",

'Grind Time, min

Grind Kinetics

Feed

8?

3.60

1.64,

0.53

10

12.80

4.76 "

1. 89

10

12

ki
0.5193"

1. 0725

0.3923

0.4978

1.0249

0.4583

0.25

0.11

0.02

0.00

0.78

0.26

0.08

0.05

hi

,Pi' '

..

1>

1:i

"

.9.69

4.98

2.19

0.89

0.28

0.10

~746

1.1083

0.33/I0

15.90

12.79

8.10

4.30

2.2~

1.14

0.41

0.3920

1.1663

0.2389

28

12.70

14.33

12.11

8.37

5.66

- 3.23

1. 79

0.291:4

1. 2124

0.1575

35

9.80

12.90

13.76

12.40

9.94

7.70

5.06

0.2017

<1l

14

17.80

20

" "'

.
,
,

~
f~

i..,.,

<~
, ,.

48

7.00

65
100

5.30
,
4.00

150
200

_J

;.;1

n
.,..

270

l'

400
.
-400

...

0.1079
'\

Il. 41

14.62

15.67

,15.23

14.14

12.19

0.1238

1.1981

0.0697

7.41

9.97
,

Il. 67

12".22

12.58

12.41

0.0856

1. 15~9

0.0539

6.47

9.'46

11.44

13.25

' 14.45 .

15.18

0.0552

1.1175

0.0383-

2.90

4.44

5.22

8.52

10.08

Il. 5'2

12.66

0.0360

1.0326

0.0317

2.00

3.43

f4.59

1.---6 . 40

7.72

8.93

iO.34

.0.0240

0.9816

0.0245 _

1.60

.,

,
1.2149

1.30
3.30

2.Bl

4.10

5.27

6.43

7.62

B.OO

.<

"
'0'.0160

"' O. 9425

0.0177

1.58

2.25

2.79

3.59

3.98

'4.68

6.34

8.42

9.95

12.37

14.33

-17.13

- 0.0120

0.8617

0.0167

.....
.....

--

"

'1-

C'>_

_~--_ .,..,....~"""""...",..-~"'-'"~"~......".,,.~,..":"'..........."'-.,:I!!~"."""IOOi..'!!!l"'_"""'~"'''''''iC{_:P_"''M"'''''''''''lS;~.'''''~~~~t'~..... . . .,.. . . . -'"'-'--

Q ""' ............

,"'If1"""'o-

,~_

.... ,-

"~l

....

.;~ ->;._,,...:~~-~~~~t-

:;

....

f",. ,)b

.:""-

,1

.~\

r"

"

;... 1,
::

<,

".,

~..".t.

TABLE

~.g

'.'

,:~

". l

Experiment No. 8.

(Repeat Of Experiment No. 7).

Partic1e Size Distributions (PC~) and Grinding Kinetics.
(First-Order and p-Order). '

-...
"

..,:~

~~

'

,
-

Grind Time. min

Mesh.

No.

;~\

Feed

_/"-

3.60

~.!

".

1.64

. 0.:-57'

0.20

0.05

.'

.. ~ -,..j

12.80

010

5.03

14

"

.
,9.90

,"

"

. 17.80

1. 74'

0.61

4.70

2.09
,

10
,0 0'.03

0.35

0.08

0.80

.0.33

0.00 -

20

"

'~ ~[

l~~~l ;,
tI:~
r~v-

28

12.70

. . ,35

9.80

"

15.~0

48

!"~:v;r,;1

13.75
>'

.' 7.00 -

.6_5

12.8Q

5.30

4.46

.8.10
'

Il.80

8.5~

2.22
.5.57

1.14
3.24/

"-

0.3821

4.00

100

J{:

150

2.90

200

2.00 .

'"

-~
g~>
"....~i]j;. .

t.

,t'"

.J

.fi 1

'k' '
;,,;,~~.,

270

r ~"'r"

:;~~

!,);,'

,;-!:::..',!

(
"", .
,1; ....(:
.' .
,0

6.73 -

1.1681

0.231]1

0.1959

1.1827

0.1158

0.1198

1.1~16

0.0772

0.0828

1.1140

11. 29

12.21

12.51 ,,

12.40

..,

<>

....

0.0595

11.28

12.95

13.98

14.75 '

0:0542

1.0890

0.0419

4.58

.. 6:66

8.45

.9.99

If.14 _

Il. 99,

p.0370

1.0172

0,.0319

3.44

4.99

6.46

- 7.81

g.96

9.87

0.0255

1.0160

0.9238

0.0169

0.9738

0.0177

0.0128

-0. '8912

0.0168

1.60

2.75

3.99

5.19

' 6.41

7.48

8.48

400

1.30

1. 55

2.21

2~95

. 3.30

4.62

-400

6.42

8.46

10.68

~8
13: 1

4.01
15.'37 .

17.63

"

9.25

~--~

5.37

9.77

CI

----'

0.3405

--~

1.1019 .

0.1621

12.40

'

~,r"",

i....'

-Q.<14.fl .

,P

.:c..,.\'

~~~~~

, .1.0.47'8

1.1983

14.14

-0.2855

15.32

0.3632

l'1.8~
,

15.63

7.65

1. 1529

14,43

'H.27

0.5218

0.4504

bi

0.15

9.83

. 13.33

Pi

0,.5060

12.16

1).49

t\.

0.04

_'P.44

. l

12

i-'l'fi.

,"

, Grind Kinetics
F

~
.

'"
00

-~-_ ... _ - ..,-'~(_: .. :.0__..... _

... -

~-~Trr''''_-~-

L" -, . ,i~~:. 'Vl~JJ:1f\J.,~~~<I'I!"'Y'"

""'"'l";'-;<'~t

........-. .....

, ,

..

79.'
,

lit

,,

...

1.

-.-J'
\.

1)

, 1

FIGURE 5.1
Experimen t No. 1. ", Resul ts .

..

Pirst-order plots.

"

1
1

...

.. " ....

'

.J ."

~)!r~.! .... ~

.i' ,"

~~.", '~'~""'-r'"'''''~''' _'" ~ .. ,.",,,.,,,,.'t''''''.1J<.f-''''''''''';'''~'~'ti~,,!....~,.

_ .. " ........... '""1 _ _ -.-...... _ _

... _

.'
'1

.
---~---~

1.0
.~

200
r

CI:
YI
VI
,

CI:

00(

00(

CI:

u.

os

\,

1:
:::J

:'8

.!

EXPE Roi MENT

0'

01

o
,

10

12

14

16/

TIME, Min.

18

20

\
\22

..

-_......_.
"

8Q.

'. j

FIGURE 1 5.2
Results.

Experiments, No. 2 and 3.

"

'\

...

\
"

('

\,

..

.'

4
~;,:!,,;:,:, ..~,:;G1*@!!~._I'!'M!h;iit'Wfi,~iU'i=7' ffffNi'rii'

First-order plots.

c
\

1.0
"

.5

a:

lit

.2

a:
~

...u

.1

a:
....

...

~ .05

/"

.'..... 1

\1

X
:1

48

KEY
0

"

1 .

EXPERIMEN T 2
EXPRIME NT 3

'

,..

. 01

/' 10

12

14

T IME,

16

18

20

22

MJn.

."

"

r
()

~.

~_._-

1~"~;;.,;v..\".,'I>.;1f~ ...n ....,.~ ... ~~"""._,.\~"f"'''p.\. ,~t ... ~""~~l"It"

..

't"' ... ~ .. _,,- ...

81.

(J,

' .1

l'

!.

,/

l,

1
~

.
~

...

"

"

'"

..

FlGURE 5.3
Experiment No.4.

d
1

Results.

First-order plots.

.
"1

",

JI

i7

\.

?1
1

)
"

.....,...---

----"'- -

..... ..,_.-

~--~_

"

.. -..... -.

, \'

... '

/
a:::

'"a:::
III

ct

.-

[]

lU

ct

.1

:f
1-

.OIL-__

~~~~~~

..

__-L__

10

__

12

__

16

.14

__

__

__

20

18

,
TI_M'~,

./

Itin~

(
-.,
~

','

(>

0'

.'
f

l'

..
,

, ,
/

82.

,,
"

,"

..

.'

...
.'

','

,
FIGUR 5.4
; Experimen t No. 5

Results.

Firs,!:-order plots '.

f'

'0

..

~..
"
,-<.

./

"..

('
~

\)

-,

wea ?

C>

1.-

ai ' .

..

;.lllt"~~ffl'
----......-....-- . .
'.\r~..,..~J;Il~'"~t'~'~I'R-W1~~"~""~_",--~",,,,,,,".. J(

J(

Wik'JoIM""YA

"

.~.,-~

--'''",-

,"

//
~

..

lO

Il

200

.'

.5

1
1

100

','

III:

'\

,.. ca::
~,

.7'

48

...... 0

...

1-

U -

'cC
ca::

.1

..

li.

1-

~
X

.05

::::1

EXftERIMENT 5

t
1

.
)

TIME,

Min.

/1

"

"

'

"

--

;\.t.~._~~lLil!WW!N )p}e:t.,,~. "n'f'lfj,",Ml~;$$Q4\"

...

iIM3.4/S1:"Jf7 ,JI4:

~.......~?"""'_.~_;

83.

---->

,
o

FIGURE 5.5
--.r.

...,

Experiment No.6.

Results.

First-:order

plot~,.

".

,/

'

..

"

!:
.',

"

,.'v

, ,

,~

/.
\

,1

(j

ta

.5

...,

CI:

III

CI:

.'.

.2

-\

, ,0

cC

V
lV

.1

cC

CI:
1&0

1-

/'

~ .05

J:

:l

~
/

EXPERIMENT 6
~'

22

0'
'.

, l

.11

.-r
a.

..

.'
/

84.

.,

Cl

,
1/

I!,,'

FIGURE 5.6
Res1,llts .

Experiments No.6 and 7.

First-order plots.

-f

1
';;

c.

,>

'i

.
,

()

'l

..
.'

~7

~'
1

;== "'98
i~_=:::.,_
100

.
J
-.~
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~:~:~'--'--'--

~--

--

-..-

- ""

.,

-.,---- 150

0~.~. .__.____. . ,_"

',,,. -.....~
.

\~.~.,

L";. '

\
\

---.-.~.~
"

ID!!h

~.
~~'. . :~.
~

~.

~.~"

~I""
~

'~. '~',,\.

K EV

EXP~EN~~'

).

EXPERrME!"
'.
llnes are .,for
+ regresslon

'''
.
~~.
.

Il

thi. Ex.. III

>

.'

"'.'
':"
_

. TIME,

l'~

. ",85. '

'.

f..
~

.,
"

----

"

FIGuRB-~

<.
c.~

.Expriment No.!.

Results.

p-order plots.

'.,

"

..

..

,.,

.' '

..
'l'

.,

l~,

,/.l

',.)

..::

~ fi

..

Rosi n -~arnrnler

sblli

-~.

..

20

EXPERIMENT 1

10

5~

____________
o~

,'"

__

__

~~

6810
T'ME, MINUT~S

____________
20

__

.eo

__

60

~~

80100

86.

(j,

.,

FIGURE 5.8
Experiments No.2 and 3.

Results. 'p-order plots.

01

.
\

..".

e.

.,

..

"

1
1.

"
(1

Rosjn-Rammler

Sh!!.!

...~
&30
:s

IJ

K, EV

20

EXPER 1MEN T 2

.. EXPERI MEN T 3

-I.IME'.. MI HUTES

,'

'

f'

~-_

..

..

"

'.

87.
(

..-

,0

,
\

FIGURE 5.9
Experiment No.4.-Results'.

p-order plots .

...
',1

J'

"

------

99.9

J'

99'

95

RQsln-Ramler

, 90

s!l!.U

80'

70

.
_50
...=
60

'ti~

~30

,'.

::1

u.
20

\l

EXPERIMENT

~ ri,-.

~~

__~____~__~__~~____-L____~__~~~
4
6
8 10
20
AC) '60
80 100

;j:2
\...~

TI"E, MINUTES

....

i.
(

,.

88.

.J

(}

-1

,'

)-

"

,
.

FIGURE S.lO
,

E~er~ent No.S.

'

Results.

p~order_plotS.

-)h

il

<

"

\~'~-

.~

JA-\
\

.,

,.-

f'

"

1
J'

-t'~,l:..,.

()

.,

89.

".
~

'

..
u

~IGURE

Experiment No.6,

Resul ts,

5.11

p-order plots,

<>

/)

"

.,'

r
1

..

Rosjn-Rammler

chart

'MESI:l

.. 40

-... 30
...
CI

.
I0Il

EXPERIMENT &-

--

,.
J

.,.

.\
100

TIMIE,

MIMUTI!S

...

,-

'.
"

.. l,,

f~

L
"i

"
90.

.
J
FIGURE 5.1.2
Experiments NO.7 and 8.

Results.

p-order.

/
"

"

tt

()

l, '
1

t.

.<

, ,/

..'t"tn'!

~""~"~"7/\,",:~",

"

- .......... ........

, ..

99.9

1<'

99

R
<,

- '"

W.ti

----8

97.5
95

,t'

/'./

14

Il:
I.&J

.,.;

(..)
Q.

..:

-....

1/

/,

70

20
~
e-

.'

~051 n;;' Ramml ir

"

chart

0/_/" ./" /
o~
/0./
'/

'

sa

40

:Y/ ' / / / / /

/.

.,/e/ /
48

30

.....

~'

28
.,/

'1

/~

'1/
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'"

/,
!

65
."/
~( /
.----8/.(JJ/1
cs/

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....1
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.' _

. ./

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Il. / /
/ . / /-

~///./-

''S!

80

z 60
.'u.
/

_/11

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~/e/
,
/

90 '

9 / ,..,A! -

~ /l!5

10 _

"...

0/"

tOO
~ /r"/
--/.!!I
.,/
1 5 0 9 / - ' . / /0

20

:;)

(..)

-?'"
200 _

la

.u..r..

/C9/~
_
.,

;.:;::::./.

(!)

EXPERIMENT 7
EXPERIMENT 8

.!Q.9..
5
1

8 10 12
20
TIME. minu tes

.)

60

BQ

100

..----

Il

,:

-," ,

..

40

'~,

~.,

,.::,..

.... !"''''l''

..

91.

The specifie rate-of-breakage

was observed to
,

by experiments 3 to 6.
-

'

Qecrease with increased void filling.

La~tly,

ttte top size and single size method grinding kinetics

~

::-

~stimation

was cOmPared in experiments 4 and 5.

~action

The +281

"

"

broke more slowly in the single/size experiment than in the top size
1

experimen t

5.1.2 Pb-Zn Ore (CUF and RMO)

Splitting Tests
A series of splitting tests using the spinning riffler was
,/

performed to assess the sampling (cutting)

eff~~iency.

tested was the CUF .(cyclone underflow) material.

results of one typical test run.

The material

Tahle' 5.9 shows the

These results are the mean, standard

deviation and variance of si~e assays in 'percent (absolute).

The

figures reported are considered, in this study, as a measure of the

sampling efficiency of the spinning_ riffler.

Grinding Tests'
Sections IV. LI and

.
IV.I. 2 of Appendix IV" show the
,

printouts of the CUF and RMD experimental.results.

weight~

21 measured chemical aS,says of Pb, Zn, and Fe

1/ size assays (!Jo)
2/

CUM. size assays coarser (t)

l'

"

,
1

retained (g)

The calculated values were:

computer

The input data to-

the program was:

1/ measured screen

(!Jo)

i,

l '\
"

L
/.
92.

r
(

,,

..

(.
r,... ,

."

TABLE 5.9 Statistical Parameters of ~iz~ Ass4ys

of the Screening Analysis of Six of the,
Twelve Samples C~O%'Sampling) Split on
the Spinning Riffler. Materials: CUF.
~

Tyler
Mesh

28

8.35

0.16

3S

11.31

0.05

..

0.15

0.02

0.11

0.01

0.12
'a'\.
0.46

0. 01

48
r"'.

9.98

65

9.26

100

13.30

. 150

15.24

. VAR

1' .. ',"

,i

\ " O'

"

cr

.
"

0.02
0.00

"

0.17
0

10.06

0.58

0.28

270 ~

7.20

0.05

0 ..00

400

2.82,

0.03

0.00

-400

12.44

o:rf

200

0.01,

No~e:
(J

wher,e

1.69%
C1

'

is standard deviation

~rall

weights between split samp1es.

1 .

tI
j

1.

l'
, ,,

- i ,

"

~.

il
93.

mineraI frequency distributions t%)

'-------;3'/

4/.

,over~ll

mean mineraI units between grind times

-~.

5/

overall standard deviation

6/

adjusted miner.aI units retained.

7/

the first and 'p-order grind kinetics:

8/

the correlation coeffi-cients of the first and p-order

;1,
!:

~:.

~',

km,~.,pm,l.andb.
m,~

regres~ion.analyses'

The mean and standard deviation of the computed head~a;says

from the five RMD and seven UF experiments a:re given in Table. 5.10.

~,

Clearly there is little deviation between samples.

"-

"

TABLE 5.10

1:,

Mean and Standard Deviation of

Measured ~Pb, Zn and Fe Assays
for each Grind Time.

"

Standard Deviation ,%'

Mean, %

Experiment
1

CUF

..

Pb'

Zn

Fe

( Pb

Zn

c..

Fe

5.71

8.95

15.55

0.16

0.16

0.29' ,

6.69

8.36

0.24

0.25

0.32

"

RMD

2.04

Figures 5.13 to"5.16'show the first order plots for the RMO
data and Figures 5.17 to 5.24 show the p-order fit .for both CUp and

RMp. tests.

The regression ana1ysis included times up to 6 min only

based on an estimation that 6 lI}.in represents the maximum residence time

"f

which woulc;l be encountered in the full-size' mill at Pine Point.

.'

An

"~

L. ~

r_

",~ ~~1';.1~~":1,...t"''''''''''M,1t~~Wf'r''1''''''"+-(~~1''~~::'.r~~ ...~'i'''~'''''''-~''

J.

l,

'l;.-

94.

'l.'

"

"

,(j

~;;

(,

'

. f'
,
"" 1
i1

,, ,

.j
1

FIGURE 5.13

Pb/Zn RMD grinding experiment.

21ots.

Overall results.

,Pi~st~order

...

.1

" 1

\\

,-- ~'----''''''l 'J1ry-W\',,;wwr~~''''[t~f..''t'II~;~''',,1i'''tfM'''''~~ff~''''''''1'':'.''.;'r''''-~.~ ,.f'i~1h~'l'ft,~.~ ... ........-.,.,..,.....

!1

"

..

.-

1..0

[,

.8

MESH

.6

400
270

.4
CC

2.00

LU
U]

0::

<t

...

-'Z

.b'

.~

..

.1

0
....

100

.06

lL.

150

.0"

~3:

qS

LU

--....

>- .02

<t

48

;:)

,-35

~ .01

28

u .008
.006
RMO

004

"

OVE RALL

.002
.001
0

.,

8
TI ME. minutes

10

12

'

------~~~~~~--~. .~. .~'~..~P~.~~8-}~ac~,~-Q1",.~.;~,~I'~~~('~~~~?;~,'~r~J~,h~~4.'1~~~~~~.~~i=~I~j:~.~FPZMOC~~~~<~-Rm~~J~~trEW~'~'~"W~1W~~?~!'~"-t~t~?T"""

L..",

)~/~"''''~~1'L~~~~V~1,,,,,~,,,,,,,,v,,,,,,,,,,~~.t_,,,v~'''''~,,*,,'''~fi''''''_<r .......'tr;::'I~_"' .. _.... _,~_~, ~

95.

.,
- ...

1
,

.
FIGURE 5.14
Pb/Zn RMD grinding experiment.
First-order plots.

Galena (PbS) results.

\

, (

~~----______________"''-'''''''R~''''''''''''''''''''
__''_;Jl'I'''..-w~~~~~:UCi~;'

zs:i .

u ..

.-/
,
ra:z:ttJt::&_j_.M_~~.~j~_.

~~-

L,.

-r",:H,. I~

'"(f't;"'?""''''

....

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t

1
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.6

'1:

.4

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::: .OS'
u

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04

:t
L&J

~
~

02

-'
;:::)

:t
01 .
;:::)

u OOS
006

48

RMO

35
28

_GALE NA

001 _ _ _

--:--:;--_~~~--1-~---1

12

minutes

96.

-'

'b

,1

..

.'

~}
-'.,'t

.,

FIGURE 5.15

Pb/Zn RMD grinding experiment.

results. First-order plots.

<7
..,.
c

Spha1erite (ZnS)

or

--

,\

'1
1
1

-'

,(

'-,
,l'

~.----

1 \

1.0 ,..------r---_r_-----,,.....-....:...--.----or------,
.8

.6
.4
.\

\,

Il:::
lJJ
1.1)

<

.2

Il:::

cl'

tJ

z
.1
o .OB

t-

.0&

CI::
IJ..

--=-

.04

.01

cl

100

lJJ

.02

,
65'

ct

1
1:

=>

tJ '.008

48

006
35

RMO

004

28

SPHA LERITE

.002 \
,

.OOl~

____

______

____

______

TIME.

__

la

___

12

minutes

~
(

"

_.

::j)

,\..v..~,t .t,..5 . ,. . . .l"i'llfl,~~~,~-'tJ~~'-.~\r':,o(''t.... '''~''A..,1='t. . . . .,,-t'~~,,;tr'\\'l-~..,. ..

;-

..., .._
~

...__ ..

-..~w

"r_ t

"P..

\ l'

~_

97. '

') "
.'

"FIGURE 5.16
,

. P~/Zn RMD grind~ni expe~iment.

- Fust'-order plots;

,,-

Pyrt (FS ) results.

2
1

1"

, j

"f

\
j

!.

..

'

...

".......
.i

;,

"

.'.

-....r-".,..,.,~~

t,

t{~I,/"t'

.~

...

"'"

r .. ' ..~.I.\".)I',-...i

:>k ........ ,..." ....r ..

. _, . . . ". . to_. . ... ,. . '....... ___

(>-

"

'ln'

~_

"

.- ~f;'
~\
l~
t,

:h

;!

&,

......

~:
~";,

\i

~'
~

1
1

-1

"

',

!
'1

1.0

.8

.6

.4

200

,1

Cl:

UJ

i:'

Il

VI

.150

.2

Cl:

<%

100

z' .1
8 .08
I-f
"
(l"

l'

j'

'.

65

~ .06

---

Cl:

U.

48

1-

UJ

:>

35'

.02

28

1- '

....
::::l

"r7

~
~

.01

~.~8

.006
'\

"-

..

.'

R MO
PYRITE

.0OIt

,.~

.Q02

"-

...-'"

.001
0

"'

0,

6
TI ME,

10

12

minutes

.'

~.

,1

.
_-'-__________
-=-____..:......,...""""'al_.._ ....... " ..<LJCW
;.

---="

'. ,

98.

\.

J,

FIGURE 5.17

Pb/Zn CUF grinding experiment:

plots.

Qvelall results.

p-ord~r

\:,

...J

.,

'.

o
, 1

, - - - - - - - - - - - . . . ; , -_ _ _ _ _ _ _...
UIl!I&i
____
+ _ _ _ _IIiIUIllIll
__D!lIIIIIIIIE.IIW!,~yA

\~,

.
L"

\
'l

,~~~~~*1", \

'-~

,,
':;'
' "

'c'

i, .

. :t

'0.

'"

(1

l'

,-

,
i

..

"'.

t "'....
t,,,

6.

l'

"

l '

")~

. ,.,

"

lb

"
~

1-

<(
-1

,!l'..~--------~

20,0

{I

:::)

.,

--=-r~
,.:

,
p

4-

1\

20

UME. minute.s

';t

.J

0,

10 12

'\-'

h,

-(/

_'''''''.''''''

"

0;,

'"

40

60 80100

",..

~,.-

"a

~~' 1 ~r~h"{~r""~~~1\;\~~~~~r;_""~.I";"" .. 'PtIJ.ti(,"'''1t*'''f'','''t~fIl~_~v", .',..,

1 ._

-~ ..:..~

'

..........

.........~~ .......

-_ .....

99.

l'

.....
,

>

FIGURE' 5 .18
o

Yh/Zn CUF gri~~ing

'p-order plots.

experim~nt.

Galena (PhS) results.

,- .
\

"

"

~.

/'';S
~-

~'
\.

..
~
1

'"

CJ...

~!;-1

,/

,l
--'

-99.9

99.0
/

Rosin- Rarnro1er

48

s.b..ill.

65

100
150'
\

200

"

NOTE:

......./

>
-30.0
....
<t

j-

7
.

270

-1

:::)

T-

% 20.0

400

:::)

--.

..

Feed and
S mm. product
data were no t
used ln Reg.
analysis

X/.
1

./ 1

~._ ....... l-

lJJ

>,

--

~.
~
gl

.,<1

1 _

,E

.
!

:=

1 ...

1 / 1 ,1111
i5:

-,

J::>

.-:: 1

El

..JLE

'-1

-t-"'

GALENA

~:
QI

-J
.(

L~~~~;--:60

0.8

1012

Ii,~-mj nu t,es

\ TI M

'\

\.

..

1
1

.1

_____crHt1. -

100 .

..
=.

,.0

FIGURE 5.19
A

Pb/Zn CUF grinding experimmt.

results. p-order plots.
/

Sphalerite (ZnS)

'

"

,'
;-

0'
1

..

R oSln-Ram
"
mer
1

.s.b..!r.!.
Il:

80.0

IJJ
~

70.0

IL.

60.0

(.J

Il.

50.0

IJJ

>

:::

..J

30.0

::;)

~ 20.0

(.J

CUF

5 PHALERr'T E

\{

"

20
minut es

\
"

~O

60

101 ...

'if

fi'

tJ'

tt

.,
1
1

l
,

/
~

FIGqRE 5.20

Pb/Zn CUF grinding

p-order plots.

expe~ment.

Pyrite (FeS ) results.

2
l'

f,

'

"

r
1

99.9
,

,...,.-.....;..-__r---...,...-__

,~~~/'

.
28

100

150

200

.;:::;--/

../.

./ /./
/a
/
'
/.
./

Rosin-Rammler

'~

~./

/
.,
. .
/

~/ / /

--

_.~.

--

/.

48 . - 65

~::;.-'. /. J

~_:::::::.

35 _ .

l,

--,..--...--.?~__r---...,...-""'l

'/

,/

- /-./
/
/._/

'//

./

/.
/./.
___ a/" / - / . ,

/. .

"

~./

270

---/

400 - -

..

CUF

PY RITE

~O~------~----~--~~--~----------~--60
6 8 10 12
20
0.8
2
TIME,

\'

"

.~.

minutes

.~

-~--~---~-.-.

102.

l
1

..

FIGURE 5.21
Pb/Zn RMD grinding experiment.
p-order pl~ts.

Overall results.

)
.\

"" ..,,1

,.

-" ,, "
f

"

.~

(;':;l~ .

"

.)

------.',-

~I

'//-!
\
J

,.

99.9
99.0

95.0

MESH

90.0

"

2B

80.0
Il:
I.&J

-....

100

....

Iso

z 70.0

IJ..

60.0

~50.0

3: 40.0

200

lU

:: 30.0
....
<r

35
48
65

-~

210

...J

i:::>.20.0

Rosin-Rammler

400

cha r t

f"'~~

'

.,~

rI"t!1)17tp.~-"''''''''''ft.."

RMD

10.0
p

~L-

0.14

____

OVERALL

____-L____
2

____L -____

4-

~~w

20

30

TIME. minutes

Il

'.

'

'""-,_._-....,--

- --~~-"- -'_..
'"
'i

10,3.

.,

'.

"

"

"

,"1

\ '

------------

"

,.,;. -,

,l

,.

~~

~~

FIGURE 5.22
Pb/~n RMD grinding
p-order plots.

experiment.~

Gaiena (PbS) results.

<

"JI

"

,"

.1',1

'

1,

-'l""''''f l"Ft

.,~ .;".:-'l"'.......

,~

"'"

'"

I~

. .'

~,

i, .-

"11

y
,

. 1

99.9

~
l,

~/

-\

.r

",--

a~..

Ir!"

~:

.
26
35

48
65
100

---/:.::/'~
--/-! . G

-e

--..

.;-

./"/..
/ /

~..
:.----

---

200 - -

.
.

1./
~

270 -e

,'/
/.

~.'

i
<0;1-'

/:

-:~

150

~I

./

. / R sin-Rammier

e
e

;harl

R MO'"
G A LENA

)
5.0
0.4

2
mlnut es

. ;

()

& il

\,

,I.-:~-~~.."'t< ~ "po. t..Jrl ~,t~r-~"-~Il':l''l'''''t-,."

' ...\1-.."(....... <)-.0

,,~, Il'''''

r -:._

,~h'II'i""'~f\"~'t~f;ll_1

....y,,~

'""'~. _ '.1...,""_ ~

l'

,/

104. ,

()

..

,,

...

co.

"

1
\

FIGURE 5.23

'1

,-

Po/Zn RMD grinding experiment.

resu1 ts .' /p.-order plots.

Sphalerite (ZnS)

..

1
-.;
'd

\ 0

,,.-..

~:.'

<'l'l"

......-

':~

..
1

'

a.

_....

-.,.~--

_....--... .

"

V
/

"

~,I

'

, ,

'

..?

,
1,

5.0 _ _.L-~0.6 '

2;-~-~-~~-:-_-1~~-

)p

",6 " 8 10
TIME,

20

40

minute~ l
,:c,

!.
,
1

1,1

!'1

'1

()

105.

\\

FIGURE 5.24

'Pb/Zn RMD grinding experi1llent.

p-order plots.

Pyrite CfeS2) resul ts.-

.1

,,",

,'v
,
"

99,9r---'r---r--T-~-~(

/'

MESH

.
QSIO-

R'a

"

>
:: 30.0

<
...J
:::1

2;20.0

:::1
(J

...

5.0

6
tIME

~,

8 10

20

,40

minutes
, "
t. :

t
"

"

--------

~--_

.. - - - -

106.

accurate fit over this time was felt necessary rather th an over aIl

time.

Neverthe1ess, as Figures 5. 17 to S. 24 show, for the p-order

./

model, extrapolation to longer times was possible.

It shou1d be loted that the p-order regression results of

."

CUF, s he fractions 150 and 200# (Appendix IV,

1
:

the physicallY impossible result

'

}>PbS,200# (0.0919).

Sectio~

ri

10. 1)' gave .

that bpbS , 150# (0.043) ~s less than

Ta overcome future prob1ems in simulating the,

grinding circuit using this data, a new regr.ession analysis was

pe~formed

omitting these two points.

Figures 5.13 ta 5.16 show that first arder is a

poor fit ta the data, e~pecial1y for the caarser fractions, with th~

"

f'

possib~e excepoIl4 of :pyrite.

.:.10

.,

for

!.l

t~e

J..

,/

Although not shown, first o~der plots..,

CUF materiai we, equally poor.

On the other hand, the p-order

"4-

,fit is extreme1y successfu1 over the- entire size, mineraI and

~,'
,<

re~~tivtIY

tim~

range.

To illu5trate the 5uccess, Figure 5. 2S shows the p-order and

first order fits for ... 28 mesh ga1ena. from CUF.

The p-order fhs the

- observed curvature extremely closely. especially considering the

expanded ordinate .scale with this plot.
Figure 5.26 shows
overall, PbS, ZnS,

FeS~

,/

~he,instantaneous

and calcite-dolomite.

rates-of-breakage of
The plots are for the
\

CUF and RMD grind experiments.

The grind Ume utilized is 3.26 min,

corresponding to the simulated steady state residence time of the

154.2 mtph throughput.
\

rat~of-breakage

Th~

equation used to calculate the

r":'taneous ,

i-l

i5 Equation (2 .. 1.15).

"

,
1

1-

-'

107.

:\

FIGURE 5.25

Pb/Zn CUF grinding experiment .. Galena (PbS), +28

,
mesh fraction. P16ttng of the grinding ratio Cm i (0) /Cm i Ct)
vs. time on a semi-log scale chart. The graph'
~.
shows the measured and the first and p-order regression
data poillts.
~

\.

1:
i.

"

"

,,.~
0

p.

"

,
./

!'

..

'",

r
,

1000~----~-----r----~~----~----~--~~----~

750

500

j
250
"

-"s

u
.....

100

75

measured
.1st-order Regression
p-order R,egression

50
25

-.ii...
o

10

C!)

7.5

oz

-z

UF-EXPERIMENTS
PbS

+28 mesh

Il::

Cl)

GRIND

KI N E TIC 5

km.i 0.5244 m&n-

Pm,i 0.7525
./
bm,i .; 0.9093 mi.;Pm.i

.50~

0,

____~____~__--~------~~--~----~----~
2

10

TIME,

minute!$

12

14

108.

Q ,

r
1

"

<,,'

''1

FIGURE 5.26

Pb/Zn'lab grinding experiments. OVerall and

mineral-by-mineral instantaneous rate-of-breakage
vs. particle ~ize at 't' - 3.26 min.
a) CUF eXperiment~j b),RMD jjferiments.

r'
l
f

o
,
~,

.'

'

.... 1.0

~=o.8

~0.6

L50A

85
Il
0
1

.,
../

~r2
<t

....

'Cl:

li)

a)

=>
0 Q.1

,f>

zLU .08
z~ .06
;:!

LAS' GRIND KINETICS

/'

CUF

7 ;: 3.26 min

.04

li)

'-

EXPERIMENTS

------ 0 VE RA LL

.02
400

200

:!:;E 1.0.8,0

100
48
',28
PAR'T!CLE SIZE, MESH

_ _ ZnS

~ 0.6

PbS

lJJ

~1 0.4
~

CAL/DOL

1-

~ 0.2

(J')

=>
,0
1JJ.01,
z
.08
....

0)
LAS GRIND KINE TIC-S

~.06

RMO EXPERIMENTS

t-

U)

:T ';:

2.04
......

3.26' min

------ 0 VER AL L
.02~~--~--~--~-=L---~~--~--~----~

400 : .'
,

200

, 100

48

28
PARTICLE SIZE, MESH

~" .."l;~,l'~

.... r~"";t-"'\ ...

,. ~

_~

'"

\.

H""'" 'l'('~~.

"t . . . "

"'''(fl~.......

::r

~,

lO~.
fi

The

inst~taneous

rates-of-breakage are similar

for~h

samples and reveil an S-shape curvature from k . ~ 0.02 to ~ 0.07~

m.l
.
: -1
mln
Note that pyrite exhibits consistently the lowest rate-ofbreakage and PbS usually the

~ighest.

except at the finer sizes.

5.1.3 Flotation Mdel

,l

Oata was available for the f1otation recovery'matrix. YC

m,l.
Data based on ball ,
f~'

from tests on ore and ball mill

d~scharge

samples.

mil1 dis charge samp1es was selected for the simulation.

,shows the data used. which is typica1 of these tests..

Figure 5.27
The overal!

recovery and flotation conditions accompanY,the figure.

\
!

The 3 min

flotati9n time was specified by Pine Point for design purposes.

The

actual data matrix employed is given i,n Appendix V Section V .3.1 and
J

V.3.2.

5.2

Plant
,

5.2.1

/.

Plant Data Adjustment //

(
7 1
__
Two sets of samp1es,/were available to ascertairl the ~rind

,,-,,"

ci,rcuit performance.
for the 190.3 tonne/hr

One set was for 154.2 tonne/hl' and the other

through~t.

maximum range of operation

atP~ne

This represents about the

Point.

each of the f1ve streams of the circuit.

determin~d;

A sample was
~Size

opt~ned

and chemical

from

assay~

were

this 'is the raw -dat to be adjusted.

The adjustments wel'e p_erformed using th,e computer program of

" Appelldix IV, Section IV. 2.

Sec~on

IV. 2.1 is the printout for the 154.2.

mtph case" whilst Section IV.2.2 reports the t90.3 mtph case." Both

Ci

'

"1- (~,'r",'t:.~;'<r'-~~ ~ ~..~~~~1t...~ W~~~'"~\!t'~i'~'~",_~<R~IlIU_,~"'~

.. .......- -.....

~- .~"- ~., - .~

f,':

;T

,:,

'"~~r

110.

/i,

'1,.(;

".
1~

Ct

.~

~ ~

l'

\'1

~
~

l
i

1
FIGURE 5.27
,
Pb/Zn BMD lab flotation experiment results.
Min,exal-by-mineTal Tecoveries vs. particle size.

,\f,_

Q,

",

....:'\,

~"

~~,..

j'

1...1;_

~,

'MMlJl'!:.~'r

'r
",
1"

/
ff

.-:,1.0

400 270 200 150 100 65

48

35 28

>>-

CI::
LU

MESH No .

f-" -----,--r----,.--r-~-_..___..,..-_r___T:..-.-_.__----__.

aa

::>

o
()

.,KEY

0_0 _ _ _
,
.
0
0 __ 0~
~

~ 0.6

'z

"

<El

'S

;"
1

~ 0.4
1o

PbS
ZnS
,FeS 2 '

....J

IJ..
, ,

0.2

weight sample,

partie le size. mierom'etroes

percent Fe

cr

head
eonc
tails
-'
Fe recovery., PCT

Il 005

head
conc
tails

710

10'295

Eercent Pb

.'

~ilS
b recove:r, per

9.7

76.1
5.1
SO.7

Eercent Zn

.A

1.0

8.9

0.8 .
,

celI vOlum; ..
pu1:? dilution
pH
flotation time

,\<'Jo

head
conc

8.4

head
cone
tails
Zn recovery, PCT'

5.4
4.1
5.5
5.6

5 It
60% by ',olt.
10
t
3 min

:r:eaB:ents
eX-3'1, 1% (collector)
MIBC, 100% (frotner)
ZnS04. 1% (Zn' depress.)
CaO (pH modifier)

0.13 Ibs/sh. ton

0.02
O.~7

'

y,

L..
111.

results are presented in

~abu~ar form, showing t(e

and the adjusted data (size and chemical

as~ays

raw data (unadjusted)

in percent).

Also shown

is the overal1 and.minetal-by-mineral mass ratio of cyclone feed to

overflow, 1. e. (1

CL).

The adjustments are small for the size aS5ays data and .
re1atively

high~r

for the mineraI a5say data.

Table 5.11 gives a

measure of the standard error (absolute) for the size and mineraI
assays in the COF for the two tonnages.

~1

Note that S . and S . are not the adjusted percent mineraI

m,l

.m,l

assays ca1culated with the Lagrangian mthod.

They have been caIculated

from the following equations:

..
CS .1)

- ~ factor.mCsizem,l. chemm, l..) ad'JUS t ed/ lOO

CS .2)

")
,~

where

.
size m,l,and chemm,l.. are percs~ize and mineraI assays,
resp~ctivelyj and factor
m 15 the stoichiometric factor to
.~

convert chemical to mineraI assays.

The st:andard errors. calcu1ated in this way reflect the weighted effect
of the adjustment on the mineraI assays.

, i

"

~ ,"'~"y'il!;l"7~.. Jr'r';~'1.'f~~rl>n ....:ttar"1'i_-;'i'>\f'<tt;:N'"~!t-"'~~f"'fl~~~~~o;,.,...~ ~',(JI'O

.. _ ... ___ _

nt.
,<

ft
'.

S , Standard Erior of Size and

TABLE 5.11

Mfnera1 Assays in Percent (Absolute).

Stream: Cyclone OVerflow (COF) .

Standard Error

Item

.. size

154'.2 mtPh

PhS

0.08

190.3 mtph

0.26

0.19

0.05

,
~

0.16

ZnS

FeS z,

. 0.69.

0.02
,

0.'19-

.~

, ~ e . ;Ca=1.::;cu;;;,;1;:.;:a;;;,;t;;:i;;:;o.:.;.n.;;.5:

s. )

-site:

where:

e
. " n

mineraI:

2 1/2

.l }

. lIeSm,l.. - s1Il.l.
{1
e

'si and Si /are

n - 1

adju~ted

1/2

.
.

'and unadjusted PCT size assays,

respectively.
S . and S are~dju5ted and unadjusted percent mineraI
m.l.
, m, l .
assays, respectively.

t.
i

; .1

o
','

r.
\.'

"

" .. ,f'>!'i"i"l?

".

.'1'

..
"

"~"}~'~~ff""~~.~~i*Y2-~;.o:v~~~-"".~ ofj~",:""'...~i) ~'~y~-A~~'1f"-i>.)j: ...___-, ~""".>"V

...,.

~.,.

_. _ _ ....

It3.

'5.2.2

."

Cyclone

6/---"Va~l1e.

r'<I

...

. fwlatrHc

....., '

The cyclone .e!ctivity ind"

by the program of Section IV.2.

adjusted Y "' for 154.2
m,l

Y.,i

are

.;.0 calculated

The p intouts give the unadjusted 'and

a~d 190.$~mtph ~~ges.

Combined )fodel

representat~on

A. graphica:l

of th'e Plitt Model

....

7;i th~
.
~.

cllissif~cation curve is shown in Figure 5.28 to Fi~re 5.31' for both

l,

1 ~

where:

yI

'

follo~ing

. is calculated by means of 'the

m.l

equation:

(2.2.4)

m,l. - am)/CI - am)

(Y

m.l

.'

Tables ~.12 ~nd 5.13 show Y'm,ii dSO(C)m; and am and nm'of the 154.2
and -190.3' mtph cases.

respectively.

The Finch/Matwijehko mode 1 ,

, relating dS&(C)m to mineraI de~sity is:

1

ln {dSO(C)m} ,'" - K-l ln {(Pm -, P

-,

'

J}

+ K2

(2. 2 .1)

Figure 5.l2.,shows t~e plo~s... of:ll\ {iso(c)m} vS'. ln {Pm - I} on a log-log

1

scale chart.

.,

The regression lin~~

<D

and

@' in

the figure ar, defined

1
1
,',

p'

1.l ,

by the following eqUatons:

"

114.

,<

,
J

FIGURE 5.28

Plant derived cyclone'performance ~urves at 154;2 mtph.

MineraIs: \ galena, sphalex:ite, pyrite and, calcite/ '
dolomite. a) selectivity ndex Ym, i vs', parti<~le siZe;
b) classification index Y"m,i vs. particle~size.

1..._""",'

//
i. .'

1
-

1
j

1,

1,

')

'"

f'

"

"'-

r
111)

:,'
,
ft

,
~

~""'''''''''f'

..t

........ _ ... __

w __

il

1
1

-je" /~j~

l'

- , >1-

;::
u

1-

)54.2 mtph
ose

--1
'f./)

. O.~

v........
/

le ...

06

1LI

LU

~:~-

VI

"

0,2

v/
"

VI

,KEY,',

,pbS
FeS2
~ ZnS
Jf

..,

CAl/DOL

a)

0.0
PARTICLE SrZE, micrametres

1.0' r-----r-..----r---r-r-::_t_---4r---r----.----,
>-

><

~
z

-.

Qa

-
0

1-

154.2 m tph. '

0.6

j'

lJ..

' f./)
f./)

KEY

0.4

--1

PbS
FeS2

',"

ZnS

0.2

CAL/DOL

0.0

L-_---L----'''--L~-L-.......I-~_.L.---'-----......

'

44 62

as

124 176 249 352,1498 704

PARTICLE SIZE.

micrometres"

.'

_"""

M.~_"'_~'_"

____" _ _ _ ___

115.

r
1

i
1

..:.:. FIGURE 5.29

Plant derived cyclone performanc~ curves at' 154.2

mtph. MineraIs:' galen, sphalerite,.\pyI-ite and
calcite/dolomij:e. Classification iride'X Y'm' i vs.
'particle size. Rosin-Rammler chart.

.,

"

h
1

.,

*:t
'J

99.9

r----.--------r~r___r__r____r.....:.-,__..,____r_-_.,

99.5
>-

90.0

>< 80.0

,1

70.0
60.0

z 50.0
0

,1--

40.0

..... 30.0

IJ..

lJ')
lJ')

20.0

<{,

..J

KEY .

o PbS

10.0

FeS2

ZnS

I!l

154,2' rnt ph

5.0
t

-_ ...

----

"

_.

".0
,5

10

.
.

44,

62' 88 124 176 249 352 498

,~

"'.

CAL/DOL

<q

PARTIe tE SIZE

micrometr:es

":

/ '

116.

.,

-,"

.,'

./

//

1
1

1
1

l
FIGURE 5.30

"-

Plant derived cyclone performance curv.es a,t 190.3

mtph. MineraIs: galena, sphalerite, pyrite and
calcite/dolomite. a) seTectivity inqex Ym i vs.
particle size; b) cl~ssification index Y'm'i vs.
particle size.
'
,

...,..

-,

.'

.J

'1

()

./

'"

,,<

'. ,

.....

<

_ _ _ _ _ _..L
_ _ _ _...;.._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ,-="-=-.,"

,
1~ ..,qV\~~~.P~1I9='1,~V.";\\'A~1iII"'>1':!:4-.,....!~.~""r,..., .~~l,,,,,:,,;o ... ~f'fWV"r-l""~~

.... ...

... ..,., ....__ .. __

~~ ~~, ~~~-----

---.

....

i'
:1"

Ci,

1. a
>"
.~

//-A/';"

./-/./, j-

- 0.8

><

a
z

>

t-

(J.

w
...J

1
/

>-'
t-

-'-

-"

7~

0.4'

190.3 mtph

-/
V

v)

W
(J)

'.

V_V/--'

, 0.2

'K E Y

a)

,PbS
FeS2

ZnS
CAL/DOL

00
62 88

44

;.

124 176 249 352 498 704

>-

PARTICLE SIZE, micrometres

>-

"

,""
l'

1.0

~
,'

1-

2Jr

><

W
0

,~

1
1

0.8

190.3 mtph

$_U'

0.5

....

lJ..
(J)
(J)

...J

0.4

0.2

KEY

...

.;

0.0

of

/'

-'

.)
.,

b)

,PbS
Fe,52
A. ZnS
CAL/DOL

.,'

44 62 88 124 176 249 352 498 704

PARTICLE SIZE, mirometres

..

, 1,

117.

l'

\.

FIGURE 5.31

Plant derived cyclone performance curves at 190.3

mtph. MineraIs: galena, sphalerite, pyrite'and
calcite/dolomite. Classification index yI ,vs.
particle size/ Rosin-Ramml~r chart.
m,l

.,

1
1

i,

,-.

,"

-,,

99.9

99.5

\-

>-

90.0

SO.O

x:-

lJ.l

oz

r~"

70.0
60.0

500

z
o 40.0

,-

,j

1-

~ 30.0

.....
.....

l1..

---

....

<{
...J

10.0

5.0

'1

190.3

mtpn

KEY

'.

Pb5

FeS2
ZnS
CAL/O-OL

...
V

1.0

.'

'"

'

10: .

62 88

44

~-.cr;.~,,DpARTICLE
"i

SIZE, microme res'

~,

'

o
"

',~j,

...

.-

f,

os

AMie s -

-p

118.

TABM12
Cyclone

Ptrf'orman~e

using Plitt's Model of

cyclone Classification. Tonnage: 154.2 mtph

"

Classification IndexJ Y'm,i

.
size d, 1JlIl .
(geometrical mean)

704
498
352
249
176
124
88)
62'
44

0.9812
0.9103
1.0000
1.0000
0.9670
0:9655
0.9715
0.8959

,
,

\/

am
dSO(C)m'

PbS

"

l1 m

0.9845
0.9807

0.~6438

0.3951

0.2886

2.288

0.9844
0.8615
O~9814

0.9373

0.8648
,0.9229
0.7684
0.5191
0.2095

88.84
1

2.004

FeS.,

ZnS

1.~0000
0.9834
0.9525
0.7404
0.5348
0.2347
0.1733

36.98
,

nm

;,,-

0.3545
65.97

.,

2.272

Cal/Dol
0.9645
0.9585
0.8490
0.6900
0.4038
0.1160
0 .1574
0.0000
}r 0.0676

0.2306201.16
2.282

\,

),
i

, "

...

-,--.

~."I(I---"'---_._""'-"'"

119.

TABLE 5.13 Cyclone Performance using Plitt's Model of

Cyclone Classification.

size d. \lm.

Tonnage:

Classificat~on Index, yI
~-------r----~~r-----~~.i------~

(geometrical mean)

PhS

ZnS

704
498
352
249
176
124
'88
62
44

1.'0000
0.9920
0.9689'
. 0.9965
0.9902
0.9710
0.9628
0.7882
0.5689

1.0000
0.9938
0.9631
0.9726
0.8991
0.7897
0.4491
0.0933
0.0918

0.9554
0.9265
0.9685
0.9649
0.9492
0.8619
0.7307

0.398~

0.'2279

0.9596
0.9723
0.8566 1
0.5480
0.2732
0'.0627
0.0003
0.0000
(-0.2674)

0.6241

1.992

Cal/Dol

FeS'

40.62

dSO (C)m' \lm.

0.4665
92.86
2.803

0.6951
68.25
2.344

..

.,
()

190.3 mtph

0.2819
~

236.44
2.621-

.-

120.

0
o

".

.f

FIGURE S.32
Gener~l cyclone ~o~e1. C~rrected c~t-~ize dSO(C)m
vs. mlnera1 spec1flc gravlty. Regressl0n
1ines 1 for 154.2 and 2 for 190.3 mtph plant
tonnages (10g-,10g sale).

"

... .
/

r
f

o
r

,.

~ ..

~-

..'

'l,

,,'

---.,... .

'f

_~

,"

."

~~"

~ ~O''''''l.l, .."," ~~,

t"'h<\';1

],,~i .~,-

--- .........

"

CI

..

'

1000
~. 800

E
600
0

'.

'~

'-

'.~

......
u

"0

L1J
N
......
(J)
1

100

=>

80

60

L1J

KEY
ql

\. UJ

154 .,2 m t p h
190.3 mtph

40

0:
0:
0

.u

20

,1

.'

Q'

.-.

10,

4'

6 8 10

20

'40

60 80 100
J

~-

.
"

,(MINERAL SPECIFIe GRAVITY -1.), g/cm~

;",

;
1

,p-

',<

121.
l,

~
i
0,

'"
,i"

.....,

'fJ

'C

'\1

Line

(154.2
mtph)
:

,-/
~

"

G,

"

1.332 ln {Pm"':- J.} + 6.053

~5.1)

'(

,,~t

Line

(190.3 mtph)
1

"

.::

- 1. 3~4 ln {p~ - l } "'" 6.202

:1
4

f.

(5.2)

'

where

,w

,~

p~

has taken the value 1 (water).

ha~ made use of the assumption that a

~4001t

The analysis
just described
,

in Equation
(2.2.4) is -the m
.

of mineraIs short-circuited to the

u~derf1ow:

Such an assumption

is not necessarily correct for aIl the mineraI species. especially for
the denser ones,

!i

Nevertheles,s.

(see Figures 5.28 and 5.30).

he 'absence of information on the'

'sub-s~eve

ffctions.

An alternate pro':edJre is

1
1

to estimate am for which true short-circuiting is physically rea!.

The

,task is beyond the scope of this work.

l'

1
~

'~

fl

5.2.3

Plant-Derived First Order Rate-of-Breakage (OVerall)

~I

Figure 5.:)3 ws~ows the pl0?,~ cumulative-b:sis specifie

"

;a

4
'Ii

rate-of-breakage vs. 'd, particle si'e, for the 154.2 and 190.3 mtph

,f,

cases.

"

k i was back-caieulated with the use of the adjusted., overall

~

"'"

size assays of CUF (cyclone underOow or ball mill feed) and BMD

(baIl mill discharg~), tbe volumetrie ball mill holdup (Appendix'IU,

,~,

li

~"li
;/>
",

Section III. 3) J'and the known pulp dilution of

tion used was Equation (2.1.6) in the

UF

stream.
1

The equa-

.following,~form:

0
",

. ".
- - - - - - " - - - - - - - ' ' ' - - - - - , -,- ."'_.,~--,.,-"---------------

"

122.

(j

, ...

"

4'

,,.,

FIGURE 5.33
Plant deriv~d overall fi~st-order rate-of-breakage~~~
vs. particle size, Plant operation fresh thrdughputs at 154.2 and 190.3'mtph (log-log scale) . .

..

...
r
0

"

..

'

."

. "

\.
;

\
,

.'

o~
/

..

.'

."

,",

L-.

t".'

-,
,

.~

0;
.',

-.

,.. ,~J?.;t'~r~~~':.?tf1l~~~~~";..,.,r.,,,.,. ....

.: -...

r~~y.,~.,.,..~_ _ _

'lOi.

"

______

fI_~

~.~_

1
1
!

. f\
,

'\

'\

'-,

1. 0 r-----r--r---,r--~_,_-r___...,___Ir'_r___------.
0.8,

c
,E

0.6

04

<!)

'-

<{

,-

W
0:::

0.2

cc

J.,
0

W
,.:..
<(

0.1

'0:::

0.08

0.06

lJ..
~,

PLANT DATA

0.04

0-

..x

KEY.

U')

..

0.02

III

..

154.2 mtph (1"'= 3.11 min)

190.3 8'tph (T= 2.18 min)
.. q

0.01
,

'

74

/,,~

//

'592

, l,

. r -.

, l"

296

PARTIClE SIZE, micrometres'

....

148

, 1.

123.

(5.3).

,1

where:

is mean residence

time~

BMH

min (- VF) (Equation (2.}.14)

is cumulative size assay coarser (Pet) of cyclone

undrflow (adjusted)
is cumulative size assay coarser (Pet) ,of ball mil!

"

,/

discharge (adjusted)
,

ts volumetrie bail mill holdup (m3)

'.

-r

is the voiumetric flo~ rate of pulp iD'ball mi11 '

VF

feed (ml/min).

VP at 154.2 and 190.3 mtph

w~s

'

calcuh,ted using the specifie gravity

of the solids entering the ball mill (u,sing the adjusted data and the
,

kno~

density of the mineraI species composing the ore) and

pulp dilution.

the"me~sured

In Sl~~.ry . the c.lcul.ted mean residenee times .r':

",
T

154 . 2 m~ph -

3.11 min
J,

. --1>

'[190.3 ~tph

.. 2.18 min

RO$ression analysis.on the data gives the following:

o

.,

Case l,

IS4.2~mtph
"Ix '

,. k. 1
1,

,,

"

J'

i1
1

r'

os

qJ

ou:;;;tEZ

...

~/l
~ ..l

"

124.

Case 2, 190.3 mtph

k.~, 2&~ 9.44xlO

-4

'.

dl. 042

r~

Cases 1 and 2
,

k.

1.,1-2

'where:

ki

9.18xIO- 4 .

Jl 043

1s the first order rate-of-breakage (min- 1).

d. is the screen size opening (!lm)

,-

Table 5.14 shows

th~

rate-of-~reakage

plant-derived first order

and for comparis~n the'p and first ordr rates-of-breakage drawn from
the batch laboratory experiments on the CUF material.

The similarity

'\

s striking.

5.3 Simulation
5.3.1

BalI Mill On1y

The baIl Mill was simulated mineral-by-mineral using the

known mean residenc
Ume at 154."2 mtph Ct - 3.11 min).
, ,
model of grinding was

uti~ized

~rom t~e CUF experiments.

a10ng

r.e~u1:.S .r~orted i~ ~diX

"

the lab-derived parameters

The milr feed mineraI 'tlistributipn, in

cumu1ativ
coarser form, Cm,1..(0)
.
. was

-:..

wit~

The p-order
,

IV.

ea1cul~ted

from\ the adjusted

Th,e equation u'sed to determine the

size distribution of the product, C .(1') was:

m,l.

()
,

/,

",

bill"

fi'

11t2~"
.~,
~
tti

Mill8!!lOIn_stt

fJ~IUU ~.J..P4~iQ"Jt"'t1:i#JI'J1'.I_;!~r.
_,

,JSJ&III!!Jt.~.

'..

lliliV

ID

~,

" '_
_'
"!!
\

- ... , ,

, _1..

,.~-W:~
-~.~~;:,;>~~",.~",~$';

r - J.,
,

j
;

"!~.t

TABLE 5.14

~
",

.'

First-Orde~ Rate-of-~reakage

k. lant of Overa11 Mineral,

Back-Ca1cu1ated using P~ant DatPcompared ~ith Lab-Derived
p-Order Instantaneous Rate-o~-Breakage k i ,lab-p anQ LabDerived lst-Order Rate-of-Breakage ki,lab-1st. __________~

J
t

'll

j
154.2
~article

mt~h;

= 3.11 min

190.3 mtph;

Size
,ki.E1ant

Pm

ki11ab-E

k.1.E 1ant

killab-lst

L -

2.18 min

k.1, 1a b -EU-

.
.

0.7124
0.4981 ,
0.3400
0.2511
0.1671
0.1072

~300

212
1~0

106
75
53
38

010790

0.0549
0.0426

0.5563
0.5348
0.4181
0.3049
0..1898
0.1158
0.0764
0.0486
0.0372

<'16.4247

0.4897
0.4614
0.3412
0.2082
0.1233
0.0788
0.0506
0.0385

0.6753
0.4990
0.3481
0.2593
0-:1716
0.1093
0.0782
0.0549
0.0416

0.6006
0.5486
0.4063
0.2955
0.1850
. 0.1138
0.0756
0.0478
A'> 0.0366

'1

~.

"

k'
.
i.,lab-lst

.~

600
425

1
,

'-

0.4247
0.4897
0.4614
0.3412
0.2082
0.1233
0.07'88
0.0506
0.0385

.JI

=
"

:...,

'"

..

,.J

c,i'
~
.J

....

N
VI

.,.-

~'-

-.

~~~

~"'--

.._--

,j

J
!

. 1261

C . (,)
m,1

.(0) exp {- F

m,1

&m m,1.

p .
m,l}

(2. L 14)

,
F~

F~ was

for PbS was taken as 0.7; for the other minerals

value 1 (see later).

taken at

Table 5.15 shows the simulation results for PbS.

Figures 5.34 and 5.35 show the mineraI frequency distributions of PbS,
ZnS, FeS 2" and

~~lcite-dolomite,

as cumulative WT. PCT. finer vs.

particle "'size for

. the CUF and RMD streams.
,l~boratory

of BMD using the

Clearly, the simulation

derived kinetics is

qui~e

successful.

Only in the case of PbS was the plant-fitted Fgm parameter required.
As a

not~

of interest, observe that the extent of size reduction

decreases in the order calcite/dolomite, sphalerite, pyrite,

galena~

,5.3.2 Actual Circuit, Mineral-by-Mineral.

The actual cirGuit was simu;ated at the two throughputs of
154.2 and 190.3 mtph and with two different cyclone models.
'cases, the grinding operation was simulated using the
mineraI p-order model.

miner~l-by-

The computer programs utilized were those

described in Section 4.1 and 4.2.

The simulation results are oisplayed

in Appendix V, Sections'V.I.I, V.l.2, V.2.I and V.2.2.

most relevant results are summarized in Table 5.16.
,

"

In aIl

Some of the,

Model 1, employing

, ' the cyclone matrix model, in general, shows: the bast simulation.

This

is equivalent
to saying that the baIl mill simulation is quite accurate
,
as the cyclone model is 'perfect'.

Correspondene between measured and

'Qsimulated data when using the combined cyclone model is not quite so
good.

This is a

measur~

of. the

~rro~troduced when attempting to

.

model the cyclone to incorporate design and operating variables

.., '-.-.""',.,." '.-.

".-.-----~.'.,.:.!,~_

."

,
'
~[!IIIlI!,;....
- ,_-.-,,~
...-,.J:::',["7~.I,.i.-;;-",
... ~~....~~~~~ !:.~l:i.~:;;;~"~A~4'~:&:,~tMiiifiIl:t~__}iJI:t U.1U;;;..{ea~~~.

127.

TABLE 5.15 Simulated Size Reduction of 'PhS in the BalI Mill.

Results in Percent by Weight of PbS Frequency
Distribution.

1
Ball Mill Feed

1
r

Mesh No.
;

, "
if

. 2.95

0.66
0.39
1.02
2.61
,
7.23
13.29
p.03
V'
24.81
..-/ "
9.95
17.01,

1.27

3.22
4.93
9.73
14.25
24.21
23.19
8.08
8.14'

Dischar~,e

Measured

Simulated

M~asured

28
35
48
65
100
150
'200
270 '
400
-400

BalI Mill

"

,0.01
0.32
1.54
<
. 4.06
7.60
13.13
23.47
23.35
9.39
17.19

.
,
,

"

DATA USED:

baIl mi11 hOldup,

BMH

8.366 m3 (~ppendix III, Section 111.3)

,fresh feed

SOLI,

154.2 mtph

tonn~ge,

overall circ. load,

CLOV

1.63

(Appendi~

IV, Section IV.2.1)

pu1p dilution, _

.'

Sp. ~r. ~-mill feed ore,

PCTS4

73.56% by .weight

"DV

'3.54 tonne/m 3

PbS grinding factor,

?,I
1
1
1

""

128.

,,.
1

....

1
1
'[

'.
.r

FIGURE 5.34

Siml~~n of'ball mill only, using lab derived

grinding parameters. Tonnage: 154.2 mtph .
11.) PbS; b) 'ZnS,'

1
J

.)
)

.
'.

"

, .,
;,

t ..

()
J'

."

~..,.,....,."-

'lf'lIr
,"",

,
'

i'

\!
,

./
/

')

,.

t
,

"fi

100"
80

,J

a)

'50

Il:::~

40

lJ..

Fg

Co)

D,

SIMULA TION '

20

1--

Co)

10

SIMULAT EO
ME;ASU RED

200

,,

100
48
28
PA RTICLE sI'ZE. MEsl1

'.

100
80

40

IJ..

.....

b)

60

0::
lJ.J

,<...)

DI--

o~

BMO

20

:::>
Co)

()

SI MULA TION
(l

(BALL MILL ONLY)

' - SIMULATED
MEASURED

Pb 5
l' 5 4,2 m t pJ)

400 ~,

( BALL MI LL ONLY)

BMO

, ,

= 0,7

1--

-:

10

ZnS

154.2 mtph

400

200

100

,48

2B'

.PARTICLE
SIZe:
,
,.
-r~

\
1

M.f::SH

'.

-:(
l,

, , ',Y> ',.

,_"l" Y,,_,>1., f"m;}.~ . . .j""'!."t~...:g: .0;, ........ " .t.. ~~,Y

~ tJ',1<'-

.
129 .

.'

..
,

..
FIGURE 5.35

Simulation of baIl mill only, using lab derived

grinding PArameters. Tonnage: 154.2 mtph"
- ) FeS j b) cal/dOl:
2

.,

{,'

1
~,

.
f.

,1

(\1
.

..

')

\
}"

j.

l~

\
,

"

,", t

J.

~ ~

-_

..

1
i

1
100

..,

80

" 60
w

Z
.....

40

lJ.

a)

BMO

1-

()

0-

,20

SIMULATION

BMO

:::::>

10

(BALL MILL 0 N LY )

SIMULATED
MEASUREO

.,

FeS2

154.2 mtph
200

400

48

100

28

PARTIel E SI ZE, ME SH

Cl::

w 60
z
.....

b)

"

40

, 1L..
U
01-

20

BMD

(BALL MILL

- SIMULATED
MEASURED

10

,"

400

200

ONLY)

CAL/DOL

1'"

()

'j

5 lM ULA TI 0 N

":::::>

, rg = '.. a

1- ,

100
48
28
PARTICLE SIZE, MESH

'. cIl .
- - - - _. . . . ._ _-"'T"::i~~"Ait'!'l'
.. '!~~~~~~~:h:r~/(.~.

154.2 mt ph

f!&:s:;a:ar;MS&

,,

,.-'

,~.... ~~~ ",,*i~~J.f. $o....,..,~'

. '-'" '"'-; ~" .. ~~~
-.:"
.. <.tT.:!.*~~~,,_~~.<\.~;.~~-!:!~~~i"a'\
i<",_,,~1l!~~
&cea2.,.;;I*.'}$I66!t,.,..I~~
. _ _ .,~)I~)5ilii.l>,i!~~!!tPolii

Tt

"

.....

'1

'"

"

..
~

~)

>:

F,;'

TABLE 5.16

Circuit Simulation using Lab Grind Kinetics Cp-Order)

and p1ant-Fitted F&m Grinding Factors

"

j'",'1

,
~!

~.

cr

~,

~'

154.2 mtph

'.

Simulation*

. Quantity
.'

190.3 mtph

Simulation

Measured

Model 1**

Madel 2""**

Measured

Circu1ating load, PCT .

PhS
ZnS
Fe5~

Cal Dol
Overall .

;,

,"

per

PbS
ZnS:
FeS
Ca l'Dol
Overall
,

'l'

58L
237
380
103
163

1022 _

552 .
207
401
116
173

536
221
319
98
157 '

=,

830
364
814

.~-

854
120
. 200

1-24 \

. 196

~!,

CUM

Model 2

Model 1

'

-2001 COF

/'

728
280
566
135
183

,
.

94.16
75.03,
77.16
56.87
'62.90

94.76
72.41
75.11
56.76
61.42

99.49
67.48
78.14
58.04
62.45

3.11

3.26

3.10

3.54

3.63

3.56

93.95
72.82
77.05
47.01
52.80

95.12
67.93
77.06
45.32
49.70

100.00

2.18

1.88

2.43

3.49

3.50

3.34

67.93
81.99
52.36
56.07

'<

Mean Res. Time T(min)

7P

Gr. of CUP (g/cm3)

-4

* p-order model, perfect plug f10w mill

FgPbS - 0.70
Fgzns = Fg pes2 = FgCal/Doi = 1.0

",

....t.:I

** Model ~ uses cyclone matrix model

*** Madel 2 uses combined cyclone model
~

tJl

"

...

l'

,
-'--.-~....:;:::f

~~-~-~~

"fl j
',~~~;
~rF.-r

J ,

'l'lI

t;

~'J~

l
,

131.

\l~':

'-'l:J-J'

Figures 5.36-39 show the overall. PbS, ZnS

diJtribution for the COF and BMI} for both tonnages.

~d..

FeS 2 siZe-frequency

The soUd lin es

are the simulated results and the symbols represent the adjusted"
measured frequency distribution.

'j

Aiso shown on the graphs are the

"

grinding
( ,factors Fgmj 0.7 fQr PbS and 1.0 '(or 'the' other mineraI components.
These factors were identified by matching the measured mineraI circulating
'load.

Observe that simulation of the ircuit f9r the high tonnage' case.

190.3 mtph, yields simulation results as good as. if not bettr. than

the 154.2 mtph case from which material th grind kinetics

paramet~rs

~:

were obtained.

, The mineral-by-mineral instantaneous rates-of-breakage

"

1
calculated at steady state conditions (Sections V.S.I and V.5.2) are

,
;"
i

'plotted in Figl~re 5.40.

Compared 'with the laboratory derived data in

Figure 5.29 the pr:l.nciple difference is a reduced PbS

r~te-of-breakage.

5.3.3 Pro~osed Ciruit

The proposed 'circuit perforJllances at 154.2' and 190.3 mtph

were predicted by

me~ns

of the omputer

progra~

described in Section

4.3.

The program is shown in Appendix V.

S~ction

V. 3. wi th the input

);."
,f

data and results.:)shown in Sections V; 3.1 and V. 3.2.' Table 5.17 summarizes
.---

some relevant resul ts of these predictions.

The simulations used the p-order grinding and~ Ym,l.. classification
matrix models.

Simulated actual

circui~

data is inc1uded f@r comparison.

The circula ting load of galena decreases considerably J w!'tile for the
other mineraIs it is much the same.

The size distribution of mineraIs

in the COF appears to be th.e same. but the real circuit product now is

J
132 .

.
'

.J

"f

:~
~

.~

.-.. t

FIGURE 5".36

."1

Siull.i1ation of the actua1 grinding circui ,

Streams: cyclone ovrflow (COF) and-baIl mil1
diS~arge (BMD). Mass frequency distribut
vs.
par
size. a)' 154.2 mtphj b) 190.3 mt

"

"-'11

../

.,

J~

.---/

';
~

"'"

t
"-

.,

...

'

"
_':-'

_J'

~)\..

"

,<

'

i
;

o
"

"

'1. '

-;:;30
Il.

1:

SIMULA TIaN

__ f

/,

o'

GVERALL

~20

BMO

L.

154,2 mtph

CIl.

,.

'0
>0U

1:10

<11
j

0<li

-simulated
a)
/'

L.

200/150

400/270

48/35
,,.

mOle;

+28
m-esh

particle size,

.-

c:' 3 0
.

c
o
:;:/

\.

SIMULATION

::1
.0

OVERALL

:
..... 20

190,3 mtpb

BMO

.~

1:1

..--' 5

>.
1,,)

i mula t ed

c
~10

b)

0-

<li
L.

400/270

200/150

48/35

100/65

..+28

partile size~- mesh

()

-/,

St

...
--.,.

.-

.,',' ', ..:;-F_:- ... :~ ..Y~'2raZ\G!iJ;

.
...

()

Cl>

='
~ ..... i ~

4 =~Jma::rzcu::;:a:::;.. I~.:~=-""'''''''''''J,..,.tJI;--=-'''''''''''''''''_:ll:~'-;----

"l

'4.P: ;1""!4~~~S,_MP W_.,_fitM""'"'I'M

'~~',*

D:JIiI.,lIb .. ..,,,...Ab(CW;;

tOi

!-

.'

1.

133.

(, .

,,

."

0,

'

l,
1
, J

.1

.....~ ~

,'

::.

.1

. Of
'~

..
,,f

FIGURE 5.,37
\

Simulation of the actual grinding circuit.

Mineral: galena (PbS). Streams: cyclone
overflow (COF) and baIl mil! dis charge . CBMO) . '
Mass frequency distribution vs.' .particle
size. a) 154.2 mtph; b) 190.3 mtph.

"
1

"

.>-

'"

(
\

c)

""

"

,
"

l,

t
,

'

"

11

.;

'J'

'1
t;~

"

,r

.""
-',II

.... 30

r
!

'a)

0..

.
c
....0
. :J

t~

..Q

SIMULA TION

8MO'

20

PbS

'i:
I I)

15lt.2 mtph

"0

"

>-.

c 10

ClJ
::J

simulated

F9 m= 0.7

\ \

c-

,-

ClI

'-

..

/'

..

400/270

100/65', "48/35
+ 28
particle sie. mesh

200/150

'f.

b')

BMO

SIMULA nON

PbS

190.3 mtph

l'

simulated

F9 m= 0".7

.c.:-

200/150

400/270

particte size.

+28

, 48/35'

100/65

..

mesh

fil
(_/

.'

"

-,

-------,

....
'7

,i

~.

~'

~.

.'

1,

134.

,,,!

-1i

.'
~

.,'
.'

.c
,

'

FIGURE 5.38

S:;mula tion of the actual,.. grinding circi t. ~. Mineral:

sphalerite '(ZnS). Streams: cyclone overflow (COF)
and baIl mill -discha~ge (BMU). Mass frequency
distribution vs. particle size. a) 154.2 mtph;
. b) 190.3 mtph.

.,
;)

..
.

-.

il'
o~

/------j

'.

',.

!
ff '
--rr,
"

C'

...

(~

t~
!
1

__J

"

<0

,,

,,,,,,,

,30

CL
d

"*

BM,O

20

::J

.0

...

:
III

"0

>, u

la'

Q)

CT

-a
(IJ

L-

.,...

.~ ..

'.

400/27C)'
200/150
. <."",,,,,'
"
:

.....

b)

a.. "

~j20

COF

.SIMULATION

..

ZnS

'--

'...-

190.3 mtph

\1)

1:1
>. ,

,
1

::J

-si~lateg

10

, 'Fg m= 1.0 .

<11
::J
0"

-o

,~

(J)

'-

~.

~~_~~~~~~~~~c=~~~~~~

400/270

200/.150

100/65

418/35

. partlcLe Slze, m~~h

/'

+28

'-

,~

,If'

,::;t'-'''/'''''!'')., 1,,"'1t<'>\'r~~,....,.~;I't'>;:~"1"'\.""'\>~~""'''''''T-. .... tn''':I'''''''' ~"'''~~~'-->t'F''~ ..~l.~"(!"'~ lrI<:!\"_~'.f'I'."l.~""""rv~"''''''~''''' __ ~",T

-. ,

\,

,-

13~.

f"
1)

(;

.\.
;

"

~,

.'

--

"

l,

.'
',1

. ..

, ,

'

~..

FIGUR 5.39

\.

'.'

Simlation of the actual grinding circuit.

,Mineral: pyrite (FeS2)" Strea~s: cyclone
overflow (CDF) ana baIl mill discharge (BMD).
Mass f~equncy distribution vs.'particle s~ze.
a) 154.2 mtph; b) 190.3 mtph.

."
,.

.'

'.

v!r"':
.

c z:;;;; a c _

~:

-- -~'----.-~-~

.;,
.,~.}'

.
'

---

-~~

-+-

,-,
~.

136.

'.

li\

,1,

II[
li>

"1

..

)
1 -

,~

.....

III
1,\

,'

11\
~I

~!j
';!,

r
FIGURE 5.40

Actual "eircuit. Simlated instantaneous-rates-ofbreakage vs. particle size. MineraIs: galena,

sphalerite,. pyrite and calcite/dolomite. ~) 154.2
mtph; b) 190.3 mtph.

/.
/

..

".

,
/

..

'.
/

_________

,"

~~kl

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ ......... ,:!J'{

'.

,/
l

'

. -,

.')

.,

Zn 5

\,

---=='CAL/OOL,

___-. ~ Pb'5

'

,,

a)
"

CAL/DOL

'SIMULATION
154.2 mtph
3"

= 3.26

min

.02~~--~--~--~--~--~--~--~--~----~

200

"

~s 1.0

..

100
48
28
PARTICLE SI ZE. ~ESH

r---r---..,.---r----r----r---r---.,....-....,...--..,..-----,

E 08

0.6

al

0.4

UJ
0:::

J..

ZnS

LL
~

0:::
,

0.2

l,

en

bl

:::J
0

W
Z

0.1

SIMULATION

.08

z .06

190.3 mtp,h

:r ==

tf)

().

1.88 min

400

200

','

~
,

..

\zOO
48
28
PARlICLE SIZE. MESH

l-

,"

'j

":::"-l1.("-'''~''\''..ft'''fi~4... ,!""-~,,~\,,,~... ~~''''-'''~1f~'If'~~J!lf'mf.r''~~t~~~'''''''''''''~f~t_..., ............. ~ ..... ~--

137.
l'
1

TABLE 5.17 Prediction of Proposed Grinding

Circuit Performance. Comparison
is made with the SimuJation ~
Results
of th'Actnal Circuit.*
,

.
..

E:. ft1
,r

f T

Pb'S
ZnS
Fes,
Cal Dol
OVerall

load, %

"

"

<

Fes,

100 '
ISO
,

'--

49.70
,

<

59.78

Pb~

54.

rcovery, % across circuit

,

* Simulation based on model l in

"

48.
84.

l'

'J.
Tab~e

5.15.
o

"

76 ..

. 46.77
,63.01
76.,08
45.08
48.2'3

"

PbS recovery 1 % flot. ceU

,
,

5459
68.71
74.08
"

95.00
67.81
75.46
'44.97
48.21

S6.~20

45.3-Z

C~l

95.12

67.93
77.06

72.19
73.87
56.13
60.04

.
.92.75

CUM PCT - 200# COF+CONC

PbS
ZnS -

,~~387

94.76
72.9l
75.1l
. 56.76
61.42

173
320
802
125
182

830
364
814
124
196

139
205

"
~

Dol
, OVerall

536
221
379
98
157

--

Proposed

Proposed Actual

Actual

euM pT'/-200# CDF

PbS
- ZnS
FeS
cal Dol
OVerall

190.3 mtPh.

154.2 mtDh

c-

circulatin~

.
stream 8, ~e CaF

138
'

Since a considerable
,
. portion of the PbS

CONC.

leaves 'i~ the CONC, and is qui.te' coarse# "the PbS grind product is

considerably coarser; from 95% -200 mesh at both tonnages to

47% -200 mesh at 154.2 and 190.3 mtph, respectively.

0

The product

mineraIs is hard1y affected in'comparison, with the ZnS

oth~r

coarsening by about 4%

(abSolut~

on -200 mesh,' showing the greatest

('

change.
If

A
t~e.cell

'ze

of the

~and

~t~ble

result is the

and across the circuit.

Cil~

between 22% highe:t

~omparison

of

PbS~ery

across

Across "the circuit, recovery is

,

154.2,mtph) and 36% higher (at 190.3.mtph).

,c

Th~

PbS

~ehaviour

in b'oth circuit configurations, the actual

and the proposed, is shown in Figures 5.41 and 5.42, for the

.C:

190.3 mtph

c~ses,

respectively. 'The

Gaudin-Gates chart log-log s~ale).

l

plot~

are drawn on the

~he

and

Schu~mann-

The upper sections, correspond to.

'

the simulation of

1~4.2

"

actua1 circuit where the solid lines RMD, CUF,

CaF and BMD were plotted using the simulation results of Sections V.l.l
and V.l. 2.
dashed lines in the lower sections are the predicted COF
"

concentr~te
,

and flotation
marked COF

(GONC)

P~ne

stze

dis~ribution.

CONC is the stream 8 shown in Figure 1.2.

the coarsening of the PbS grind

at

tbS

Point,

~he

produc~ Sinc~

COF Cactua1) and COF

A solid 1ine
This illustrates

no regrinding is performed
1

CONC (proposed) represent

,1

-,

the approximate size distribution' of the final lead concentrate product.

The desired coarsening of

this\~rO~uct

is c1ear1y demonstrated.
./

."

,<

FIGURE 5.41
<

Simulation results. Cumulative weight percent

finer vs. particle site. Mineral: galena (PbS).
Overall fresh throughp!;1t:. ~154. 2. miph ~ a) actual
circuit; b) pllopos.ed circuit.
.
,/'

, ,
l~

.. a

,
\

0.
p

.-

'1.

"
(

,.

~~~~....- - , , -

..

~~~"'-'t ~ -- ~~~_,....J.-.>~

140.

/
\~

..'
"

;.

1.

1. ,

~IG~RE 5.42

Silt1lati_qn results. eWnulative weight percent

fineJ; vs. particle size .. :Mne,.Fal: galena (PbS).
Over~1~ rresh throughput: 190.3 mtph. a) actual
circuit; b) proposed CirCU(t.

o
\.

.Cl

'.
-~

"'--?

..?

...

....

1;

..

..

,. /
'J

,~"

.-

"
,~

.'"

.r.. '"

t/',

.J'

"

'.

~/J

~""r"
f, ,

"Jt ~

,;

~"'.

"

;~t

~-

.<;'

'"" ..

,,~, ~

't',-

'~.".

~~
t,
.-"
~.

,1e_

';.

l,},'

r~:
t:11

"

\.

" 00 r-'---r:::::F=-r-:-r::~G:E~::P-!!-r--""--~
80
......
COF/
._
~ 60
a)

lJ..

0,

40

1--

(:)

0-

20

1--

~
.:!;

..---PbS
-'"
SIMULATION ~
CIRCUIT NQW

:::>

()

10

~~\f

of

',90.3 mtph

...

400

200

,
0

100

48'

28

PARTICLE SIZE,

. 1

MESH

100

/80

~'6tl

b)

40
1-~

().

01--

~.

~,

::>

1>

..

()

20

P69'>

SIMULATION

..-

190.3 m t ph' ,

'~of'

400

200

100

48

28

PAR TICLE SIZE, M,ESH

C>
Q

.'

...

<II'

"

t.~::~

.'
l!
\

...

PROPOSED Cl.R CUI T .

. CUF

10 '

'\

, "
""'''+}~;'1t1--4*~~~,",~~..''''41q ~If ".:.'-.1>'''' ..J~,,~,~"'''M~'YW'''l'''' ~>
r ' .. ~

1 1
1

141.
?

5.3.. .( '_P....
1u....gr..-____;;...-...................__......_______
.~

Talcing the p-order model wi,th Fgm- 1 and the Yi lIlatrix model.

two

-. .

simulati9~s

were performed.

,~IUg flow

In the first, the mill was assumed to

react?r, the 'other was the tanks-in-series mill .

Table 5.ls'ompares measured with simu1ated data . Agreement is

model.

"

gOQd~

with the tanks-in-series modei holding a slight edge.

,

'<f{I

...

"\

Quan~ty
circulating
.

% -200

mesh~

Measured Plug Flow

10~ ,

mean 'residence time

156.90

164.97

62.90

61.99

61.64

3.11

3.27

3.19

163

T,

min

)
"

..

o.
"'

T~nks-in-Series

'

fQE

"

"

j.

1
1

TABLE 5.18 Summary of OVera11 Simu1ating Resu1ts

of the Actual Grinding Circuit
Opera ting a t 154.2 mtEh.
./

L
"
142. '.

>,

....

CHAPTER VI

DISCUSSION
t

6.1 Laboratory
6.1.1

Siliea
The main obj ectiy-e was the development of a sui table experi':..

men~al

technique .. This meant first deveioping a l'eHabl screening

proe~dur~ but mor~ specifiea~lly determining the reprod~ei~ility and

eomparin~ the 'one-sample-a~~a-time

with recycle

teehnique~e

liminary exploration of void filling and partiele size

pre-

wa~o

eonduetdt The experimental conditions' are considered first.

Il

The screenmg

pro~edure

adopted was I;.wet-dry techniqu' which

is weIl suited to the 1ater wet mi1ling of the Pb/Zn samples.

-t

A dry

sereening time of 20 min. proved adequate.

Q

Reprodueibili ty was tested in Figure 5.12.., Thiswas the re-

-,

~yele

-"

meth, od wit,h a synthetic sampIe made to have identieal mass and

size distrlbuti~n.
It was

The data is reprodueed to within 0.7% absolut~.

ne~~sary to

compare the recycle with tHe

one~;;ample-

at-a-time proedure because of the nature of the Pb/Zn experiments.

In these experiments, samples must be removed for assaying and so
cannot be reeycled.

Sinee ten size fractions are taken and about 2 g

1S required for each assay, after, for example, five'grind tests about
100 g wou1d have been removed from the recycle.

This;
. was judged to be

exces~ive and al though the recycle" method is convenient (54), for

present purposes the more difficult

one-sample-a~-a-time

procedure
i

...! ,/

was adopted.
1

',
if

L-

;:, .

'l

.
143.

"

\,
,(

~;

To avoid sampling bias in preparation of the testing material.

vo

, synthetic samples were prepared ta have identical mass and size distribution.

Figures 5.2 and 5.8 show

results.

.)

both techniques

Yi~ndistinguishable

Thus the one-at:a-time metpod was approachpd with confidence.

Inciden~ly,

t~t

the correlation

betw~en

the two techniques also

indicates that mixing in th~ recycle method is ~ot a,severe pro?lem.

It was felt at the onset that upon the start of gr1nding. a certain

time might elapse for mixing before 'real' grinding tbok place.
~is equivalent'to a dead-time.

If

would exaggerte the dead-time.

This

"

this w~re the case. the re~ycle method

This does not appear to be the situation .

~

The void filling conditions were inve~tigated with' exper!ment~

3 to 6.

The results are in agreement with those reported r~cently(8),

i.e. slower rate of breakage for higher void filling.

"

The feed particle

size 'tlistribution effect., was al~o investigated, the results of experiments

, ,
4 and 5 show that the single size feed breaks. in general, slowor than

an initially naturhl particle size assemblage.

6.1. 2 Pb/z'n Ore

The Pb/Zn samples clearly-culd not be generated synthetically

which is the ideal for the one-sample-at-a-time procedure.

The spinning

riffler was employed

- and as indicated gave samples dif~ering in mass by
less than 1.69% and siz~s varying by less th an 0.58% absolute.
small variation in head assay
8

r~fler

r~ported

The

in Table 5.10 indicates the

also split accurate1y on a component basis.

.1

.f

l'

".

Due

.~

,~

t~

"

,,1

the large amount of information, grinding parameters

were generated from a computer program.

This , program 'was written to

exclude t - 0 in the regression as in the

p-order"~~se

log (0) ,cannot

be computed. ,This is of some consequence in,first ordr,r kinetics, but

~

since little use is made of ,this orde,r,

~he

omission is not

i~ortant.

The superior fit of the pi-order model is well illustrated in

Figute

s.is. '

"

Given that the harqer and ~oa~er siiica was fitted

(reasonably) by first order up to +10 mesh, the difference in, the Pb/Zn
experiments

req~ires

sorne explanation.

The principle reason is probably that the metal assaying fails

l,

to differentiate between liberated and locked mineraI grains .. Conse-

Il

quently, the detected grinding kinetics is some' comoination of two

,1""

,~

. events, the rate with which liberated mineraI disappears and the rate

witho which the mineraI in the locked grain disappears: Even if both

, l,

"
~,
s:.'

disappearances follqw

two events.

fir~t

order, the

~u~learly

will not.

Withou~

information on the degree of locking it i~mpossible to decouple the

l'i

The

p-order

fit is a convenient resolution of the

problem. C7t should be stressed that fitting by p-order doe! not

depen~

on the separate events following

~irst

order.

What matters is that p-

l'

order fits weIl, and to that extentJ it is purely empirical.)

'f

.,
~

rf

The argument readily applies to individual ninerals but not

"

the overall.

It is interesting that overall kinetics approaches quite

closely first order even at coarse (+28 mesh) sizes.

What is clea~ly

. t.a complex phenomena on a mineral-by-mineral basis, .-nevertheless, seems

.

describable on an overall basis

, , by first order .

.
.

'

_ _ _J

,
145.

The RMD grinding experiments were performed as a

.

pr~liminary
l' '

t;

investigation of the raIe of size distribution and min,eral composition

on the' kinetics. Figure 5.26 aets as a summary of the findings.

The first impression is' that, the,e is considerable similarityj

\

'

'l

for examp1e, the range in the rate-of-breakage and the relative values
for each mineraI.

'1

In detail some differences are apparent, for instance

~

the tendency for the components in the RMD results ta approach the same
values at the finer sizes.

The CUF results ~~nd to be a little higher

at the coarse end.

'The differences are not as large as were expected for such -

li
different streams.

"

In fact,

subs~ituting

'
,

parameters derived from the

\
~
,
\

'1

,)

RMD experiments did not materially affect the simulation.

.~

,"

Nevertheless

1
l

it is felt that the parameters are best derived from'the material being

grou~d rather thap using material from anotherstream. This observation'

,

is

directed'par~ieularly

at attempts to derive grinding

paramete~s

from

a sample of ore rather than baIl mill feed

he~erogeneous

\,

6,2

dealing with highly

ores.

Plant

6.2.1 ?tta

Adjus~ment

"

Adj1stment of the plant data to yield internally consistent

mass/size/ehemical assays ws basic to the development of the simulator.
The.adjusted data represents the' referenee which must be
"

~imuiated

bfore the proposed circuit can be eva1uated.

The adjustmnt technique was developed from that described
(42.b)

by Lynch. /
'1
1

The contribution in the present work was the ad just-

ment of the overall mineraI composition in each

146.

/'

This technique ,may be considered as the first' in a series

of ever more sophisticated techniques, some of which are described in
a recent
cif CI

r~~ort

by Lyman. (62)

Techniques for simultaneous estimation

.and data adjustment are more pow.erful.

Some require extensive

~,

computing ability.

One of the most successful,appears to be that

recently described by Hodouin et al. (32)

The present ~hoice, nevertheless remains convenient and as

o

Lyn ch notes (42. b)

"
Id
' t h e 1ess comp 1ex t h e data
goodor1g1na
ata,

.'
g~v~n

treatment the better.

The adjustment observed for the two cases

(154.2 and 190.3 mtph) reveals only slight size adjustments were required

with

somewh~t

greater chemical adjustments.

Although care is

requ~red

in arguing back from the result. it appears the pre~ent data, co~nded
to 'good original. data'.

6.2.2

Plnt Derived BalI Mill Madel

A logical place to search for a 'baIl mill model is the full

size baIl mill itself.

A preliminary approach was proposed by

\

considering first order breakage kinetics and

mill

~p

'"

esti~ting T

hold-up volume and CUF volumetrie pulp flow rate.

,

from the
The high

correlation between k. and d for both tonnages must be considered a

l

sign,ificant

enc~uragement

to this appFoach.

The implication is that kin

of mill throughput.

Further, trea . g

are linear and independnt

kinetics with a single

cumulative-basis k. is a great simplifi ation over the conventional

1

'S-and B' model.

The limitation of the

proach 'is that the ki values

must depend on the particl~ size distribution; they are not unique,

1..

'f'

r'

'_~I

< ..

Fl

1
,

147.

therefore, in the manner of S"and B.

does not

chan~e

However, if"the

greatly, describing by ki

a~one

Sil~

distribution

is Justifiable.

Experience with grinding circuits does indicate that the size

l

distributions of the streams does not change great1y upon

changes.

Consider the ,present case.

At 154.2

~tph

~perating

tne CUF overa11

size was 31.28% -200 mesh, whereas at 190.3, mtph, with a different
mineraI

co~position,

the overall size was 32.26% -200 mesh.

large difference and by implication from the present

large enogh to l in~lidatk..

Not a

fin~ngs,

not

The laboratory experiments with t~

RMD suggest that evenlarger size distribution shifts can be tolerated.

For

~odelling

an existing plant, a cumulative rate-of-breakage

is probably adequate, and is certainly simpler than the conventional

, 'procedure.
The argument regarding ki notwithstanding, extension to a
,

/'

-'1'~

minerai-by-minerai description was not sc~essful.

The approach will

be of direct application when overall size reduction is of major concern.

This will be true for homogeneous ores and ores where valub1e mineraI
o

. content is

50

,low that describing it separatel'y is not initially

"1

justified (e.g. porphory copper/molybdenum ores).

i.
6.2.3

r
~

The cyclone performance curves are similar to those reported

'\

J',

, J

....

'i:

}'

farlier for this' circuit, as are the dSO(C)m' 11m an. am values. (41) At

~90.3

mtph a someWhat different behaviour of :he higher

-pyrite nd galena, is noted.

f<

Plant Derived Cyclone Model

greater than expected.

Cl

den~ity

omponents,

The short-'Circuiting to underflow is much

This may

reflec~

heavy media effects at high

c::>

Cl!:;:a:;:;:pcAIZ

*fi
\

'

148.

(41)

loaas of high density mineraIs, giving poor size splitting performance:

.,.

6.3

Simulation

6.3.1 Ac tua 1 Circuit

, ,
Taking the ba~l mill alone or the y matrlx yclone model of

the fuli circuit," it is possible to judge the.fitting obtained using

1.

the

- 1

laorato~ der~ed

grinding kinetics.

Remarkably, the overall and

aIl the mineraIs, with the exception of galena, are fitted without
1

./

resort to the scaling factor Fg .

Thi~

appears to be in contrast to the scaling suggested by

Austin who derived S

(0)6 where D is mill diameter.

Although the

cumulative rate of breakage in the present case is not equal to S, the

variables, such, as mill diameter, should be

dependence on operating
the same, if B is independent of O. (19)" The relationship between S
and 0 is probably more

comple~

than suggested by Austin, as the recent

work of Hodouin et al. shows. (32)

The
per

t~n

ten~ative

is equivalent

explanation for Fg - 1 is that if the energy

m

i~

both the laboratory and

plan~

cases, the size

re~~c~ will be the same(61.b), and hence the grinding~ar~meters

,
J

- derived will be the same"

It is suggested that this equivalence in

r

energy/unit mass~has been achieved.

.
matching of laboratory and plant

This is a consequence~of the careful

millin~

conditions and employing baIl

-,

mill feed as opposed to an

or~

sample.

The grinding factor of 0.7 for galena merits' separate attention.

,
Sorne uncertainty necessarilr exists when considering such small quantities

(:

Tl

149~

.1

of material.

But, the observation is substantiated by both tonnage

cases; and is therefore considered reAl.

,

The problem can be sucinctly

sta~ed:

why does galena, alone

of aIl the mineraIs, break more slowIy in the plant mill compared with
1

the laboratory mill?

(.
l~

A search of the Iiterature suggested two

~
1

buff~ing

f
\

possibi~ities:

..

and transport effects .

" (24). rev1ew1ng
""
data on gr1n
"d"1ng 0 f "
.
duced
Remeny1.
m1X t ures, 1ntro

(-

if
\

,the

"

,~

_ . ___-l.

concept of buffering, whereby a fine soft mineraI is protected from

breakage (buffered) by a coarse harder mineraI.

!
;.

..

in the present case as the yclone

J.'

~,

~~oduces

This condition is met

a fine galena and coarse

'

~,

cal~ite/dolomite

;\

,.

"*

apparently been observed. (41)

.,

why buffering, at least to the

'

~,
l<.

However,
the question then arises as to
.
~

extent,a~parent

in the full-size mi1l,

Transport effects may be a prime factor.

",
'fI

,~;'

f'

In the small.

laboratory mill, fully mixed conditions are probably approached.

t
~:

.~'

Buffering in a large mill has

is not found in the laboratory?

t,{l

baIl mill feed.

"

the balls will act to aid mixing. (63,64)

c:

"

In the large mill segregation

(,

..

~,

may be occurring due to particle size and density differences.

Indeed~

It is

tentatively postulated that the galena settles below the main impact

~:

",

zone in the baH mill, where most grinding is considered to take pl~ce. (61. c)

~.

1,r
0,
::

The galena becomes shielded b~~the lighter components, which is a fQrm

of buffering.

{(

li11

This explanation could be subjected to experimental c~nfirma-

A'
,~

f'

<

E:

t
,

tiop in the 1aboratory

( ..~

")
1 _

--

..

ISO.

'1

<'

6.3.2

erformance of the proposed circuit has made

1

u~e

of the f1otation recovery matrix graphically

i11u5trat~d

in

Figure 5.27, for both,throughput cases of 154.2 and 190.3 mtph.

This

matrix was judged to be reasonab1e, giventhat the,flotation tests had

to be carrie out on baIl mill discharge from the existing circuit
which
~he

i~ quit~different

in PbS content from the steady state BMD in

proposed circuit.
;

ConsideriQg the above only as a small cautionary note, the

following dis.cusses the results obtained.

~

Table 5',17 and Figures'S.41

and 5,42. show the most outstanding results.

It ean be

~een

that the "

first objective of the design change h~s 1argely been achieved.

is, a significantly eoarser
load reduced.

In both

Pb~

tonnag~s

has been produce1 and

~he

That

circulating

the eoarsening has been greaterlthan

40% absolute on the -200 mesh fraction.

The new ch~ulating lo:ds

become about the same as ror the overall .

.,

It is important ta note that the design change has not

affected the size reductiop of

th~21her
,

mineraIs.

Thi~

is the result,

<

in the first instance, of the relatively small volumetrie contribution

of PbS' in t~ circuit and hence a small variation in the Mean residence
time and also because the f1otation stage is veryoselective in removing
PbS.

An unexpected resul~, is the~increased across-the-circit

recovery of PbS cOIDpared with the recovery across-the-cell alone (Table

5.17).

The reason is that the cyclone scavenges the flotation tails

(and i't-esh fed)

pr,eferentially recycling galena back to the cell.

Th description scavenger 1s carefully cnosen

as the term compares the
;.

t ------

,.

L...

--

l5~,.

- --------"

cyclone contribution to the overall PbSrecovery with that of a true

scavenger flotation stage.

The cyclone effect is the same, although

~e

exploiting galena density rather than floatability.

- ,

s~mply

is one

difference

oflfegree, the scavenger flotation can he tuned to be

more selective.
An important practical aspect is the low concentrate/gra~

'. ','predicted at steady state; about 36% Pb in both cases.

Reference to .

Figure 5.27 will indicate the original data showed a 76% Pb grade, a
grade practically sufficient for final concentra te.

However attractive

the 76% Ph rnay seem i t resul ts from on an artificially high Ph feed,

that existing in the-- actual
the proposed ciriuit.

circuit~

Thus Pb

c~ent

Thi~

Pb is selectively bled in

in fl.ta;i~n feed

while the other .fuinerals remain much the same.

decreasesf'

(BMD)

For the same recovery-

size matrix the effect is a reduced quantity of PbS qiverted ta

)\

concentrate while roughly the same quantity of other)COmponents is

diverted.
,

Consequently, the grade of Pb decrease,y

/"

The conclusion is that it will b~d1#icult to achieve a

\)

high grade Pb concentrate without a severe dcpressing environment for

4P

coupled with short flotation times and consequently low Pb

re~e~
1

at tl}is st"e resulting in less coarsening of the final product.

It

should not, however, be, impossible to clean this flotation concentrate.

i
::;f:::~t::ni:t:(~:lc::s::::s:m::::: : ;:::d~::~::e:h::ade. ~
,

The reader .may have

not~ced that different total. recoveries

.-/ are given for each tonnage whi-ch ar.~ turn different from those given
o

for the o laboratory. data.

This Qlustrates the effect of mineraI size

.\

)
(

-';.f'.,. ..... ~

__ >t

1/

~~"

...... ..,~~'"~,.."; ..

;f"',.-

152.

r
,

--> '

~l

distribution.

For the same recovery-size matrix, different feed size

distributions yield different ..total

recov~ries.

This may sound trivial, but the recently described closed

"

circuit simulation proposed_ by Agar et al. (66) using a ~~ngle, total

recovery (or split} factor

- \

doe~

not

recogn~ze

the

importanc~

of this

feed size distribution.

}
~

!i

6.3.3

Other Possible Applicatfons

Fl.otation of ball mi}l discharge is simply an application of

/i>erhaps the only .general rule in mineraI processing:

"

II
k

at the earliest possible stage.

remove the values'

The technique is of use whenever a

build-up of one. component in .the closed circuit occurs.

This i's usually

because of density effects but could be due to slow breakage of the

~.

"

tf~

componen~.

Applications in mercury sulphide, cassiterite, go Id and

\

wolframite circuits are obvious cases, and sorne examples of the applica;

tion exist.
i

..,'

Interestingly, a detailed examination of the effect of such

'

1
l,,

a circuit change has not been reported until

no~ ~A

'priva te communication

with A. Hinde, Chamber of Mines, South Africa, indicated that a detailed

,t

analysis has just been conducted on a gold milling circuit.

--r'

advantage sought was, to

i.

provi~e

be pumped"to the surface,

th~s

Sorne of the effects noted are

The'

a preconcentrate underground which could

1

sJying on hoisting costs from deep mines.

silDl.~a~:" ta

those here; for example, the

added recovery due ta the cyclone scavengirig action.

In that case, a

gold circuit recovery of 98% was rea,Iized for 75% recovery across the
cell, yielding a cyclone overflow barren enough for mine back-fill .

.',
/
,;

.... 1

(j'

CHAPTBR VII
CONCLUSIONS.

SILICA EXPERlMENTS

1 . . Cumulative first-order grinding kinetics gave adequate

fitting.

'I11e ,reycling and of\e-at--time grinding procedur~s ,

2.

,-

gave the same' result. _

3.

'I11e top size and single size procedures gave different

~in~ing.- parameters.
'.

'-v

EXPERlMENT~

Pb/Zn

Overal1 grinding was

1.

fl tted

by a cumulative 1 first-order; "

mineral-by-mineral by p-order.

i&

)'

'\ 2.

p-order

wa~

required as breakage of mineraI in free and

'locked form cannot be distinguished.

Cm: and RMD mater:.als' gave similar kinetics with the

'- ....

';

t!

RMD being a little slower at ,the coarsero sizes.

1
!1

,1

'

q>

.Erom jnstantaneous rate-of-breakage galena breaks fastest

'

(exc~Pt f~~ ~htr fifles!: fraction~ ~Ol1owed

by

sPh~i~;ite/

calcite/do~omite and ~llY, pyrit.

~

.:
,

PLANT DATA

',}\r

'f<

1.

techn~que

. br-;ize

. .-

,"

for mass-balancing and data adjustment size-

~inera~by-~;neral was ~evelope ba:sed 0~ t~at

deseribed by LynCh.

"

,'

v"

/.
e'

"

154.
t

2.

Adjufltment of sizes 'was less than 1.5%, and of mtneral

assays less tpan 0.29% (absolute).

..

5.

From the baIl mill feed and:bal mill dis charge data,
a cumulative'rate-of-breakage (over~ll) was d,etermined

assuming

fi~st-order

kinetics.

It was observed that:

(i)

kwas tndependent of throughput; and

kwas correlated. with particle size by

CH)
i

4~

The observation reported in 3. did not apply to mineralbreakage.

by~mineral

S.

Cyclone performance curves, overall and mineral-by-mineral

were

~imi.lar

to previous observation.

The dSO(C)m could

i"
l

be correiat,ed ,with mi,nerjil densit)".

,-

",

SIMULATI0N 6F BALL MILL

1. 'A p-order
determined

~lug

factor

2.

flow baIl mil! model with laboratory

param~ters w~

a suitable fit 'with a scaling

only for galena. ~'

.
.'
The !ack of s'caling suggested equivalence of eneDgy /tonne
require~

for bath laboratory and full size mifl wa.s approached.

,"

This reflects the attempt/ed' similar:j.ty of mill fil1l.ng

conditions.

[J

,
"

.~

.,.:.
1

... '.

"

, 155.

- J

..,.

3.

Scaling for galena indiates galena breaks more slowly

~ausing

in large mill perhaps because of its density

it to follow a transport path

4.

b~ow

the main impact'zene.

Overall breakage using the p-order and tanks'-in-series

,

model suggested the latter offers minimal improvement.

SIMULATION OF ACTUAL CIRCUIT

1.

The p-order plug flow baIl mill model and Y matrix~model

.,

gave adequate

simula~ion

signi~icant

This is

at both 154.2 and 190.3 mtph.

labor~tory tests"we~e

as

conducted

orily on lDaterial iso1ated from CU~ ai 154.2 mtph.

2 . . A method bf combining the Lynch, Plitt and Finch/Matwijenko'
modelso into a :~:l CYCI0?e~Odel was described.

With

pres-ent data, fittin~ is not adequate .

1
\ PREDICTED CIRCUIT PERFORMANCE

1.

The circuit is successful in reducing circulation of

gale~.a

fi

coarse~ing

and

galena product.

to 40% on the -200 mesh fraction is

~Coarsening

pr~dicted,

by up

given the

11

flotation

recovery~size

matrix used.

2.

Pb

r~covery

across the

cir~uit

flotation cell alone, up to 30% higher.

result ofGrade
tests

propos ed

s~avenging

is much higher t4an across

This is the

action of cyclone on galena.

ation concentrate' is

lo~er ~~borat~

on BMD from existing circuit because

~
"

'<.

"

!"

{
;

. tcui t reduces' 'Pb con t. en t in BMD.

-,

-\.

~_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~,..,~;""""'""""..._...._"".&....,a.tA""'''''''''''=''''':\AQ~,ar;!O~~~t~1imJ~t.s=f1~~~~~~~i\ .~r-

,
"

,'~' .....<',

"'. 'P\.

'r""""\~~~-'

jI.::.

'r ~~ .... /' ~r

'lf~ ..

156.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

..

1.

Mills. C., 'Process Design, Scale-Up and Plant Design for Gravit y
Separation'. Mineral Processing Plant Design. Society of Mining
Engineers, AIME (1978~, p.415.

2.

Finch, J.A. and Selby, A., 'A Grinding Circuit Model Incorporating
) Individual Min~ral Behaviour'. Dept. 'of Min. and Met. Eng
'McGill Univ., 1977.

3.

ScobLe, A.G. and Wyslouzil, D.M., 'Design, Construction and Operation of the Lake Dufault Treatment Plant - Metallurgical Testing' ,
CIM Bulletin ~ (1968), pp.482-88.

4.

Dew, J.T., Roach, R.J. and Berndl, A., 'Design, Construction and
Opration of the Lake Dufault Treatment Plant - F.inal Design -and
Construction'. CIM Bulletin ~ (1968), pp.496-S06.

15.

Harris, C.C., 'On the Ro1e of Energy in Comminution: A Review of

Physica'l and Mathematical Principles'. Trans. Inst. of Min. -and
Met. -75 (1966), pp.C37-C56.
,

6.

Lowrison, G.C 'Crushing and Grinding'. CRC Press Ine. (1974),

Ca) p.' 72; (h) pp.238-39; (c) pp. 106-107.,

7.

Rose, H.E. and Sullivan, R.M.E., 'A Treatise on the InternaI

Mechanics of BalI, Tube and Rad Mill' (1958), London. Constable.
Ca) pp.30-3l; (b)
,

8.

Le Houillier, R:, 1 Empirical Correlation Predicting Particu1ate

Mass Effect on Selection Parameters'. Powder Teehnology, 17 (1977),
pp.HJl-07
-

9.

Herbst, J~A. ~nd Mika, T:S., 'Linearization of Tumbling Mill Models

Involving Non-Linea~ Breakage Phenomena', llth Int. Symp. on Comp.
Applications in the Mineral Industry, Tucson, Arizona (19~3),
Apr. 16-20.

l'

(,

--;/"

10.

Kelsall, O.S., Resta~ick, C.J., Stewart, P.S.B., and Wellr, K.R.,

'The Effects of a Change from Parallei to Series Grinding at
Broken Hill South', Aust. Inst. Min.fiet. Conf., Newcastle (1972), _
pp.337-47.
'
.

11.

Ha:thaway J R., 'Control of the Grinding CiI:cttit, Theo

Practice', Short Course on Mineral Processing Syste
University (1977).

12.

Rittinger., P.N Lehrb:uck dar Aufbereitungskunde,

and
McGill
1

(1867) .
~

1.

...

------

15,7

Ding1et'~,

13.

Kik, F"

,14.

Bond, F.C., 'The~Third Theory of Comminution t , Trans. AIME.'~

(1952), pp.484-94.

J., .(1885), pp. 141-45.

II

f
\

1,

15.

1
"

Rowland Jr., C. : and Kj os 1 D. M 'Rod and Ban MU1s'. Mineral

Prof~sing Plant Design, Society of Mining Engineers, AIME (1978).

16.

Finch, J,.A. and Plitt, L.R., 'MQdelling of the Comminution Deviee',

Dept. of Min. and Met. Eng., McGill Univ.ersity (1977).

17.

Epstein, B., Ind. Engng. Chem., ,40 (1948), p.2289.

v

"

Harris. .c., 'Batch Grinding Kinetics'" Trans. AIME 241 (1969),

pp.359-65.

19.

Austin, L.G., 'Understanding BalI Mill ~i~g', Ind. Eng. Chem .

Pr~cess Des. Dev., 12 (2) (1973), PP.121if~
Lucki j P. T'. and Austin, L.G., 'A Revieq' Introd~tion to the
Solution of the Grinding Equations by Ofgita1 Computation',
Min. Sei. Engng. ~ (1972), pp.24-51.

21.

Reid, K.J., 'A Solution to the Batch Grinding Equation', Chem.

Engng. Sei. QQl (1965), pp.953-63.

22.

Cameron, A.W., ,Ke1sall. n.F . Restarick, C~J., and Stewart, S.B .

'A Detailed Assessment of Coneentrator Performance at Broken Hill
South, Limited', Proc. Aust. Inst. Min. Met. 240 (1971), pp.53-65.

!!

/"

23.

18.

20.

'

'-,-

K1impe1, R.R. and Austin, L.G., 'The Back-Ca1culation of Specifie

of Breakage and Non-Normalized Breakage Distribution Parameters from Bat~h Grinding Data', Int. 'Jour. of Mineral Processin~
.! (1977), pp.7-32.
'
R~tes

r
~

1
Q

,,Cl

24.

Remnyi, K., 'Th~ Theory of Grindabi1ity and the Comminution of

Binary Mixtures', Akalemiai Kiado - Budapest (1974). PJ' 65.

25.

Harris, C.C., 'The A1yavdin-Weibu11 Chart in Batch Comminuti n

Kineties' J Trans. Inst. Min. Met. ~ (1971), pp.C4l-C44 .

26.

Harris. C.C., 'Relationships for the xYt Comminution Sur ace',

Technieal Note, Trans. Inst. Min. Met. ~ (1970), pp.C 7-58. "

27.

Harris, c.e., 'Defficiencies in !Wo Grinding Hypothe'es', Powder

Techno1ogy 1 (1970), pp.309-11.

28.

Harris, C.C., 'The Effeet of Time on Batch Grinding', P9wder,

Teehno1ogy ~ (1970/1971), pp.57-60.
/

--

L
\'

158.

r
1

. . 29.

30.

Tnaka, T. and Se1by, n.w., 'A Kinetic Approach t Interference

Eff~e~H the Grinding of Binary Mixtures', Proe. Aust. Inst'.
Min.~t. 1258 (1976), pp.41-45.
'
,

.-

Austin, L.G., Trimarehi, T., and,Weymont, N.P., 'An Analysis of

Non-First Order Breakage Rates c, Powder Technolqgy
II (1971), pp.l09-13.

Some~se~.Of

31.

Horst, W.E. and/Bassarear, J.E., 'Use of Ore Gr~ndability Technique

to Evaluate Plant Performance', Trans. AIME ~ (1976), pp.348-51.

32.

Hod'ouin, D., Berube, M.E ., and Everell, M.D., 'Modelling Industrial

Grinding Circuits and Applications in Design', CIM Bulletin, 71
(1978), pp.138-46.

33.

Austin, L.G., Shoji, K., Bhatia, V.', Jindal, V., and Savage, <K.,
'Sorne Results on the Description of Size Reduction as a Rate
Process in Various Mills', Ind. Eng. Chem., Process Des. ~ev. 15
r~, pp.187-96.

34.

Austin; L.G. and Bhatia, V.K., 'Experimental Methods for Grinding

StudieS in Laboratory Mills", Powder Technology 5 (1971/1972),
pp. 26l-6~.
' -

35.

Gardner, R.P., 'The Applicability of the First-Order Grinding Law

to Partic1es Having a Distribution of Strengths', Powder Technology
12 (1975), pp.65-69.
/'

r,

t
,
1:'
~

:1

f
f

li'

tr

~
1J

.f"
~

*
'~.
fi

Gardner, R.P. and Rogers, R.S., ~Two-Component Mechanistic

Approach for the comminution~Material that Exhibits He~rogeneous
Breakage Characteristics' ,/Powder Teehnology g (1976), pp. 247-58. '

3,7.

Furuya, M.., Nakaj ima, Y. and Tanaka, T., 'Theoreti cal Ana lys is of
Closed-Cireuit Grinding System Based on Comminution Kineties',
Ind. En~. Chem. Process Des. Develop. 10-4 (1971), pp.4'49-S6.

38.

Fuerstenau, D.W. and Sullivan, ,Jr., D.A., 'Comminution of Mixtures

in Ba11 Mi11s' ..,Trans. A~ME
(1963), pp.152-S7.

...

~
')
,}

">

.,

39.

iJ,'

~
.~

~,

c:

E?

Heyes, W., Kelsall, p.F. and Jtewart, P.S.B., 'Contin~ous Grinding

in a Small Wet Rod Mill. Part II. Breakage of Some 6ommon Ore
MineraIs', .Powder'Technology l (197~), pp.337-41.

40.

K~lsa11, D.F., 'Application of Prob~bility in tHe Assessment ~f

Flotation Systems', Tran~. l.M.M. 76 (1960/1961), pp.191-204.

41.

Finch, J.A. and Matwijenko, O., 'Individual Mineral Behaviour in

a Closed Grinding Circuit', CIM Bulletin 70 (1977), pp. 164-72 .

,1

/ . ,

36.

~~

!i'
!...
"-

.,

-1

..

~ -~

J'

'j

!
1

..

159 .

"

'

(,

42. ,Lynch, A. J . , 'Mineral Crushing and trinding Circuits. Their

Simulation, Optimisation, Design and Control', Elsevier Scientific
Publ. Co. 1977. a) pp. 105-14; b) pp.l37-59.

(1

~,"
"

43: Hodouin, D., iBerllbe, M.A., and Everell, M.D., "Modelling of Twelve
Continuous Grindipg Experi~ents on a New Brunswick Su1fide Ore' ,
GRAAIM, Lava.! University, 'Aug. 1977.
44.

Kelsa1l, D.F., Stewart. P.S.B., and Reid, K.J 'Confirmation of

Grinding with a Wet BalI-Mill', ~Trans. IMM II (1968),
pp.CI20-27. ,

~,~CloSed-Circuit

/_
~-

45.

Raymond, G.F., M. Eng. Thesis, 'The Economic Benefits of Mill

Control', McGill UniveJ;'si ty, 1972.

46.

Hodouin, D., Berube, M.A. and Everell, M.D., 'Etudes des Parameteis
'des Modeles Mathematiques Utilises pour SimuIfr le Processus de
Broyage', Groupe de Recherches en Automatisat~on Applique
l'Industrie Minerale (GRAAIM), Univ. Laval, Jan. 1978.

/'/
/

47". Olsen, T. and Krogh, S.R., lA Low Order Model of Continuous BalI
Mill Grinding', Proceedings, llth Int. Min. Process. Congress,
Caglizrj., Italy (1975)" pp. 119-37
.......
.
48.
49.
50.

Plitt, L.R., 'The Analysis of Solid-Solid Separations in Classifiers' ,

CIM ~tin, 64 (1971), p.42 ..

B~d1ey, D., 'The Hydrocyclone' , Pergamon Press, 1965, p.140.

Lynch, A.J., and Rao, T.C., 'Modelling and Scale-Up of Hydrocyclone
C1assifiers' ~lth Int. Min. Process Congress, Cagliari, 1975.
j

51.

52.

Plitt, _L.R., 'A Mathematical Model of the Hydrocyclone Classifier',

CIM Bulletin 69 (1976), pp.1l4-23.

White, J.W., Winslow, R.L. and Rossiter, G.J., 'A Useful Technique
,for-Metallurgical Mass Balances - Applications in Grinding', Int.
Jour. , of Min. Proc. -4 (1977), pp.39-49.

53. 'whiten" W.J 'Model Building Techniques for Mineral Treatment

,Processes', Symp. on Autom. Control Syst. Min. Proc. Plants,
Tech. Paper {Brisbane) (1971), pp.129-48.
,,

54.
55.

Wiegel, R.L 'Advances in Mineral Proeessing Material Balances',

Cano Met. Quart. ~ (1972), pp.4l2-24.
Mular, A.L., Bradburn. R.G . Fl'intoff, B.C and" Larsen. G..R.,
IMass Balance of a Grinding Circuit' J ~M Bulletin 69 (1976),
,,__ _
pp.124-29.
,

56 .. ~llen. T., 'Particle Size Measurement', ,2nd dition, Powder

h ' -

Technology. Series, Chapman and Hall Publ 1975. pp.l8-2J

.
.

"

..

.. '

160.
~_~

Tyler .Ina. Products; Combstion Engng. Ille., 'Testing

and !heir Uses', Handbook S3 (1976), p.rs.

~,C.E.

--

Si~ves

58.

Herbst, J.A. and Fuerstenau, D.W., 'Influence of Mill Speed and

BalI Mill Loading on the Parameters of Batch Grinding Equation' ,
Trans. AJME 2S2 (1972), pp. 169-76

59.

Austin, L.G. and Luckie, P.T., 'Methods for Determination of

areakage Distribution Parameters', Powder Technology 5 (1971/1972),
pp.2i5-2,2.
-

)
"

60. ., Kelly, E.M., 'Porosity of a Layer of Spheres Deposited Random1y

on a C1osed-Packed Layer', Powder Techno1ogy ..4 (1970/1971), pp.309-11

1
j

61.

Taggart, A. F., Handbook of Mineral Dressing, .John Wil~& Sons, tnc:;

19. a) pp.~-32; b) pp.19-63; c) pp.~-04.

62~

Ly,man, G.J. and Finch, J.A., 'Introduction ta Statistical Methods

of Compuhng Material Balances', Dept. of Mining and Met. Engng~,
McGill University, 1977.

63.

Chaudhuri, P.K. and Fuerstenau, D.W., 'The Effec~ of Mixing on the

Kinetics of Mixing in a Rotating Drum', Powder Techno1ogy, ! '(1970/
1971), pp. 146-50.

64.

Shaji, K., Hagg, R. and Austin, L.G., 'Axial Mixing of Particles

in Batch BalI Mi11s'., Powder Technology
7 (1973), pp.331~36.
0 -

65 . Agar, G.E. and Kipkie, W.B., 'Predicting Locked Cycle F1otation

Test Results from Batch Data', Proceedings of the 10th Annua1
Meeting of the Cano Min: Processors, Canada Centre for Mineral
and Energy Te~nology, Department of Energy, Mines and Resources,
Ottawa; Jan. f978 .
66.

'

..

Gardner, R.P. and Sukanjnajtee, K.,' 'A Combined Tracer and BackCa1culat~on Method for Determining Particu1ate Breakage Funttions
in Bail Mi1ling. , Part 1. Rationale and Description of tro Proposed
Method', Powder Technology:~ (1972), ,.66

,
!
!

1
1

,1

'1'

"1'

.,

Al.I

APPENDIX l

\.

.,,

METRons

TO ,DETERMINE B(x,y) AND S(x)

~,

"

",-,

The Singie-Size

~nd

Top-Size Methods

>

l'he m'thods were. originally proposed by Sedlatschek and

..

-von Bass (as qu;ted by Gardner(66)). The 'single-size method consists

of the following:
(a)

Removal of aU material except the size of interest and,

grinding for a short period of time.

(h)

Sieving, weighing a\ld calculating the

rati~

of weights

that appear in any lower size x to the total weight

~i!;

whieh is ground out of the size ,in question.

Ce)

---

Repeating Ca) and Cb) tor severaI size fractions.

The breakage function B(x,y) is given by the ratio calculated in Cb).

----The selection for breakage fUJ)ction SCy) whre y is the s ize of interest.
can be determined by forming the ratio:
,1

fractional weight disappearanee

of particles of size y divided by the short period of time of grinding.

~.

The top-size method is used only t,o determine the selection funetion or
specifie rate of breakage, S(x)~8,34J58)
Both methods are siIspect "pecause they do not replicate the
natural grinding environment of real systems of grinding in which the
.-

~.

whole size range of particles is being broken.

The Tracer Method

Gardner and Austin(59) were the first to report this method.
\

It consists of the following:

.,

L..

-'"' ..-.... """.

--. .........._-, \\

""'

Al. 2

Removing the mass .. size fraction of interest. .

This fraction is tagged with a radioactive tracer and
re-mi;x:ed with the original charge .
Grinding for a short period of time.
The breakage functions are obtained by forming the ratios of the mass
retained on smal1er sizes to the total mass4' of tagged material.

Steps

Ca), ta (b) are repea'ted for each particie size.

1

The selection ,function cano be estimated .and is equal ta the

fractionai amount of tracer
time.

disappeara~ce

traced size pel' unit

The~method proposed is better than the

of one main reason:

reviousmethods because

the traced materiai brea s in its naturai

of

grinding

env~ronment.

...;

The Back-Calculation Method

S9
This is the method III reported by L.G. Austin and P. T. Luckief )
USin,g their own words:

"In princiPle(the size

at sorne time of grinding is a

un~que

df~tribution produced

resuit of the Sand B parameters,

and knowing S, B can be back-caiculated."

The details of this method are beyond the scope of this work.

'J

Nevertheless, it i5 worth eIJtIhasiz.ing that t~is particular method is

being' used for estimating' B for continuous large scal grindi~

Slmu

1a t'lons. (20.23,32)
'

..

/
"

,.

.-

"

~...

<~

,v

"e<

,1)

j .....,..-,.

~~,

...

A2.I
APPENDIX II
STANDARD CHEMICAL ANALYSIS PRotE DURE

. The proeedur adopted in the chemical analysis work was as

'"
follows:

,
(a)

Pulverizing the four coarsest screened materials

(2( 35, 48 and 65 mesh).

W~ighing suitable amount ~f sampl -t~ av~ excessive

(b)

dilution

weight

r~tios.

sampl~s

Depending on the sulphide content J the

ranged from ApproximatelY 0.+00 ta 0.20'0 g.

Ec)

Dissolving of the samples was as follows:

i) ln a .250 ml beakr adding 5 ml of distillated water,
1

5 ml of hydrocloric acid (HCI), 5 ml of nitric 'acid

(HN0 ) , and 1 ml of perchloric acid (HCI0 4).
3
ii) Heating on the hot plate until dryness.
iii) Addition of S' ml of

.
t

distillat~

water and 10 ml of
1

aeid (HCI).
hydrochloric

iv) Heating'until dissolution.

v) Filtering using Warman fter paper;
godng

~o

the filtratl

a 250 ml volumetrie flsk and the filter

paper discarded.
(d)

Atomic absorption spectrophotometer.

Dissolved samples

of known overall concentration in ppm, were analysed

aceording to the following procedure:
t

.
~

..,....,:b-_ _...........-""'lJl,.......... ---,;;;-{:.,;~~r'i::;

..

,,"-jij~i

,,,,-11& .. 1

~cs:nS;j 8IiiiiIiIiiII:(t~'"~~':H~~.k~~.,~~a,)L."_2

~ zt!z

'

:;s

S+4&

EDP

A2.2
't.

~ . i)

Lead (Pb).

Di1uted samples, prepared according.

te section Lii) above, were ana1ysed using the

,,1

.,

optimum range of concentration of 2.25 ppm recommended by the Analysr's Manual.

were:

"

The standards

6, 10, 15, 20, and 25 ppm of lead.

The

instrumental'onditions were:

0.4 nm

slit setting:

-rA

wavelength:

H)

283.31 nm

1amp current:

5-6 mA

air flow rate:

5 It mi,-1

fuel (acetYlene) f10w rate:

1.0 1t' min-

Zinc (Zn).

The samp1es of primary dilution were

further di1uted in arder to achieve the optimum

range of 0.2-0.3 ppm for zinc.The
standards used
v
were:

0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 ppm of

The, instrumental

zinc~

conditi~bs were:~

sut setting:

0.4 nm

r .
wavelength:

2p.86 nm
, 8-10- mA

lamp cur:rent:
"

5.0 1t min- l

air flow rate:

1.1 1t mjn- 1
"
This analysis wasmade on the same

fuel (acety1ene) f10w rate:

iii)

Iron (Fe).

samp1es for zinc determination.

The

~ptimum

range

of concentration of the instrument is 0.5-10 ppm

of Fe.

The standards used:

of irone . The operation

1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 8 ppm

se\~ings:
''.-

A2.3
, ,

0.4 nm

'slit: -

(e)

wave length:

248.33 nm

1amp current:

12-15 mA

air flow rate:

5.0 lt min- l

fuel (acetYlene) flow rate:

1.0 It min- 1

..

Plotting calibration curves f~r each element (standard

pp~

against absorbance readings).

$

(f)

Use of 1east squares technique

to obtain interpolation
, ,
of concentrations.

..

Figure A2. ~

to Figure A2.3

show

three typical calibration curyes for lead, zinc and irone

Also shown are the equati,ons of the lines obtained using

,
J

1east squares technique

.,
~

1
~.

-,

"

t:

..

~\'1;

"

"

"

1,

f"

~.It

~~~

-~.

'":,.,

,~

..,....

""
~

i
1

./
1

.~(~

~-~-~._--

,~_..

,,

A2.4

--:
0
0

'-

..0

a.

CO

en

,,/

\,~

0
0

(}

1-

><

W
..J

W
/

...

><

tO

>-

Il

u .
8
M
Z

>-'

0
ln

al

,..<t
o
o
N

o
o

'NOIH1~lN38NO~
/

"1

<t

CD

CD

.-

.-

CQ

t.:J

::l
t:J

.....

;J..

~":r"""'''''''.r_''''''',,~''''_-'''~

vI)

A2.S

"

"

,1

"
:"
"

0'
C"'-

o
o

CD

."

...

1~

c
N

,.....
Z
lLJ

:2:

..-

.....
.....

o
o

><
C"'-

lLJ

Il')

..J

lLJ

Ln

Il

>-

'"::..

...

o
o

...:t

,
(

o
,

iT

o
o
,',

\.

, NOr

l~llN

,-,
~

.'
.,

.,

3:)NO:J

o
-.'

'.

'------._--\---

~17~tr~~"~0~'!i'1i'~,,"'f.----'6(Wt~-'~'~''''''_~'''*''''~~'-'''"_'IIoIt-..'''--1_U_~'-...r--~, ~<--

A2.'6
"

"

.'

...

..

1.0

'.'

<li
~I.J...

.
.. .'+

l-

Z
W'

...J

<.0

",

><
...:r "

;
q

N
N

><

"

>-

>-

...-

~.-/

~9

0
0

.J

t'l

<

<t

lJ.l

eX

(Il

:::l
t:l

a::::

'i:L.

U)

en

----.;J

...-

,p

"\

.,
!

..:
l,

'.

, .

'\

..'
"

"
f

"

dl,

..

.....

.........-

-.~'

,
\' ......i~l'II;tJl.\ .. ~...,... ... ,

",,.

''[l'...,.. ~,\~~~~y"".ql'~'t....

,a~,

"

.. , ,.. _ ...... "'''',., ...... , ......u .....

,
1

(~,

.
A3.l

"."

APPENDIX III

."

MISCELLANEOUS DATA AND BATCH GIVNDING MILL .CALCULAT10NS

III.l

Screening
/.

Table III.l shows the .; 2 size ratio screen

screens used in the grinding experiments.
'\.

Figure AS.l

shows in the Schuhmann plot, the

screening

\'

time found in dry s~reening sifica in the RolTap machine.

minutes is the

op~imumj

any longer screening time would pro uc size

rduction 'by abras ion (34) , 'thus maski!1g the rsal s'he assays.

!/./

II1.2

Batcb Mill

Loa~ing

and.Speed Calculations

For both the silica and the Pb-Zn ore grincing' experiments,
tJte same ball charge was usea-:

The 'assumptions made, along wi th the

,.

following ~a.ta, the number of balls and mineraI .charge ta the mil! ~were
,

computedj also computed are the critical velocity and percent of

critical velocity of the mil!.

DATA

length of mill,
diameter of

.,

gri~d

speed of mill,

0.66')
,

D - 20.32 cm (8") (Of

diameter of miU,
-"

L - 16.51 cm (6-112") ,

balls, d-2.S4em (1")

Sb - 57 rpm

"

7'
,

...

.
,, .

-- l ,

\.

"

1 "'ff"~~'>-\'";,~;JttIl~W~"""f""'",H~I~ .. -::.""1"' ~'. n<tr'.<'V""'~-;!<',-::r-.~~~""""\-~'I"~"" ....." ....

A3.2
o
!

~ r

"
>

,"

1
/

(~

'&,.

~AB}f.

,,

k,

'---

01

"

f"--;:,

'

"

'

1)

-~
l"~

Screen
Number

Tyler Standard
Equivalent

Opening
mm

'1
i

3.360

2.380

10

1.651

j,

"'-

..,

"

"'~.

,~~

10

14

12

1.400

16

.14

1.180

20

20

30

28

Gr 0.595

40

35

0.425

48

0.300

,5
/

50

'"

'--

70

1'>

65

0.841
'

0:212
'('

100

.'
'"

---'

01
.f>

"7;

100

0.150

12.

140

150

0.106

13

200

200

0.075

14

270

270

0.053

lS

400

400

0.038

'\

---;-.

l',

f'

'ri.

, ,,'j

,j
/

::;s

DIJ!!I!%41 C

"

~1-lj;f'VA-M'.r:{-fr,,"'i~,~lf~#'.~"""''tI''J'I'it''l'n'":a>/''''''''''' ~.,._~t"JoOI1:"'!!V~"lt' ~,~

" ~"" ........... ~,.,,-,
, ~.~~",~I""'.')J---", ",-,'~_f'~"-'.
...

A3.3

\1

(;;)'

,'f

SCHUHMANN-PLOT

!r '

SCREENING
TESTS
RESULTS . /
sijZe

"

moduli

100
80

60

40

..

cr:

w
z

u. 20

",

t-

Cl..
t-

~
o

....

>

t-

10

8
6

TIME ..
"15 min.

<[

f,i

:::1
~U

.,

'200
1

48
PARTICLE SIZE,

MESH

..... FIGURE AS .. 1

, ~ ( '

,II ~'~<''''''\-''~#';r~>l~~~~~''' ~1"r-""";'~~~'t.~tt"lr\Wt.,.,.~~""""~>#,~_ ....:,, .. _

"

~,

A3.4

," ,(j

"SUMPTIONS

i.

voids, volume percent' of internaI IIlill

2.

voidage between ba11s, p - 38%.(60,61)

CALCU LAT 1ONS

,

~olumeJ ; ... 12%. (8)~

'--'-'
L

cm:;

5340

196 balls
76.6 Of-1

93.8 rpm
0

Sbc

where:

V
T

Vbt
Vb
Nb

"

Sc
Sb

'.

Sbc
Df

-,100

s.,/Sc

68.7%

,.

interna! baIl mil! volume

volume of .balls
volume of one' ball
number of balls ,of one charge
critica1 speed J

'in.

rpm

speed of the millr in rpm

'1/1

percent of the critical speed

diametei of the mill, in feet

L: ,

f-

k".
\,

",'
H<

"'1

1
A3.5
~I~

II

III.2.1

C..
"

ca1culation of the Charge of Silica to the Mill

'Depending on the voids

perc~nt

filling chosen, the ,weight

of silica for each dry batch grinding experiment is calc;ulated using

the bulk density.

The calculation is as follows:

..

1
f

1
o

we~ght

wheie:

of'tlUca (one charge), l\'T

Si02

Pb'

Vv . v /100
.,P

is the weight of silica, i.n g

/'
2
the
bulk
density
is
of- silica, in g/em 3 (- 1.6)
Pb

1
j

WT Si0

;
/

,3

Vv is the voids volume (--0.12 VT), in cm

Vp is the percent of voids volume filled with silica

III.2.2

Calculation of the Pb-Zn Ore Charges for

the Wet Batch Grind Experiments
The weight of dry solids and water for the CUF and RMD
a~ caleula~ed

experiments
~

using the previous ba1ls charge ca1cula,

tions (196'balls).

The assumptions are the following:

Assumption No. 1:

pulp dilution is given by 42.13% soUds

by volume for both materials.

Assumption No. 2:

the pplp volume is 120% of the voids volume.

-DATA
V

('

slurry
Sv
PCUF

()

PRMD

~
1.2 Vv

IV

769 cm3

42.l3~

5.53 gtcm3
3.08 gtem3

,/

1
."
~ ','

;S

'l!;;;:az

w =- F

A4JJl,

.,

""

-,

CALCULATIONS

,A3.6

"

1 ....

l~~

"

S.
v

ore

V
slurry

.Vore

.
WRMJ)

WH 0
2-

, H2

ax

100

S . ~slurry
v
100

Vore

Vore

G>

RMD

-:VH a
2

324 cm

ore

CUF

Pore

ore

W
CUF

+ V

V
ore

<-

vo.re

3.53 x 324

3.08 x 324

IV

IV

1144 g

998 g
-~

,--~./'""--

('
slurry - Vore

769 - 324

445 cm

(for CUF and RMD)

Sp _

ore
~

WH 0 x 100

'

(PCT solids by weight)

1144
IV
1144 + 445 x 100 -/72.0%

, PCUF

S
PRMD

,W

W
ore

998
IV
998 + 445 x 100",. -

69.2%

."'.
l'
\

0)
l

:''j,.\

"

1~~

. ... _. ...- .............. ~./ .,..~~

,.,

.,~

--

~~-----

AS.7

JII.~

Clculation of Volumetric BalI Mill Holdup

The calculations use the geometry of the mill.

Certain

assumptions are made as weIl as follows:

As~umption

The diameter of the overflow orifice is 0.6096 m (2').

Assumption 2
The level of balls (at rest)"coincides with the edge
of the overflow orifice.
Assumption '3
'-

The baIl packaging factor is 0.38 (the hexagonal compact).

(60)

"- Assumption 4
The pulp volume occupies 120% of the interstitial volume
between balls (at rest).

This assumption accounts

f~r

the VOl]'e of the flying balls replaced by the pulp

(mill i

motion).

DAT(\

0
d

t
r

r'

3.505 m (11.5')

0.609 m (2')
4.876 m (16' )

- D/2

1. 752 m (5.75' )

d/2

0.304 m (l')

- -

l'"

,
')

- ... _-,~..

Calculation of'Volume of Mill, V

T

3
47.060 m

Ca1culation of Volume, Vb '

Ca1culation of Area , A
2,

1/2 r (6 - sin e)

'-

.
1800 - 2a
f

Cl

,- sin"'l(~)
r

10.01.

0.1748 radians
t

-t

159.98 0

2.79!9 radians

...

..
,A

2
3.762 m

Finally,

- ,balls bullt volume'

, 1 ..

_-----

.,

----_.

--------- --J,

---------.

1
,

1
A3.9

'

Calculation of Interstitial Space Between BaIIs, V

V 0.38

.-

6.972 'm3

vv

-J

Ca.lculation of Volumetrie BaU Mill Holdup, m.tI

....

BPotI

1.2 V

'8.366 m

v
3

~ 18% V
T

Figure A3.2 shows graphically V ,'" Yb' V

balls and BMH.
T

These volumes

are also expressed in percent of V;, the total internaI volume 'of the
, miU.

j
-

"

~"h,t~,

~.~!: ,

- ,

.... , .. ,J

.~.;t(

'.

o
)
ZEJ

'-: (
k,1

'";"'''':''''''~''\J:J!!?l~~"""j)_,_~,,,",,~,_

.....r'''''",,,_'''''14''''.' . ""., __ .;..,_,~~_" .~ __ ~

~_M~

__",

4
,/

AS.lO

~/

"

~\

,"-

"

.
'\

Vt

'Vtt

1i

Vlalls

BMH

Il
J
./~

,/

FIGURE A3.2
'",

o
, \

--,
:\~-(~'~~~_~~~""""M"_ ....h"'P""f.J'~"""""''''''''I~_ _ _ ''''_

.'.

JI

APPENDIX IV

CONTENT

-----

SECI'ION IV.I
Gr~nding,ExperimentaI

IV.I.I

OUF

,IV .1.2

RMJ5 ,Grinding

Results

Experimental Resul ts

,\

SECI'ION IV. 2

Cqmputer program to Adju'St the Size and Chemical Assays of

the Raw Data Ga.thered rrom ci Sampling Campaign of the Closed
'Grinding Circuit.
IV.2.1
j

Resu1ts at 154.2 mtph.

IV. 2. 2 Resu1 ts a t 190 .3 mtph.

"

l'

o
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STEICHIOMETR1C FACTOR FOR CONVERTING
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SQUARES_OF RESIDUAL ERRORS

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USAGE:
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THE MINERAL FREOUENCY

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DIMENSION AI(20.SI.CEM(20.5,.,.MESH(20,.AOJI20,SI.UNITIlO.S.41
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FlNOING THE REST ESTIMATE OF RATIONALllED FLOW RATES IOVERALL'

ALSO. AOJUSTING THE SCREEN ASSAYS IN ALL STREAMS
BOTH CUMPUTATIONS "AKE USE OF SUBROUTINE AOJUST
CALL AOJUSTIll.Al.ALPHA.ALPHAM.XI.AOJ,
ASSAYS ADJUSTNENT
SECTION 1 - F1NOING THE UNAOJUSTEO MINERAL COMPOSITION
AND MI NE RAL UNI TS
DVE~ALL

DO 10 K"'I.KI
00 10 .1"'1. JI
SUMl" 0.0
SUM2a 0.0
00 1 \) J .. 1 1 1
UNITM( J,K,'" Al(l.JI.CHEM(I.J.KI
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20

30

35

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CUMUll,J,K'a SUNI UNITM(I.~.K,

CU~MUCI.J.~'. SUM2 + UNITMMC,.J.K)
SUNl- CUMUCI,J,K,
~
SUN2& CUMMUII.J,K'
CONTINUE
~
DO 20 .1-1. JI
DU 20 .-1,11
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DO 20 K"'I,1(1
SUN'H l ,.1," .,sUNI + UN 1 TNM l i
SUMI= SUMNfI, J,
CONTINUE
DO-JO .1:;1,.11
DO 30 '=1,11
UNITMMel,J,.'a 100 A1C,.J' - SUNNI
CONTINUE
DO 35 .1=1,.11
DU 35 1"'1.11
.CHENII.J ' . UNITMMII,.I.4,/AIII,J'
CONTIJ.UE
DO 36 .1-1 .11
SUNI= 0.0
DO 36 ':01,11
CUNUII.J.4'. SUNI + UNITMMII.J )
SUNlc CUNUII.J,4'
CONTINUE
.
00 40 ~"'I,KI
DO 40 Jal. S
0'0 40 1"'1,11
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CONTINUe

1
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j

1
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SECTION 2 - F1N01NG TH~ CALCITE/DOLOMITe UNITS

>

DO 53 ~"'I, 5
DO 50 '-l, Il
SUNI" 0.0
00 5'0 K"I,I(I
51 l,J,,, ~I t UNlTlI.J.K'
SUMI'" SCI J,
50 CONTINUE
0060 .1 5
00 60 1-1,11
- UNIT! 1 .J.4'a 100 AO~ll.J' - Slli.l!
60 CONTINUE

SECTION-2 - FINOING THE DVERALL MINERAL UNfTS

00 70 1(=1.1<2
00 70 .1=1.5

70
C
C
C

SUlU'" 0.0
1
DO 70 1=1,11
CUMCI,J.K'a SUMI + UNITClt'J.K,
SUMI: CUMCI.J.K,
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1
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SECTION 4 - FINOING ~HE OVERALL EL'ENENT ASSAYS IPERCENT,

....

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BO

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90

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EQUATIO~S

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1

F1NOING THE COEF.FICIENTS OF THE 51MULTANEOUS EQUArlON

ACI.U: XI
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Alt,3'- ALPHA"
AC 1,4'= -1.
A'2.i.- ALPHA 2
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2.0
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CI." DELTMII,LI'
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~,

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1.

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L- K
Da .01.1 I .. KPt,N
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CONTINUE

IreL.EO.K'GO Ta 301.1
DO 410 J-K,N
TE NP" A(I(
AlK, .. ,- ACL, .. ,
Al L,JI'" TEMP
TEMP- oeI(l
BC 10- BIL'
BCLI. TEMP
f,
DO 590 I-KP' tN
FACTOR- ACI.It~/""K.K'

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AL~M.AVGIZ.K,

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seCTION 2 - SOLYING THE SIMULTANEOUS'SYSTEH OF

SECTION

'-../

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FINDING TUE OVERAL~ MINER~L ASSAYS (PERCENT)

THIS l~AN AOJUSTMENT ANALYSIS

DO lOG

C
C

J-l,JI

AYGCJ,KJ" CUMUlIO,J,K'/100.
CONTINUE
DO 90 1C-I,1<2
,
OELTMII,K'. A'~iAH.AVGls.K' + AVGCI,K, OELTHC2,K'- A PHAH.AYGC4,KI + ~VGC3.K' 0~LTHC3.K'.
GI5,K' - AVG(4,K,'
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CONTINUE
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8
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CONTINUE: r
X,N'" 8'N./A'N.N'
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500
590
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100

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THE CIRCULATING LOAO OF EACH'NINERAL COMPONENT

~

ALP~INll J. AOJ214.1 '/40.12(3.1 UloLPHAN

1
CONTINUE
FINDING TH~ MINERAL FREOUENCY DISTRIBUTION

00 152 "'-'.5

150

.~

DO 140 Kill.KI
00 UO Jl.~
DO 1<40 1 al t 1
.
FOIII,J.K'e UNlT(I,J,K)/CUMIIO,J.K)
140 CONTINUE
DO .45 .1-'.5
" DO 14~ '-J,Il
FDI(I.J ' . UNITlJ,J.4"AVGIJ.41/100.
145 CONTINUE
rB
,
C
C
ADJUSTIN~ THE ABO~E ~INERAL ,FREbuENCY DISTRIBUTION
C';00 150 K-l.K2
.... LPH- ALPHH(Kl
00 151 J-l,5
DO 151 1"'1, Il
FQ'I.J,- FOI'I.~.K.
151 CONTINUE
CALL ADJASlll.FD,ALPH,ADFOl

l )
~i

----~

- ..

DO 130 1-I.K2

..

"

')

DO 'JOO JIPI,N
SUM" SU'" ACl.J) IJ'
CONTINUE
XII CB'I) - SUN'/ACI.I,
1
1"" 1
IFCI.GE.I'GO Ta 800
XC
~Cl)= Xli' RlZ'. -ALPHA.lxl.' + X12))
~'3'''_ X(Z, + "xC.'
RI.'. ALPHAM4X'Z' - .'3.
RC 5'''' ALPHAM.X'I' X(3)
00 102 .1-1.5
"OJ2(J.Ll). AVG(J.LI' - RfJ)
CONTINUE
CONTINUE

C
C
C

~~

""

SUf:4= 0.0

900

?1

'r

,
00 152 l-lt11
ADJ3ll.J,K'. ADFpll.~'
CONTINUE
CONTINUE

FlNOING THE ADJUTEO ELENEHT COMPOSITION

~ <9

.:.

Cl

,!

1
'"
>

"'"
.....
QI.

..

r"

.~

"

f~

;;
~J

-~

G"

.;t

ti:'.
l

Q'

.,

fi
1

l
~

(.ONTINUED

CALC'TE/DO~UMITE

.f

DO 160 te .. , .K2
DO 160 J"'L.5

160

IS GIVEN IN PEPCENT

DO 160 1"1,11
AOJUNtl J. K' .. AO.l3(-I .1 ,KJ.AD.l2 (.J. K 100.
CHEM1'1 .I.~,- AO.JUN'J .I,K"AO.l(~ .J'
CONT (NUE
. ,

WRITEl-6.200)
, WRlTE16,210)
00 190 1-1,11
VA 1 TE' 6.220 HE. SHI 1 , , 'AI.' l ,
CD,nlNUE

,190

.1, ""t

5. ,

,.

~RITE(6,230.ELeM'K'

CONTINUE

195

FORMATt'.,////,

200
210

FDR~AT{'

'.J6~,'SI2E

ASSAYS ADJUSTNENT -

'J4X.E~EMCNT:',A71111)

FORMATI'

1
,~,

RESULTS'////)

1
}

FOR"'A TC / '- " 12X,' AVERAGE' 4X.51 1':5 .2. IX J .2X.5 tFS .2. IX J,l")

240

',J5X,'MESH',llx,'UNAOJUSTED DATA', 17X,'AOJUSTEO OATA'/'

.',16X,'NO',6X.'RMO'.4X.'CF'.3X,'COF'.3X.'CUF',3X,'BNO'.5X,
'RMO' ," x. 'Cf"', 3X, 'COF', 3X, 'CUF', 3X,-'8MD' / /)
~
220 FURMATt' '.15X,14,"X,5'F5,2,lX),2X,5(F~2,IXI//'
230 FORI411TC "l' n'II"
' . J.4X.' CHEMl CAL ASSAYS ~DJUS TMENT - RE~ULT S'II' "

,"

ADJI 1,.1) .1-1. 5)

1IRITEl6 ,21 0)
00 196 1 ' 1 . 1 1 .
'
WR'TE(6.2Z~)MESH('),(CHEM(1 .I.K) .Jal,5).(CHEM1'1 .I,K) .J;1,5'
CUNTINUF
.RITEt6,~45)(AVG(I,K),lal,5 'AD.l2(I.KJ,I-l.SI
WRITE(6,Z40JALPHM(K,

196

-245

!,,

VR ~TE'6 ,240, ALPHA

PO 195 K-I.K2

',36X.'ALPHA:',lIX,F6.z)

FINDING THE UHAO.lUSTEO AND AOJUSTED

CYCLONE SELECTIVITY INDEXES

<:

DO 170 K#1.K2'
00 170 ID1,Il

HO

VII,K'E

YAII.K'E

CUNTINUE

.~

CHE~CI.4,K)*Al(I,""(CHEM(I.4.k'.Al'I.4)

GHENII.3,K'.AIII.3,'ALPHAM.

CHEMlfl.4,KJ.AOJ(I,4'~CCHEMI(I,4.K)*AOJ(I,~)'.

CHENI'I.J.K).AD~CI,3t/ALPHAM'

'

WR1TE(6,250)(ELEN'K,~K~I.K2,,(eLENtK),K=1,K2'

00 19H l-J.ll
198
250

2!5!5
'-

WRITE(6,255)MESHel',fYI(.K,.Ks l,KZ).tYAII,K"K- K2'

CONTINUE
FORMAT("'////' ',34X,'CYCLONE SELECT1VITY CURVES'/I'//'

.t5X,MESH',3X,'UNADJUS~EO

SELECTIVITY INDEX

~DJUSTED

lNDEX'l'J '.16X.'NO',lK.3A7,2X.A7,3X.3A7.2X,A7//'
15X.14.JX.4(F6.4,IX,,4X.4CF6.4.1XJ/"
STOP
END
SUBRDUTINE AO.JUSTIIN,A,ALPHA,ALPHAM,X,AO.l'
DIMENSION A(ZO,5,.ADJI20.5,

FDR~ATI'

REAL LAMDlt20 LAM02(20)

..
....

~.l.

fi

~~ ~ \

'.

SE~CTIVIT~

DJMENSION OELT1(20),DELT2'20J,DELTA(20,51
FL_ FLOATIIN,

.4.

"

",
.:*,''':-

1 zA4IJI2&UC . . .LA81f.1i JUill 4; 3 il

$ lit Ji

14 . 44AlkWu;:;;:;;t4!Z,;;::ea;ilJJIII-P;za '''''l4i_-PlIW,U'IIJ:IIItI!\I!)Pt
)&Q1",")"\I&I!I~'!iI!!l
,

#,I!,."'".....,., "$""

....... ~

"0

"'!."'';''j<.~'

1"~'~'n.;........

~.

1,

~,

'.,

,. ,t

~'

if

;;.

l.

.s
CONT 1 NUf:.IJ

1
l

55" 0.0
56"" O.

57-

o.

58= O.

00 10 1= 1.lN
51- Allo21

52- Al (.5)

53- All.2)
5401 AIl ,
55" 51.52 t

10

:J

56= 53.54 +
57= 5 2 +
se .. 53 2 t

CONTINUE

Al'"' S5 + S6
.012" 57-. S8

.. #

......

ALPHA=- -1.11'''2
ALPIiAM .. ,ALPHA - 1.

xz ..

y~

DO 20

20

30
"

1
!

ALPtI ... **2 .. ALPHAM 2 + 1.

ALPtIA 2/X
ALPHA 4/X

"".5)' .. 11.'1.5' -

(=I.IN

DELTI"): ALPH".''''I.Z) "(1.1',

DELT2(1'" ALPHA.,ACI.21 - 1.1'.4"
t CA(I.4, - ACI.311
LA"I(1'- (DELl"" - Y+DELT2U))/lX -:U
L"M021IJ~ 'DELT2CI' - LA~DI(IJ.ALPHA 2J/X
DELT"ll.),- LAMOIII'
OELT"ll.2' .. -ALPHA.,LANOIlI) .. LAM0211"
OELTA'I.3," LAM02'1'
DELTAI1.4)a ALPHAM.LAMDZlIJ

ot

.)

DELlAi 5'a ALP.'AM.LANDI (II

CONTlNUE

00 30 J=I. 5
DO 30' I .. I.IN
~g~~:N~~~ A+I.J) .. OELTACI.J)

RE TUR,..

~-

END

SUBROUTINE AO.JAS( IN.A, ALPHA. Ao.n

DIMENSION AI20,S'.AOJC20.S)
DIMENSION OELTI(20).DELT2C201.0ELTA(20.5,
REAL LAMOI120J.LAN~2120J

FL- rLOATeIN) -

1.
ALPHAM: ALPHA - 1.
X" AI."''''' 2 + AI.PHA~ 2 .. 1

. y=

z ..

AI.PHA.*2/~

ALPHA /X

DO 20 _1_ rH

DEkTlI1'DEI.TZI')
-LANOle.,'LANG2U'"

20

ALPHA*IAI1.2) - AII,5)) .. IAII.5.

AI.PHA.(A(I.21 - 41',4') (A(I.4,
IDELTler, - Y.DELT2el)'~Cx - l i
'DELT2") - LANDHU*ALPHA 2J"X
OEL~AI'.IJ. LAMDIIIJ
OELTAII.2)~ -ALPHA.CLANOICI'
.1.4M02C.',
OELTA(I.3,- LAMOzltl
DEI.TAI 4'2 ALPHAN*LAH02C.)
DEI.TA, 5). ALPHAM.LANOll.,
CONTINUE

AII.U)
A' 103'1

1.-

f.

1,
t
{

1
/

)0-

"'"
.....
CD

A"

.'

....

L,~ '11I,,,,,;;''i(\''''!!I''l:;~~",,,,,,!!>, ....--'.\'fJ.."i!"'r.~ij

.",_."...

_~""""'......,:;:----~---

~~

" ----- "-- - - - - - -................. - - - - - - - - ' - - , - - - - - - - -

il

A4.19

(J
o

J'

...,
,...

.:

-,

....Jc

II/

CI

...,
.

z ...

J-

Wl .. c
.... M

--

CI

. """::1-
....W

Q
,Ij

..!...

00 ...
1'11'1 ...... ;,

"z""il
1'1

:~

".
1-

OOClOUJ
QQCUa:UJ
g

II:

Zz

,_,

,-,

1/1

CI

...

..... I~

~:t

~UU\:l'Wt

~;:l'

'"...~(:
tr~~1

f~:
"

I~~
.~~

...

t~ ~~

"

,!
~,

\
',.,

tv

;;:~

.,

'<..tf

/'

f.J

:'"

t'"

".t

,tff';,h

".<' "'~S.

1 1 IJ

ou, _ _....zoo,. 2

i .. ,

US,. lM" ;;:;;aooi ;dtsSZ u . _

'''- ~ . ."".

.'~ ~

h.

".~ ...., . " ' : ; " ~ ~

<

"-

S"E

HfS~1

l~

'ESULT'

AOJUSTED DATA
CF
COF
cuF

BND

8.27

0.23 13.20

J.44

3.39

7 .9~

4.a6

Il.54

7.!51

2.96

9.96

6.61t

7.3<;

6.77

0.94 lO.35

6.39

9.32

8.18

5.7~

7.0.

2.111

9.t:4

7.65

-11.38

UNADJUSTED DATA

NO

~,"~:T".T -

FI NO

c.f'

2 ..

'1"'. fl6

'T.69

,) .01

12.64-

2.16

35

8.23

4.69

0.34

7.18

46

7.t.7

t:..68

1).71)

t>S

5.92

7.3

2.&1

JOO-

7.69

1'.~9

1511

tI.d2

13.62 13.55 1 91

eut'

CCF

eN/)

RMD
19.4

C:

\) I~
\. 16:

' J'

,)

CIl

l-

7.63 13.60 13.dO

7.b

9.0f 1.J.91 13.21 1 3~ 16'.90

16.52

L.

O:\Ja

Ih22 11.39 11.52 10.42 13.00

8.. ) f

270

H.lio

9.81

1!J.\JO

7.19 10.26

e.t

40

b.31

5.ob

Q.37

3.32

l'.-"tI.

-400

5.58

22.15 3.".27 11.26 20.27

ALPHA;

I~

7.67 13.66 13.69

11.09 11.70 10.7i

e .:)1:

6.83 10.59

5.57

3.26

9.33

l,
!,

,,
,

12.89

9.136 14.78

1
i

5.69

20.C.,l t.2S 36.79 10.48 21.61

1
1

.2.63

,l'

.~
N

Il

"
0_

\,

-.

.~ '-~

\of

',~

!-

~~r;-'

ar

~m

_ _ __

,~...."...,.,~._"ii-""""'-""."."-"""""

~,,'j1',i::.- , ": .'~~;', ' -.. flllr,' .- '1' :'j II~i g ttUl!II~i UtlllA t4 _, ;UWE

_ !! lM

IIIU.,.

t'--

Il!b. IM.1 .mUid!

il!@liZSQiI4iZSUI2St;c;:.;,,.,

n" 4l!1.;;%Mdtil~l!iJ#lNf.~r

4 _,..

'g
Or

C!\

J~
~~
.,;

-;,

;)

-.

\~~

---:-~

'o!!P.

~:!i

...

,1

'J!'.

J."

n
.1\\

.4".- ,~~~~t!1~1;}~~~~-~: -<!~. : .. ;~:{;;~::;:-~ .;~5~~j~t~;?1~ ~ -:-' -

1-

J
j

~'f-) ,~~

- - ' " ' " " - " - - - - - - _...1I7111 Willill'MiII....IiIW.tt

.......
IIl......,:"f'..' ..............dOi<F; ...... ~...........L:IO.,.....~-------

3131. &Jen ~
n_
_ ~..~~..~~~~~
n
______~..~~J;i.I.....EI......................~........................
......
..~..~--.-~~~""'~~
.~~f~--'"
j

J,

J'

ob

III

dltl"

~
JJMH!!I

ziU
. ! Jl<!!IiIIIi!US4M! 1$1

i4zt1)lIE; !I$.!
j,

Ill.

"
'1
iII!!_

_~,,_~'"'i<;&~':r~*

-.j~~~~~:;'~"""'t<"'~ ~""',,-,"''''''~

.,. ...

r-t::...

",'

~1.~

,,

<'"

1'"

"

. !~

CHEMICAL ASSAVS

CF

RiolO

COF

RESULTS

ZINC

ELEMENT:

--- ~

UNAD~USTeD

AD~USTNE~l

DATA
CUF

AD~USTED

eND

RiolO

CF

COF

DATA
CUF

OMO

. ....

4~

4.44

5.90

1.66

4.91

9.46

" 9S

5.36

5.51

5.~6

8.48

5.47

5.00

1.66

5.70

7.-=Q

e.o-c

5.86

1.119

6.03

5.62

6.53

7.08

0.76

8.12

6.97

7.4e

7.39 -1.22

7.87

7.32

t -

4.16

7.Rb

0.60

6.78

5;24

S.IE

6.00

.99

6.36

0.47

7.40 lU.50

1.60 12.96 10.88

8.4':: 10.22

1.35 13.28 10.8.

4.73 10.90

4.96 10.72 Il.41

5.21

9.55

4.89 12.18 10.97

4.48

6.6b

6.45

1.98

6.13 '

s.oe

7.01

5 . 8 , 7... 90

7.81'

5.17

5.t!3

6.56

6.10

7.8~':;

6.39

b.10

6.78

6.83

4.

~o

.77

6.62

7.41

7.18

5.6;;:

6.58

6.08

7.47

7.14

.26

7.Sa

iI.19

7.12

8.04

6.0 C

7 .33

7.51

6.92

..t~

l'

, '

>

r\

"
!3.IO

7.78

6.38
ALPHA:

ti.16

8.b3

'

...

5.8"

1.48

5.84

.3.3/

8.49

8.11

8.4;

'>

::

4'

~
' .r".", __ "",
_'~~
":"""-~~~ ......... ;"' .."',,,-").
""..

~ ... _"",'),,~""_"'''';'

>~"

>

....

~ .,.

'..

Il

T:"

,.-"-

~
F

11

,1 .

.....

....

.,

0"

\~

3~

"
~

.;

------

'"CHENICAL ASS4YS ADJUSTMeNl ELEMENT:

RESULTS

IRON
P,

ME Sil
NO

RMD

UNAOJUSTED DATA
CF
COF
CUF

~$

9.ea

9.74 ld.29 11.60 15.42

35

b.lt4

6.35 18.i!9

7.95

9.40

"1

c-t

l"

4.86

BMO

7.22 1 !5.S6

l'ND

AOJUSTED DATA
COF
CUF
CF

alto

lo.2~

11.13 10.52 11.13 lB.60

6.9.

8.41 17.7. 's.oo l.S5

12.91 13.87

S.3. Il.50

2.62 11.99 13.74

65

5.40. Il.54

3.19 Il.79 11.59

5.9t 10.60

2.8311.99 12.66

100

b.28 13.36

~.49

16.80

b.7e 14.26

4.86 17.49 lb.S?

ISO

23 17.11

2.17 21.30 21h98

4.4e 16.07

2.22 23.90 19.89

zou

3.7" 12.91

5.72 20.15 18.17

4.07 13.94

5.20 19.80 17.78

270

4. Ba

\~;.

7.1" 15.38 23.13

,,~ 12.63

6.a1' 20.27 lb.76

'"00

4 .13

R ...i l

7.17

9.59 11.89

4 e

9 J

6.74 Il.35 10.71

-400

5.5t

9.89

y.48 10.03 11.81

5.81

9.52

8.85 11.04 11.66

... 3~ Il.41

7".02 14.bb 16.34

b.!;)I: 12.00

6.58 15.32 15.32

17.91

r
1

1-'

t
1

""ERAGE

77

I1LPHA;

\\'-

4.80

~
N
~

,
\

~~jf :'~lle tel" 8. 1 MI.III

!II!.! L'al J! MA lU';! il

U~:~4

$ Si

.:_*',]".

,$4....

L UM'XA'.1ii4J!

hA

%1I2o$,Q

z...

0_" i

;,..

.!,*a!!.~A4J4!~if_ _.

r
J..

t-4

'-

<
N

....

10

qr

SIZE ASSAYS AD.lUSTMENT -

MC:SH
NO

_0

%. -

-.

CF

24.35 11.22

ZB

IJNAO.l'-STED DATA
COF

CUF

BND

RND

0.08 1 70

3.7~

RESULTS

t.t

A6".lUSTf:D DATA
CF
CDF
CUF

24.24 10.4.

eMD

0.4~

15.43

3.~.

3=>

5.97

4.84

0.16

6.5S

4.~0

5.~4

4.60

0.27

6.77

3.94

48

6.34

7.11

1.81

9.59

7.50

6,31

7.07

1.85

9.67

65

6.09

100

"
lo..

150

10.11 13.71

7.72

4.61

6.98

8.31

b.le

7.58

4.65

9.05

8.33

10~2() 13.06

Il.31 13.<;14 1 49 '

16.11 13.39 15.19

10.33

15.85 12.86 15.62

9.05 10.98

6.1~

10.19 12.85

12.75 11.40 14 3

1 l

LJ

.., "

1~.66

200

7.99 10.30 12.94

270

7.42

~.47

12.$2

6.68

9.05

7.47

8.58 12.74

6.51

9.14

~.70

4.35

7.96

3.20

4.33

3.8S

4j

2.77

4.70

17.6~

1~.53

32.11

',1~OO

'.

-4DJ

7.75

""
:;:c
(II

III

....s::

rt
III

'-.

8.87 11.23

"

13.71 22.38

17.41 20.17 32.31 14.11 21.55

ALPHA:

3.00

-.
'\

...

1
~

"

N
.".

, ..

.~~.

J
...

~-~,

...

~ ,,~~ "'1,,~

MO

_ _

j
!

;:~""'."
..;<., rri""

.,~;~
,:
,,"\:If"

'
.
."

~{"':f'':~f~';;~<.~:-2'~'
,,;; <.~ ~ '':(' : :u .:,'LL Illiian.' l'II
<',

@,
"

;r~;,

:.

,c

,-

~." -1~;J;!ln
} ] -~
._ - .....-. i~ ' ~,~
<

':"':,

SiM

h.ll.au. Ri :IU.ig:l il

ZtJAJACCl$kUt.

_ .. ,

... ,

lU.

,...",~

. h ...,<~t" t MI'"'"DM . . .
...

1
h

\.

;1,
,.
~

V ..J

~"?

CHE~ICAL

ASSAYS

ELF.MENT:

LEAO

ADJUST~N'

RESUCTS

~1
i:
~~

..

MESH
HO

\
~.

UHAO.JUSTED DATA
CF
CUF
COF

8140

RNI>

ADJUSTEO DATA
CF
COF
CUF

BND

28

1.3b..... 1.46

1).29

~.23

1.,),)

1.4 ..

1.75 -0.09

1.78

2.83

35

.2.21

1.70

0.29

1.77

1.76

2;f32

1.86

-0.29

1.89

~.50

48

2.63

1.35

0.12

0.70

1.46

2.7!

1.29

0.17

1.40

0.68

65

0.40

2.00

0.09

5.61

4.41

0.4 !

3.3"

0.02

4.24

4'.45

10:1

1.4.

5.20

O.t 5 10.12

5.18

1.5E

5.69

0 ..1)7

7.96

7.13

J 5"

1.~J

7.37,

0.25 Il .89

9.79

' 1.60:

7.63

0.22 12.19

9.(H

i,

200

1- ~S 10.65

0.41

''l.~27 17.54

1.~B

11.54

0.3B 19.62 15.25

270

1.29

2.07 16.08 2 33....

1.21: Il.42

I.S420.79 IS.to7

"110

1.0'1 10.48

3.36 '20.S4 13.5.3

I.SI 10.45

2.95 20.9.J 14.02

-400'fiT

RND

AVeRAGE

8.19

1. b8

5.52

3.62

4.50

~.25

1.7 e

4.53

3.19

6.06

5.64

l.lH

fl-.52

1.81

8.09

8.45

1.5

5.95

1.59

8.13

8.13

\
AlPH":

..

11.22

;
~~.

< '

.t,
"-l

en

~.,II'
~~""~""~~""~""~""~"""""""IIIIII"~"-:::::~:-~"""~~"
'
. 1 1" 1

.5_'&"111
."
~'t,.
"
_;-., 'U.
_~_ ~ "~._\ ____"~~::::~:h~~~U~~f~@$ .,
.

' 1 .IP le
J2
,.

. Il IJJlu._,~.~_.
-. lE

, Lti
~ __

rLI~~,

0.liib@!lllltJI\$J.4.UiJAI

.
"

~~

'"
\.

...

'\.
t'

CHENICAL ASSAYS
ELENENT:

UNAO~USTF.O

'MESH

NO

CF

RND

COF

AD~USTNENl

RESULTS

~lNC

DATA

CUF

8>10

RND

AD.JUSTr:'O DATA
CF
COF
CUF

8"'0

28

4.69

5.22

3.68

6.58

6.30

4.6E

15.61 -0.18

15.70

8.81

35'

5.88

t..1>4

3.c8

7.94

7.62

5.82

7.00

1.19

7.12

7.90

4il

6.37-

6.'>8

0.83

5.99

7.23

6.1 1

6.20

1.40

6.66' 6.24

65

4.02

5.94

1).89 11.75 11.15

l.77

8.51

0.61 1 ~'. 54- 10.25

100

3.80

8.29

3.62

8.92

1.65 11.'86 10.7,7

15')

3.70

8.99

1.62 110'94 11.23

..".
.t.35 Il.36 10.09

3.61

8.41

2.48 12.07 10.Oc/)

.i

~
1

t1

t'

1
1

20~

3.49

7.42

4.29

6.91

7.02

3.4 ..

6.33" 4.43

7.70

7.35

~70

3.93

7.",+

5.92

6.04

5.91

4.0f

6.15 - .,6.01

6.27

7.00

40"

4.10

6.03

6.16

t..06

7.44

3.9

6.Z5

t..25

6.25

7.18 _

-400

4.tHI

~.21t

6.01

6.40

6.15

" .8e

6.07

6.07

6.07

b.58

""ER"'.'::

4.48

6.115

4.36

8.43

8.18

4.4.

7.00

4."1

8.29

8.29

!j

ii

s'

ALPHA:

4.76

>
~
,N

'"

I:J

---~''--

-----------

- - -_ _ _....
rt ~"'~._......

,.!.-'IIr.;,_''':''"~.1:!'''

....

y.,'

,lMt st JO IL

le u

,_""' Il__ ._ iU J!:t;a2!llJ!l!!'l1m'}liU*$Ii!i .,Il .JUill.@! J\1!!!-JlI:I!l ~

'II l '

1~1!1.

~ ..... ,

",;e,

<~"

.
~W~

-"" -

~~

~
......"

\'

'-

tHEMICAL ASSAYS ADJUSfNEHl - RF.SULfS

IRON

ELMEHT:

"

rL

""

MES..
NO

UH40JU~TEO

RMD

CF

COF

DATA
CUF

BMIl

RND

AOJUSTEO PATA
CF
CUF
CoF

28

5 ....

5.36

.7.22

3:j

4.,Q6

5.08

7.22

5.05

7.98

3.71

5.77

~.62

5:.75

7.32

48

4.1.

5.0c>

0.65

6.'16

4.59

3.8~

5.16

0.57

5.60

5.73

65

2.21

7,05

0.53 10.64 Il.86

2.0"

8.70

0.46 10.82 lJ .14

100

1.95

8.~H

0.76 10.66 1'1.81

1.84 11.3a

0.61 15.66 14.65

150

2.03 II.b4

1.65 18.69 10.66

1.9~

12.96

1.43 20.06 16.60

200

86

8.17

2.62 20.08 19.13

I.be

12.26

2.40 19.41 16.09

270

1.9b

0.09

4.47 17.45 17.<05

1.7: 10.27

3.81 16.57 13.75

40L)

2.38

5.106

4.91 17.32 21.41

2.0C 10.44

4.22 19.13 13.93

-40)0

3.19

5.23

5.26 10.

13.49

2.84

7.91

4.52 11.79

AV:PAGZ

'>.2!>

7.07

3.42 12.58 14.13

2..9f

9.38

2.95 12.59 12.59

"

JZ

!l

aND

';
b.37

4.60

.... 71

5.97

5.73

5.98 10.30

[
1

,,p

1
1

"".

9.96

'"
-

ALPH4;

9.54

~
N

"

---

;,
1
~

1f(.~:!'~\:-'- ;~r. ~ ,-f: ;

--.,

~t.

"4': _..: :;. .'

'

cr

=.r

SpL\<......... " ..... .........- - . , . .,..,.... _ _ _ _ _ _

l
;

J,

"

o
.

APPBNDIX V

SIMULATION RESULTS

CONTENT
)

SECTION V.l

Computer" Program to Simulate the Actua1 Closed Grinding Circuit '{m,i Matrix Cyclon~ Model.
.'
",

V.1.1

Resu1ts a t 154.2 mtph .

V.1.2

Resu1ts at 190.3 mtph.

SBCTION V.2
Computer program to Simulate the ltua1 Closed Grinding Circuit
Combined Cyclone Model.
f

,
1

V.2.1

Results at 154.2 mtph.

V"* 2.2

Results at 190.3 mtph.

f!J

SECTION V.3
\

,.computer ProgI'lUll. to Simulte the Proposed Closed Gdnding Circuit

,
Y ,. Matrix Cyclone Model.
m,~
V.3.L Results at
V.3.2

~54.2

mtph.

Results at 190.3 mtph.

SECTION V.4
,.

Computer programs ta Simulate the OVerall Perfomance of the

Actual Grinding Circuit
at 154.2 mtph.Q

V.4.l Plug Flow BaIl Mill Model - Results.

"-

V.4.2 Tanks-in-Series BalI Mill Model - Results .

::.<,.

rH '.
1' . .
~,.
;'r:.,J;,"

... 0

..

J tA.

''_
.. ,
. '-4 ' '.
'.' .... ~"

m> . . . _.. , ' " ' " ' _ , , _.\ _

_ I_iiM_
....
,
-

_.,_1
,.,...,''iiJ''OOWN/I!OII!,

,.

'

"

AI!"
.t,.,o'f

,
'

>

1
f

~.

,.

"

"

\, c

e
c
c
e

PRQGRAM

NOMENCLATURE
RI10C')

C
C
C
C
C

TOK

UNIT

'

C
C
C
C
C

C
C
C
C
C

c
e

C
C

SNl-I
TiNE

PU J)
Off ,JI

J,

Y(f.J)
t: 1 CtlEN ( 1.

rGII'

I<fI.J)

CLOV
CLMU'Il'
WADO

v tI)
V1

c
c

THE GRIN
STREAM ,

STREA" 2
ST~EAM 3
STREAM 4
STREAM- S

1
!

. l'
9 .

"
NOTt::

"

,.

CQNVERTlON FACTOR
IMETRIC TONNES TD
MI NERAL UttJ TS)
,
CONVERTION FACTOR (NIN~RAL UNITS TO
METRIC TONNES)
VOLU~E1RIC SALL HILL HOLOUP (CUBIC METRES)'
6ALL MILL RESIOENCE TIME (NINUTES)
OROER OF OREAKAGE 'SIZE-DY-SltE AND
"fNERAL-OY-MINERALI
CUMULATIVE-OASIS SPECIFie RATE-OF-BREA~GE
CYCLONE SELECTIV1TY INDEX
SIZE-UY-SIZE' ELENENT ASSAYS OF ROD HILL
OISCHARGE IPERCENT'
G~INO SeALIUG FACTOR
lA FlTTlNG PARAME:TfR,
1 NSTANTANEOUS 'RA TE-QF-BREAKAGe:
, (SIZE-UY-SIZE AND MINERAL-aY-MI~ERAL'
OVERALL CIRCULATING LOAO 'PEPC.~NT'
MINERAL CJRCIJLATING LAD 'PERCENT'
MAKE-UP WATER ADDITION TO SUH"
1CUaiC METRES/NIN)
) VOLUMETRie MINERAL FLOW RATES IN aALL
MILL FEED ICUOle METRE/MINI
TOTAL VOLUMETRIe ,OF !.OLIDS. 04 IlALL HILL
FEED leUBIC HETRE/MIN) -

c.

e
e

l'

RA TES

ft

SPE~'FIC GRAVITY OF PURE ~'~fRALS

'UNlTS/CUO le METRE l
"
STOICHIOMETRIC FACTOR FOR CONVERTING
ELEMENT ASSAYS TO MUI:RAL ASSAYS
FACTOR( 1)- 1,15
'GALENA - POSt
FACTORt21w 1.48
CSPHALERITE - ZNS,
FAC~ORCJJ~ 2.15
(PYRITE - fES2J

ACT OR( 1)

.""

SPECIFIe ~RAVITY O~
'NET TON/CU8It METRE)
RHoel'_ 7.S0
(GALENAI
RHoe21_ 5.00
lPY~lTE'
RHO(3,- 4.00
lSPHALERITE
RHoe.,. 2,.85
lCALCI~

.,> RHOUU)
F

Ta SIHULATE A, CLaSEO GRINDING C(RCUIT

ITERATlVELY COMPUTES

.'

T~

C
C

."

CONfUT~R PROGRA~

C
C

'C

Ai"

~
1i

'

-\
.t

"

1
1

j'"

..
"

CIRCUIT CONrAINS flVE SrREANS

ROD /.IILL OISCtlARGE l'FRES"H fEEO"
CYCLONE FfED
CYCLOt4E OYERFLOW no FLOT AT IUN)
CYCLONE UNDEhFL~ 'BALL MILL FEEO,
HALL MILL OISCHA~GE

-..
1

'\ ~.

"'.,

,.....

,
',-

...
"

.,,:

1-

".

1IIIIP:-<t'"jI'.1o

.~

"

-!~

tI,

i!S,

.....f'-'tfIII".

'\
, "

.'

.'

~.r~ ~

"'CS.wli

~------'~~~~-

~'-.r ____

'.~

c'

If

'\\

.-i

!-

)~

o "

" ..

..

et

. .,.

.....

, ....... _. ,"..4j~iI':lJl"~

_ _ _ _-

'1>

c:
c

i
J
t

'i:"

.SOLIDS MASS FLOw RAT~

(UNI TSJ'MIH)
PERCENT SOLIDS OF PULP
PtSI TD P~TS5
SIlE ASSAYS OF saLIas
FinI TD- 1"511'
CUMULATIVE wEIGHT PERCENT FINER
FF-lll. To f'F5111
UUJ TO RS' IJ
CUNUL4TIVE MINERAL UNITS C04RSfR
1 UNlTS/Nf NI
~111.J' TO ZSSI.JI
PERCENT MINERAL FRE~UENCY OISTRIUUTION
2Flll H. TO ZF511.J'
CUMULATiVe MltlERAL. 01STRlUUDN

1
COARSER IUNITSJ'NlhH
FlfUI'J' TO FMSCI.JI
CUMULATIVE MINERAL DJSTRUJUTlON ~
FINER (UNITS/MINI

C
C
C
C-

C
C
C

C
C

C
C
C

TOT~L

NU 'TO N5T

~,

. ,;
~J.

THE FOLLOWING TERNS REFER ~O THE 4DOVE DEFINED STREAMS:

"
l~

l>

CONTINUED

'.

','
~'.

i
~

.!

_.-'

CHARACTER.7 ELENI4'
..
DIMENSION FI'101.FZ'101.~3(101.F4(IOJ.F5(101.F1U(IOI
01 MENSI ON FFl'C 10 FF21 lOt. FF;r( 10 FF4( 10. ,FFS( 10'

DIMENSION F1MUCl0.4'.F2Na'la''',.FlHUIIO.41.F4UU(10.4'~fSHUIIO.41

DIMSN$ION FIMUC(IO I.F2MUC(IO J;F3MUC,IO ,.F4NUCI10.41

DIMENSION F5MUC110.4' .CUHHI..
~ ,
DIMENSION F1CHEM(10.31.Y(Jo.41.a.9.41.PI~~41
01 MENS ION V( 41 .Rtia( RHOU (., .MESHI 101 .LAPERT( 10' .FACTOR 131

-.

DIMENSION RI IIOI.RZCI OJ .R3U"".R4(10, .R!)( 10.

{,

'

.~
. r~

DIMENSION ll'IO ,.Z2110 Zl'IO ,.Z4tlO '.ZSIIO

. DI MENS 1 ON ~FIIIO." ZF211 O ,. Zfll 10.4'. ZF4IIO. 410 ZFS(
DIMENSION FH11(".4,.FM2(1".4'.FM3('O.41.FM4110.4,.FM5(IO.4J
DiMeNSION .FGI4' .YC( 10.4'"

'o .

REAl.- M1T.MZT.M3T.M4r-.MST.K(9.4) "-

REAOl5.1 HUttlo SOL. 1

REAOI5.2JCRHO(II.I=I.4,

REAOt5.3.C",ESH(II.'-I.IOJ
REAoI5.4'(LAPER11IJ.l a l.10.

~.

READ(5.5'(FACTOR(IJ.I~I.31

REAOI~.6HF1(lJ.I=ltlO)
RC AOI!S. 7 I,(.(FI CHEN Ct' .J 1.

.
l=f .10) .,a"1 3'
RE.-t)( 5. "'''1'( Pl r JI "1 .9) .1'"1.4 1
REAO(5.9H (fil I .U .lsI.9' .J a l.41

J, .

hEADI5.e)'ELE""II.I=I.41

1
2
3
4

...

'\f~

C
C
C
C'

8
9
Il

RE AD 15 111 " YIl

1: 1 il 0
FURMArCF8.6.IX.F5.11
F(;flMAT( .. F4.21
FORMAT' 10141
r-ORMAT Il ~ 911 x. 1 1'.

J-' . ,

J'

FORMATI31IX.F4.2)'

FORMAT( IOF5.21
FORMAT IlOF5 .21
FORMAT(4A7)
FORNAT(91IX,F6 '1
FORMAT (J OF1,'1

DEFINITION OF PARAMETERS- Ta lU: 'ONSTANT

TRliOUGU HIE 1 TERAT IVE PROCESS.

FGIJI=

O~70

FG(?I= 1.00

.(

.
Wf'7.--_...
i' :,:,..t '

~ ..t

,.~';'".-

D 7
...

r.tt

..

J
-----~--_.----

_ou

fi

kac.,i44px@cx ==sald!&~ga;z;a1.4X~",,;Mii!!WhE::&4V;+MwmA'CJQUQtgQeZijM_;

22 l4 tillii..(Z"WiQi

ZCQU&

:1ti!S_QU

Il

$d....

~~1I4asS\1&J.JfB!(-t~,1f'~~&Q

o ,,*,~s.

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-l
t'-t.!

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ri

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~:

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COHTIHUED

FGC:U- 1.'
t.OO

F~(_I.

PCTS'.~7".

~.

RF .. 34.
VWI- 'IO~ SOL'/PCTSI

TuN" 6.E .IS0LI

UIUT" I .... TON

HIT" I.E"

DO 10

\.

10

20

30

40

20 '-1.10

FlMUfl.J). FII.).FtCHENCI.J).FACTORCJ'
FlNUCCI.4'- A FlNUCl.J'
A- FIHUC(I.JI
CONTINue

A._ 0.0
DO JO 1 a 1 0

fl

" ' L

F1MU'I.").~100 Flll) - ,FINUII,.'+FINUC,.2.+FIHUIJ.3))

;FINUCI ..,- .. A + FIHUO.4.
A- or lHuce 1 .4.
CONTINUE

DO 40

'-

CONTINue
DO 20 .1-1.1

Aa 0.0

t,

10"

RHabilla TO .... RHO(II

on

SOLUI'60.

VIiIS" 210 "60

.&

"a 4

""-,

CONTINue '
-VWS- 0.0

"

DO 40 '-1.10
FSNJU.J)O.O

HEGINNING OF THE ITERATIVE PROCESS.

C
C

15
C

C
C

SUMP

~.

A'" 0.0
'DO 50 '-1.10

'C

VIiIIC"~

DO 52 ""1.4'

F1U'1, .. A + FlNUCCr.,J)
F2U ... 0'1 + F2NUCCl.JI
52

1l1=F2(1I
CONTINutl

i.

'1"'" "",-"(
'"

,.

~ ..
....

11;

i'

-'-

........

"~~

';-"

....

'

,;

", _.'
lJ

?;:

<

-.

l-

".

... '"

'\

VWS

00 52 ''"" 10 ~
Ar.! 0.0
Dl" 0.0
A'" F 1 U C1.

'-

- F2MUII JI" FI NUU. J) + F5MUCI." 1

F2MUCCl.,J)= A F2NUCl.,J)
Ac F2MUC 1 1 " ,
50
CC/hT1NUE

"'"

\ilWa"

M= l'
DO 50 J"I.4

..J

,Ir

"

....

~
~.

t!'

"

'.
ri(
n~

o;-j.

'.~

...
/

1.'

CQNT1NUEQ/ ,

"'f

"

Az,O.O

55

57
C
C

'-t."

DO l>5
N2T~ A
: M2T

i:1

F~MUCC10.I.

,
"

1 CONTI

NUE
'
PC1S2- IOO UN1T.M2T/CUNll.M2T + VW21
DO 57 1.e1.I.o
FF 1(1 1. 100 Cl41 T
F1U" III'MIT

FF2(11. 100 C~2T

F2' l' II'M2y--

CONTINUE

,CYCLONE

C
C

v~". ~F.VW~IOO.

DO 60 Jal

A_ 0.0

BI" 0.0

00 60 1-1.10
F'MUt ... .1 1" ye 1..1 JtF2MU( 1 .I)1i1 ao.

F3MU( 1 .1)- -F2MUI 1.

J,

'T

F"MUC 1. J 1

~~:U~~\:~l: ~1++F~;~~fi:~,
60

A: F.MUCel.JI
EJI- F3MUCC 1 .11

CONTINUE
lU ~ 0.0

C= 0.0

'DO 71l .Ici."

V'J'.

70

l'

F4MUCC.0.J,/RHOU''''.
M3T: fil + F3NUCllO,j,
M4T" C + F4MUCCI0.JI
Cl" M3T
C= N'T
CONT' NUE'

SOL"" M4T*UNIT
WADDa VW5 - VW4

1"

\-

UlLL MILL

C
C

'~.-'

:;.

VT= Vell + V(2) + ve3l

RHOT* UNIT*M"TI'VT

VI".

TlME- BMHllVW4 + VTt

00 80,.11:1.4

8~,

90

DO &0 1-1.9

,.

F!:'>MUCll.Jl= F4NUClI.J'.EXP'l-FGlJ Oll.JI"T1ME P l l . J I '

CONTINUE ,

.~

DO 90 .1=1,4

F5MUC'10.J'~

F4MUCllO.JI
F5MUIl .\11"" F5HUCfl .I'
CONtiNUE

"'=

"

0.0
DO 95 ",al.4

1
1

M5r= A + F5HUCCIO.J'

A: MST

.....

\
,<~,.;:

'f
1

.'---~-

........,.--

-,-~

-1

ri

Q$ Q"

a_

Id. ,

k""'''''''. _,_,- ';,;U' _'",=, ,ahM '

t J lXl!llllJlII t, .... ,

,~

-_

i _ _ _ _ <,~.

.-.....--."""......"",

'&~~r' r' " '

,
.......,~:c;a;;MtJfl.~

~'

0,

','

-~
;'

'"

".

_c

','

Jj

-IJ:
~'

,)

\.

f
.

t
l

;!

'4

CON'-'NUEO
95

CONT',NUE

-2..

DO 100 .1-1
-00 1 00 1
10
L- 1 - t
100
C

~5MU".al-,F5MUC(I

CONTINue
VW3;- VW2 Cs 0.0

Dl- 0.0

Es 0.0

RH.,.

R2U)",
R3C1'=
R"U)
R5U ta>
-

.I'

- F5MUCIL

.I'

00 UO 1-1.10

O~

,;

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

DO 110 ".:1

FJ(J'. C F3H~(I ... '

F~IJJ- DI + P. UCII.'"
F5CI'. E ,+ F5M (1
RltUaRUl) +F MU(l .1)
R2(J) ~2CIJ + F2NVll
R3(I'a A3et, + F3MUCI .J1
R.CI)'"' R4CI' + F4MUCI.J)
RStl'. RSII, + F5MUCI.JJ

.1.

.I,

C- F3U)
01" F'''C 1.

- 110

ea F5Ct,
CONTINUE

DO 121l

1-1 .10

FFI'I'- 100 'M1T

FF2'J'. 100.*IM2T

120

FF3'1'. 100 'N3T

Ff+(I'. 100 'H4T
FFS( l'a IOO.*(145'T
CONTINUE
.

FIUII l'NlT
F2 Il J '/H2T
F3(
'l'MlT

,(

r,
F4") '.;'1441
F5(1).IM5T

00 130 .... 1

CLNINCJ'-

130 "'NTJNUE

lJO.*F4MUCI10.J)~IMUCIIO.JJ

"

~LOV~

IOO M4T/M1T
peTS3: IOO UNIT*H3T/CUNIT*M3T + VW3)
PCTS IOO UNtT.M4T/lUN1T4M4T + VW4'
PCT55" PCTS4
A= AO~'MIT 7 M3TI

c
c
c

COflVERGENCE

C
C"

c '

1<.:r....

....~ .t

":;.fJ

STEAOY STATE HA5S FLOW tONDITIONS

IFllA.LE.IO.).OR.(M.EQ.SO)'GO TD 1"0
M" M+I
GO TO 15

"

T~T OF

;.

~
VI

'"

-.-~------._-:-

.$

END OF 1 TERAT IVE PROCESS

")

"

------~.;-----------------------------......~....t~-dj~.s~~'~.....~G.~1iS~I.'~m.t~WSK~"~WW'-=~
_!

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..,..

.~

-------

rr

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j

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'J

~;

.c;:

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\
"

'-

~
-!

~j
~

'~}.

l'

CpNTINUED

"~

tT

'.

,DO 145 .1"1.4

SI" 0.0
52= 0.0
53- 0.0
54'" 0.0
55 .. 0.0
00 145 1-1.10
Z1'l .I'- 100.$F1MUll .II/F1HUClIO .I1
22(1 .1'= 100.$F2HUII .I'/F2MUCl10 .I1
Z3(1 .I'" IOO.*F3MUll .I'/F3MUCIIO .I1
Z411 .I). lOO.$F4MUII .II/F4MUC(10 .I'
2511
100 F5MUII .I,/FSMUCC10 .I1
Zfl' .1)- SI +;llll .I)
,
ZF2l JI. 52 +'Z21.,J.
U,;)U
53 + Z3I1,J' \
ZF,4C1
54 Z4 CI .I.
ZF511 .I). S5 Z511 .I'
FMlll .I)- 100.
ZFlll .I.
FHZ(I .I,= 100. - ZFZll .I'
FM)II.J,. 100. - ZF311 .I'
FM41 J). 100.
ZF411,.I)
FNSll,.I'- 100.
ZF5ll,JI
S'* ZFl(loJ,
SZ" ZF211.J)
53. ZF3".J'
54- ZF411.J,
55& IF511.J'
1"5 CONTINUE
00 199 J e l.4
DO 199 1=1.10
yell .I'. lOO.-YCII .I'
199 CONTINUE
WRITEl6.310IS0Ll.UHH.lFGlll.I-I,4,
DO 301 1=1,.9

.)
,

;i

.'.

.1'=

.I,.
.1.-

..

.JI

WRITe(~.3IS'NESHII,.F'(II,(FICHEHll,.II,JI.3',IO([,J'.J'"I,4',CP'!,

310

"

..-'

"

30.

ii.l'.J"l.4,
CONTINUE

.....
",'

FORM~TIl'/A'

'.lSX,'INPUT DATA USEO IN SIHULATINC A PB-ZN ORE GRI

aNOING OPERATION.//' 1.15X.FLO~ RATE I~PUT (FRESH FEEO):'.FI~.2,.
aHET~I~ TONS PER HOUR/ '.15X,'BALL HILL HOLOUP:'.16XoF6.2 0 CUOIC
ii METERS//' 0.15X.'GR1NOING SCALE FACTOR FOR PDS: F10.2//' '.lSX,
~G~INO'NG SCALE FACTOR FOk ZNS:'.F10.2//' '.15Xo
iiG~INOING SCALE FACTO~ FOR FE52: 0 ,F9.2//.
0.15X,
&
8'G~IND'NG SCAL FACTOR FOR CAL/OOL;.F6.Z"",' ',I~Xo
p.'NESH,3X,SIZE'.3X,'CHEMICAL ASSAYS',SX.'SPECIFIC RATE OF UREA~A
aGE'.7X.'P OROER OF BREAKAGe/ ' ',16X,.NO'.3X,oASSAyso04X.'PD'04X,
aZN.4X,~EI.1QXo,pa~.3x.oZNS',2XoFES2 CAL/DOLo.4X,'PDS'.4X.
aZNS,2Xo'FES2 CAL/DOL'//'
,
315 FORMAT 1 , 0.15X.14,2X,F6.2,lX,3F6.2,3X.4F7.4.ZX,4F7.4'
WR 1 TE' 6.31 61 HE SH 1 101 F l 1 1 0 l , (F 1CHE M( 10 , .1) ,.1= 1 l )
316 fOR~4ATl' '.lSx, 14,2X.F6.2,lX,lF6.21
700

(;;

~'JfI6,700"050C(II,IEI041

\(1\

FURMATI'//lbX.'THE CORRECTEO 050C VALUES ARE:o//20X.P6S:' .F12.2/'

.20X.'ZNS:.F12.2/20X.oF(S2:'.Fll.2/20X.'CAL/DOL:,F8,21;
WiH TElo, 2031Mol<l-IOT. T lME .CLOV. CCLMINl
.10:1.41, PCT-S 1. PCTS2 0PCT53.
ilPC rS4, Pc. T55
.
FORMAT".o///, ',22X, o ITERATION: 'oJ3.18X, 05P. GR, BALL MILL FEE'OP

.1,

zoo

,(

..-----

. .......__. '.-_

------"~-~~~-~ '

1.:

1
~.

-1

f:

ru

.,---,.

til .$$da.2\$ttJ.~

J It.

1II1lI!. iii .JllilfP'$O!.ISj1,i41iIJZL ISU II! Cd;

I:.,,SIHI,,HIQ;; L !lib

.l4Q(

'!L~i.1

~--,..,..~- r
-'-r--~''"''-'~

IIBII.;!'!",.,.... - -

"

~''''

,~
,

~
l'

Jl"~

i
;"
~

,
,

CONTINUED

a.F5.Z/' '.22X.'REsIDENCE TIME;',F5.2,' MIN',lIX.'lOTAL ClAC. LUAO;

a',F7.2//' ',31X. P8S C.L.
,F6.2,llx,'ZNS CIL. ',F6 2/' "
a31X.'FESZ C.L. ',F6.Z,7X,'CAL/OOL C.L ,F6.2//' ',31X,
a'PCT SOLIOS 8V IIIT~ STREAM NO DNE:',f9.2/' ',31X,
a'PCT SOl.IDS 8" IIIT, STREAM NO TWO;o~F9.2/' ',31X,'PCT SOLIOS t:lY WT,
a STREAM NO THAEE:',F7.2/' ',J1X,'PCT SOl.IOS BY VT, STREAM NO FOUR:
"
',F8.Z/' ',JIX,'PCT SOLIOS 8Y IIIT, STREAN NO Flve:t.F8.Z""
a'CUMULATIVE IIIT PCT FINER - OVERALL"/"
IIIRITE(6,ZlO'
Z10 FORMAT ( , ',14X. 'MESH',4X, 'SIZE'/' ,15lC. 'NO' .SlC,'MI,CR' .Jx.
a'ST~EAM .',IX,'STnEAM Z'.IX,'STREAN 3'.IX.'STREAM 4',lX.'STREAN S'

.~

111
.1

.}.'" 1'~

co

<

...~
~

a,00

250
220

ZZO 1-1,9
WAITE(4P.250IMESHIJI,LAPE~TIJJ,FFIIJI.fFZIII.FFJIII,FF4(II,FF~(II
FORMATC' '.14X,14,5x.13.5C3X.F6.21//1
CONTINUE'

JI." 1

.J2" Z
.13:0: 3
J4- ..
.15 .. 5 "

'"

1II'''TE(6,255).Jl
DO 146 .-1.10
146

IIIRITE(6.260JNESH(I,.LAPE~TIII.RIC1).CFIHU'I.J"JI.4)

.,

CONTINUE
WRITEI6,2551J2
DO 150 1-1,10
IIIRITE(6'260)HESHCII.LAPERTII).RZII,.'F2MU(I .J) .J~4)
150 CONTINUE
IIIRITE(6.255'.J3
00 160 ''''1.10
IIIRITEI6.260IMESHCJI.LAPERT(JI,RlCI,.IFlMUIJ.JI,J=l,
160 CONTI NUE
IIIR,ITE( 6. Z5~).I,
DU '170 1"1.10
WRITE(6.~60JHESHII',LAPERTCIJ.R.CIJ"(F4MUC1,J).J=l,4)
170 CONToINUE'~
iliA 1 TE (b.2S5' J5
'00 180 1-1.10

'"

180
25S

WRITEC6.260'MESHII,.LAPERTCI.,RS(I'.(F5~U(I"JJ,J_I,4J

CONTINUE

FOIiNA" 1////.Z2X, "NINERAL UNI TS RETAINEO' ,IOlC,.' STR.EAN HO: ".

0112//' ,22X.'NESH' .4X, 'SI"2E'/' '.23X. 'NO' ,SX,'~41CR' .SX. 'OVE~ALL'.
~5x.,paS',6lC.'ZNS',5X.'FES2'.lX,'CAL/OOL/1
.
ZbO FO~MATI' '.22X,14,SlC.'3,3lC,5F9.2//'
WRlTt (6,Z651Jl
00 181 1 al .10

181
182
'J

1 83

1.
1

1
l
>
CI1

WnIT~(6,Z70JNESH(JJ.LAPERTCll.ILI(I.J).J=I.41

CONTlIIUE
WRITE(6.Z65'.J2
DO 18Z l.010
TE C6,2701 ME StH 1 ) ,LAPE RT CI ) 'Z211 , JI , J= 1 ." )"
CONTINUE
WFI ifE 16.2651.13
DO 183 '=1.10
WRITE(6.270JNESHII'.LAPERT(JJ.'Z3(1 .JJ .J~I."1
CONTI NUE
IIIRlTE(6.26SIJ4
,~

.'iI

--.1

J'

.,~
.-

---~-"'-"""""''''''''' __ M.''',

; ,'>

"7
~

I{

.r
.;,
).<

,
;

~
-/

"~
1
~

CO~TlNUEO

184

185
265
270

,00 184 1:0:1.10

IIR ITE( c. 270 INESH' 1 1 .LAPERT ( 1 1. IZ4 C 1. JI. Ja 1 .4.
CONTINUE
IIRITE(6,265IJ5
DO 185 '-1.10
WRITC(6.270INESH(.I.LAPERTCII.CZSCI.J,.J=I.4,
CONTINUE
FORNAT('l'.I//.I', .22X.MINERAL OISTRIBUTION. PCT',7X STREAN NO:
ih 12,1"
.22X. 'NESH', 4X. SI ZE'"
23X.' NO' .5X.'
CR' .!iX. 'POS'"
a6x.'ZNS'.4X.'FES2' ,4X. 'CAL'DOL'/)
FORMATe' '.22X.14.5X~ll.5(3X.F6.2"/'
WRITE(6.275'JI

N'

00 191

",

1~

"1
,

1
i

'''1.9 -

IIQ{TEC6.280'MESHC'J.LAPERTC'I.CFMICI,J',J a l,4,
l'III' CONTINUE
IIR1TE(6,2751J2
.,.,.
DO 192 '-1.9
WR ITE' 6.280 IMEStH 1 ), LAPERr, 1 1 CFM2' l, J, ,J-' ,4,

192 CONTINUE
WRITE(6.275'J3
DO 193 '''1.9
"RI TE' 6. 200,,4E51i11 1 .LAPERr 1 l ' ,1 FM311 .J. ,J-I,")
193 cONTINUE
IIRI~E'6.275)J4
_
"
DO 194 1"'1,9
WRllEC6,2eOIMESH(I),LAPERT(II,(FM4(~.J"J_l.",
194 CONTINUE
WR ITE ((J, 275. J5

;l
j

,(

00 195 1"'1,9

195
275
280
C
C

C
C

WRITL(6.280.MESHC'I,LAPERTCII.CFMS(I,J),Jal,4)
CUNTINUE
.
FORMATl'J'h'//" '.22X,'CUM MINERAL PCT FII4ER',3X,'STREAN NO: "
ala//' ',22X,'MESH',4X,!SIZE'./' ',Z3X,'NOI,SX,'MICR',SX,'PBS'.

a6X,'~NS,"X,'FES2',4X.CAL/OOL/.

FORMATC' ,22X,14,SX,ll,SC1X.F6.21//)

--

CALCULATING THE INSTAIHANEOUS RATE-OF-Or.EAKAGE

00 1.7 J z I,4

00 147 1 :0: l ,9

147

'1

l'lib

303

JO"

SOATA
C

-,:;.'

Kil,J). bCI.JI*tIMEtt(PII,JI - 1 tFGIJI

CONTINUE
WIHTE(6,303'
00 196 1"'1.9
WRITf. 16 ,304'MESHI l" .LAPERT' ( 1. IK Il. JI. J= 1.4)
CONTINUE
\
FORMAT('I'////' ',15~"INSTANTANEOUS RATES OF 8REAkAGE AT THE liME
~'/' ',S7X,'-1'/' ',,5X,'STEADY STATE CONDITIONS WERE REACHEO, NIN'
iV , l ' ' . ) 5X. 'NESH. 4X SI ZE'.I 1 ' . 16X. 'NO'. Sx, 'M1CR' .5X. tpOS 6X. 'ZNS
~!.5X.'FES2'.4X.'CAL.lOOL'.I)
FORMAT"
'.15X.14.5x,f3.41.x.F5.3I.1/)

~
00

STOP

END

..

C DATA CARDS

..."

<
"

":..._-,...~----

---~---

flllPR

g".

-::.1'

4
__ .. _ _ _
,,_"' '""."'''''~",t'''l!4 ha lJl; tU
!!!!!Ii" Ill." 4i11!12$l!!11: :e ;,ldklI;IJlI;'~t!iln;t""8IW~h., _ _ _ _.....,........J~~~~~~!t:t~~t.,;.t,,!.~J ,
~!~'st~....~........
::~!..21a
~........h~=....
~~~..~, .......
~~~~~~~~~~~,.~~
.....",11
"~"''''''II''",~~~~"",,~~~~~~~~~~~~~

o"~

1.

.<

"

:;a
<

\II

c::
.....
r-t

I~PUT DATA USEO IN Sl~ULATING A PB-ZN ORE G~hDING OPERAT'ON

GRINDING SCALE

FOR Pfts:

IJ.70

GRINOING,SCALE FACTOR FOR ZH5:

1.00

GRIHOING SCALE FACTOR FOR FES2;

1.00

GRINOING SCALE

~ACTOR

F~CTOR

FOR CAL/DOL:

1.00'

'-

MESH
ND

SUE
ASSAYS

~
19.42

28
35
48
65
100
150
2UO

7.96
7.39
:5.72
7.<02
9.05
8.16

B100 66
5.38

2~O

400

-1t00

20.6-6

CHE 1:1 1 CAL

PB

154.20 /ETRIC T~NS PER .. cu~

6.31 CUBIC ~fTERS

ASSAYS
ZN
FE

SPECIFie
PBS

l.48 4.99 10.23

1.25 6.01 6.95
2.17 7.49 8.35
1.40 5.19 5.97
2.94 8.45 .7a
1.:;5, 5.22 " .4(,
'.37 4.94 4.01
1.59 5.54 4.40
1.64 $.62 4.45
1.59 6.00 5.88

)FLOW HATE INPuT lFHfsH FEED,:

t
;.

7;

,\
;i4

nfoLL/MILL HOLDUP:

'\

!
"

l
j

:0

\II

\1)

r-t
~

."'"
(J1

<

El

::r

I-

~ATE

OF BREAKAG5D
lNS rES2 CAL al

PBS

0.~141 0.7581 0.6797 0.6840

0.8155 0.fS48 0.4826 0.5842
0.5981 0.4711 0.3380 0.3730
0.3948 0.l164 0.24~0 0.2779
0.2108 0.1808 0.1329 0.1725
0.1615 0.(90 0.0601 0.1631
0.1085 0.e737 0.0476 0.0934
-0.0813 0.e408 0.0314 0.O5~3
0.0595 0.(31e 0.02~9 0.044.

ORoeR or BREAKAGE
ZNS Feu CAL/DOL

0.7483
0.7852
0.9831
1.loae
1.0421
1.03bS
0.9679
0.7736
0.7ezs

0.8145
0.9210
J.0460
1.0768
1.0457
1,.01:190
Q.9770
1.0535
1.0498

0.6452
0.8653
0.9808
0.980)
0.;213
1.2340
I.Cb94
1.0053
1.0511

t
l

0.8773
0.9973
1.1673
1.1622
1.1588
0.QZ72
IJ294
1.0865
1.0$77

"
-~

"

,"

"
\

(
-

"

:~-';"~"\.;""'''"",f''''''",;."",

,;.

,-"",~ -~'

,"

..

';'

'"

"ID
I.t

1
1
1
i

!.
}

'T

"'MGr'

b" t

bdst6L1I.s:u

"

.si.\:

'.'.Iktlb 1 !'IIll!4q!JIPU;

Ut il!lUll14!14JlIIU

g~IJ..JbJEU:'.Jt4:.4IIQL\M"'lilifi_"''';h,''';''''..>UJi"l"

.....

~I4. :'IQiA.m*;JQ$C;H~~~~r

,0

~
~

.,:.~

."
,

1 TERATI,JH: 23
RESIDENCE TINE: 3.26 MIN

SP. GR. eAtL MILL FeEO: l.63

TOUL
1Re. LOAO: 1157.11

pas

C.L.
536.54
FES2 C.L. 379.72

')

Z,"'$ C.L. 221.82

98.1 "

CAL'DCL C.L.

PCT SOLIOS Bl' WT. STREAM NO

PCT SOLIOS al' WT.
NO
PCT StlLlOS BY _,. STREA"
STREAM hO
PCT
STREAN
""
PCT ~gtlg~
J-~: STREA'" 1\0

:;

ct.e:

lita:

lH~EE:

FOUR:
fIlle:

77.00
60.75
47.6<;;
73.56
73.56

. CUMULA TillE _ T PC T F UIIiR - DVERAL L

NESH
NO

",

sig

Ml

STREAN

S TIiEAN 2 STREAN 3 STREAN

90.97
99.50
l5 .!~

28

592

80.58

35

419

72.62

87.1'.6

99.09

48

296

65.23

82.20

2U9

59.51

6:'

STREAM 5
97.59

79.51

96 .. 42

1
1 _

98.018

72.10

93.01 '"

f'

76.28

95.50

64.oe

86.96

r
!

1)

100

148

51.89

64.04

87.01

49.43

71.78

lflO~

105

42.&4

50.92

75.49

35.2 ..

56.06

74

34.68

37.61

6i.42

22.41

39.48

20~

..

270

53

26.02

26.17

45.64

13.79

26.26

40U

37

aO.C>4

20.53

36.59

10.32

20.45-

"
'.

"

1
,,)

;,

(;;

....
o

"

i.
i

f'
:--

.~~-~~--~~-

':

)t'~

rr

,,.1-=* :::;

;_ _ - _ . -

_ _

J
~~'

Il.(' ~'\

-<i~- .:,~r.;:'O ~~~...-tl)''\t.~~~~''''''''''i'''rlltf~}'f~ .,. .. <.fl(:<y f_;lr1:.c "'tjt~~~~..,~oIJ-""""...

~-

,
--"

'>-

- - -(

-"-

~~

...... .........
~

- ----, ..........

---~-

~:~ 1

~,

i
'

.,

'i'

AS.H

(j

STFiE4 .. ... C:

Io4INEF;4L DISTR (SIIUCIll. PCT

104 1: SH
NO
28
35

'la

65
101l
150
200
270
400
-400

1
~

SUE
MICR

lOBS

ZNS
16.60

~~--1"7.3A

419
296
209
148
105
7.
53
37
-)7

6.00
.E7
4.83
13.51
8.46
6.7A
8.31
5.32
19.81

8.1~

9.48
5.08
11.03

::~.~

8.22
5.18'
21.23

1
~

MI!SH
NO

SIZI!
MI CP

pas

ZHS

35
48
65
100
150
200
270
400
"400

!92
"19
.296
209
148
0105
74
53
37
-37

3.A6
1.32
2.23
2.22
7.41
11.74
17.78
25.57
10.41
,17.86

5.97
3.00
4.27
4.74
15.01
17.99
13.83
11.33
5.28
J 8.59

"28

'"0
28
35
..8
65
100
150
200
./

~70

400
-400

SI ze
"'ICR
592
419
296
209
14e
105
74
53
37
-37

17.77
'7.90
6.71
5.91
7.04
9.72
8.94
9.26
5.73
21.02

30. l'
8./1 1
Il.:!\!
5.1'
7.!:!
6.J3
4.<;7
5.i<;
3.t4
UI.46

(j

..

,2

... 0:

' C4L/DOL

Fes2

10.A4
4.7J
5.66
6.S1
10.e6
1.0.56
11.46
9.73
6.16
23.61

8.19
2.~C

4.1<;
5.10
15.CO
16. .9
16 .'!!
12.13
3.EO

15.C~

STREA" NO:

MINERAL DISTRIBUTICN. PCT

MeSH

C4L/OCL

FES2

STREA~

MINEf;4L DISTRIBUTICN. PCT

1085

ZNS

0.25
0.46
0.00
0.00
0.96
1.59
1.98
10.42
14.51
69.84

0.21
0.13
0.00
0.18
1.63
10.69
14.73
19.86
9.99
42.57

MINERAL OISTR leUT ION. PCT

MeSH
SIZE
NO
"'ICI'!
lOBS
ZHS
28
592
4.04
8.56
35
419
1.48
4.30
48
296
2.64
6.19
65
209
2.63
6.150
1.,0
1415
8.59
21.03
150
105
13.60
21.27
200
'7 ..
20.67
13.42
270
53
28.35
7.49
00
37
'ii.66
3.15
-400
-37
8.35
7.78

CAL/DOL

"U2
0.40
1.12
O.iA
0 ... <;

0.56
0.30
1.30
3.22
87
1 .27
14.72
14.83
8.7!!
33.17

1.

6.~0

4.C7
11. iE
19. C1
o.~~

46."17

STR!A" HO:
FeS2

CAL/DOL

10.i3
2.

20.50
9.21
10.10
10.47
11 .86
7.150 ,
8.1.
4.53
3.51
13.86

S..'!

a.le
17. ~8
ZO.;!\!
17.!l5

11. c\!
2.~~

6.74

MINERAL DISTRISUT1ON, l'CT

MESH
Slze
NO
MI CR
IOISS
ZNS
25
!!l'il2
0.86
1.17
35
419
0.44
0.66
.8
296
0.84
1.92
65
209
1.73
4.59
100
148
6.24
~6.80
150
105
12.32
2.4!1
200
74
19.82
16.95
270
53
28.87
12.73
400
31
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COJFUTER PROCRAM TO SIMULATE A CLOSEO GRINOING CIRCUIT

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.THE PRDGRAM ITERATIVELY COMPUTES THE MINERAL FLOW RATES

THE PROGR.M uses THE COMDINED CYCLONE MOOEL
NUME "CL AH'RE

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RHO(

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SPEClflC GRAVLTY'Of PURE MINERALS

(MET TON'CUBIC METRL)
'RHO(.'. 7.50
(GALENA'
RHO(Z'- 5.00
lPYRITE,
RHO(]). 4.00'
(SPHALERITEl
RHO(4~. 2.85
(CALCITE-OOLOMITE'

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CYCLONt: MOOEL (F 1 NCH' S APPI;,OACtll

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----~------------------------------

CLASS 1 F 1CA T ION '1I40E X

SLOPE OF HIE REGRESSION LINE OF
LOG(05DC, VS LOG(RHOII' - 1.)

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...

SPECIFIC GRAVfTY OF PURE MINERALS

(UN1TS,CUDIC METRE' _
STOICHIOMETRIC FACTOR FOR CONVERTING
ELEMENT ASSAYS Ta MINERAL ASSAYS
FACTOR(., 15
(GALENA - POS'
FACTOR(2)= 1.48
(SPHALERITE - ZNS)
FACTOR(3'= 2.15
(PYRITE - FES2)
CONVERTION FACTOR (METRIC TONNES TO
MINERAL UN1TS)
CONVERTION FACTOR- tMINERAL UNITS TO
MEnliC TONNES'
VOLUt-tETRIC IlALL MILL HOLOUP (CUOle METRF.S)
BALL MILL' RESIDENCE TINE (MINUTES)
OROER OF OREAKAGE (SIZE-BY-SIZE AND
MINERAL-~Y-MINERA~)
CU~ULATIVE-H~SIS SPECIFIC RATE-OF-BREAKAGE
CYeI...ONE"SELECTl~1 TY
INDEX

SIZE-t:iY-SIZE fLE'MENT ASSAYS Of "00 IHL'OJSCHAAGE

'P~ACENT)
GI<H~() SCALING FACTOR
(A FITTING PAIUMETEIU
1 NSTAtiTANEDUS RATE-OF-IlRE AKA GE
(SIZE-BY-SIZE AND MINERAL-BY-MINE~AL'
OVERAI...I... C1RCULATING LOAD
(PE~CENT'
NINERAL CIRCULATING LOAU
(PE~CENT.
MAKE~UP WATER ADDITION TO SUNP
(CuaiC MET~ES/NtN'
VOLUMETRIC MINERAL F~O~ r"T~S IN BALI...
~ILL FEED
(CUBIC ~ETRE/MIN'
TOTAL VOLUMETRie OF SOLIDS IN BALL MILL
FEEO (CUoIC METRE/MIN'

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INTERCEPT OF THE REGRESSION LINE OF AH OVE

COARECTEO CUT-SllE (MINERAL-BY-MINERALI
(JoIICROHETRESI
PARTICL SIZE. GEOMETRIC MEAN CMICROMETRES'
THE RATI~ OCII/050CeJ'
',SHARPNESS' OF CLASSIFICAoTION CON.STANf

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THE LYNCH MOOEL OF CYCLONE CLASSIFICATION

VF,
SPIC.
INLET
V2C Il

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VT~

KLI TO KL9

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veRTEX FINOER DIAMETER (CMI

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SPI GOT DIAMETER lCN)
INLET OlANETER (CN)
VOLUMETRIC FLOw RATE OF NINERALS IN
CYCLONE FEEO ICUBIC NETRES~NINI
VOLU~ETP[C FLQW R"TE OF PULP IN
CYCLONE FEEO CL IlRES/MIN)
t
TOTAL VOLUMETR le FLOW RATE OF SOLI OS'
IN CVCLONE FEEO (CUOIC HEfRES/HINICONSTANTS IN THE HATHEM"TICAL MOOEL

'7

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NOTE: THE GRIND CIRCUIT CONTAINS FIVE STREANS.

STREAN 1: ROO HILL 01 SCItARGE ('FRESH FEEO' 1
STREAN 2: CYCLONE FEED
STREAN 3:
CVCLONE DVERFLOW (FLOTATION FEEOI
STREAN 4:
CVCLONE UNOERFLOw (ALL MILL FEEOI
STREAN 5:
HALL MILL OISCHARGE

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CHARACTf:I'c.7 ELEN'.'
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DlME:NSION -FIIIOI.F2( lOI,FJ( IOI.F4( 1 01.F51 101.FIu( 101

Dl MENSI ON FF 1 ( 101 ,FF2 ( lOI. FF3( 10 l, FF4 1 101 .FF 51 101
DIMENSION FIMUII0.4"F2HUIIO,41.F3MUI.O,41.F4MUIl.41.FSNUIIO.41
DIMENSION FIMUC~lO.41.F2MUC(.0.4).F3MUCII0 '.F4HUC(lo,4J
DIMf:NSION FSMUCU'O,.I.CLNINU l
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DIMENSION FICHEM(IO.3J,Y'IU J,6(9,41.P(9.41
~
_DIMENSION V'41.1'cH!l'41. RliU(4J .... e:SH( 1 DI .LAPERTC 101.FACTQI<l3J
DIMENSION R1I10I.R2(101.R31101.R41101.R51101
DIMENSION LI110.41.Z2110.4"Z3'IO.41~
10.4)'2500,41
DI l'lENS ION ZFlflO,4J.Zf2110,.I.ZF3110.4, ZF4(IO,4),ZFSl 10.4'
DIMENglON FMI(IO,4 FM2fJO.41,FM3110, 1 FM 110.~).FM5110,4'
DIMENSION FGl.',VC(!O,4,

....

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"TOTAL SOLIOS MASS FLO~ RATE

(UNITS/NINI
PCTSI TO PCTSS
PE~CENT SaLlDS OF PULP
FUI) TO F5lJI
SIZE ASSAYS OF saLIOS
FFI(II Ta FF5(11
CUMULATIVE WEIGHT PERCENT FINER
CUHUL"TIVE MINERAL UNITS COA~SER
~"I' TO RS'"
lUNITS/MIN'
llll .J1 Ta zsel,.J' PERCENT MINERAL FREQUE~Cy DISTRIBUTION
ZFlll,J' Ta lFSII.J,
CUMULATive MINERAL DISTRIBUTION
COARSER IUNITS/NINI
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FINER
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TIE FOLLOWING TERNS REFER Ta THE "BaVE OEFINEO STRE"MS:

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DIMENSION D(IOI,OSOCI YP(lO

&IMENSJON V2C41
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REAL Kl,K2.KL1,KL2,KL3.KL4,KLS.KL6.KL7.KL8.KL9.N.INLET
REAL M1T.M2T.M3T.M4T.M5T.KC9.4,
REAOCS.I'BNH.SOLI
REAO&S.2.CRHO(, _1.4,
REAO(S.3H MESHU 1 .1=1.101
READ(S.4'(LAPERT'C,.lzl.IQ,
READ(S,5'lFACTOR(I,.I=I.31
fcEAOlS.6)(F.'II.I_ 10,
READ(5.71('F1CHEM(I.J,.I~I.101.J=I.31
~EAOCS.91((P(I.JI.I~I.91.J=I.4'
~E AD( 5.9' , (O( 1 J 1 .1 ~I ,9, .J"'I .4 ,

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5
6
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FORMAT'3C1X.F4.2)~

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FORMAT (4F4.2,
FORMAT l i 014 1
FORMAT C13. 9( 1 x', 13' ,
FORMAT U OF5.2.
FORMAT( 10F5.2.
FORMAT(4A71

Fo,RMA TC IOF5.1 1

~
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INLET= 15.24
KL1= 193.
KL2 .. -271.6
KL3= 1.7.08
KL4= 0.04
KL5= -0 .. OS76
KL6" O,03t.6
-KL7:z 0.0299
KL8 .. -0.00005
KLY= -0.0688
FCCU" 0.70
.FGCZ,= 1.00
FC'3'= 1.
FCiI4,= 1.0il

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VW5= 210./60.
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FORMAT(9CIX.F6.41'

DEFINITION OF PARAMETERS.TO BE CONSTANT

TttHOUCH TIiE ITERATIVE PROCESS
KI. -1.367
N= 2.361

,\

READCS.8I(ELEH(I),I=1.4)
RE AI> C5 121 (Dl 1 ) .J -1 10 1

VF' .. 15.24
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30

A- G.O
DU JO 1 ... 1010

FINOCI.4' .. 10Go-FICI' -,,(FI~U( ... I.+FINUCI.2'tF1MUC1.3'b

FI,.,Cll.4Ia A FINU( 1.4'

As FINUCCI.4J
<
CO NT 1 NUE
' ;-

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F~MU(I.J)II

DO 50

0.0

J~ 4

ITERATIVE PROCESS

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DO 50 1-1010
F2NU~fo.J). F1NUCI.JJ FSMUCloJJ
F2NUC(J.JJ- " + F2HU(I .J)
A= F2MUCCI.J'
CONTINUE
VW2= VWl + VW5
DO 52 1 &1.10

A:o 0.0
81" 0.0
00 S2 J S 1.4

1':1 ue 1 1= A F lNU CIl .1 ,

F2CI'= 61

,.

\j

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\1

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+ F2MUC' JI

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52

CONTINUE
Az o.iJ
00 55 1"'1."

55

COUTINUE
,
PCTS2= 100 UN1T.M2Th(UN1T.M2r
00 51' ''"'1.10
FFlflJa '100.*'N1T
FIU(.JJ;N1T
Ff2((J .. 100.*(M2T
F2( 1) J l'M2T
CONTINUE

57
C
C
C

Ao; FIUC 1)
01 .. F2'

Aa 0.0

50

'

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SUMP

.,

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CONTINUE

M= 1
15

~ J"

gg :g t:i :10

BEGINNING OF THE

..
1

20

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l,

,~

F lNUC 1 .1 )-_' FI' 1 ',~F lCHENe 1. JJ.F "CTOR 1 .1)

40

..
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F1NUCI .tJa A,. 'FlHUl.I ... ,

, As FI MUC ( 1 .1 J

l(

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DO 20 .... 1.3
Ac 0.0., ' 0020'I.al.10

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CONTlNUED

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H2T= A + f2NUCCIO,I,
A= M2T

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C.YCLONE __

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RFa KLI.SPIG~VW2,20. + KLZ/YWZ'20. + KL3

I(W4. RF."W2/100.
00 et 1-1.4
V2(.,& F2MUC(lO t/RHOUI.t

61

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CONTINUE

CI

..

"Tt~ V2(U + V2(21 + V2'3"+ V2C4,

0- CVT2 .. Vw2'*'000./3.
050e(4)& IO.**CKL4.VF + KLS*SPIG + KL6.INLET

.. KL9,
ka- ALDG'050C(4)
DO 63 1...,.3

- Kl.ALOGIRHOl4,

OSOCI " EXPIK,a.U.OG'RHOIIJ CONTINue

DO 62 .1-1.4

63

kL7tPCTS2 .. KLS*O

t.'

I . J . 1<21-

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00 G2 -'-1.9

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IFIX.GE.2.5IGO TO

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YPCI .J,s 100 11. -

GO TO 22

YPU,"'.

21

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22

62

CONTINUE

100.
ClOO.

EKP(-O.693.X**H),

RF}.VP'I''')/lOO. + RF

60

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F4MU(I, .. '- YII.JI.F2MUII.JI/IOO.

F3MU'I.J)~ F~NUII.J) F4MUII.J.
F4MUCC1.J). A F4MUCC.J'

F3MUCI1.,,). BI t F3MUCI ... ,

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N3T~ BI
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00 60 '-1,10

f-

00 60 .... l.4
A- 0.0

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N

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DO 80 J=I.4
00 80 1"1.9
F5MUC(I.~la

F4MUC(I.J).eXPI-FGIJ).OC,.J'.TIME PC'.J"
6

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ij

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fj

80 .. CONT INUE

~,~

J~I..
,
F5NUCIIO.J)= F4MUC'~0.J)
F5MUtl.J). F5MUCll.J)

DO 90

"

90

CONTINUE
A= 0.0

.1=1..

DO 95
1

\~

9~

:,
1

.I'

i1

DO 100 .1"1."

DO 100 1"'2.10

""

L- - 1

F5MUI'.J)~

<1

, M5T= A .. FSMUCUO
Asa MST
CONTINUE

.\

J,

100

CONTINUE

VW3"

v.a -

FSMUCll.J)

F5IWClL.Jl

V.4

'"

DO IlU lai 010

Cs: 0.0
Dl- 0.0

R311'1: 0.0
R4'I)a 0.0
RSlO- 0.0

DO JI Q

J ..i

,-

E- 0.0

. RI ( 1 ) . 0.0
RzIU: 0.0

"

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~

F311'; C .. F3HUCCI.J'
F41.U- Dl .. F4I4UCCl.JJ

'11\

t'

'FSII)" E .. F!5MUClIoJ'

Rill'I: RIII' .. FINUII.J,

R2(1)~

R3"'.
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..

R211. + FaNU(l.J'

~*.

l'

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ASC.'= RS

110

Cc F 3e l '
Dia F"ll)
Es PSU J

+ F3MUfI.J.
+ F.HU".J'

t"
~

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!i
~~

120

F1Ulil )/N1T

FF2CI' .. 103,*'M21 - F211 ))/1I2T

FF31J.'" 100.uroUT
F 3 Il J )/M3T
Pf4(1'. IOO (~T
H (1' ),M'T
FF5(1'1: 100.f'145T - F5fl JI .IM5T

grN:~?'
t: i~o. fF4MUCI
CONTINUE

,r

10. J 1,IF lMUCI 10.. J

'

CLOVe 100 ...... T,l'HI T

peTS3" IOO.fUNlT*MlT/fuNlTfM3T .. V.31
PCTS4= 100.*UNITfN4T/IUNI'.M.T .. VW4'
F-CTSb= PCT54

c
c

~~

A&SIM1T -

'<

CC,NTINUe:

130

i}
!l

CONTINUE
DO 120 '-1.10

FFI'.'" 100.*'M1T

1
a
1

'-

.. FSHUel.JJ

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CONVERGENCE TEST OF STEADY STArE MASS FLOW CONDITIONS

C
C

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IFe lA .LE.10.' .OR. 1 M.eu.50) '-'00 TO J 40

Ms NU

GO Ta 15

'-.,...

E~D

140

OF

ITERATIVE PROCESS

DO' 1.5 .J .. , ,4
SI- 0.0
:'
52'" 0.0
'53- 0.0
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S5- 0.0
,
DO 145 1-I,JO
.
ZIIJ .J). 10~.*FJMUCI .J)/F1MUCC10.JI
2211 .113 lGO.*F2MUCI.J'/FZNucrlO.J'
2311.J)a lOO FlNU(I.J'/FlMUcrlO,JJ
Z4',.J,. 100.*F4MUII .J'/f4MUCCIO .J'
Z511 .J'. 100.*F5MU(~ .JI/f5MUC(10.JI
Zflll .JI-.SI ~ 2111 .JI
2F2CI.JI- S2 ~ 22(I.JI

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145
1 99

53

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WRITE(6,31S'ME~CIJ.FI'IJ,IFJCHEN'I

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W~ITE(6.310IS0LJ,BMH,'FG'I',I"J,4)

1II.J1,.J"'I,41

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55 + Z511,J~
100. ~ IFIII.JI
FM211,J,a 100. - ZFalt.J'
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ZF3tl .J'
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CONTINUE
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00 199 .J:I. 4
DO 199 1=1,10
YCII,.J'. 10G.-yecI.JI
CONT 1 HUE:

003011=1,9

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.JJ,.J.1.3J.'BC1,.JJ,JCI,4',.I,

CONTINUE
FORMATI'l'//' ',ISX,'INPUT DATA USEO IN 5'NU~ATING A Pa-tN ORe ~RI
.NOING OPEPAT'ON'//' ',ISX,'FLOW RATE INPUT (FRE5H FEEO':',Fl0.2,'
.NET~IC TONS PER HOUR'/' ',15X,'BALL MILL!HOLOUP:'.I~X.F6.2,' CU01C,
il NETER~'//' ',15X,'GRINO'HG SCALE FACTOR FOR P8S:,F10.2~/' ',15X.
.'GRINDIHG SCALE FACTOR FOR ZNS~'-.r10.2//' 'oI5.X,

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a'GRINDING SCALE FACTOR FOR-FES~:',F9.2//' '.15x,
a'GR1NDING SCALE FACTOR-FOR CAL/OOL:i.F6.2/~/'/' '.ISX.
.'
iII'ME~H'.3X,SllE'.3X,'CHEM1CAL
ASSAYS',5x,'5PECIFIC RATE OF SREAKA
ilGE',7X.'P~OROER OF UREAKAGE'/' ',16x,'NO',3X,'ASSAYS',4X,'PO',4X.
il 'Z,..,.' ,'4-X. 'FE',. 1 Olt, 'Pes' ,3X, ZN5' ,2X. 'FE S2 CAL/DOL', 4X, 'POS' ,",X.
iII~~NS',2X,'FES2 CAL/OOL"'I

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315
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FORNAT"
',15& ,14, 2X, F6 .2, l,X, 3F6.2 '-3X, 4Fl,4, 2X, 4F7.4 1
lllfi iTE ( 6,316 HIE SH( 101 ,F 1 ( 101 ,IF t"CHE M' 10, J ,~J..l .3 1
FORMAT"
'.15X.J4.2x,F6.2.IX,3F6.2)
WI<JTE(6,700Jl050CUJeJ-I,4)
a

700 FORMAT'///15x,'THE CORRECTEO D5UC VALUES ARE:'//2~X,'PBS:'.FI2.2/

w20X,'lNS:'.FI2.2/20X,'FES2:',Fll.2/20X,'CAL/OOL:',F8.21
,
WRITE'6,200IM.RHOT.T1ME.CLOV,'CLMIN(J),J=1.4).PCTS1.PC~S2,perS3,

ilPCTS4.PCTS5
"FORI4ATl' 1 ' / / / ' '.22X,'ITERATION:',13.18X,'SP. GR. CJALL MILL FEIOO:'
... F5.2/' '.22X.'RESIOe~CE TlNE:'.F5.2.' MIN'.IIX,'rOrAL CIRC. LOAO:
a'.F7.2/.I 1 '.31)(, 'pas C.L.
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a31 x, IFES2 'C'.L. 1 .F6.2 ,lX,' CAL/POL C.L. ',F6 .2/ l"
',31 X,
a'PCT SOL IDS av WT, STREAM NO ONE:' ,F9.2/' ',31)(,
a'per SOLIDf ev WT, STREAI4 NO TWO:',F9.~/' ',3IX.'PCT SOLlas sv WT,
a STREAI4 NO THREE:',Fl.2/' '.3Ix,'PCT SLIPS BY WT, STREAI4 NO FOUR:
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a'CUMULATIVE IIIT peT FINER - QVERALL'/I'/l
IIIRITE! 6,21 0)
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210 FORMAT"
',l4X,'MESH',4X,'SIlE'/' '.15X,'HO',5X,'MICR'.3X.
iI'STREAM 1',1X,'STREAM 2~.IX.STREAM 3',lX.'STREAN 4'.IX.'STREAM 5'
al
00 220 J:l,9
,
WR J TE ( 6.2501 MESH' 1 1 LAPERT ( 1 ), FF 1 ( 1 1. FF2 ( 1 l, FF 3' Il. FF4 ( 1 l, FF5C 1 ,
250 FORMATI' ',14X.14.5X.13.5(3X.F6.2'//'
220 CONT' NUE
JI" 1

200

.j
~

f:

1"

1
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..12- 2

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WRITE' 6, Z551J 1
00 ut! 'al,IO
146

W~ITEI6.260INESH'II.LAPERT(I).AI(I).IFINU(I.J).J=1.,,)

CONTINUE
IIIRITE.16.255IJ2

'

DO 150 1"' l , 10

W~j~ ~60 ,MESHI Il.LAPERTC II.R21 1); IF 2HUC 1 \.J' .Jal.4 t

WRITEI6,255IJ3
00 160 1-1,10
II/l'Il Tt 16.2601 MESHI 1). LAPERT (( ) ,R31 1) ,CF 3NU ( 1. J) J: 1.4,
160 CONTINUE
WRITE(6.255'J4
'00 170 1 = 1 10
WR ifE C6,260 HIESliI II,LAP["RH 1 1. R4' '1. (F 414U' l , JI ,J" 1,4,
110 CONTINUE'
'
WRITEC6,255)J5

150

,..

00 160 1=1.10

~.

WRIT((6.26JII4ESHlll.LAPERT(II.R5(1).IF5MU(I.J) ...... 1.41

.
CONT INUE
~
\

255 FURMATC'I'////,22X.'MINEF-AL UNITS ~ETAINED'.IOX.STREAM NO: -, "al2//' '.22)(,' MES.. , ,4X. "SI lE' l"
" 23\X HO' .5)(. MICR' ,5X, OVERALL'
a5X.'PUS',6X,ZNS'.SX.FES2'.3X.'CALrOOL'/1
260 FORNAT"
',22X,I",5X0I3,3X,51"'9.2//1
,
W,.ITE(6.265'Jl ;
.

.,

taO

DO J e 1

,<>'

lai

=1 1 0

WRITE'6,210)MESHCII,LAPERT'II,lllCI.JI.J~1.41

CONTINUE:

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N
Q\

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.

.. " .. :rr,""'''+'''''-''-'!>!;,'~
~
...t-~""L,i- ..~,

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WRlTfl6,265'Ja
00 102 J~I ,10
182

WH(Tt(6.270'ME5H('I,LAPERT((I.(Z2fl.JI.J~I.41

CONTINUE
WRITE(6.265'.lJ
00 183 lai 010

"

.RITEI6.270JMESH(II.LAPERTIIJ.(Zlll,Jl.J~I,4J

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18lS
265
270

191

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192
193
194
195
275

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280
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CONTI NUE
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00 194 1"'1,9
WR 1 TE 1 6,280, "EStIlI )0 LAPE RT ( 1 J IFM4 CI, J,. Jz 1,",
CONTINUE
.
WRlTEI6,27S'J5
00 195 1'"1.9
WRJTE(6.280a~CSH(II.LAPERTII IFM5(I.JJ.J~I,41
CONTINUE
FORMAT" l ' / / / .l' ',22)(,' CUN NINERAL PCT FI NER' .3)(.' STREAM NO: ' .
~Ia//' '.22X,'NESH'.4X.'SIZE',/' ',23X.'NO'.5X.'MICR',5X.'P6SI.
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'

\.

l,

CALCULA TING' TUE INSTANTANEOUS RATE-OF-UREAKAGE

/

196
3a3

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~

147

CONTINUE
WRITE(6,265,.I.
DO 184 (=1,10
WRITEI6.270INESHCIJ.LAPERTCII.(Z4(I,J .l z l.4,
CONTINUE
WRITEI6.265I.1.S
00 185 (-1,10
WRITEC6,270tHESHII',LAPERTCIJ.IZSCI,JJ,.l z l.4J
CONTINUE
,
FORNATC'l'////' ' , 22X,'NINERAL DISTRIBUTION. PCT',7X,.STREAM NO:
a. 1 2//' .22X. ' NESH' x. 'SI ZE. ' / . '.2 3X, NO '. 5X. 'N lCQ' 5X. 'PBS'.
a6X.~HS.4X.'FES2'.4X.CAL/OOL/1
FORMATI' .22X.14.5X.13.513X.F6.21//.
WRITEI6,275'Jl
'
00 191 'al,9
,
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CONTUtUE
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(
WRITEI6.275I.12
DO 192 lal.9
WRITEI6.2&O'MeSH(I,.LAPERTIII,(FH21',J".I:1,4'
LONTINUE
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OU 147 .1=1,.
00 147 1:1.9
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DO 196 1::1,9

..~

1>

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\
~

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a~

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304
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END

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DATA (;ARDS

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("PUT DATA USEO (N SIMULATIHG A PB-ZN ORE GRINOING OPERATION

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154.20 METRIC TONS PER HOUR

6.37 CuBIC METERS

GRINDING SCALE FACTOR FOR PUS:

0.70

.
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1.00

GRIND/NG SCALE'FACTOR FOR

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1.25 6.01
6.95
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1.40 5.19 5.97
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1.55 5.22 4.U.
1"'.37 4.9.
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0.4826
0.4711 0.3380
0.3164 0.2430
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0.8653 0.9973

0.5842

0.3730
0.2779
0.1725
0"63,1
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0.0573
0.0444

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0.9808 1.1613

0.98.03 1.1622
0.9213
1.2340
1.0694
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15.69 39.22
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PCT SOLIOS SV WT. STREAM NO THAEE:

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16.60
S.19
9.48
5.08

6.~C

41"9

200 '

ION. PeT

11.03

S.09
6.90
8.22
5.18
21.23

)
\....

..

"

SIZE
MICR

28

592
41'9
296
209
148
105
74
53
,,37
-37

65

100
150

200
27C,"
400
-40C::

SIZE
MI CR

28
35
48
65
10C

150

200

2X e

t
f

-400

592
419
296
209
148
105
74
53
37
-37

ZNS

0.00

0.00

o.oe

o. oc

0.00
0.08
3.63
13.23
15.57
11!I.47
9.38
39.63

O.O~

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.51
11.79
15.84
71.&6

DISTRIBUTION. PCT

48

6ft

10'0
ISC
200
270
400
-400

592
419
296
209
148
lOS
74
53

37
-37

PBS

ZNS

4.05
1.58
2.67
2.74
9.16
15.10
,22.55
27. le;
8.55
6.42

9 4
4.78
6.90
7.81
21.72
'19.21
9.92
7.38
2.94
9.91

'--..
~

J'

MESH
NO

SlZe!
1011eR

28
35
48
65
100
150
200
27e
400
-400

592
419
296
Z09
148

105
74
53
37
-37

9.72
8.94
9.26
5.73

2~.O2

FE52

t'\

2 -

CAl.I'DOI.

7.99
2.68
4.28
5.43
18.27
19.10
14.19
10.30
3.57
14.20

9.76
4.4.
5.54
6.55
10.57
10.52
11.42
10.65
6.37
24.18

FES2

C"LI'DOL

0.00
c .00
0.00
0.00
0.25
5.46
16.15

0.00
0.05
0.92
3.62
9.92
12.45
15.01
14.65
1!I.93
34.46

21.40

9.6l
47.13

'FE~2

CALo/DOL

9.97
3.35
5.35
6.77
22.75
22.48
13.71
7.54
2.07
6.020

18.18
8.23

9.53

9.08
Il.13
8.86
8.33
7.20
4.15
15.3.1

9TREAM NO:

5
'"

,PBS

ZNS

0.91
0.49
0.92
1.86
6.71
13.59
21.60
28.09
1,).42
15.42

1.40
0.82
2.31
5.39
18.13
21.68
14.11
12.34
4.97
18:84

FES2

CALI'DOl..

2.43

.'

2.87
1.47
4.54
7.10
13.61

1025

3.01
5.48
20.87
22.37
16.50
11.42
3.55
13413

Il.2.1---

13.56
1I.S5

6.91
26.90

.'

l, '
!,

o
L

<1

7.04

STREAM NO-=

It41NERAL DI5TRIBUTION,.PCT

7.90
6.71
$ .91

STREAM NO:

PBS

SIZE
MI CR

35

1t

1.35
2.27
2.33
7.80
12.87
19.29
24.91
9.63
16.10

~INERAL

28J

6.35
3.22
4.64
5.28
15.81
17.26
11.77
11.00
5.0.
19.62

3.45

MESH
NO

.r'

ZNS

PBS

MESH

( 17.77

STREAM Na:

Ml "IERAL 01 STRI BUTI ON. PeT

NO ,

,.

1t

\~~~H
35
48

CAL/0C!L

30.19
8.''1
9.38
5.19
7.83
6.13
4.97
$.79
3.64
18.46

MINERAL DISTRIBUTION. peT

"

FIOs2

"

I~

...
..,

\.~>"",(f:I"'I't/~~)t,.,.,t~'!~~~"-'-~~""'-W'''''''''''''''I~''Uo.~~ .. ~fY!Iw,'MM~_~"""I>< __ '",H;>'~'''''' .. -<'! .....~ ........ _~_.. !O(_'O'!\"_~

. ,_-.,__ .~ . . . . .,...

o;"'_,,~ _ _""'-.. ,.. _ _ _ _"" __

'1

'AS.32
.... _-----.3:

.'

(J

II.

.
MESH

Sile
MICR

28
35
48

592
419
296
209
148
105
14
53
37

6~

100

Ise

200
270
40C

,-

."

MESH
NO

sue
MICR

28
35
48

SQ2
-419
296
2C9
148
11)5
74
53
37

65

1'00

150

2ee
27:)
4CO

PBS

ZNS

82.66
76.66
66.99

83.40
1'5.21
65.73
60.65
49.62
41.53
34.62
26.41
21.2.3

62.16

.8.bS

4~.18

33.44
25.14
19.81

-- - --.

SI lE
1011 CR

28
35
,48
65
le::

592
419
296
209
148
105
74
53
37

NO

ISO
200

2TO
400

',Z:.

100.:)0
10C.:)0 !
10').00'
100 .00'
100.00
100.\1"
99.49
87 .. 70
7~.86

28
35
48
65

100
150
200
270
"'CC

l
~~~~ .
592
419
296
209
148
105
7"

5~

90.24
85.80
80.25
73.70
63.13
52.61
-"1.19
30.54
24 8
>

NO:

FI'!S2

PBS

ZNS

95.95
94.37
91.70
88.97
79.81
64.71
42.16
14.97
6.42

90.56

. ;1

100.00
99.95
99.03
95.41
85.49
73.05
58.0"
43.39
34.46

FES2 <-

'CAL/DOl..

90.03
86.68
81.34
74.56
51.82
29.34
15.63
8.09
6.02

85.78
78.89
71.08
"9.36
30.15
20.22
12.84
9.91

>

CAL./OCL

100.00
10il.OO
100.00
100.0&
100.0
100.00
99.92 ' 100.00
99.75
96.29
94.29
83.06
78.14
67."'8
49.01
56.74
47.13
39.63 '
STREAM NO:

CAL/DCL

92 01
8 .33
5.1)5
79.62 ,
61.35
42.25
28.06
17.76
14.20

lNS

1'>85

'"

FEU

90.6~

82.23
74.33'"
67.62'
61.71 ,
54.67
44.9$
36.01
26.75
21.02

__._----

93 65

90.43
85.78
8G.50
64.69
47.43
35.66,
34.6}

82.8,)
69.93
50.64
25.73
16.10

CAio/pOl.

69.81
.61.40
"52.02
,
46.83
39.00
32.87
27.89
22,10
18.46

ZNS

PBS
96.'55
95.20
92.93

CUM MJNERAL PCT FINER

NESH
NO

FEU

STREAM NO:

eUH MINERAC. PCT FINEA

MESH

-:

ST REA", NO:

CU ... MINERAI.. peT FINER

"

CUM MINERAI. PCT FJNeR

Hg

""

81.82
73.59
64.0e;
54.98
43.85
34.99
26.66
19.46
15.:S1

./
~

eUM MINERAL peT FINER

.--'

MESH
NO

SlZE
MICR

%8
3S
48

592
419
296
209
148
105
74
53
l7

65

lce

HIC
200
270
400

STREAM Na:

PBS

ZNS

99.09

98.60
9T.78
95.48
90.09
71.96
50.27
36.16
23.82
18.84

915.60

97.68
9-5.82
89.11
7'5.52
53.92
25.84
15.42

5.

FeS2

CAL'OCL

97.57
96.32
93.31
87.84
66.96
44.59
28.09,
16.67
13.1l

97.13
95.67
91.13
84.03
70.42
59.22
45.66
33.81
26.90

..
~

()
1

t:
_:::-s;-"
. ....:;:lo._-.-:._ _

--!,....:;~;::..~._.':p~ofjji~t&~f~;,':;;~t@t_.il~!fiil!i..a;N&,~y?Jl,!. . . . . .~Y.;i-'jj'.. "

t-

'~~~~~~~._"'.P"l.!I_IIJIIJ":""

___""'_.I"'' ."",,,,"'1$~''''('''i.........
a ['!~_IlIR*"P!M_4IiO\A4
tfl..

__
I_III.!..
" ......,"",1II1"","IL"''';U''~''"'''~''u",,,_,,,

______,

AS.33

(j

Ilf l '

"

,r',

INST4NTANEOUS\~ATES

OF BREAKAGE AT THe Tll\IE

-1
STEAOY STATE CONDITIONS wERE
, , REACHEO. MIN

...

MES"
NO

sue

PBS"

ZN9

PES2

CAL/DOl.

2.

592

0.481

0.614

.0.455

0.595

35

419

O.AA8

0.599

0',414

0.. 582

48

296

0.411

G.496

0.331

0.4$1

65

209

0.313

0.345

0.238

0.33.

100

J48

D .199

0.190

-O. &22

0.206

1$0

105,

D.lle

C.l10

C'.078

0.150

200

74

:) .073

0.072

0.051

0.097

270

53

:l.0

0.0','3

0.032

0.063

e.o.33

0.3.

,-0.02!5

0.047

/III1CR.

~~.

.'--------

,"

,.'";''

>,

,"

.
/

la

2UAttJ4.~1 ..~:;t!!",:Jt,tt

U:I'IIl=(El1't!i,~~:1

4$~~~""l:!",~,...,;...,. ..--t> ..._~,.,.u.....~ ...'1J""~-~-""

'~~

t")
-'

.lr

~,

1
"
'1

..
<:

N
N
~

dl

fl

INPUT DATA USED IN S'NULATING A PB-ZN ORE

FLOW RATE INPUT (FRESH FEEO':
HALL NILL HOLDUP:

'r

193.30
&.37

GRI~OING

MET~IC

Cu~tC

....s::

OPERATION

rt-

en

TONS PER HOUR

NETERS

GRINDING SCALE FACTOR FOR PBS:

0.70

rt-

GRINDING SCALE FACTOR FOR ZNS:

1.00

'0

GRINDING.SCALE fACTOR FOR FES2:

1.00

GRINDING SCALE

1 ..10

FACTOR-~OR

G!

\1)
~,

CAL/DOL:

.
0

VI

rt-

g.
SIZE
-<:tIEMI '"CAL ASSAYS
ZN
FE
ASSAYS
PB

NESH
NO
28
35
48
6S

24.24
5.94
6.31
6.10
];).20

100

150
20!)
270
'00
-400

1~.33

8.12
7.47
3.89
17.41

1 .....

SPECIFIC RATE OF 8REAKAGE

pas
ZNS FES2 CA~/DOL

...68
4.11
3.71
5.82
3.83
6.11
l.77 2.;)4
3.b3
1.84
1.93
3.61
3.49 1.66
4.05
1.73
2. )0)
J.99
4.BO
2.84

2.32
2.15
0.43
1.58
1.62
1.28
1.25
1.81
1.18

0.9141 0.7561 0.6797 0.6840

0.8155 J.6548 0.4826 0.5842
0.5981 C.4711 0.33$0 0.3730
0~94a 0.3164 0.2430 0.2779
0"708 0.1808 0.1329 0.1725
0.1615 0.0990 0.0601 0.1631
0.1085 0.0737 0.0476'0.0934
0.0813 0.0408 0.0314 0.0573
0.0695 0.0318 0.0239 J.O

P3S

OROER OF BREAK AGE

ZNS

0.7483 0.8145
0.7852 0.9210
0.9831 1;0460
1.1088'1.0765
1.0421 ~O.57
1.0365
.0890
O~9&79 0 9770
0.7136 1.0535
0.7825 1. ;'498

FES2 CAL/D(L

0.6452
0.8653
0.9808
0.9803
0.9213
1.2340
1.0694
1.0053
1.051 1

0.8773
0.9973
1.1673
1.1622
1.1588
0.9272
1.0294
1.0865
1.0577

. ~l
t

ft

~,
;

NESH
NO

CYCLONE SELCC INDEX. Y

PD
ZN
FE CAL/DOL

28
35

IOO.OOl~~.CUlOO.00100.00

IOO.CC1CO.001GO.OOI00.OO
100.0010.00100.00 96.96
lCO.OOIOO.OOIOO.OO 82.44
100. JO ?7.08100.00 61.85
100.00 82.96 98.06 46.45
100.00 ~2.13 85.32 37.56
97.~b 46.35 ~4.56 33.24
83.~9 37.65 48.15 31.28
Z.67 29.67 29.67 29.67

411

65
100

,"

150
20&>

273
".00

-400

1
.,
~

;,

""

.~

THE CORRECTEO

PUS:
ZN51

FE,S~:

CAL/DOL:

D~UC

VALues ARE:

"

.,

!
-:.

'\

'"

li'

32.08
92.31
62.29
lO!J.57

---~- '-.--, -f>-;--7----------::. _____.1._?__...---;....~-

l,

...

,-'

'0 ,.....

"._"

"0

'-,/~

"""

. _ -. . . . _

- . OC

~_

'1

,.....---,"""'...........~;:;,.~~
. 'r

-"

" --""

--

,~

.,'

'

"

';

"
j
'1

<t

"

lTRAT ION: 23 ~
RESIDENCe TIME: 2.43 MIN

SP. GR. BALL MILL FEED: :5. :5,.

TOTAL CIRC. LDAO: 183.16

PUS 'C.L.
128.28
FES2 C.L. 565.79
PCT
PCT
PCT
PCT
PCT

ZNS C.L. l79.BO

'::AL/OOL C.L. 135.49

SOLIDS av WT'.
sOLJOS DY wr.
SOLIOS DY wr.
sOLJOS DY WT.
SOLIOS av WT.

STRE No
sTREA NO
STREAM,ND
STRE.\M NO
STREAM NO

CUMULATIVE WT pcr FaNER ME5H

NO

SUE
IUCR

STREAIe

STReA~

28

592,

75.76

811083

35

419

69.82

48

296

65

ONe:
TWO:
THREE:
FOUR:
FI VE:

78.ao
61.01
43.99
77.34
11.34

~
~

OYERALL

1
)
2 STREAM 3 STREAM 4 STREAM 5
100.00

8z.74

95.97

85.69

~.oo

77.88

94.36

bl.f)1

81l.1>3

.61

6~.3S

89.06

209

57.4'

72.71

96.69

59.63

81.08

100

14a

47.21

57.76

85.23

42.77

63.55

I~O

lCi5

3(0.88

43.18

72.51

28.11

47.57

~OO

74

28.76

31.33

56.07

17.83

32.75

270

53

21.29'

21.20

40.93

10.45

21.15

400

37

17.40

16.60

33.07

7.61

16.15

.,

j
j

1
,

'

1
(

~
\

",

V
'~

'"

'"
~

...

'

".l.

(~ ~.

<:,

"
,r)
}

1\

~
)o".>('~

~'
','

.,J...... , ", ...

4'-

r'"

::,

~'
),

lt'
-i;

11-

AS.36 0

f-

f'

l'

~.)
"

.:>

141 (:fERAI. DISTRI8UTION. PCT

,.,....

MESH
NO

2S
35
48
65
10:)
15~

zOC
270
40C
-400

;<

.-

size

.'oU CR

"

592
419
296
209
148
105
74
53
37
-37

STREAM NO:

pas

ZNS

21.92
8.65
10.89
1.65
10.12
10.51
6.53
5.86
4.42
19.46

25.69
7.8"3
8.73
5.21
' 8.39
8.45
6.42
6.85
3.52
18.93

MINERAI. DISTRJI3UTJON. PCT

PBS

ZNS

,28
35
48
65
100
150

592
419
296
209
148
105
,74
53
37
-37

3.74
1.7)
2.51
2.06
6.99
14.27
19.81
25.23
10.79
12.90

8.55
2.85
4.55
6.30
16.90
21.03
Il.57
9.88
3.62
14.7.

MINERAI. DISTRIBUTION, PCT

MESH,
NO

SI ZE
MICR

PBS

38.&8
7.47
8.19
4.22
6.3&
6.75
4.57

23.10
5.62
5.88
6.40
10;)63
It 74
8.55
7.78
4.00
17.30

~.38
.64

16.75
STRI!AM NO:

SIZE
MICR

zac

CAI./OOI.
p

MESH
NO

270
4'"
-.'C

FES:

FES2

.CAI./DOI.

8.31
2,43

12.65
3.44
6.37
8.28
14.77

,4.02

5.25
17.50
24.84
14.92
9.39
2.91
IJ.44

10.80

11.49
9.18
4.62
18 0

STREAM NO:
ZNS

FES.2

:;

CAI./OOI.

28
35
48
65
100
150
200
'270
40C
-4Ge

592
419

0.00
JfOO
~96 -------1r. a 0
\l9
0.00
148
105
o.co
74
O.CO
53
5.79
37.
15.31
-37
7S.91

,.'l

0.00
CI.OO

0.00
0,00
1.87
13.58
16.61
lJO0 9
S.56
39.28

HC -r

28
35
48
65
100

~',

1
"'-

...

150

20e
270
4ce
-400

SIZE
NICR
592 '
419
296
209
148
105
74

53
37
-37

NO

28

Ci

65
10C
l!SC
2ce
270
400

-4OC;

"

SIZE
MICR

ZNS
11.61
3.88
6.18

~.76

22.29

20.l5S
28.61
1".95
7.12
1.64
3.64

8.56

2~.70

.77

6.22.
1.85
15.94

ZNS

53

1.22
G.74
1.34
2.10
6.51
14.69
21.6.
28.'9

-:J7

11.99

2.43
1.08
3.06
6.70
19.96
215.51
13.40
10.96
3.66
13.2.

592
419
296
2:)9
148
105
7.
37

Il.68

2.85
4.72

"1>

6.17

FES2
2.92
1.153
3.27
5."2

19.44

28.10
16.77
").27
2.95
9.32

CAI./DOL

STREAoI4 HO:

PfilS
~

l'ES2

PBS
4.23
1.92
2.8"
2.33
7.9D
16.12
22.39
27.75
10.20
4.32

,MINERAL o.lSTR 18UT 101''' PeT

M~SH

0.00
0.01l
0.46
3.42
13.27
13.61
16.88
14.42
7.48
30.46

STREAM NO!

MINERAI. OISTRIBUTION. PCT

MESH

0.00
0.00.
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.25
1 75
22.4.0
10.14
49.45

22.00
5.98
10.74
11.86
15.89
8.72
7.50
'5.30
2.51
9 .. "9
5

CAL/DOL
4.95
1.83
6.7.
9.66
17.83
10.84
13.65
10.21
5.08
19.2\

1-.L0'~"

' ..... '11"'1-< ..,.p".'..'..... -... ~.

-"...~

"" , . ,....

~,I~

.... ",. r

,.,.~_ ~''t .. '!;r;''.t>''~'!'r"' r,' ~.,

"'Jt

.,_, .......r> .. >"<~~~'~'I,..#,!<rf.

,".:. ""," 4

)t

rot'"". ~"""" """'">!-

............... _

.... "

.. ~'f\f~ ...'1"~ ..........

'i*."1!",,_~

....~.........

R"'_t<' ,~~-'

~ .. ~ ,

1.

~1

""

.,;;:

AS.37

"

'

-. 1.
~\

C
eUN Ml NE FVIL peT FINER

/f

~
"

MESH
NO

'SI lE
141eR

28

592

35

48
65

419

lC,c.

296
209
148

~f

74

ISJ

1 :15

pas

lN5

78.08
69.43
58.54
56.69
46.77
36.Z7

74.31
66.48
57.75
52.54
44.16
35.7).

~~.74

eUM Ml NERA\. peT FI NI:R

NESH

11-.

NO
(r_

,)-

28
3S
48
65
100
ISC
200

SIZE
MICR
592
419
296

209

148
105
74

ZNS
91.45
88.60
84.05
77.75
60.84
39.81
26.24

92.,04
89.98
82.99
68.73
48.91

'
~-

SI ZE
MICR

28
35
48
65
lCC
150
200
270
400

592

419
296
209
148
105
74
53

37

PBS
100.00
100.00
1:10.J,)
100.0:)
100.00
100.01>
~oo.oo

94.21
78.91

61.32
53.85
45.66
41.45
35.09
28.133
~=:!!r

ZNS

MESH

SIZE

NO

NrCR

592
419
29<209
148
105
74'

PBS
95.77
93.85
91.01
IlS.66
60-;'7-8___ ~
64.66
~2 .!~

eUM MINERAL PCT FINER

HESH
ND

,..
0

;.,

28
35
48
65

UO\

150

zoe
~

270
4Cf:

SIZE

14ICR

592
419
296
209
148
105
74
53
37

()

'.

. ---- --- . ---

87.35
83.91
77.53
69.26
54.415
43.69
32.20

FES2

' CALI'DDl.

100.00
1'00.00
1 ilo. 00
1 O~ .00
100.00
96.75
81.99
59.60
49.45

100.'0
100.00
99.54
96.12
82.85
69.24
52.36
37.9'"
30.4'6
,

CUM MI NERAL PCT FINER

2a
35
48
65
100
ISC
~~~

CAl.,I'DDL

\1.69
89.27
85.25
80.00
62.50
37.66
22.73

.',

'"

76.90
71.28
65.39
58.99
48.36
37.63
~?!!I!

FES2

STPEAM NO:

100.00
10C.O
1(10.00
100.00
98.13
84.54
67.93
47.85
39.28

CAL,I'DDl.

FES2

STREAM NO:

pas
94.56

~o:

~?29

96.26

CUM MINERAL peT FINEA

MESH
NO

STAE,AN

~- ----~~

STREAM NO:
lNS
88.39
84.51
78.33
69.77
47.48

~~.78

1~-~!-

FES2

S f!;IEAIC NO:

PBS

ZNS

98.18
98 .)5
96.70
94.60
88. )<)
73.40
51.76
23.67
11.99

97.57
96.49
93.43
86.73
66.78
41.26
27.86
16.'il0
13.2'"

'G

..

CAL/DOL
7a.3
72.02
61.28
49.42
33.53
24.81

90.24
87.39
82.67
76.51
S5.96
27.35

r!.~~

19.~

FES2
97.08
95.55
92.28
86.85
67.42
39.31
22.55
12.28
9.32

CAI.I'DOL
95.05
93.22
86.48
"
76.82
'58.99
48.-'6
34.50,

.-

U'jO
19. 1

"

,
L

':J<~ .... "'O~'-_'1n..--.- .......... ~

-.......

--- ..._,.,.
"

AS:38

()

\\\
\

INSTANTANEOUS RATES OF SREAKAGE AT THE

, TIME
STEAOY STATE CONon JONS WERE RI!ACt1I!!O. MIN
MESH
NO

-1

SIZE
MICR.

PB,S

ZNS

28

592

(1.512

0.643

0.496

0.613

35

419

C.4'72 ..

0.610

C.428

0.583

48

296

"~.12

0.491

Q.332

0.433

65

209

0.304

0.339

0,239

0.321

100

148

0 197

'0.188

0.124

0.199

1:50

105

0.117

0.107

0.07.

0.153

200

7.

O.il"4

0.072

0.051

i.096

C'

53

1.. 047

0.043

0.032

0.062

37

0.034

0.033

0.0025

0.047
.~.

~I!S2

CAL/DOl..

"

(
,~

(
B

0
"

.'

'JI'-

Pi $

.. -_

.._~-"
1JMt1i4 ... ''''''_''e:--....."..,.....~~_.".... ,=~''=''''_~-,'"~'-~~-''''''''~-~,.'..,-~~----

."

t1
"',

'-"i

___ ,_~_<,,;:'t,-\

~';"~'><I~ .;-~

;-. .....

~~~"'.~.;""~. ~~

t-

"-..

.:

"--'i

~.

;,

[,
;

.. -

."

~~

~
~

~
,~

/",'

,?

'i~..1
;':~

";s..

[~

ttr;:

c.

COMPUTR PROGRAM TO SIMULATE A CLOSED GRINOING

C
C
C
C

THE PROGRAM ITERATIVELY COMPUTES THE MINER"L FLOW "".TES

C
C

OUWN5T~EAH5

C
C

l.

C
C

C
C
C

1
[
1
i

.,

SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF PURE'MINERALS

IUNJTS/CUBIC METRE)
STOICHIOMETRIC FACTOR FOR CONVERTING
ELEMENT ASSAYS- TO MINERAL ASS4YS
FACTOq(I'= l.t5
(GALENA - POS)
FACTOR(2,= I a
(SPH"LRITE - ZNS)
FACTOR(31= 2.15
(PYRITE - FES2'

rACTORI II

C
C
C

C
C
C

,.

R.,oUII)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF PURE MINEkALS

(NET TON/CUUIC HETRE.
.
RHOI11= 7.50
(GALENA)
RHO(21= 5.00
(PYR.TEI
RHO(31= ... 00
('5Pt.ALERITEI
RHO(.)z 2~85
'CALCITE-OOLO~ITE)

RHOI"

c
c
c
c
c
c
c

C
C
C
C

C
C
C
C
C

C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C

NOME-NCLATURE

c
c

"

'.

THE PROGRA~ 51MULATES A CLOSED GRINOING CIRCUIT IN

WHICII A PUS FLOT AT ION STAGE HAS IlEEN INCORPOkATIOO
OF THE ~ALL MILL
-

!=
c
C
c

..

C~CUrT

..

TON
"'NIT
UNH
T lM!:

plI.J)

fllI,JI

VII,J)

Vcn,JI
FICU!:MII,Jf
FGI1 )
KI l ,.J 1

CLOV
CLMINIll
WAOO
V(1)

VT
NUTE:

CONVERTION FACTOR
IH~T~IC TONNES TO
MINERAL UNIT51
.
CONVERTION FACTOR
(MINERAL UNITS TO
HETRIC TONNES'
VOLUHETR IC UALL HILL tlllLDUP (CUHIC METRES'
bALL MILL RESIDENCE TIME (MINUTES)
OROER OF OREAKAGE (SllE-UY-SIZE AND

. -(<'1
Q,

'"

~JNERAL-aY-MINE~ALI

CUMULATIV-BASIS SPECIFIC RATE-QF-BREAKAGE

CYCLONE SELECTIVITY INDEX
FLDTATION RECOVE~Y
SIZE-SV-SIZE ELEMENT ASSAYS OF ROD MILL
~I SCHARGE
(PERCENT'
:
GRINU SCAL(NG FACTOR
lA FITTING PAPAAETiR'
(NSTANTAN~OUS RATE-OF-BREAKAGE
(SIZE-aV-SllE AN~ MINERAL-UY-MINERAL)
.
DVER"LL CIRCULATING LUAU
IPERceNTI
~
MINeRAL CJRCULATING LOAD
(PERCENT)
HAKE-UP ~ATE~ ADDITl~ T~ SU~P
ecuolc METRES/MINI
VOLOMETRIC MINERAL FLOw RATes IN UALL
MILL FEEO (CUOIC MeTRE/MINI
TOTAL VOLUMETRie OF SOLIOS IN U"LL MILL
ICU~IC METQF./H1N,
FEEO

THE GIlINO CIRCUIT,'UN1AINS EIGHT STREAMS

STREAM 1:
RaO H~L.L' OISCHARGE ('FflESH FEEO')

"

't. _

';E:V>
tH

ID

}f

,
,

'7

-;

\.'

A 44U.Mt.

.....,,-

QIl. , ,,,,,,,,,,,,.;o_~rt'

...... .:. ~~~~?::'r~~~~"",:;: Ai~ '\I!W~""':-~~ ......

O.

..

~~

"

,: 1
~'

./

1..

2!'1

CONTINUEO

",:1
f; .

C
C
C
C
C

~1

r.,,"
j ..

!'T

,....

~,

STREAM 6:

C
C
C
C
C

","

);.?,'

STREAM e:

tf

k{j

C
C

~
;r

C
C
C

c'

'~

"\

,.,.
~.

C
C
C
C

C'

CYCLONE FEEO
CYCLONE OVERFLOW
(TO EXTERNAL pas FLOTATION STAGES'
CYCLONE UNOE~FLOW I~ALL MILL FEEO'
RALL MILL OISCHARGE

-ITO THE INCORPORIATEO FLOTATION STAGa:,

CONCENTRATE OF l'NCORPORATEO FLOtATION
STAGt
TAILS OF INtORPO~ATED FLOTATION STAGE
1

STREAM 7:

~~

TlIE,

FOL~G

~~~E!~; ~U~P~

PIJRPOSES)

CONLY FOR COMPUTING .,

TERNS REFER TO THE ABOVE DEF INED'

TOTAL SOLIOS MASS
'UNIT~MIN)

~LOW

~(

C
C

i.

ST~EA"'S:

l'1

RATE

PCTSllO PCTSB
PERCE~T SOLIDS OF PULP
TO F 8C 1 l
SIZE ASSAYS OF SOLIOS
FF1(1J Tll FF8(1)
CUMULATIVE wEIGHT PERCENT FIN~R
R 1 Il 1 TO RSCII
CUMULATIVE MINERAL UNITS COARSER
(UNITS/NIN'
~l(I,JJ TO,ZUI',J)
PERCENT MINERAL FREQ~ENCY DISTRIBUTION
ZFIII.J' TO ZFB('.JJ
CUMULATIVE'MINERAL DISTRIDUTION
,
COARSER
(UNtTS/MIN)
FM1(I.J) TO FMell.J)
CUMULATIVE MINERAL OISTRIBWTION
FINER (UNITS/MINI
F 1CI)

CHARACFER47 ELEN'.'
FIC 1 0 ) , F 2 ( 10 J F 3 C1 0) ,F 'H loI, F S ( lOI .l' nI( 1 0 ,
OIMENS(ON F6110I,F7(IO).F8CIO,.FF6(IO),FF7(IQ).FfIiCl0)
DIMENSION FF1(IO',FF2(I01.FF]IIOI.FF4(IO),FF5CIO'
DIMENSION FI~UClO,.).F2MU(l ),F3MU'10,4,.F.~U(lO,.I,ESMUII0,.)
g~=~~~~g~ ~~~~~I~o~!i~7MU(l'4).F~MU(l.4.F6NUC(10,..F7MUC(IO )
'0 MiONS 1 UN f IMUCI 10,4) .F2MUCI 10 ... ' .F~MUCI 19,4 Jo F4MUC ( 10,.)
DIMENSION tFSMUC( 10 ), CLM 1 NI.)
01 HE NS 1 ON F 1 CH r 114 CI", 1 , , \" CIO. 4 , , IH li. 4 ) ,p ( li , . ,
,
DI MENSI ON VI.) .RHO(.' RHOU 14 J .ME.SHI 101 ,LAPER" 10" F ACTOIH3)
DIMENSION R,IIO).R21101.R3(IOI.I<4(l&)).R5( 10'
OIMEtlSIUN P6(10).R7(lO).R8'IO).L6'10 ),~7'lD.4).Z8(IO.4)
DIMENSION LICl,41.Z2(10 ),Z3(l~ ).Z4(IO,41.2SCl,41
D 1 ~EHS 1 ON ZF 1 ( 10 ) ,lF2{.1 0 , ZF 3( 10.4 1, ~F. ( 10.41 lF SIlO. 41
DIMENSION zr6(l.4),~F7'10.4).ZF3(IO.4J
Dl MENS IOU FMI ( 10. Il' ,FN2( 10.4) FM lC 1 0,4", F N4 1 10 ) F MS ( 10,4 )
DIMt:NSJON FM6110.4I,FN7(l.4"FMS(IO )
DIMENSIUN FG(.).YClIO,.)
REAL M1T,M2T.M]T.M4T,MST.M6T.Nlf.MaT.K(9.~'
""EAO(S.I )SIIIH.SCLI

~EAD( 5, 2' (RHOl 1 ,/ =1,4)

"

1"

~EAD(5.31(MESH(II.I=l,IO)
RfAOl5,4"LAP~PT'I).I=I.IOl

G';
,~

REAO(5.5,IFAClORI Il.1=1.3,
REAOlS.6)(Flll),I=lol0)
r. E AD 5 7 1 ( (F 1 CHE M ( l ,J 1 1 .10 l ,J -1 .3)

r~AOl~,9)(P(I.JI.I=I,9),J=l,4)

...

'0

ii.r

t....':

"

0' ME NS 1 ON

"

STREAM.:
STREAM 5:

,C

~~

..

STREAN 2:
STREAM 3:

.~
--'f.~

... Lt.~!III_~["'-.,_

~_."-""""".~,_"",,

,-~--' ---~--- ~

,.

..

.,Ji,

t:')
:
.

1._ t

I14I.!@I1 , lIdt

!"'A(!4r:SOJ$

<

~~::t"<"'f~
;tp~~)\'lI:
!!If!

_.

--._-

~. - -

-',,"

u ..jGCp!s9~Jil9nqSt. .# r;s:au ~L._ lhi!t!f!!St?l J_!lI!?ft.~'SJill

,r-'"
. -'

.........tC~""""~-"'''

" ..... _~~~.,.,"

_"''"'''''*"'''''''''-'_' ".'

-'.''i-'"lr~,''1;'~~ r-

) \.
,

,o.

l~'.

~
~I ,

,j' :-~

-,
1

"

.0

'-..-

l-'

...
cONTINUED

~1;

REAOC5.8),fLEMel',131.41

--.......

,
READ(5.9)I(tl(I.J,.lal.~)'Jal

{
~ t1'~.

'..:::

RE AD C5, 1 1 ) CCy Cl. J J , 1" 1 1 OJ J a l , . 1

1
2
3
..
5
6
7

1.
"

~EAOI~,11ll'YCll,JI,I"I.IOI.J"I.41

FO~~T'F8.6.IX.F5.11

fORMATC4F4.2)
-FORMATUOI4J
fORMATe 13.9'( 1 x,I311
FO~MATC3(lX.F 2)1
FURMAT"OP5.21
FORMATCLOF5.21
FORMATC4A71
9' FORMATC9CIX.F6 "
11
FORMAT( IOf7.4)

8,

"

,..

DEfiNITION OF PARAMETERS TO BE CONSTANT

TRtiOUGH TItE

ITERATIVE PROCESS

FCIII= 0.70
FG(21= l,Da
FG(31= 1.
FGe4," 1.00

77.
34.
..
,
~v .. \iz IlOO SOLI/PCTS. -

till
RF

SI=

l V~5'i'" 240./60.

.,

...

IJ

SOL1I'60.

"

\../'p.(JIS6'" 1 00 .00

l,

TON- 6.1:5/501.1

UNIT- I./TQN
MIT" I.E4
10 1='

~=-~-----p

DO

10

C.ONT INUE:
00 20 J=1,3
11.=

('

RlIoue 1 1'" Tom- RIIO 1 1 1

o.)

00 21). 1-1.10

Fl~UIJ.J,=

20

"

FICI,.FICHENCI,JI.FACTORCJI
F1NUCII.JI; A ~ F1NUII.J)
A'" FINUCII.JI

"

1
1
"l

CONTI NUE.

A; u,O

00 30

1=1.10

FlMUII.4)= IOO FIIII - IFINU(I.II~FINU'I,2).FINU(I,3)J

F1MUC(I.4J= A ~ rIMU(I '
~,

30

40

.....

A= PINUC(I,.)

COtiTl NVE:
00 "Ct J= 1
00 40 1=1.10
r 714U( l , J ).. Il, Il

CONTINUE

V'II7= 0.0

C
C

iJl.G,INNlNG OF TUE' ITERATIVE PROCESS

15

101" l

DO 50 J=I.4

.~
....

if'

11
1

!
~

n"l

"

..

0/'_1 U_':fltJXttU

tL,tU

._~ lf?lIfidIC~~~ fI!~ ~"i"~'t~~~~~~"'''~_~i

..

J!A!'%Z4e4Gft:A

Msip.~~~--"-~~("_rer__ _

\,

.- . ___.__ ~"'"-- ..........~_""".,..,'>',.""...':.~'t~~ r

---

~;/,

'-

....

CONTl.~ED

I_

!;'

1,
f

"'--

./

t.-

"

-'

5UMP
A= 0.0

DO 50

1:1010

~.

"

F2MUII.J,: F1MVCI,J' F7MUll.J'

F2NUC(I,J)= A

-$

50
'0

'Ac F2MUC'.,JI
CUffT1NUE

F2MU".J)

<

VII2: VIII VW7

Do-!;;2 1"'1, 1"

00 52'Jal,4
FIU'lla A FIMUCI JI
F~CI),. BI + f2NUCII.JI

52

55

Mzr .. A F2MUClIO.11
A= M2r
,
CNTW;E
PCTS
IOol UN1T.M2T/(UN1T.M2T

51
C
C

- C

1
~

A'" F1UCI.
BI: 1"2(1)
CONTINUE
A= 0.0
00 55 lal.4

DO

,.

A .. 0.0
81 .. 0.0

''''1.10

,,;

'

+ VW2,..,

FFI"': IOO 'HIT - FlU,I'I/MIT

fF ZU 1= 100.UHZT - FZU )/M2T

1
l'

'ONTINUE
CYCLONE

~~4~0 n~:r~~/\l 00.

A;;

Q.o

~
1 '4HU'I.J).'"
o

o."

60

or

\...

1"'1. 10

YII.JI.F2MUtI.J,noOJ.

F3MU'I.J,= F2HU((.J' - F4MUII.J,

f4MUCl',J'= A + F4MUCI.JI
F3NUCC J)= UI + F3NU(I.JI

6J

A: "f'.4I4UC( 1 J 1
Ill .. f 3HUC 1 1 J)
etlNTI NUE

Bl=

J"---M---

a.a

C- 0.0

\\

DO 7U J-J ,4
")
'-VIJ,'" F4MUCIIO.~OU'J)/

>

VI

M3T= 01 + F3~UC(IO.JI
.j.44T" C F4MUCIIO.:t1

~~"M~:T

70

JI'

CONf 1 NUL:

SOLl.= M4T.UNIT

-'..-

..,

,.

~
':---~-'-------;

----- --,

'1..

--~~"..."'.-------------~-

",

~
~

l'

.::' ~~ .'

~,;'~i
.

,.

t a_L1l Ak l i.

~,

~"

~f

~~

',,<>:
1':'1
[.~ ~,

,'

?;;an

dh

~tu

'-,

"--"'-" _ _ ~~"eI$J""p.

'le

~'nfIff''''.",

'"

_ _ . ____ _

.._ _ _ _

~~.f!.,j<

-~:

~
,,"'"

'\

~~{

tt

""

"

. :--"...-

-- ..
\

V\

()

_:'

11

CONT 1 NUf:O ~
IIIAOO- "1115

c
c

c
e.
c

1)-

vw"'

l:IALL MILL

DO 60 .1"'1. ~

80

'<

f.l

<.

1,,

VT- V(l~ + V(2) + V(3, + VI.)

~~~: ::::.~ ~~:! /~T VT 1

DO 80

",

r
.,

"'''.r'il!!-,,,.;:pt;}!IIJ.M

90

..

''''1.<)

l,

~
~

"
f5MUC(I.J'= F.MUC'I.~'.EX~I-FGI~'.BII.~).TII4E Plf.~.,
CONTINUE
'"'
' .
00 90 .1=1..
-

F5MUC~
..
4I4UC(10 .I'
F5MU( .J)
.1

CONn
'
A= ~.o
00 95 .1:&1."

"j."

'.

M5T= A 1- FSMUCllo.JI
A- 145T

95

l..= 1 -

C
C
C

"-

IOC

C
C

F5MU(, .I,= F5MUCII.J, - F5I4UCll

CONTINUE

10

.I'

"

FLOTATION STAGE

00 500 .1'" 1."

A- ,).0

c,

j.

CONTINUE
00 100 .1-1.4
DO 100 1=2.10

al= 0.0
DO '500

"""
1"'104 0

"""

'\

J1

F6NUII .I'= YCll .I'.FSMU('.J.

~r:~u i ~~;:t!~( ~;'~~I . ~~I4UCJ,.J'

10= F6MUCII .I)

500
."

F7MUCII .ll= SI + F714U(I .I,

,01= 7MUcr 1 .1)

CONTINUE

00 GIO .1=1,"
At ~.O
DLI 510 1 -1 10

F814Ull,.I'= F3I4Ull.J, + F6I4U(I .I,

FCHUell .J); A F8I4url.J)
510

j,

A= FSHUC (1 .....

CDNTUIVE
10= 0.0

01= 0.0

c= il.a

00 520 .1=1.4
144T= A F6I4UCCIO .I,
147T= 111 + F71i1IJCC..{Il .I,
Cl

MST- C

A= MT

'FaM"C110.~)

,
.,

G; d
."..
~

-;

..

,
C>

.
-"

'
.. -...

'~'r. ./u4
,,~.~

$,

~
" : " " . _ _

. . . . .-

,_.~~,~ ..~

".C_:.:o, ...,._ _ _ "' ........._

',1
,.,

"o

,,;

':;:

'1

1t:!

.?

il

.'!\'

"

~ -:~

..,

CI

,.

"

t
~

<

li

CONTINUEO

tUa "'TT

520

c= HaT

'"

CONTINUE
VW 3- VW2 VW6" 0.00

VW.

vwa..

VW6

VWT...VW5
VW,J

"01101:1,10

C& 0.0

Dl" 0.0
11.0

e-

Fa 11.0 (>
Ge 0.0
Hz 0.0
RI(IJ .. 0.0

....

1<211' ..
R3IP-

0.0
0.0

::
Cl~: tg,
R6C1J- 0.0

tl

R7e 1) .. 0.0

Re(l) ..

0.0

00 110 .Ial.4

F31 U"
F4C 1),",
F5CI)a
F6CI) ..

C + F3NUCCI .Ii.
IH + 'F4MUCC 1 .1)
E + F5MUC(I .J)
F + F6MUCCr .I'

~~:Il= ~

Rlfl'.

R2fIJ=
R3")
=
R.'I)~

4l

"

,.

,4.

.'
"

R2'1' + F2MU'I .I'

+ F lMUCI,..J'

'.
R4ll, + F4~Ull.J)
R5CI). RSll1 + F5NUC1 .I,
Rbf')~ R6'11 + F6MUfl .JJ
RT",: R7(1' ..-F7MUcr .I1
RB(ll- ~8rl) + FBMUC', .. ,
Ca F311'
'OI=F4UI
El: Fo( 1 J
F= F6 e J JI
G_ F7el)
Ha FeCI)
-.l...I-O- COIliTINUE
DO 120 1:1.10
FFI(I)~ IGO (HIT - FIUC IJ UMI T
FF2CIJ. 100.*(N2T
F2l 1 ))/N2f
FF3(',~ IOC.*IN3T
F3U J) 'M3f
FF.",= 100 'M.T
FU( 11 "
"... 4T
FF5CI, .. 100.*CM~T
FS
, '/N5T
~FF6CI'= 10'.*lN6T - F6COI/146f
FF7' 1
100.*'M7T
F7" 1 , )/M7f
FF8C1J= 10Q.*'M8T
FU 1 J UNSf
121l CONTINUE
DO
IJO
.1.:1
.
./
CLH1NfJ," IOO.*F4NUC(IO .I,/FIMUC(IO .J1
130
CONTINUE
. ,
CLOV'"' 100.*M4T/MIT

,=,

: ~~=~t: :::: .
Rl'I) + FIMU'J .J,

R3fJ'

.,

":

-1

.,

... ,

1
1

<

i
i!

,,'.~

\...

1
G;

"'"'""

1
i
-1
[

,:>,

r'

'!;.: ,,',_

<

_._
'11;..
. .~,
1

..,
IIltl'!!!'ll'\!\IlI~.... ;t_d,J' J;

.I..,lo 1

U _d,_ FI
. . . . 14 l 'Ldc"_ Si

,!

# il!

$l$, 1 4

as! 24;;;;;,.

1$$

1$

a;:w 1!L .,

>4

~," ____ ~_,_~..~~.w:r,*.4<JI_t;t,'!..IfI.~

__lU ,

,t

~..,

Jl

\.
\.
\

"

.i
i

~aNTINUE

PCTS3=
PCTS.a
PCTS5=
PCTS?:
PCTS8s
\

A~

'"

C
C
C

AD5'MIT

vw.,

+ VW71

Cl

VW81

>

MBTI

Ta=ST

OF STEADY STATE MA55

FLOW

CONOITIONS

"

IF(CA.LE.IO.I.OR.(M.EQ.50I'GO TO 14~
H= N+l

GO ra 15

li

+ VW31

c
c

1.OO UNlT.M3T/CUNIT*M3T
100 UNlrtM4T/CUNIT.H.T
PCTS.
IOO UNIT4M7T/(UN1T.M7T
lOO.*UNIT4M8T/IUNIT*H8T

CONVERGENCe

140

END OF

ITERATIVE

DO

,J-'."

,"5

Sla 0.0

PRDCES5

i,

.'

>

52- 0.0
53- 0.0
S"a 0.0
55 .. 0.0
Sb. 0.0
57- o.,)

sa .. 0.0

145 1-1.10
ZII JI: 100.*F1MU'I.JI/FIMUCIIO.,JI
Z2It.,JI= lOO F2MUII.,JI/F2MUCtIO.JI
Z311.JIs IOO.*F3MUCI.JI/F3MUCIIO.JI24 ( 1o.J 1= ,100. *F.MU Il .J )/F.MUCI 10 .11

00,

lOQ FSMU(I,J)/FSMUCttO.J)
Z6CI.JI" lad F6MUCI,JJ/F6MUCC10.JI

Z7CI.JI~

100 F7MUII,JI/F7MUClaO.JI
10o).*FSMUCI.JJ/F8MUClIO.J'
SI Zlll.JI
ZF2(I.JI~ 52 + Z2(I.J'

zaCl.JI~
Zflll.J'~

ZF311.J)= S3 + Z341.J)
IF.tl,JI= S4 t l4'r.J)
Zf5(I,JI= S5 + Z5(I.JI
ZF6C1,JI .. S6 + .l,HI.JI
ZF711.JI= S7 + Z7ll.J)

(1
/'

\<
:1

\
' ..-../

!
i

'-'

t,
t

.G;
~

t
\\

VI

SZ= ,t-2ll.JI
,.53= 2F 31 1. J 1
S4= Z.E411.JI
55= ZFS'

ZFS/I,J'= 58 zaCI.J'
F~l/J.JI= 100.
ZF111.JI
FMZll.JI= 100. - ZF2(I,J)
f"M3(J .JI= 100., - ZFJII,JI
F~411.JI= J~~.
ZF411,J'
FM511.JI~ 100.
ZF5ll.JI
FM6l,.JI" 100.
ZF611.JJ
FM7l'.JI= 100. ~ZF7(1.,J)
FMSII.Jls I~O. - ZF~(I.,JI
, 51.. ZF Il 1. J 1

,)
~

"-

t
1

,J

~5Cl.J)=

I.JI

....

}
:;r

--/::

~-

.1l

.~

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w ...

---

~~J1 ...

'

~~ ..........."'\. ~ .... ~~",::1 ~~.~, :~~:2;'"

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~
1.

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.,.
.....1
~

f\:lY-": "
;:k%:::.~
~~,~ ~ ""

..

J!J. ~~" ~~

~~

r~

Il

~'

;~,~t1.~
~:::.~
i

<..: .

CONT INUED

145
199

1=1,9

"

WRITEI6.316IMESHCIO),FI(I~l,CF1CHEMCI00.J'.J=1031

FORMATC' 015XoI402X,F6.2,1,,3F6,21
WR Ifl: , 6 , 31 7 1
00 302 1=1.10
~~ITECo,318'MESHII),(Y(I,J,.J=I.4J.(YC(I,J',J=I,4J
302 CONTINUE

317 FORMAT,'///' " 15X, '14ESH',. X. 'C veLONE SELEC 1 NOE X0 Y', SX, F LOTA TI W.
il hECOVEPy, YC'/' ',16X,' NO' ,6Xo 'PS' ,4X o 'lN' 0 4X. 'FE CAL/OOL', 5X, 'PB
- il' ,"lX, '2N' ,"lX,oFE CAL/OOL'//J
318 FORNAT(' ',15X,14,3X,4F6.2,3x,"lF6.ZJ

W~IT~(6,200JM,RHUT,TIMC,CLOV,fCLMIN(J),J.,,"lJ,PCTSI,PCTS2'pCTS3,
~PCTS.,PCTSS,PCTS6,PCTS7,PCTSB

200

----

,
'-

wnITC(6,310)SO~I,~MH,IFGII),.al,4.

"

(::

199 .1=1,4

DO 199 1=1,10
YC(I,JI= lCrO YCII,J)
CONTINUE

WRITEl,3IS'NESHII.,Flll),JF1CHEHfl,J),J=I,31,la".JI.J-I,.'.CPC"
il.JI.J-l,.'
.
301 CONTINUE
310 .FGRNAT('I'//' ',15X,'IN~UT DATA USED IN.S~ULATING A PB-ZN ORE ~RI
ilNO IHG OPEf<A TI ON' / / ' ',15.X,' FLOW ijATE INPU
(FRESH FEED.:'. FI 0.2, '
~NETRIC TONS PER HOUR'/'
',15X,'BALL MILL H OUP;',16X,F6.2,' CUOIC
\~
il METERS.'//' 'oISX,'GRINDING SCALE FACTOR F" PBS;',FIO.2//" '.15X.
~'GRINO(NG SCALe FACTOR FOR ZNS:",FIQ.2//" ',f5X.
iI'GRINDING SCALE FACTOR FOR FES2:'.F9.2//" ',15x, \
.,'GRINDING SCALE FACTOR FOR CAL/DOL:' ,F6.2./////' ',.15X,
.'NESH',3X, 'SIZE',JX,'CHENICAL ASSAVS',5X,'SPECIFIC RATE OF OREAKA
~~E'.7X,'P
OROER OF OREAKAGE'/' ',16X,'NO',3X,'ASSAYS',"lX,'PU',"lX.
il' ZN' ,4 X, 'FE' ,1 OX, 'PAS' , 3X, 'ZNS' ,2Xi 1 FES2 CAL/OOL' X,' POS' ,"lX,
a'ZNS',2x,'FES2 CAL/OOL'//J
315 FORNATC' ',15X,I.,2X,F6.2,IX,3F6.2,3X,"lF7."l,2X,.F7 1
316

00

DO 301

""

:."

56 .. ZF6( l ,.U
57'" ZF7C1,J.
S.8= 2F8' J,.H
CONTINUE

FDRlofATIOJ'/'/' ',2ZX,'ITERAT.ION:',13,18X,'SP. GR. BALL NILL FfED:'

iloFS.Z/' 'oZZX,oRESIOENCE TIME:',F5.2.' NIN'oJ1X,'TOTAL CIRC. LOAO:
fj'oF7,2// 0 ',3IXo POS C.L.
',F6.2011X, 'ZNS C.L, '.F6.Z/ '0
il3IX,'FES2 C.L, 'oF6.Z,7X, o CAL/DOL C.L. ',F6.2//' 0,3IX,
ilopcr SOLIOS ev wT. STHEAN NO ONE:' .F9.2/' ',Jlx,

~'~~c~~L~gST~~c~T:,~~:~'~ ~~3r;~:;~9s~~:0~'~:X~;~CJT~~~~O~oU'0~~

il o ,F8.2/' ',31X,'PCT SOLIOS DV _T, STREAM ND FIVE:',F8.2/' ',3IX,'P

ilCT SOLIO~~V WT, SlREAN ND SIX;',F9.Z/ 0 ',3IXo oPCT SOLIDS BV wT, S
ilTI,EAM Nd t:VEN:O,F7.2/' ',31X,'PCT ~C.LIOS eV,IoITo STREAN NO ElCOHT:'
il,f-7.2///' ',35X, 'CUMULATIVE wT PCT FINEI< - DVI:RALL'///I
WFdTEC6,210J
210 rO~M~Tf' ',1"lX,'NESHo,"lX,'SllE'/' ',15X,'NO',5X.'NICR',3X.
~'STHfAN 1',IXooST~EAN 2~.IX,STREAN 3',IX,'STREAM .',lX,'STREAN 50
ilolX,'SThEAH 6',IX.'STREN 7',IX~'ST~EAH 8'/J
00 2Z0 1"'1,'1
""U TEC (, 02501 MESHI 1 I,LAPERT' 1 .. FFI( Il.fF2( 1) ,FF31 1. 0FF4' Il, FFS' Il ,
ilFf-6(IJ,FF7('I.FF8(11
250 FORMATC' ',14X,14,5X,13.8(3X,F~.2'//'
220 CONTI Nue
JI; 1

..

'.

~
~

0\

--

'--

".' ,

l.,

r-t

,~

- '"

'"
CONTINUED
~
,'

.12:1 2
.13_ 3
J4z4
'.lb. '"
.l6.. 6

"

f3
~

"

i$

.17,. 7

.la .. 8
WRITE 16 .255).11

1;.,

,
~

00 14b 1-1.10

.46
1.50

W~IT~(6.260JMESHtl),LAPERT'lt,RICI.,lF1MU'I.~).J=1.41
~.

CONTINUE

W'HTEI6.255'J2
_.
00 150 1-1.10
WRITEI6.260JNE5HI".LAPEAT'I,.A211 IF2MUII .I, .I z t,4)
CONT lNUE
~
WI.. TE' 6,255).13

,
>}

Il

DO 160 1=1010

160
170

f;OO

610

620

255

1
,
l

260

CONTINUE
WRITEI6,255JJ5
DO lbO 1&1,10

-~.

-.

CONTINUE
WR 1 TE , 6.2551.16
~
00 600 1=1.'l0
WRITEC6.260IMESHllt,LAPERTCII.RbCII.IF6MUI, .lI .I=1.4,
CONTINUE
,
WAlTE(6.255IJ1
00 61 0 1 =1 .111

fi

WRITEI6,260IMESHIll.LAPERTJI'.R71IJ.CF7MUIJ.J).~=1.4)
CONTI'~Ue

182

fORMAfC' ',22X.14.5X.13.3X,5F9.2/'1
WIH TE C6 26'51 JI

-1

.#

1:'.10

183

~\

,1

'

WR ITE 1 b.27~)MSIt( 1) .LAPERT" 1.(L2( I.JI .J=1.4,

CONTINUE

WHJTEI6.270)MESH'IJ.LAPERTCll,(Z3(1.~).~=,,4J

CONTJNUe

'

Whl1'EI6.2(5).l4

DO 1&4 1"1010
WJi ilE' 1 b. 210 LHE SH (" J LAPE AT (1 J ,

\,
------"-------~

z. , .1 l , .1-1 )

.!
,1

"

WIHTfl6.265).l3
00 103 1;1.10

,j

FURMArC'l"//',ZZX.'MINERAL UNITS RETAINED.lDX.ST~EAM Na: ' .

iiJ 2//' ' . 22x. MES." ,4X. 'S 1 LE' / ' ' . 23X. 'NO' .5X M ICF<' 5X. OVERALL'.
il5X. 'PIi:" .6X. ZNS. 5X. 'FE 52'. 3X. 'CAL/DOL' / 1

WI<ITf.(6.2b~I.J2

W~IT~'6.260JMESHI1',LAPEATCII.R8(11,'F8MU(I.J).J=I,4)

CONTINUE

1J

WhITEL6,27~)HE5HIII.LAPERT(II,(LI(I.J).J=1.41

1111

J
..,,-.

"

CONTINUE

DO 161

wRITeC6.255).I8
DO 620 1=1.10

DO 182 1"1.10

!r

WRITCC6,260tMESHII).LAPEAT~I).A511).IF5MUCI.J).JI.41

180

'\

WRITE(6,266)MESH'I).LAPERTll"RJ'II.'F3MUCl .I".I"1.41
W~ tTEC 6 ,255).14
~~I}l6!~lol~ESH(I)~LAPEATCIJ.A41i).cF4NU(I .I) .Izl.41

CONTI NUE

."

~
~

,1

i
!

, -~.-.w~

__. .__

~ ~,~,.-" ""'~"9W-

. . .li.$A!l
. . . ._Ital
. . .~. . . . . . . .~.1U3alSiJH.
. . . . . . . . ..
." ,.,.,~ abQ
, , ,W
,It
, ,nZI!4Z
, , , , ,4Kl'4:::t,4;~.,.r*
, , , ' :. . . . . . .~-.,..lIq
. . . . .:-. . . . . .lidiillJlll!lti;
. . . . . . . . . . .,,_. . . . .; .. .lit. .
$:

ftll

15."""

-.,_

_~1 ~

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__

\..,~.,o(.tl ~.l.,.~..~~~~,..~~~
... "

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.

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-.

-"

"-

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,.

\-:;:

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\.
CONTlNUED ~
184
,litS
II

630

CONTINUe:
WRITC(6.2651.J5
00 las 1 cl 010

?
c

WRITEI6,270'MESH(I"LAPeRTllj,IZ5(I,J"J~1,4)

COtUI ~JUE

-WIITEI6,Z5).J6
DO 630 IzI,lO

Q~

IIRITEI6,Z70)MESH(II,LAPERT(I).lZ61',.J1.J~I.41

CUNTINUE

"RIT~C,2651.J7

00 040 1"'1,10

640

CONTI HUE
"RITE ( 6 , 2651 .J 8

00 6!>o)

650
265
270

~.~\

tgl

':~,

192

1-1. 10

WRITC(b,Z70INESHIII,LAPERTCI1,lZaCI .J, .J=1.4)

CONTINUE
,
FORM4TC'l'////' ',22X,'MJNERAL DISTRIBUTION, PCT',7X,'STREAM NO:
il, 1 2./ /. ',22x,' MESH' ,4 X, 'SI ZE ' / ' '. 23X. 'NO'. SX MICR. 5X', ,'pas'
"6X.'ZHS',4X,'FESZ'.4X,'CAL/DOL'/)
FO~4AT('
',Z2X,14,5X.ll.5C3X,F6.Z'//'
IIR ITE (6 ,275, JI
00 191

WRITtC6,Z70'MESHlll,LAPERTCI',CZ7CC,J"J=I,4,

i-

1=1,9

IIRITEI6,280IMESHfl ),LAPERTCI,.(FI,U( I,J"Jal.4'

CONifl-NUE
1
WJ<ITE(6.Z75).JZ
DO 192 1"'1,9.
WRITE(6,Z8G)MESH(I',LAPERTCl'.(FNZCI.JI,J a l,4'
CONTINUE
.
IIR 1 TE (6,2.75) J3

{
i

00 19] 1-1,9

'"

193
194

WRITEI6,Z80IMESHIII,LAPERTCI CFM3( I,J',Jal,4)

CONT 1 NUE
WRITEC6.Z751J4
DO 194 1=1,9
wRITE'6,2a~)NESHCI),LAPE~T(.)"FN4(I

CONTINUE
_
WR 1 TE (6,275'.15
00

"

195

660

.JJ.J=I,.1

195 1 =1, 9

WRlfC(6,280'MESH(l',LAPERTfl),CFM5(1,.J, .J=t.4'
CONTI NUE
W'HTEC6,2751.J6
DO 660 1=1,10
WRITEC6,280)ME5HII',L4PERTCI),IFM6CI,J"Jal,4)
CONTINUE

WRITf:f6.275'J1
1=1010

00 tJ71l

67J

WRITE(6,Z60'NESHII,.LAPERTCIJ,CFN71r,.J',.J a l,41
CO"'TlNUE
\
w~ 1 TE , 6 27-5 , ,J 8

6dO J~l~lO
liE< nE (b .280) MESliC r ) ,LAPERT fi. , 1 FNS 1 1. J ), J-I , .. )
660 C O N T I N U E ,
~
275 FORNATC'I'////' ',22x,'CUN MINERAL PCT FINER',3X,'STREAN NO: "
.12//' ',ZZX,'NESH',4x.'SIZE',/' '.23X.'NO',5x,'MICR',5X,'P8S',
il6X, 'z"s', 4X, fFES2. ,4X, 'CAL/DOl.... /)
Z60- FORMATC' '.22X,14,5X,I],5(3X.F6.2'//)
00

,.~
~

t.1~'

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~----

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,,'

>

U1
~

00

"

..

~,.,
r

:''1t

~2r~ ~~,

0u

, 0

".:..1

'..,'.'"~,~I
~

il

,~,

Ah_IS:=

.$1$15.'

d$

s<l l!!bnw;~M_$

cl
u
.

J\ dl.e .. ILtaOl

5.14:''''::;;;""."._"--"--~~-~~~~~.;#I,.
.

,."
,
,

..

0..

. ..

".",

1
;

1;

..,

'"

:~II

CONTlNUED

c
c
c

1il

il -

"

CALCULATING THE INSTANTANEOUS RATE-OF-UREAKAGE

147
196
303

DO 147 .1=1,4
DO 147 1-1.9
K(',JJa 6(1 .IJfTIME.f,p,a.JJ -

CONTINUE
~~11~!6 j !~!~

1.lfFGIJ)

1i

WRITEl6,304tNESH(I.,LAPERT(I',lK'I .JI_ .J_1,41

CONTINUE

FORHAT"I'////' ',15K,'INSTANTANEOUS RATES OF 8REAKAGE AT TH~ TIMf

a"" t,57X,'-1"~ ',15X.'STfAOY STATE CO~OITIONS WERE REACHEO, MIN'

iU" ,15X, t I4ESH' ,4 X,, SI ZE'"

" 16lC, 'NO' ,,5lC, 'NICA'. 5)(,
a',SX,'FES2',4X,'CAL/OOLO/,

304 FO~AT"
',15X,14,SX,J3,4(4X.FS.3'//'
STOP
END

'pes' ,6X,

'ZNS

l~

SDATA

DATA CARDS

C
C

... l

J
i

..

...

ii

/
?

,1

...,

l,
1

..

..

.~

f
1

10

L-~-~_\_---

~;

JO& _$QU"U<\f!.OiIJf:V:..__ ~t

.J ..... ~- .._,

!'S(V!t=~ II'~~~.... .:; ... -:::::

--

~
/'

.,

\~

-"'~'

'J

i,

,/

...

'l

".:-

<
~

'ft

tA
1-'

'\

"

INPUT DATA USLO IN

SI~~ATIN!

t'LUlli kATf: INPUT (fHESH FEEI:

8ALt- "ILL tICLOUP:
~R1NOING SCALE FACTCR FOR pas:

~HIN01NG

Mt:Sli
1'"'NO

2"
35

46

65

100
1~0

"

~~g~
"'00

-40

ML Stt

t,a

28
.J~

4a

o~

100

I~J

200
.!.70
400

".i

-"'''0

19.42

7.96
7.39

5.72
7.62
9.05
8.16

CHEMlCAL

pa

1.25

2.17
1.40
2.9.
1.55

8.66

5.l8
20.66

1.04
1.59

ASSAYS

FE

4.99 10.23
6.01
6.95
7.49 a.35
5.19 5.97
8.45 6.76
5.22 ... 46
.... 94
4.01
5.5'" 4.4
5.62 4."'!!
6.00
5.61:1

1.1t6

103~
1.S

ZN

CYCl..IINE SELt;C INDEX.

PB

ZN

y'

FE CAL/OOL

98.il6 98.90
94.57'98.63
100.00100.00
100. <la 9a. az
96.00 '>l0.6?
<;,7.91 111.5;$
91:1.28 66.91
93.10 45.50
7U.4541.19
39.51 28.8b

'l7,2 7

~8.99

91.06
9a.80
95.95
91.27
"5.0i!

96.81
88.38
76.15
54.13
.36.60
e~.05 JS .17
10".96 23.010
46.97 28 .~6
35.45 29.09

HcuA

...

(Il

i
l

t"t

.....
tn

t.

1.00
1.00

0.1581 0.6797 0.6840

0.t548 3.4826 0.5842
0.4711', '13eo 0.3730
0.~lf4 O. 430 0.2779
a.Jece 0.1329 0.1725
0.C90 0.0601 0.1631
0.C737 0.0476 0.0934
0.C408 0.0314 0.0573
O.Cll!! 0.023 0.0444

pes

.,l
!,

OROER OF BAEAKAGE

ZNS

,\

l'V

SPECIFIC f:ATE OF 6REAKAGoE

FES2 CAL/DOL
PES
ZNS
0.9141
0.8155
0.5981
0.3948
0.2708
0.1615
.1085
0.0813
"0.0595

III
~

.....
t"t

1.00

bC4LE FACrOk FOR CAL,OOL:

SlZE
'SSAYS \

OPERA~ION

0.70

FOR FES2:

GHINOING SCALE FACTO~

GRlhCING

154.20 NETRlt TONS PER

8.37 CUUIC MET~RS

GRWOING SCAl.1! FACTOk FOR lNS:

':f:'

FES2 CAL/DOL

.i

0.1.83
0.7852
0.9831
1.1088

0.8'.5 0.6452 0.e773

0.9210 0.e65~ 0.9~73
1.0460 O.~806 1.1673
1,.0765 0.9803 1.1622
J.04~1
1.0457 0.9213 1.1588
1.0365 1.0890 1.~340 0.9272
0.619 0~9770 1.0t94 1.0~94
0.77~6 1.05~5 1.0053 1.0865
0.78~5 1.0498 1.0511 1.0577

F~gT~TI~~ REC~~E~XL/~~L
0.00
4.51
19.07
53.4a
bO.6b
60.67
bO.51:1
ol~50

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0.12
1.~8

1,,46
2.t
6.1
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14.1e

63.49 13. :it

49.53
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0.00
0.01
0.11

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0.03
0.11>
0.34
0.03
0.00

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0.07
0.13
0.46
0.72
1 .. 90

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1.53
0.33
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RESIDENCE

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\

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SP. GR. eALL HILL FEEO: 3i53

T01AL CIRC. LOAO: 150.19

3.08 AIN

PBS C.L.
139.41
fES2 C.L.
386.61
..,

PCT SOL1CS av
fleT SOLlas av
peT SULIDS BY
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peT SULIOS 6Y
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peT sollos ev

CU~ULATIVE

Z"S C.L. 20s.39

CAL/DeL C.L.
99.61

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WT. STRAN ... 0 1 IIoC:
WT, STREAM Nil 'nj;EE:

ill'.

STREAM .. 0

f C\JR:

wT. ST~EAN NO F IVE:

IIIT. STREA ... "'O.~IJI:
WT, ST REA" Na !CIIEN:
WT. STREAM ... 0 E ICitH:

77.00
57.07
44.06
70.42
70.42
100.00
"8.S~

"".9"

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-1

NESti
NO

SIZE
NJCR

ST~E"'N

28

592

80.58

90.44

<;11h47

84.64
18.21

STREAM 2 STREAM

3.STRfA~

4 STREA"

~':"

100.00

97.16

99.49

99il~~2

99.07

3!>

419

72.62

/8~.35

99.04

48

~96

65.23

80.94

97.93

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1.83

/99.\00

91.66

97.97

65

20~

59~1

74.56

95.15

6 34

65.08

?S.70

84.83

95.17'

100
150

ZOU

148
105
7.

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51.89
4.lI4
3 b8

95.82

l
J
l

61.66

86.13

45.ge

68.77

86.0d

68.36

86.13

4S.38

74.34

ll.70

52.'58

70.71

52.15

74~1

35.62

60.04

19.95

36.63

52.62

36.25

59.78

ij

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ll.S

24.92

.31.95

24.75,

'4.03

270

53

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25.28

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37

20 ... 4

20.03

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35.63

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19.69

'23.50

19.60

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26
35
48

592
419
296
209
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65

100
150
200
270
400
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t
r,

1,

ZNS
16.60
8.19
9.48
5.08
Il.03
8.09
6.90
8.22
5.18
21.23

'il.~7

4.83
13.51
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6.74
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53
37

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28

592

13.6.
5.15
8.2!5
5.09
12.95
10.72
9.17
9.73
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19.18

48

i
f

pes

MINE"AL OISTRIBUTlCN.

co!S

100
150
200
270
400
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STREA"

11.3.
6.00

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419

296
209

148

105

74
53
31

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30.19

17.11
7.90
6.71
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9.12
8.94

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9.26

5.73
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16.6.
17.99
12.14
9.99
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4.90

1!5."1

Il.09
10.42
11 6
9.55
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23.10

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15. Hi
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3.f4
14. ('il

1.'

MINE""L DISTR IBUTICIII.

MESH
NO

28

~-j!5

4S
65
100
150
'200
27~

40'0
-400

Sile

MICA

592
419
29b
200;
148
105

1.05
1.89
0.00
0.00

l.ns

1.51
1.06

7,.

53

4.13

37

8.01
80.61

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M1NtRAL o ISTR ISUTJON.

!'

MESH
NO

SIZE
1111 CR

25

592
419
296

35

48
65

~':

SOo

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150
200
270
400
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ST"EA" 110:

ZNS

PB,S

f.
~

l'CT

209

1"'8
105
74
37

PCT
ZNS

9.3"
4.74
6.91
7.66
22.67
20.69
11 6

'il. 18

6 2

2.79
7.28

a .!S8

'0.31
1.37
_3.36
10.17
13.22
14.e6
14.70
8.68
32.76

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11. 'i~
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0.42
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10.58
10.70
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0.2,!5
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0.00
0.22
1.93
11.43
13.81
18.70
9.10
43.78

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5.98
14.91
12.33

53

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10.46
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22.86
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SIZE
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2.

35
48
65
100
150
200
270
400
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592
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296
Z09
148

105
74

53

37
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pas
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28
35
48
65
100
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200
270
400

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592
419
296
209

14a.
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74
53

37
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NESH

NO

f'

211
3!l
48
65
100
150
200
270
400
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Slze
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592
419
296
209

14&
105
74

53
37,
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o.ee

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13.H

9.el
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PBS

ZNS

.. 7.84
3.82
6.01
5.50
12.08
14.27
12.97
11.96
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19.72

1.53
0.8 ..
2.49
5.71,
19.60
23.22
14.90
10.93
4.60
16.14

lOas

ZNS

0.25
0.57
0.90
4.03
12.30
14.39
12.96
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31.92

o.i'!

0.14
0.07
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2.76
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40.00

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5.20

17. :!7
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14.01
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6.37
25.19

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1.69
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0.00
0.14
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7.75
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5.84
29.44

0.C2
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1.02

CAL/DOL

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7.22
18.49
22.75
21.79
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FES2

0.00
0.0 1
0.42

0.15

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5.32
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1 a.lI3
16.78
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16.29

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0.<111

1.17
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1.(7
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0.lI7

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1.38
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14.79

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28
35

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65

100

150

200
270

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SIZE

M'CR

592

419

296
209

1406
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53
37

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ZNS

98.59

40.13
2:1.16
17.86

SIZE
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592

35
48

419

NO

65

., 100

150

200
270

400

296
209
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53
37

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28

35
48
65
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592
419
296
209
148

150
200

1 Ll5

400

37

270

74

53

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28
35

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65
100

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419
29"
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148

150
200

105

400

37

27~

74
53

89.94
81.75
66.62
55.53

90.09

71.43
48.5B
33.07
21.32

41.!l3

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25.20

16.41

STREA'" Na:

ZNS

FES2

CAL/DDL

100.00
99.85
9S.e6

100.00
99.99

100.00
99.86

77.65
59.12
42.34
24.83
16.29

99.57
98.55

91.33

97.S9
89.8.

93.33

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CAL/DOL

96.73
95.05

97.77

95.44

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peS2

PBS

96.42
94.59
91.19

85.79
71.75
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92.16

B8.33
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76.63

64.'5
50.48
37.51

25.56
19.72

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eS.58
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72.S4

50.10
28.31

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35 .2e
29.4.

19.75

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ZNL

FS2

98.47
97.59

CA\.I'OOL
96.72
95.03
89.92
81.72
66.54
55.41
4.1.40
31.55
25.19

95.10
119.39

69.78

46.57
31.66
20.'74
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STRI!"IiI Na:

PBS

ZNS

99.15
9\1.17
9a.27
94.24
81.9.
67.55
54.59
40.33
31.92

99.'79
99.65
99.58
91'.23
96.47
83.93

99.43
99.12
97.74
94.36

49.52
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41.41

68.71

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