What is a pixel?Ans. A pixel or picture element is a point on the screen that holds a set of intensity values. It is alsocalled a pel.

It is also defined as smallest addressable unit of screen. More will be the numberof pixels ,better will be the resolution. Q2. What is a frame buffer?Ans. Picture definition is stored in a memory area called frame buffer. It is a temporary memorythat holds the set of intensity values for all the screen points. In frame buffer, a used pixel isrepresented by bit value 1 and unused pixel is represented by bit value 0.It is also calledrefresh buffer. Define resolution.Ans. It is defined as the number of points per centimeter that can be plotted horizontally &vertically. More will be pixels, more will be the resolution and better will be the picture. Q5. What is aspect ratio? What is the benefit of aspect ratio in drawing polygons?Ans. It is defined as the ratio of vertical points to horizontal points necessary to produce equal-length lines in both directions on the screen. An aspect ration of means that a vertical lineplotted with 3 points has the same length as a horizontal line plotted with 4 points. By usingproper aspect ratio we can draw images and polygons showing realistic appearance What is meant by horizontal & vertical retrace?Ans. At the end of each scan line, the electron beam returns to the left side of the screen to begin scanning the next line. It returns to the left corner of screen, after refreshing each scan line, iscalled the horizontal retrace of the electron beam. At the end of each frame, the electron beam.returns to the top left corner of the screen to begin the next frame. This is called verticalretrace. What is Beam Penetration method?Ans. In this method two layers of phosphor, usually red & green are created inside the CRT screen,& the displayed colors depends on how far the electron beam penetrates into the phosphorlayers. A beam of slow electrons excites only the outer red layer. A beam of very fastelectrons penetrates through the red layer & excites the inner green layer. What are the advantage of LCD over CRT?Ans. 1. It is light in weight.2.Power requirements are very less.3.It is used for manufacturing of portable devices.4.No refreshing is required5.It has long life as compared to CRT What are the various input devices? Explain the working principle of each of them.Ans. 1. Keyboards: is used primarily as a device for entering text strings. Functions keys allowusers to enter frequently used operations & cursor control keys can be used to selectdisplayed objects or coordinate positions by positioning the screen cursor.2. Mouse: is a small hand-held box used to position the screen cursor. Wheels or rollers onthe bottom of the mouse can be used to record the amount and direction of movement.3. Trackball: is a ball that can be rotated with fingers or palm. or the hand, to producescreen-cursor movement. Potentiometers, attached to the ball, measure the amount &direction of rotation.

Joystick: It consists of a small, vertical lever attached to a base that is used to steer thescreen cursor around. Most joysticks select screen positions with actual stick movement,others respond to pressure on the stick.5. Data glove: is used to grasp a virtual object. The glove is constructed with or series of sensors that detect hand & finger motions.6. Digitizers: is a device for drawing, painting, or selecting coordinate positions of an object.It is used to scan over a drawing or object & to input a set of discrete coordinate positions,which can be joined with straight line segments to approximate the curve or surfaceshapes.7. Image Scanners: Drawings, graphs, color & text can be stored for computer processingwith an image scanner by passing an optical scanning mechanism over the information tobe stored.8. Touch panels: allow displayed objects or screen positions to be selected with the touch of a finger. Touch input can be reordered using optical, electrical or acoustical methods.9. Light pens: These pencil-shaped devices are used to select screen positions by detectingthe light coming from points on the CRT screen.10. Voice systems: Speech recognizers are used in some graphics workstations as inputdevices to accept voice commands. The voice-system input can be used to initiategraphics operations or to enter data. These systems operate by matching an input against apredefined dictionary of words & phrases Differentiate between raster scan and random scan displays.Ans. The most common form of graphics monitor employing a CRT is the raster scan display,based on television technology. In a raster scan system, the electron beam is swept across thescreen, one row at a time from top to bottom. As the electron beam moves across each row,the beam intensity is turned on and off to create a pattern of illuminated spots. Picturedefinition is stored in a memory area called the refresh buffer or frame buffer. This memoryarea holds intensity values for all the screen points. Stored intensity values are then retrievedfrom the refresh buffer and pointed on the screen one row at a time. Each screen point isreferred to as a pixel.When operated as a random scan display unit, the CRT has the electron beam directed only tothe parts of the screen where a picture is to be drawn. Random scan monitors draw a pictureone line at a time and for this reason are also known as vector displays. The component linesof a picture can be drawn and refreshed by a random scan system. A pen plotter operates in asimilar way and is an example of a random scan, hard copy device. What are output primitives?Ans. The basic building blocks for pictures are known as output primitives. They includecharacters strings & geometric entities such as points, straight lines, curved lines, filled areasetc. Q2. What is shearing?Ans. A transformation that distorts the shape of object such that the transferred shape appears as if the object were composed of internal layers that had been caused to slide over each other iscalled shearing. Q3. Write the general principle behind DDA algorithm.Ans. The digital differential analyzer is a scan-conversion line algorithm based on calculatingeither dy or dx. We sample the line at unit intervals in one coordinate & determinecorresponding integer values nearest to the line path for the other coordinate

Define window & viewport.Ans. A world-coordinate area selected for display is called a window.An area on a display device to which a window is mapped is called a viewport What is composite transformation?Ans. Composite transformation : It is obtained by multiplication and concatenation of more thantwo matrices. The multiplication is done from right to left. Each successive transformationmatrix premultiplies the product of previous transformation matrix What are the desirable properties of a good circle drawing algorithm?Ans. 1. Line should start and finish at correct place.2. Line should maintain constant intensity.3. Line should not have jagged appearance.4. It should not have staircase like effect.5. Density of line should be independent of length and angle.6. For faster line drawing special hardware can be used What is the drawback of DDA algorithm?Ans. Digital differential Analyzer is a scan conversion algorithm based on calculating thedifferences between the x coordinates and y coordinates. The disadvantage of this algorithm isthat the accumulation of the round-off error in successive additions of the floating pointincrement can cause the calculated pixel positions to drift away from the true line path forlong line segments that results in a zigzag line instead of a straight one