3a.

Concrete Building Subjected to Wind Pressure

Applicable CivilFEM Product: All CivilFEM Products Level of Difficulty: Moderate Interactive Time Required: 50-60 minutes Discipline: Concrete Analysis Type: Linear static Element Type Used: BEAM3 Units System: N, m, s CivilFEM Features Demonstrated: Combination Module

Problem Description
The frame structure of Exercise no.2 is now subjected to: Live load L (placed independently at each first floor element) Wind Pressure W Punctual load P located at the middle of diagonal bar Dead Load D located on roof

In the figures below all loads are described:

D

P H

0.30 m

0.30 m H

Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

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The wind action has been divided in two independent load steps, one with the wind blowing in the +X direction and the other with the wind blowing in the X direction.

Wind Pressure +X

Wind Pressure -X

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Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

 Given
The geometry and load distribution of the simply supported beam are shown in the previous figure. The following is a list of all the input parameters:

Concrete Reinforcing Steel Geometric dimensions

C25/30 S 500

B=5m H=3m

Live Load (L) Dead Load (D) Wind Pressure (W) Punctual Load (P)

120 kPa 100 kPa 15 kPa 100 kN

Approach and Assumptions

We are going to discretize the beam with a 2D model, using linear beam elements. Model geometry is defined with solid modeling and automatic meshing of elements and nodes.

Summary of Steps
Preprocessing
1. Specify title

Solution
2. Apply displacement constraints 3. Apply Punctual Load 4. Apply Live Load 5. Apply Dead Load 6. Wind Pressure (+X)

Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

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7. Wind Pressure (-X)

Postprocessing
8. Define Targets 9. Define Combination rule 10. Carry out combinations 11. Read & Plot Results 12. Maximum negative displacement UX 13. Maximum negative displacement UY 14. Exit 15. Log File 16. Macro

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Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

Interactive Step-by-Step Solution

Preprocessing
A typical CivilFEM analysis begins with providing data such as the units system, active code, materials, element types, model and section geometry definition 1. Specify title Although this step is not required for a CivilFEM analysis, we recommend that you make it part of all your analyses. Utility Menu: File Change title
1 2

Enter the title: Concrete Building Subjected to Wind Pressure OK to define the title and close the dialog box.

The Structure model has no changes, we will follow the same steps as in exercise no.2 but we change the diameter of reinforcement bars, 32 mm instead of 20 mm

Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

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 Solution
2. Apply displacement constraints Main Menu: Solution Define Loads Apply Structural Displacement On Nodes
1 2 3 4

Pick the three nodes at supports Ok Choose ALL DOF Ok

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Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

Select everything: Utility Menu: Select Everything 3. Apply punctual Load (P) Utility Menu: File Change Title
1 2

Enter Punctual Load Ok

Main Menu: Solution Loads Apply Structural Force/Moment On Nodes The force of 100 kN is divided into FX and FY components:
3 4

Select node number 27 Ok

Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

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5 6 7 3

Choose FX Enter value of 85750 N Apply

6 7

8 9 10 3

Select again node 27 Enter value of -51450 N for FY Ok

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Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

10

Select everything: Utility Menu: Select Everything Main Menu: Solution Solve Current LS

Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

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Main Menu: Solution Loads Delete Structural Force/Moment On Nodes+

11

Pick node 27

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Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

11

Select everything: Utility Menu: Select Everything

4. Apply Live Load (L) Utility Menu: File Change Title

1 2

Enter Live Load Ok

1

Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

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The live load is located independently at each floor element so we need to load and solve each of the solid elements separately (10 in our case). Therefore, every calculated Load Step can be taken as a starting state for the following combinations. To solve each one of the mentioned states in an efficient way, we will use a macro with some simple commands in APDL. Utility Menu: FileRead Input from+
3 4 2

Select file live_load.mac Ok

5. Apply Dead Load (D) Utility Menu: File Change Title

1 2

Enter Dead Load Ok

Main Menu: Solution Loads Apply Structural Pressure On Beams

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Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

3 4 5 6

Pick roof elements : 31 to 40 to select them ( a total of 10) and Ok Enter 1 for Load key Enter 100000 for VAL I OK to apply pressure and close dialog box

4 5

Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

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Select everything: Utility Menu: Select Everything Main Menu: Solution Solve Current LS

Main Menu: Solution Loads Delete Structural PressureOn Elements+

7

Pick All

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Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

Ok

8 7

6. Wind Pressure (+X) Utility Menu: File Change Title

1 2

Enter Wind Pressure (+X) Ok

A wind pressure of 0.8*W in the windward area (left column) and a suction of 0.4*W (right column) in the leeward area is applied: Main Menu: Solution Loads Apply Structural Pressure On Beams
3 4 5 1 6 4

Pick left column elements (a total of 10) and Ok Enter 1 for Load key Enter 0.8*15000 for VAL I Apply

Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

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4 5

7 8 9 1 10 4

Pick right column elements (a total of 20) and Ok Enter 1 for Load key Enter 0.4*15000 for VAL I OK

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Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

8 9

10

Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

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Likewise, at roof pressure will be different in windward and leeward direction: a suction of 0.2*W at the sloping bar and -0.4*W in horizontal bar are also applied: Main Menu: Solution Loads Apply Structural Pressure On Beams
11 12 13 1 14 4

Pick sloping bar elements (a total of 10) and Ok Enter 1 for Load key Enter 0.2*15000 for VAL I Apply

11

11

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Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

12 13

14

15 16 17 1 18 4

Pick horizontal top bar elements (a total of 10) and Ok Enter 1 for Load key Enter -0.4*15000 for VAL I Ok

Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

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15

15

16 17

18

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Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

Select everything: Utility Menu: Select Everything Main Menu: Solution Solve Current LS

Main Menu: Solution Loads Delete Structural PressureOn Elements+

19 20

Pick All OK

Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

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20

19

7. Wind Pressure (-X) Utility Menu: File Change Title

1 2

Enter Wind Pressure (-X) Ok

A wind pressure of -0.8*W in the windward area (right column) and a suction of -0.4*W (left column) in the leeward area is applied: Main Menu: Solution Loads Apply Structural Pressure On Beams
3 4 5 1 6 4

Pick right column elements (a total of 20) and Ok Enter 1 for Load key Enter- 0.8*15000 for VAL I Apply

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Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

4 5

7 8 9 1 10 4

Pick left column elements (a total of 10) and Ok Enter 1 for Load key Enter -0.4*15000 for VAL I Ok

Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

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8 9

10

Now the roof is located in leeward direction, therefore a suction of -0.4*W at the sloping bar and on horizontal bar are also applied: Main Menu: Solution Loads Apply Structural Pressure On Beams
11 12 13 1 14 4

Pick sloping bar elements (a total of 10) and Ok Enter 1 for Load key Enter- 0.4*15000 for VAL I Apply

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Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

11

11

12 13

14

15 16 17 1 18 4

Pick horizontal top bar elements (a total of 10) and Ok Enter 1 for Load key Enter -0.4*15000 for VAL I Ok

Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

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15

16 17

18

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Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

Select everything: Utility Menu: Select Everything Main Menu: Solution Solve Current LS

Main Menu: Solution Loads Delete Structural PressureOn Elements+

19 20

Pick All OK
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Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

20

18

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Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

 Postprocessing
The following steps need to be taken to accomplish the results combination: Target definition Combination rules definition Combination calculation Results review

8. Define targets First of all, we must initialize the Combination Module in order to erase any previous Combinations. Then, the Targets (objectives to reach) and the Combinations will be defined. The Combination Module will utilize the Combinations (Start States and coefficients) to reach the Target values. Main Menu: CivilFEM Civil Postproces Combine Results Initialize Now we are going to define the target as maximum displacement in the Z direction in absolute value: Main Menu: CivilFEM Civil Postproces Combine Results TARGETS: Def One Target
1 2 3 4 5

Specify Target Number 1 Select CROSS as Group Select MZ as Item and Component Pick type Maximum Apply to define next target

3 2

Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

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6 7 8 9

Specify target number 2 Select CROSS and MZ Select Minimum Ok

9. Define combination rules CivilFEM provides, by the combinations module, the possibility of operating with a results sets and combine them in such a way that a given targets are achieved. Therefore, the results combination is based on the search of the combination among certain data set that, following certain rules, fulfills the given targets in each node of the structure. In our case we will define these combination rules using the start states created before:

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Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

Combination Rule

Start States

N Type Start States Cf1 Cf2

1-Punctual Load (P)

LS1

ADD

2-Live Load (L)

LS2-LS11

COMPATIBLE

10

3-Dead Load (D)

LS12

ADD

4-Wind (W)

LS13-LS14

INCOMPATIB LE

0.5 5-Final CMB1CMB4 ADD 4 0.5 1.2 1.3

1 1 1 1

Combination Rule n1: Punctual Load (P)

Main Menu: CivilFEM Civil Postprocess Combine Results Combination This opens the Combination Explorer
1 2 3 4

Enter combination title: Punctual Load (P) Specify Combination Rule 1 Select Type Addition Enter 1 start state
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Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

Create

1 2 4 3 5

To define the start state of the combination rule:

6 7

Select Load Step 1 Punctual Load Drag & drop it over the combination tree

Combination Rule n2: Live Load (L)

In this case, the combination rule is compatible because any possible subset of starting states can be taken into account.
8 9 10 11

Enter combination title: Live Load (L) Specify Combination Rule 2 Select Type Compatible Enter 10 start states

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Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

12

Create

8 9 11 10 12

To define the start states of the combination rule:

13 14

Select from Load Step 2 to Load Step 11 Live Load Drag & drop them over the combination tree

14

14

13

Combination Rule n3: Dead Load (D)

15 16 17 18 19

Enter combination title: Dead Load (D) Specify Combination Rule 3 Select Type Addition Enter 1 start state Create
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Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

15 16 18 17 19

To define the start state of the combination rule:

20 21

Select from Load Step 12 Dead Load Drag & drop it over the combination tree

21

20

22 23 24 25 26

Enter combination title: Wind (W) Specify Combination Rule 4 Select Type Incompatible Enter 2 start states Create

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Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

22 23 25 24 26

To define the start states of the combination rule:

27

Select from Load Step 13 Wind Pressure (+X) and Load Step 14 Wind Pressure (-X) Drag & drop them over the combination tree

28

29

28

27

30 31 32 33 34

Enter combination title: Final (F) Specify Combination Rule 5 Select Type Addition with Variable Coefficients Enter 4 start states Create

Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

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30 31 33 32 34

To define the start states of the combination rule:

35 36

Select the combination Punctual Load Drag & drop it over the combination 5: Final tree

36

36

35

37 38

Select the combination 1: Punctual Load (P) Enter coefficient 1 as 1 and coefficient 2 as 0.5

37

38

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Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

39 40

Select the combination 2 Live Load (L) Drag & drop it over the combination tree

40

40 39

41 42

Select the combination 2: Live Load (L) Enter coefficient 1 as 1 and coefficient 2 as 0.5

41 42

43 44

Select the combination 3 Dead Load (D) Drag & drop it over the combination tree

Follow the same procedure with combinations 3: Dead Load (D) & 4: Wind (W) and enter the start state coefficients taking into account the Combination Rules Table at page 31.
45

When all Start States are defined press OK

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Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

45

10. Carry out combinations Prior to completing the combinations CivilFEM shows a window with the global status in order to review all data before carrying out the combinations. Main Menu: CivilFEM Civil Postprocess Combine Results Do combinations...
1 2

Review the information in the list window OK to start the combination process

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Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

11. Read & Plot results First of all we need to point to the combined results. Main Menu: CivilFEM Civil Postprocessor Combine Results Set data to read
1 2

Select combined results OK

Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

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We read the results of combination rule 5 that satisfy the defined target. Main Menu: CivilFEM Civil Postprocess Combine Results READ RESULTS: By description...

1 2

Enter 5 to read result of combination rule 5 Select the target MZ MAX Ok

Ok 3

1 2

In the following step we plot the maximum bending moment MZ in each point of the bridge: Main Menu: Civil Postprocessor Beam Utilities Graph results Forces & Moments

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Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

4 5

Choose Bending Mom Z Ok

Now we point to target 2: minimum bending moment MZ: Main Menu: CivilFEM Civil Postprocess Combine Results READ RESULTS: By description...

6 7

Enter 5 to read result of combination rule 5 Select the target MZ MIN

Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

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Ok

6 7

In the following step we plot the minimum bending moment MZ in each point of the bridge: Main Menu: Civil Postprocessor Beam Utilities Graph results Forces & Moments

9 10

Choose Bending Mom Z Ok

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Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

12. Calculation of the load distribution to obtain the maximum negative displacement UX We can know which are the coefficients that multiply the Start States of a combination and which of them can be used to achieve a Target at a determined node of the structure. The ~CMBINQ command shows a list with the coefficients applied over each one of the Start States that forms the combination rule. Main Menu: CivilFEM Civil Postprocessor Combine Results INQUIRE: Nodal Results
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Enter 5 to select combination rule number 5 Enter node 27 Select Group DISPL Select item and component UX Pick Minimum Pick Recursively Pick Target value Select Yes Update Ok
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Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

1 2 3 4

6 7

In the following window we can read a list of starting states that satisfy the defined target:

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Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

To obtain the deflections distribution for the start states combination that satisfy the requested targets we must proceed as follows: Main Menu: General Postproc Plot Results -Contour Plot-Nodal Solu

10 11 12

Select DOF Solution Select X-Component of displacement Ok

Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

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10 11

12

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Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

13. Calculation of the load distribution to obtain the maximum negative displacement UY Main Menu: CivilFEM Civil Postprocessor Combine Results INQUIRE: Nodal Results
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Enter 5 to select combination rule number 5 Enter node 27 Select Group DISPL Select item and component UY Pick Minimum Pick Recursively Pick Target value Select Yes Update Ok

Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

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1 2 3 4

6 7

In the following window we can read a list of starting states that satisfy the defined target:

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Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

To obtain the deflections distribution for the start states combination that satisfy the requested targets we must proceed as follows: Main Menu: General Postproc Plot Results -Contour Plot-Nodal Solu
10 11 12

Select DOF Solution Select Y-Component of displacement Ok

Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

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10 11

12

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Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

14. Exit the ANSYS program We save everything before exiting the ANSYS program. Utility Menu: File Exit
1 2 1

Choose Save Everything Choose OK

15. Log File

FINISH ~CFCLEAR,,1

/TITLE,Concrete Building Subjected to Wind Pressure

~UNITS,SI

FINISH /PREP7

! ELEMENT TYPE ET,1,BEAM3

Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

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! MATERIALS ~CFMP,1,LIB,CONCRETE,EC2,C25/30,0,0,0 ~CFMP,2,LIB,REINF,EC2,S500,0,0,0

! CROSS SECTION ~CSECDMS,1,REC,1,0.3,0.3,

! BENDING REINFORCEMENT ~RNFDEF,1,1,2,2,0,0.03,,,32,3,,,4 ~RNFDEF,1,2,2,4,0,0.03,,,32,3,,,4

! BEAM & SHELL PROPERTY ~BMSHPRO,1,BEAM,1,1,,,3,1,0,Concrete Beam

! MODEL K,1, 0,0 K,2, 5,0 K,3,10,0 ! K,4,15,0 KGEN,2,ALL,,,,3,,0,0 K,7, 5,6 K,8,10,6

L,4,5 $ L,5,6 L,4,7 $ L,7,8 L,1,4 L,2,5 $ L,5,7 L,3,6 $ L,6,8

! 1st Floor ! Roof ! 1st Column ! 2nd Column ! 3rd Column

! MESHING ESIZE,,10 LMESH,ALL /SOLU

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Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

! BOUNDARY CONDITIONS NSEL,S,LOC,Y,0 D,ALL,ALL

ALLSEL,ALL

! PUNCTUAL LOAD /TITLE,Punctual Load F,27,FX,85750 F,27,FY,-51450

ALLSEL,ALL SOLVE FDELE,ALL,ALL,ALL

live_load.mac ! macro for live load

! DEAD LOAD /TITLE,Dead Load ESEL,S,ELEM,,31,40 SFBEAM,ALL,1,PRES,100000

ALLSEL,ALL SOLVE SFEDELE,ALL,ALL,ALL

! WIND PRESSURE (+X) /TITLE,Wind Pressure (+X) ! Left column (windward) NSEL,S,LOC,X,0 ESLN,S,1 SFBEAM,ALL,1,PRES,0.8*15000

! Right column (leeward)

Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

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NSEL,S,LOC,X,10 ESLN,S,1 SFBEAM,ALL,1,PRES,0.4*15000

! Roof ESEL,S,ELEM,,21,30 SFBEAM,ALL,1,PRES,0.2*15000 ! Windward

NSEL,S,LOC,Y,6 ESLN,S,1 ! Leeward SFBEAM,ALL,1,PRES,-0.4*15000

ALLSEL,ALL SOLVE SFEDELE,ALL,ALL,ALL

! WIND PRESSURE (-X) /TITLE,Wind Pressure (-X)

! Right column (windward) NSEL,S,LOC,X,10 ESLN,S,1 SFBEAM,ALL,1,PRES,-0.8*15000

! Left column (leeward) NSEL,S,LOC,X,0 ESLN,S,1 SFBEAM,ALL,1,PRES,-0.4*15000

! Roof ESEL,S,ELEM,,21,30 SFBEAM,ALL,1,PRES,-0.4*15000 ! Leeward

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Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

NSEL,S,LOC,Y,6 ESLN,S,1 ! Leeward SFBEAM,ALL,1,PRES,-0.4*15000

ALLSEL,ALL SOLVE SFEDELE,ALL,ALL,ALL

~CFSAVE,COMB,DB

/POST1

! TARGETS: MAXIMUM & MINIMUM MOMENTS ~TRGDEF,1,CROSS,M,Z,MAX ~TRGDEF,2,CROSS,M,Z,MIN

/TITLE,Punctual Load (P) ~CMBDEF,1,ADD,1,0,1 ~STSTDEF,1,1,LSTEP,1,0,1,1,1,1 ~STSTCFT,1,1,1

/TITLE,Live Load (L) ~CMBDEF,2,COMPATIB,10,0,10 ~STSTDEF,2,1,LSTEP,2,0,10,1,1

/TITLE,Dead Load (D) ~CMBDEF,3,ADD,1,0,0 ~STSTDEF,3,1,LSTEP,12,0,1,1,1,1 ~STSTCFT,3,1,1

/TITLE,Wind (W) ~CMBDEF,4,INCOMPAT,2,0,1 ~STSTDEF,4,1,LSTEP,13,0,1,1,1,1

Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

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~STSTDEF,4,2,LSTEP,14,0,1,1,1,1

/TITLE,Final ~CMBDEF,5,ADDVC,4,0,0 ~STSTDEF,5,1,CMB,1,,1,1,1,1 ~STSTCFT,5,1,0.5,1 ~STSTDEF,5,2,CMB,2,,1,1,1,1 ~STSTCFT,5,2,1 ,0.5 ~STSTDEF,5,3,CMB,3,,1,1,1,1 ~STSTCFT,5,3,1.2,1 ~STSTDEF,5,4,CMB,4,,1,1,1,1 ~STSTCFT,5,4,1.3,1

~COMBINE ~CMBDAT,2

~CMB,5,,,,,1 /TITLE,Maximum Bending Moment MZ (all loads) ~PLLSFOR,M,Z, -1

~CMB,5,,,,,2 /TITLE,Minimum Bending Moment MZ (all loads) ~PLLSFOR,M,Z, -1

/TITLE,Maximum Negative Displacement UX ~CMBINQ,5,DISPL,U,X,MIN,27, ,2,1 PLNSOL,U,X

/TITLE,Maximum Negative Displacement UY ~CMBINQ,5,DISPL,U,Y,MIN,27, ,2,1 PLNSOL,U,Y

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Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

16. Macro live_load.mac

! LIVE LOAD MACRO /TITLE,Live Load IELEM=0 *DO,I,1,10 ESEL,S,ELEM,,11,20 IELEM=ELNEXT(IELEM) SFBEAM,IELEM,1,PRES,120000 ALLSEL,ALL SOLVE SFEDELE,ALL,ALL,ALL *ENDDO

Exercise 3a: Wind Pressure in Concrete Building

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