Solve Cauchy-Euler type differential equation Solution: Method 1:

x 2 y + 5 xy + 5 y =

1 . x3

x 2 y + 5 xy + 5 y =
Let

1 x3

(a)

x = et

dx = et dt xy = x xy = x dy dx

By chain rule,

dy dx dy dt =x dt dx dy dx =x dt dt
t 1

dy det =e dt dt dy t 1 = et (e ) dt dy t = et e dt dy = et e t dt dy = dt dy Thus xy = dt
Now

(1)

x 2 y = x 2 ( y ) d ( y) = x2 dx d ( y) dt = x2 dt dx d ( y) t = x2 e dt d ( y) 1 = x2 x dt

d ( y) dt d ( y) = et dt =x
***************************** Now we accept simple proposition:

f ( x) g ( x) = ( f ( x) g ( x ) ) f ( x) g ( x)
Proof of the proposition By product rule

f ( x) g ( x ) ) = f ( x) g ( x) + f ( x ) g ( x) f ( x) g ( x) + f ( x) g ( x) = ( f ( x) g ( x) ) f ( x) g ( x) = ( f ( x) g ( x ) ) f ( x) g ( x)

*********************************

x 2 y = x 2 ( y ) d ( y) dt t d (e y) d (et ) = y dt dt d (et y) t = e y dt d ( xy) = xy dt = et

By the equation (1)

dy ) dy dt = dt dt 2 d ( y ) dy = dt 2 dt d(
Thus we get Thus

x 2 y =

d 2 ( y ) dy dt 2 dt
(1) (2)

(2)

dy dt d 2 ( y ) dy x 2 y = dt 2 dt xy =

We substitute (1) and (2) to equation We get

x 2 y + 5 xy + 5 y =

1 . x3

 d 2 ( y ) dy dy 1 + 5 + 5y = 3 2 dt dt x dt d 2 ( y ) dy dy + 5 + 5 y = e 3t 2 dt dt dt 2 d ( y) dy + 4 + 5 y = e 3t 2 dt dt 2 r + 4r + 5 = 0 is the auxiliary equation. 4 42 4 1 5 r= 2 4 16 20 r= 2 4 4 r= 2 4 2i r= 2 r = 2 i 2 t Thus yh = e (c1 cos t + c2 sin t ) is the solution for homogeneous system.
We are finding particular solution.

d 2 ( y) dy + 4 + 5 y = e 3t 2 dt dt 2 ( D + 4 D + 5) y = e3 t

(D
yp yp yp yp yp

+ 4 D + 5 ) y p = e 3 t
2

yp =

1 e 3t D + 4D + 5 1 = e 3t (1) 2 ( D 3) + 4( D 3) + 5 1 = e 3t (1) 2 (3) + 4( 3) + 5 1 = e 3t (1) 9 + 12 + 5 1 = x 3 2 1 = 3 2x

Now

x = et ln x = ln et ln x = t

Thus

y = yh + y p 1 2 x3

= e 2t (c1 cos t + c2 sin t ) + =

1 1 (c1 cos ( ln x ) + c2 sin ( ln x ) ) + 3 2 x 2x =0.

is a general solution. Method 2: Suppose that y = x r is a solution for x 2 y + 5 xy + 5 y Now

x 2 y = x 2 ( x r ) = x 2 r (r 1) x r 2 = r (r 1) x r xy = x ( x r ) xy = x( rx r 1 )
Thus we get (4) x 2 y = r ( r 1) x r r (5) xy = rx 2 We substitute to x y + 5 xy + 5 y = 0 . x 2 y + 5 xy + 5 y = 0

= rx r

r ( r 1) x r + 5rx r + 5 xr = 0

( r (r 1) + 5r + 5 ) x r = 0
r ( r 1) + 5r + 5 = 0 We call r ( r 1) + 5r + 5 = 0 is an auxiliary equation for x 2 y + 5 xy + 5 y = 0
As we did before, r = 2 i are the roots. So

yh = Ax 2+i + Bx 2i is a solution for homogeneous equation.

Now

yh = Ax 2+i + Bx 2i

yh = x 2 ( Axi + Bx i )

yh = x 2 ( Aei ln x + Be i ln x )

yh = x 2 A ( cos ( ln x ) + i sin ( ln x ) ) + B ( cos ( ln x ) i sin ( ln x ) ) yh = x yh = x

2 2

( ( A + B ) cos ( ln x ) + i( A B)sin ( ln x ) ) ( c cos ( ln x ) + c sin ( ln x ) )

1 2

Now we find particular solution.

Let

yp =

k 1 2 be a particular solution for x y + 5 xy + 5 y = 3 . 3 x x

k k k 1 x2 3 + 5x 3 + 5 3 = 3 x x x x x 2 ( kx 3 ) + 5 x ( kx3 ) + 5 ( kx3 ) = x3 k x 2 ( x 3 ) + 5 x ( x 3 ) + 5 ( x3 ) = x3 2 5 4 k ( x (3)(4) x + 5 x(3) x + 5 x3 ) = x3 k ( (3)(4) x 3 + 5(3) x3 + 5 x3 ) = x3 k ( (3)(4) + 5(3) + 5 ) x 3 = x 3 k ( 12 + (15) + 5 ) = 1 k ( 2) = 1 k=

Thus

1 2 yp =

1 is a particular solution. 2 x3 1 1 Thus y = 2 (c1 cos ( ln x ) + c2 sin ( ln x ) ) + 3 is a general solution. x 2x