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s r e e MATHEMATICS-I n i g n E O o D a a F

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CONTENTS
Ordinary Differential Equations of First Order and First Degree Linear Differential Equations of Second and Higher Order Mean Value Theorems Functions of Several Variables Curvature, Evolutes and Envelopes Curve Tracing Applications of Integration Multiple Integrals Series and Sequences Vector Differentiation and Vector Operators Vector Integration Vector Integral Theorems Laplace transforms

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TEXT BOOKS
A text book of Engineering Mathematics, Vol-I T.K.V.Iyengar, B.Krishna Gandhi and Others, S.Chand & Company A text book of Engineering Mathematics, C.Sankaraiah, V.G.S.Book Links A text book of Engineering Mathematics, Shahnaz A Bathul, Right Publishers A text book of Engineering Mathematics, P.Nageshwara Rao, Y.Narasimhulu & N.Prabhakar Rao, Deepthi Publications

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REFERENCES
A text book of Engineering Mathematics, m o c B.V.Raman, Tata Mc Graw Hill . s r e Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Irvin e in Ltd. Kreyszig, Wiley Indiag Pvt. n E A text Book of O Engineering Mathematics, o Thamson Book D collection

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UNIT - e IIe

LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL O o D EQUATIONS OF SECOND AND a a HIGHER ORDER F

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UNIT HEADER
Name of the Course: B. Tech m o c . Code No:07A1BS02 s r e Year/Branch: Ie Year n i CSE,IT,ECE,EEE,ME,CIVIL,AERO g n E Unit No: II O o aD No. of slides:18

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UNIT INDEX UNIT-II S. No. 1 2 3 Module Introduction, Complementary function Particular Integrals Lecture No. L1-5 L6-11 L12-14

o Cauchys, Legendres D a a linear equations, F Variation of Parameters

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PPT Slide No. 8-13 14-19 20-22

Lecture-1 INTRODUCTION
An equation of the form Dny + k1 Dn-1y +....+ kny = X Where k1,..,kn are real constants and X is a continuous function of x is called an ordinary linear equation of order n with constant coefficients. Its complete solution is y = C.F + P.I where C.F is a Complementary Function and P.I is a Particular Integral. Example:d2y/dx2+3dy/dx+4y=sinx

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COMPLEMENTARY FUNCTION
If roots are real and distinct then C.F = c1 em1x + + ck emkx Example 1: Roots of xan auxiliary equation are 2x 3x 1,2,3 then C.F = c1 e + c2 e + c3 e Example 2: For a differential equation (D-1)(D+1)y=0, roots are -1 and 1. Hence C.F = c1 e-x +c2 ex

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Lecture-2 COMPLEMENTARY FUNCTION

If roots are real and equal then m o c . C.F = (c1+ c2x +.+ ckxk)emx s r e Example 1: The roots of a differential equation e n i 3 (D-1) y=0 are 1,1,1.n Hence g 2)ex E C.F.= (c1+c2x+c x 3 O o Examplea 2: The roots of a differential equation D a 2 (D+1) F y=0 are-x-1,-1. Hence C.F=(c1+c2x)e

Lecture-3 COMPLEMENTARY FUNCTION

If two roots are real and equal and rest m are real o c and different then . s r m1x m3x C.F=(c1+c2x)e +c3e +. e e n i Example : The roots of a differential equation g n 2 (D-2) (D+1)y=0 are 2,2,-1. Hence E O 2x -X o C.F.=(c1+cD x)e +c e 2 3

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Lecture-4 COMPLEMENTARY FUNCTION

If roots of Auxiliary equation are complex say m o c p+iq and p-iq then . s r px C.F=e (c1 cosqx+c2 sinqx) e e n i Example: The roots of a differential equation g n 2 (D +1)y=0 are 0+i(1) and 0-i(1). Hence E O 0x o 2sinx) C.F=e (c1D cosx+c a a =(c F 1cosx+c2sinx)

Lecture-5 COMPLEMENTARY FUNCTION

A pair of conjugate complex roots say m p+iq o c and p-iq are repeated twice then . s r px C.F=e ((c1+c2x)cosqx+(c3+c x)sinqx) e 4 e n Example: The roots ofg aidifferential equation n 2 2 (D -D+1) y=0 areE +i(1.7/2) and -i(1.7/2) O o repeated twice. Hence D 1/2x a C.F=e a (c1+c2x)cos(1.7/2)x+ F (c3+c4x)sin(1.7/2)x

Lecture-6 PARTICULAR INTEGRAL

When X = eax put D = a in Particular Integral. m o c If f(a) 0 then P.I. will be calculated directly. . s r If f(a) = 0 then multiply P.I. by x and e e n differentiate denominator. Again put i g n process. D = a.Repeat the E same O x. Here P.I=ex/12 o Example 1:y+5y+6y=e D 2 a 2x.Here P.I=e2x/21 a Example 2:4D y+4Dy-3y=e F

Lecture-7 PARTICULAR INTEGRAL

When X = Sinax or Cosax or Sin(ax+b) or m o 2 2 c Cos(ax+b) then put D = - a in Particular . s r Integral. e e n i Example 1: D2y-3Dy+2y=Cos3x. Here g n P.I=(9Sin3x+7Cos3x)/130 E O o 2+D+1)y=Sin2x. Here P.I= Example 2: (D D a a -1/13(2Cos2x+3Sin2x) F

Lecture-8 PARTICULAR INTEGRAL

When X = xk or in the form of polynomial then m o c convert f(D) into the form of binomial . s r expansion from which we can obtain Particular e e n Integral. i g n 2 3.Here P.I=x3-3x2+6 Example 1: (D +D+1)y=x E O o 2+D)y=x2+2x+4. Here Example 2: (D D a 3/3+4x a P.I=x F

Lecture-9 PARTICULAR INTEGRAL

When X = eaxv then put D = D+a and take out m o ax c e to the left of f(D). Now using previous . s r methods we can obtain Particular Integral. e e in Here Example 1:(D4-1)y=exg Cosx. n x P.I=-e Cosx/5 E O o 2-3D+2)y=xe3x+Sin2x. Here Example 2: (D D a 3xa P.I=e F /2(x-3/2)+1/20(3Cos2x-Sin2x)

Lecture-10 PARTICULAR INTEGRAL

When X = x.v then m o c P.I = [{x f "(D)/f(D)}/f(D)]v s. r e Here Example 1: (D2+2D+1)y=xe Cosx. n i P.I=x/2Sinx+1/2(Cosx-Sinx) g n E 2 Example 2: (D O +3D+2)y=x ex Sinx. Here o x P.I=e [x/10(Sinx-Cosx)-1/25Sinx+Cosx/10] aD

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Lecture-11 PARTICULAR INTEGRAL

When X is any other function then Particular m o c Integral can be obtained by resolving 1/f(D) . s r into partial fractions. e e n i Example 1: (D2+a2)y=Secax. Here P.I=x/a g n 2 Sinax+Cosax log(Cosax)/a E

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Lecture-12 CAUCHYS LINEAR EQUATION

Its general form is m o c . xnDny + . +y = X s r ex = ez and then to solve this equation put e n i convert into ordinary form. g n E 2 2 Example 1: x D y+xDy+y=1 O o D Examplea 2: x3D3y+3x2D2y+2xDy+6y=x2

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Lecture-13 LEGENDRES LINEAR EQUATION

Its general form is m o c . (ax + b)n Dny +..+y = X s r eax + b = ez and then to solve this equation put e n i convert into ordinary form. g n E 2D2y-3(x+1)Dy+4y=x2+x+1 Example 1: (x+1) O o D Examplea 2: (2x-1)3D3y+(2x-1)Dy-2y=x

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 Its general form is D2y + P Dy + Q = R where P, Q, R are real valued functions of x. Let C.F = C1u + C2v P.I = Au + Bv Example 1: (D2+1)y=Cosecx. Here A=-x, B=log(Sinx) Example 2: (D2+1)y=Cosx. Here A=Cos2x/4, B=(x+Sin2x)/2

Lecture-14 METHOD OF VARIATION OF PARAMETERS

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