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s r e e MATHEMATICS-I n i g n E O o D a a F

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CONTENTS
Ordinary Differential Equations of First Order and First Degree Linear Differential Equations of Second and Higher Order Mean Value Theorems Functions of Several Variables Curvature, Evolutes and Envelopes Curve Tracing Applications of Integration Multiple Integrals Series and Sequences Vector Differentiation and Vector Operators Vector Integration Vector Integral Theorems Laplace transforms

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TEXT BOOKS
A text book of Engineering Mathematics, Vol-I T.K.V.Iyengar, B.Krishna Gandhi and Others, S.Chand & Company A text book of Engineering Mathematics, C.Sankaraiah, V.G.S.Book Links A text book of Engineering Mathematics, Shahnaz A Bathul, Right Publishers A text book of Engineering Mathematics, P.Nageshwara Rao, Y.Narasimhulu & N.Prabhakar Rao, Deepthi Publications

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REFERENCES
A text book of Engineering Mathematics, m o c B.V.Raman, Tata Mc Graw Hill . s r e Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Irvin e in Ltd. Kreyszig, Wiley Indiag Pvt. n E A text Book of O Engineering Mathematics, o Thamson Book D collection

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UNIT-IV ee

CHAPTER-I:CURVATURE, O o D EVOLUTES AND ENVELOPES a a F CHAPTER-II:CURVE TRACING

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UNIT HEADER
Name of the Course: B.Tech m o c . Code No:07A1BS02 s r e Year/Branch: Ie Year n i CSE,IT,ECE,EEE,ME,CIVIL,AERO g n E Unit No: IV O o aD No. of slides:19

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UNIT INDEX UNIT-IV S. No. 1 2 Lecture No. Introduction, Curvature, L1-3 Radius of curvature Centre of curvature, Circle of curvature, Evolute and envelopes Curve tracing in cartesian form, polar form and parametric form Module PPT Slide No.

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L4-9

11-15

L10-12

16-19

Lecture-1 CURVATURE
Curvature is a concept introduced to quantify m o c the bending of curves at any point. . s r e of the circle is Note: The curvature at any e point in equal to the reciprocalg of its radius.The n curvature of the circle decreases as the radius E O increases. Do a a Theorem F : The curvature of a circle at any point on it is a constant.

Lecture-2 RADIUS OF CURVATURE

The reciprocal of the curvature at any point of m o a curve is defined to be the radius . of curvature c s at that point. r e e Note: The radius of curvature of a circle of n i radius r at any pointn isg r. E O Example 1: The radius of curvature at any o Dcurve xy=c2 is (x2+y2)3/2/2xy point on a the a F 2: The radius of curvature at Example (3a/2,3a/2) of the curve x3+y3=3axy is 32a/16

 In cartesian form =[1+(y)2]3/2/y m o c 2 . In polar form =(r2+r12)3/2/(r2+2r rr2) 1 s r e=4/3a Sin/2 Example 1:r=a(1-Cos). Here e n i g Example 2:x=a(+Sin ),y=a(1-Cos) at /2. n E Here =22a O o D Examplea 3:x=a(Cost+tSint),y=a(Sint-tCost). a HereF =at

Lecture-3 Formulae for RADIUS OF CURVATURE

Lecture-4 CENTRE OF CURVATURE

The centre of curvature at any point P on a m o c curve is the point which lies on the positive . s r direction of the normal at P and is at a distance e e n from it. The centre of curvature at any point i g nside towards which side of a curve lies on E the O the curve is concave. o D a Example : Centre of curvature at (a/4,a/4) of the a F curve x+y=a is a2/2

Lecture-5 Formula for CENTRE OF CURVATURE

X=x [y1(1+y12)]/y2 m o c . Y=y +[(1+y12)]/y2 s r e X=1/2, Example 1:x3+y3=2 at (1,1). Here e n i Y=1/2 g n E Example 2:x=a( -Sin),y=a(1-Cos). Here O o X=a(+Sin ), Y=-a(1-Cos ) D a

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Lecture-6 CIRCLE OF CURVATURE

The circle of curvature at any point of a curve m o is the circle with centre at the centre of c . s curvature at P and radius equal to the radius of r e e curvature at the point. Ifi(X,Y) be the centre n g and be the radius of curvature, then the n E of curvature at the given equation of theO circle 2+(y-Y)2=2 o point (x, y) is given by (x-X) D3 2 a a Example : y=x +2x +x+1 at (0,1).Here the F circle of curvature is x2+y2+x-3y+2=0

Lecture-7 EVOLUTE
The locus of the centre of curvature C of a m o c variable point P on a curve is called the evolute . s r of the curve. The curve itselfe is called Involute e n of the evolute. i g n 2 2 2 Example 1: x /a -y /b2=1. Here the evolute is E O 2/3 2/3 2+b2)2/3 o (ax) -(by) =(a D a a Example Cos,y=b Sin. Here the F 2: x=a evolute is (ax)2/3+ (by)2/3=(a2-b2)2/3

Lecture-8 ENVELOPE
Let f(x,y,c) be a function of three variables m o of a x,y,c. A curve which touches each.member c s given family of curves is called envelope of r e e that family. n i g Example 1: y=mx+a/m where m is parameter. n E Here envelope O is y2=4ax o D Examplea 2: (x/a)Cos+(y/b)Sin=1 where is a parameter and a,b are constants. Here envelope F is x2/a2+y2/b2=1

Lecture-9 CURVE TRACING

The elementary method of drawing them graph o of a plane curve is to tabulate the x and y c . s values that satisfy the equation of the given r e e curve, plot the points and join them by means n i g of a smooth curve. A systematic and a more n elegant methodO isE the analytical method of o studying the characteristics of the curve such D a as its symmetry, region, intersection with axes, a F tangents, asymptotes, concavity, etc., and then drawing its graph.

Lecture-10 TRACING CARTESIAN CURVES

The general method of tracing a curve y=f(x) is as follows: 1)Symmetry: Find out whether the given curve is symmetrical about x-axis,y-axis or any line. 2)Origin:The curve passes through origin or not. 3)Tangents: If the curve passes through the origin then the equations of the tangent at the origin are obtained by equating to zero, the lowest degree term in the equation of the curve. 4)Asymptotes: Find all possible asymptotes. 5) Points: Find the points by putting x=0,y=0. 6)Rising and Falling: Find the region in which curve is rising and falling. 7) Concavity: Find the curve is whether concavity upwards or downwards.

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Lecture-11 TRACING POLAR CURVES

1)Symmetry: Find whether the curve is symmetrical about any line. 2)Region: Find the limits for r and . 3)Asymptotes: Find whether the curve has any asymptotes. 4)Points: Giving different values to .Find the corresponding values of r and determine the points where the tangent coincides with the radius vector or perpendicular to the radius vector.

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Lecture-12 TRACING IN PARAMETRIC FORM

1)Symmetry:Check whether curve is m o c symmetrical about any line or not.. s r e origin or not. 2)Origin:Curve passes through e n i 3)Limitations of then curve:Find limits of given g E equation. O o 4)Region:Find the region of the given curves. D a a F Find tangents. 5)Tangents: