Diseases Secondary pulmonary tuberculosis

complications Local: 1-haemoptysis: coughing of blood 2-pneumothorax, pleurisy, pleural effusion, pyopneumothorax 3-lung fibrosis 4-spread to other lung Distant: 1-right side heart failure due to excessive lung fibrosis 2-spitting sputumtuberculosis of larynx and tongue 3-swallow sputumsecondary tuberculosis of intestine 4- secondary amyloidosis of kidney nephrotic syndrome 5-blood spreadgeneralized miliary tuberculosis 1-contracture: shortening of collagen bundles 2-keloid: excessive collagen formation in the area of healing 3-secondary infection 4-delayed healing 5-fistula 6-sinus 7-chronic ulcer 8-formation of implantation epidermoid cyst 1-myocardial infarction and sudden death 2-thrombotic hemiplagia 3-ascites 4-oedema of the orbit 5-ganggrene of a loop of the intestine Local: 1-stricture of the wall and intestinal obstruction 2-septic peritonitis 3-tuberculous peritonitis 4-bleeding per rectum 5-fistula

Wound healing

Thrombosis

Secondary intestinal tuberculosis (ulcerative type)

Secondary intestinal tuberculosis (ulcerative type

Abcess

Distant: 1-miliary tuberculosis 2-secondary amyloidosis 3-secondary malabsorption syndrome 1- complications of healing: -ulcer: an area of epithelial discontinuity -sinus: blind ended tract opening to the surface and discharging pus -fistula: a tract with two opening e.g. one to the surface and the second to a mucous membrane 2-chronicity:If the abcess is not completely drained or treatment is inadequate with persistence of the causative agent. 3-spread of infection by: -lymphatics lymphangitis and lymphadenitis -bloodtoxaemia / septicaemia -septic thrombophlebitis pyaemia 1-toxaemia: circulation of bacterial toxin in the blood 2-bacteraemia:presence of bacteria in circulating blood without causing toxic manifestations 3-septicaemia:it is the circulation of large number of virulent multiplying bacteriain blood producing severe clinical manifestations such as fever, rigor, rapid pulse, petaechial haemorrhage and leucocytosis. 4-pyaemia :the circulation of septic emboli in the blood and their impaction in different organs producing multiple abcesses. Spread: 1- local : infection spreads to skin of scrotum chronic sinus at posterior wall of the scrotum 2- ascending: infection spreads to seminal vesicles, prostate, bladder & kidney.

Bacterial infections (general)

Tuberculosis of male genital system

Tuberculosis of female genital system

1- adhesion may occur between fibrosed tube, ovary, intestine and peritoneum. 2-spread of infection to: -peritoneum tuberculous peritonitis -ovary tuberculous oophoritis -endometrium tuberculous endometritis, cervix and urinary bladder 3-if lesion occur bilateral sterility 1-spread to joints tuberculous arthritis 2-cold abscess 1-spread to capsule and skin with sinus formation 2-destruction of the capsule, ligament and articular cartilage dislocation 3-healing of lesion by fibrous tissue ankylosis of affected joint 4-blood spread 5-secondary amyloidosis Local: 1-Deformity of the spine: in the form of: -Kyphosis: backward convexity of vertebral column due to bone destruction of more than adjacent vertebrae. -Scoliosis: lateral curvature of the vertebral column -Lordosis: forward deformity of the vertebral column. 2-cold abscess :accumulation of caseous material in soft tissues, the liquefied caseous material of vertebral bone spread along vertebral fascia and collect to form a swelling in the soft tissue without any signs of acute inflammation 3-paraplegia (paralysis of lower limbs) Distant: 1-blood dissemination 2-amyloidosis 1-ptosis diplopia and squint 2-hydrocephalous 3-thrombosis of bv infarction 4-meningeal adhesion

Tuberculosis of bone (tuberculous osteomyelitis) Tuberculosis of joints

Tuberculosis of vertebral spines POTTS DISEASES

Tuberculosis of CNS

Syphilitic aortitis

Intestinal bilharziasis

Bilharzial hepatic fibrosis

Urinary bilharziasis

Intestinal ameobiasis

Amoebic liver abscess

Benign tumour

1-aortic incompetence and regurgitation 2-gradual ischaemia with anginal attacks and infarction / sudden ischaemia sudden death 3-aortic aneurysm 1-microcytic hypochromic anaemia 2-bilharzial dysentery 3-bilharzial pericolitis 4-bilharzial hepatic fibrosis 1-portal hypertension with chronic venous congestion of the splanchnic area. 2-chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis 3-stasis thrombosis of the portal vein 1-mycrocytis hypochromic anaemia 2-stone formation 3-secondary bacterial infection of bladder wall and perivesical tissue 4-hydroureter and hydronephrosis .chronic renal failure may occur 5-carcinoma of urinary bladder 1-acute diffuse peritonitis 2-gangrene of intestinal wall 3-massive haemorrhage 4-intussusceptions 5-rectum prolapsed 6-chronic obstruction 7-ameoboma 8-amoebic liver abscess 1-secondary bacterial infection formation of pus 2-perforation into subphrenic area, pleural cavity, lung, peritoneum or pericardium. 3-amoebic lung abscess 4-amoebic brain abscess or splenic abscesses. 1-intestinal obstruction 2-pressure symptom on surrounding 3-twisting pedunculated tumour infarction and necrosis 4-endocrine glands hyperinsulinism 5-pituitary gland acromegaly or gigantism 6-may change to malignant

Malignant tumour

Rheumatic fever Mitral stenosis

Myocardial infarction

Arterial diseases

1-anaemia 2-malnutrition 3-cachexia 4-organ failure 5-infection and toxaemia 6-immunologic effect 7-pain 8-paraneoplastic syndrome 9-karyotyping : aneuploidy 1-embolisation from mural thrombi 2-subacute bacterial endocarditis 1-atrial thrombosis 2-cerebral embolism 3-lung infarction and haemoptysis 4-subacute infective endocarditis 5-right-sided heart failure 6-atrial fibrillation 1-cardiac arrest 2-ventricular fibrillation 3-ventricular arrhythmia 4-cardiogenic shock 5-thrombotic complications: -heart chamber systemic embolism -deep veins pulmonary embolism 6-ruptured heart 7-myomalacia cordis 8-acute pericarditis 9-chronic heart failure 10-cardiac aneurysm 1-thrombosis 5-dystrophic calcification 2-haemorrhage 3-aneurysmal formation 4-ischaemia and fibrosis

Atheroslcerosis ( atheroma)

1-in small arteries: -ischaemia and thrombosis infarction of the area supplied by affected arteries -aneurysm formation 2-in large arteries: -thrombosis with subsequent embolic manifestations -aneurysm formation 1-pressure on the surrounding structures e.g, aneurysm of aorta may cause pressure on the followings: -trachea dyspnea -oesophagus dysphagia -recurrent laryngeal nerve hoarseness of voice -vertebral column pressure atrophy of vertebral bodies 2-thrombosis 3-rupture and haemorrhage 1-venous congestion 2-oedema 3-pyaemia 4-hemorrhage and pigmentation 5-varicose ulcer in lower limbs

Aneurysm

Diseases of veins

Complications : Eye : Heart:

Benign hypertension -Arterial narrowing and retinal exudation -Hypertrophy of left ventricle -chronic heart failure -cerebral haemorrhage -varying degrees of nephrosclerosis No significant changes. Heart failure 60% Cerebral haemorrhage 30 % Chronic renal failure 10 %

Malignant hypertension -Papilledema, arterial narrowing, haemorrhage and exudates. -slightly hypertrophy of left ventricle with focal myocardial necrosis. -acute heart failure -encephalopathy -severe renal damage. Focal GIT necrosis Acute renal failure 95 % Cerebral haemorrhage/heart failure

Brain: Kidney: Other organs Cause of death: