1. Definition of planning a.

Planning is usually interpreted as a process to develop a strategy to achieve desired objectives, to solve problems, and to facilitate action" (Mitchell 2002, 6). b. Planning is a basic management function involving formulation of one or more detailed plans to achieve optimum balance of needs or demands with the available resources. The planning process (1) identifies the goals or objectives to be achieved, (2) formulates strategies to achieve them, (3) arranges or creates the means required, and (4) implements, directs, and monitors all steps in their proper sequence. c. Planning (also called forethought) is the process of thinking about and organizing the activities required to achieve a desired goal. Planning involves the creation and maintenance of a plan. As such, planning is a undamental property of intelligent behavior. This thought process is essential to the creation and refinement of a plan, or integration of it with other plans; that is, it combines forecasting of developments with the preparation of scenarios of how to react to them. d. According to Alford and Beatt, "Planning is the thinking process, the organized foresight, the vision based on fact and experience that is required for intelligent action." e. According to Theo Haimann, "Planning is deciding in advance what is to be done. When a manager plans, he projects a course of action for further attempting to achieve a consistent co-ordinate structure of operations aimed at the desired result. f. According to Billy E. Goetz, "Planning is fundamentally choosing and a planning problem arises when an alternative course of action is discovered. g. According to Koontz and O' Donnell, "Planning is an intellectual process, conscious determination of course of action, the basing of decision on purpose, facts and considered estimates. h. According to Allen, "A plan is a trap laid to capture the future. i. Perencanaan adalah proses mendefinisikan tujuan organisasi, membuat strategi untuk mencapai tujuan itu, dan mengembangkan rencana aktivitas kerja organisasi. Perencanaan merupakan proses terpenting dari semua fungsi manajemen karena tanpa perencanaan fungsi-fungsi lainpengorganisasian, pengarahan, dan pengontrolantak akan dapat berjalan. j. Menurut Wilson, Pengertian Perencanaan merupakan salah satu proses lain, atau merubah suatu keadaan untuk mencapai maksud yang dituju oleh perencanaan atau oleh orang/badan yang di wakili oleh perencanaan itu. Perencanaan itu meliputi : Analisis, kebijakan dan rancangan. k. Definisi perencanaan dikemukakan oleh Erly Suandy (2001:2) sebagai berikut : Secara umum perencanaan merupakan proses penentuan tujuan organisasi (perusahaan) dan kemudian menyajikan (mengartikulasikan) dengan jelas strategi-strategi (program), taktik-taktik (tata cara pelaksanaan program) dan operasi (tindakan) yang diperlukan untuk mencapai tujuan perusahaan secara menyeluruh.

2. Management Management consists of the interlocking functions of creating corporate policy and organizing, planning, controlling, and directing an organization's resources in order to achieve the objectives of that policy. Management can be defined as human action, including design, to facilitate the production of useful outcomes from a system. According to Harold Koontz, "Management is the art of getting things done through and with people in formally organised groups." According to Henri Fayol,"To manage is to forecast and to plan, to organise, to command, to co-ordinate and to control." According to Peter Drucker, "Management is a multi-purpose organ that manages business and manages managers and manages workers and work." ccording to Mary Parker Follet, "Management is the art of getting things done through people. Mary Parker Follet, "Management is the art of getting things done through people." Management is the process of reaching organizational goals by working with and through people and other organizational resources. Management has the following 3 characteristics:

o It is a process or series of continuing and related activities, o It involves and concentrates on reaching organizational goals. o It reaches these goals by working with and through people and other organizational resources. Daftar Pustaka Anonim. 2013. Management. (Online) http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/management.html#ixzz2PCUjU4W0.Diakses tanggal 1 april 2013 Anonim. 2012 . pengertian perencanaanhttp://dokter-kota.blogspot.com/2012/08/pengertianperencanaan.html. Diakses tanggal 1 april 2013

Anonim.2008. define management .http://managementinnovations.wordpress.com/2008/12/03/define-management-its-functions/. Diakses tanggal 1 april 2013

Anonim.2008. Meaning of planning and management http://www.geo.fuberlin.de/fb/elearning/geolearning/en/watershed_management/introduction_w m/natural_resource_management_planning/definitions_planning_management/index.html. Diakses tanggal 1 april 2013 http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/planning.html#ixzz2PCPIwkYI. Diakses tanggal 1 april 2013 Riadi, Muchlisin. 2012. http://www.kajianpustaka.com/2012/10/pengertian-dan-fungsiperencanaan.html#ixzz2PCfTdgdK. Diakses tanggal 1 april 2013 Akrani, Gaurav. 2011. Online. http://kalyan-city.blogspot.com/2011/04/what-is-managementdefinitions-meaning.html. Diakses tanggal 1 april 2013 Koontz, Harold. 1980. The Management Theory Jungle Revisited. (Online) Academy of management. 5; 2 : 175-187

Fayol H, Coubrough JA. 1930. Industrial and general administration. Pitman & sons. London www.wikepdia.com Drucker, peter. 2003. Managing Organizations. Bradley Duncan Texas A&M UniversityCommerce

Rusdi/MPPDAS/2012/338534