Boiling Heat Transfer

Ref: V.P. Carey, Liquid-Vapor Phase-Change Phenomena (Hemisphere, Washington, 1992)

Liquid-vapor phase change (Vaporization)
Homogeneous bubble nucleation
Heterogeneous bubble nucleation
Classification
Pool boiling
Forced convection boiling (Two-phase flow)
Subcooled boiling
Saturated boiling
Formulation
T h q
( )

P T T T
sat s
?

T T T
s
?
Phenomenological description
Excess temperature
( )
sat s e
T T T
Latent heat h
fg
Surface tension
Buoyancy
( ) g
v l

Dimensionless parameters
Nusselt number
k
hL
Nu
Anonymous number
( )
2
3

L g
v l

Jacob number
fg
p
h
T c
Ja

Prandtl number
k
c
p

Pr
Bond number
( )

2
L g
Bo
v l

1
Nukiyamas experiment - Power-controlled boiling phenomena
Free convection boiling
Nucleate boiling
Isolated bubbles
Jets and columns
Transition boiling
Unstable (partial) film boiling
Absent in power-control mode
Film boiling
Above Leidenfrost point
Vapor blanket
Radiation heat transfer significant
Free convection boiling
c
e
T q ~ (c: 1/4~5/4)
c.f. Natural convection over a flat (hot) plate
4 1
~ ~
L th L
Ra L u N
Nucleate boiling
Bubble inception
Fluctuations of local molecular density
Bubble nuclei
e
v
r
P P
2
+
(unstable equilibrium)
( ) ( )
s sat l sat v
T P T P P
2
Observation
b a
e
n T q ~ (a=1.2, b=1/3)
d
e
T n ~ (d=5~6)
Rosenows Model (1952)
Postulate: HT from surface to liquid Bubble formation Local agitation due to liquid
flowing behind the wake of departing bubbles Enhanced HT
Experimental observation that the effect of subcooling on HT generally disappears with
increasing heat flux

( ) [ ]

P T T h q
sat s
( ) ( ) s
l
r
L
m
l
n
L
l
c
L
c c c
A A
k
hL
Nu


1 1
Pr Re Pr Re
l fg
c
l
c v c v
l
c l c l
L
h
L q L U L U
c

, ,
Re
Characteristic velocities
fg v
v c
h
q
U

, ,
fg l
l c
h
q
U

,
Characteristic bubble size
( )
2 1
3
1
]
1

v l
b
g
R

Characteristic length
( )
2 1
1
]
1

v l
c
g
L

Rosenows bubble departure diameter

( )
2 1
1
]
1

v l
b c
g
C L

( )
r
fg
e l p r s
l
r
s f v l fg l
h
T c
C g h
q
1
,
1
,
2 1
Pr
1

,
_

,
_

1
]
1

A
C
C
b
s f
2
,

In Incropera,
( )
3
,
,
2 1
Pr

,
_

1
]
1

n
l fg f s
e l p
v l
fg l
h C
T c
g
h q

(r=1/3 and s=n)
Note that
m
l nb l
c
C
Ja
k
hL
Nu
Pr
3
2

3
Critical heat flux
Zuber (1958)
Critical velocity for Helmholtz instability
( )
2 1
2
1
]
1

+

v l
v l
c
v
l
u u u


Since
v l
>>
,
2 1
2
1
]
1

v l
c
u

,
_

col
surf
v fg
c
A
A
h
q
u

max
( )
2 1
3
2
1
]
1

g
v l
D

( )
4 1
2
max
149 . 0
1
]
1

v
v l
v fg
g
h q

Minimum heat flux

( )
( )
4 1
2
min
1
1
]
1

v l
v l
v fg
g
Ch q

Film boiling
( )
( )
4 1
3
1
1
]
1

sat s v v
fg v l
v
D
T T k v
D h g
C
k
D h
u N

( )
sat s v p fg fg
T T c h h +
,
80 . 0
Bromley (1950)
3 1 3 4 3 4
h h h h
rad conv
+
4
Two phase flow regimes
5