TEMPERATURE CONTROLLED FAN FOR HOME APPLICATION

NIK LUQMANUL HAKIM BIN NIK ARIFFIN 2003470748

THESIS IS SUBMITTED IN FULFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENT FOR B. Sc. (HONS) DATA COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING (CS 225)

FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND QUANTITATIVE SCIENCE MARA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SHAH ALAM

APRIL 2006

APPROVAL SHEET

Name of Candidate : Nik Luqmanul Hakim Bin Nik Ariffin Title of Thesis : Temperature Controlled Fan For Home Application

Approved By

________________________ Encik Jamaludin Md Yusof (Supervisor)

Date

: 27 April 2006

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DECLARATION
I certify that this thesis and the research to which it refers are the product of my own work and that any ideas or quotation from the work of other people, published or otherwise are fully acknowledged in accordance with the standard referring practices of the discipline

April 27, 2006

NIK LUQMANUL HAKIM BIN NIK ARIFFIN 2003470748

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillah, praise Allah for his Almighty and Graciousness I was able to complete this thesis report in the dateline given.

First and foremost, I would like to thank my respective supervisor Encik Jamaludin Md Yusuf for the guidance and brilliant ideas from him. Without his kindness to lending hand helping me, this project cant be completed as it right now. Moreover, thank you so much to my examiner Puan Rozita for her concern and in the same time inculcating in me not to give up easily about my project.

Besides that, I would like to take this opportunity to jot down a million of appreciation to my lecturer Encik Yusri Dak for spending times with me giving explanation and provide solution for the problems that occurs during this research.

Furthermore, other lecturer such as Prof. Madya Dr. Saadiah and Encik Adzhar also involved with my project by providing full support since proposal phase. Without their concern, maybe it is hard for me to express my thesis in good manner.

Last but not least, thank you so much to my beloved parent and friends that gave me encouragement and morale support from behind.

Thank you so much.

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ABSTRACT

Over the last decade, advances in digital electronics have made computer smaller, cheaper and faster. Throughout this revolution as well, mobile computing environment such as PDA has been created and undoubtedly other advances in technology like smart home also play an important role towards better life in the future. This project is about how we can control the fan based on temperature sensor regardless of traditional thermostat. It is also part of smart home application where the fan will gradually increase the speed if the temperature in the environment is increasing. Besides that, the component that made up the temperature sensor is known as thermistor. A sensor is a type of transducer. In a broader sense, a transducer is sometimes defined as any device that converts energy from one form to another.There are two types of thermistor depend on the sign of k. Firstly is positive temperature coefficient (PTC). PTC thermistor works by increasing the resistance with increasing temperature. Secondly is negative temperature coefficient (NTC). NTC thermistor works by decreasing the resistance with increasing temperature. This project will focus on NTC type of thermistor. Experiment can be followed to evaluate whether this circuit can save energy through the use of temperature sensor and thus promote efficiency. Finally, after some experiments have done, the result of the experimentation and finding can be concluded.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER

PAGE

DECLARATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT TABLE OF CONTENT LIST OF FIGURE LIST OF TABLE

i ii iii iv ix x

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1

Problem Statement

1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.1.4

What is Integrated Circuit What is Temperature Control What is Temperature Controlled Fan What is Wind Chill Factor

2 3 4 5

1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

Problem Description Objective Scope of Project Project Significance

5 7 7 7

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 2.2 2.3

Introduction Several fan controlled by temperature Introduction to several basic electronic components

8 8 10

2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4

Thermistor Potentiometer Capacitor Diode

10 11 11 12

2.4 2.5 2.6

Type of temperature sensor The different between 4 blade and 5 blade fan Related studies regarding ceiling fan

13 13 14

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 3.2

Introduction Phase I System Initialization and Feasibility Study

19

22

3.2.1 3.2.2

Non Electronic Media Electronic Media

22 22

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3.3

Phase II Project Planning and Functional Analysis 23

3.4

Phase III Hardware Design 23

3.4.1 Hardware Component 3.4.2 Electronic Component

23 24

3.5

Software

25

3.6

Phase IV Testing and Implementation 25

3.7

Phase V Post Implementation Evaluation 26

3.7.1 3.7.2

Comparing Output Gantt Chart

26 26

3.8 3.9

Setting Up Testing and Experiment

27 28

3.9.1 3.9.2

Automatically Test Manually Test

29 29

3.10 3.11

Data Analysis Conclusion

29 30

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CHAPTER 4

ARCHITECTURE

4.1

Introduction

31

4.1.1 4.1.2

Description of model type A Description of model type B

32 33

4.2

Description of Architecture

34

4.2.1

Transformer

35

4.3 4.4

Description of the circuit Conclusion

37 39

CHAPTER 5

RESULT AND FINDING

5.1 5.2

Introduction Result and Finding for Automatically Testing

40 40

5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3

The Room Temperature The Transistor Vulnerabilities The Base Emitter Junction Characteristic

41 41 42

5.3 5.4

Result and Finding for Manually Testing Factors that Affect the Result and Finding

42 43

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CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

6.1 6.2 6.3

Introduction Summary of Conclusion Recommendation

45 45 46

REFERENCE

47

APPENDIX

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1 Figure 2.3.1 Figure 2.3.2 Figure 2.3.2 Figure 2.3.4 Figure 2.5 a Figure 2.5 b Figure 2.5 c Figure 2.6 Figure 3.1 a Figure 3.1 b Figure 3.8 Figure 4.1.1 Figure 4.1.2 Figure 4.2 Figure 4.3 a Figure 4.3 b Figure 5.2.3

Total energy consumed by electrical appliances Thermistor symbol Potentiometer symbol Capacitor symbols Diode symbol The fan spins counter clockwise The fan spins clockwise Energy cost in average of 10 hours usage Blades that are true air foils with both taper and twist Steps in system development life cycle Methodology flow Setting up hardware flow Temperature controlled fan model type A Temperature controlled fan model type B Step down transformer Schematic diagram of the circuit Wheatstone bridge Absence of voltage and current

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 5.2 Table 5.3

Result from automatically testing Result from manually testing

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1

PROBLEM STATEMENT

In the age of communication and information technology there are tremendous impacts on globalization that affect our life. Undoubtedly electricity has played an important role in empowering our life towards better future and prosperity. There is about 90 percent of Malaysians use electricity in their daily life. For instance, we use electricity for washing machine, electric fan, refrigerator, air conditioning and so on. In fact, most factories depend on electricity to generate their operation as their main source everyday.

The increasing in cost of living especially in town has force all of us to spend wisely. The cost of petrol for vehicles which had rise up to 75 US dollar per gallons definitely burden poor people livelihood. Therefore it will be an advantage if we could use an energy saving appliance in our home. In this research, we are going to focus on electric standing fan on how we can use its capability to maximum with little bit modification in order to save energy.

Furthermore, some disabled people who are paralyzed and handicapped with no hands find it difficult to monitor the fan speed. They have to manually change motor speed according to their needs and environment with the help of other people. This will

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cause burden to them if there is nobody besides them to assist. Besides that, in Malaysia special purpose ICs is quite difficult to obtain and often very costly. This is because most of the ICs are imported from overseas.

1.1.1 WHAT IS INTEGRATED CIRCUIT?

According to Wikipedia.com an integrated circuit (IC) is a thin chip consisting of at least two interconnected semiconductor devices, mainly transistors, as well as passive components like resistors. As of 2004, typical chips are of size 1 cm contain millions of interconnected devices, but larger ones exist as well.
2

or smaller, and

Among the most advanced integrated circuits are the microprocessors, which drive everything from computers to cellular phones to digital microwave ovens. Digital memory chips are another family of integrated circuits that are crucially important in modern society.

The integrated circuit was made possible by mid-20th-century technology advancements in semiconductor device fabrication and experimental discoveries that showed that semiconductor devices could perform the functions performed by vacuum tubes at the time. The integration of large numbers of tiny transistors onto a small chip was an enormous improvement to the manual assembly of finger-sized vacuum tubes.

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The integrated circuit's small size, reliability, fast switching speeds, low power, mass production capability, and ease of adding complexity quickly pushed vacuum tubes into obsolescence.

Only a half century after their development was initiated, integrated circuits have become ubiquitous. Computers, cellular phones, and other digital appliances are now inextricable parts of the structure of modern societies. That is, modern computing, communications, manufacturing and transport systems, including the Internet, all depend on the existence of these circuits. Indeed, many scholars believe that the digital revolution brought about by integrated circuits was one of the most significant occurrences in the history of mankind.

1.1.2 WHAT IS TEMPERATURE CONTROL?

Temperature is the physical property of a system which underlies the common notions of "hot" and "cold"; the material with the higher temperature is said to be hotter. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter. In other words, temperature is a measure of activity and the frequency of collisions of molecules.

The formal properties of temperature are studied in thermodynamics. Formally, temperature is that property which governs the transfer of thermal energy, or heat, between one system and another. When two systems are at the same temperature, they are

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in thermal equilibrium and no heat transfer will occur. When a temperature difference does exist, heat will tend to move from the higher-temperature system to the lowertemperature system, until thermal equilibrium is established. This heat transfer may occur via conduction, convection or radiation.

Temperature is related to the amount of thermal energy or heat in a system. As more heat is added the temperature rises, similarly a decrease in temperature corresponds to a loss of heat from the system. On the microscopic scale this heat corresponds to the random motion of atoms and molecules in the system. Thus, an increase in temperature corresponds in an increase in the rate of movement of the atoms in the system.

1.1.3 WHAT IS TEMPERATURE CONTROLLED FAN?

In brief, temperature controlled fan is an alternative way to deal with the speed of the motor. Temperature control is a process in which the temperature of an object is measured and the passage of heat energy into or out of the object is adjusted to achieve a desired temperature.

A thermostat is a simple example for a closed control loop. It constantly measures the current temperature and controls the heater's valve setting to increase or decrease the room temperature according the user-defined setting. A simple method switches the heater or cooler either completely on, or completely off, and an overshoot and undershoot of the controlled temperature must be expected.

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1.1.4 WHAT IS WIND CHILL FACTOR?

Howstuffworks.com quoted that a fan does not cool down the rooms temperature. However it does create wind chill effect. By blowing air around, the fan makes it easier for the air to evaporate sweat from your skin, which is how you eliminate body heat. The more evaporation, the cooler you feel.

The wind chill factor is the temperature that a person feels because of the wind. For example, if a thermometer reads 35 degrees Fahrenheit outside and the wind is blowing at 25 miles per hour (mph), the wind chill factor causes it to feel like it is 8 degrees F. In other words, your 98-degree body loses heat as though it is 8 degrees outside.

1.2

PROBLEM DESCRIPTION

Fans are widely used in industrial and commercial applications. From shop ventilation to material handling to boiler applications, fans are critical for process support and human health. In commercial sector, electricity that is needed to operate fan motors composes a large portion of energy costs for space conditioning. In home application, most of us use fan rather than air conditioner because it is more economical.

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The air movement from the fan evaporates moisture on the skin and makes a person feel cooler. Note that the electric power to run the fan comes from alternator. The fan does not cool the room at all. What a fan does is create a wind chill effect. However, sometimes we forget to switch off the fan when it is cool enough. This situation presents a waste of energy that most of us usually dont realize.

The fan rotational speed is typically measured in revolutions per minute (RPM). Fan rotational speed has a significant impact on fan performance as shown in the following laws:-

Airflow (final) = Airflow (initial) [RPM final / RPM initial] Pressure (final) = Pressure (initial) [RPM final / RPM initial] Power (final) = Power (initial) [RPM final / RPM initial]

To a large degree, temperature range determines the fan type and material selection. In high temperature environments, many materials lose mechanical strengths. The stress of rotating components increase as the fans operating speed increases.

Consequently, for high temperature application, the fan type that requires the lowest operating speed for a particular service is often recommended. Room temperature are normally 20 F-30 F cooler than body temperature as mentioned by Chris Calwell and Noah Horowitz. However, because the furniture and thermostat are already at

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roughly the same temperature as the room air, they cant feel the wind-chill. Therefore, when we leave the room, switch the fan and its lights off to save energy and money.

1.3

OBJECTIVE

The underlying principle or objective of this research is to: a) Develop a product or hardware that can control the speed of the fan based on temperature

1.4

SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The focus of this research will be on the implementation of sensor that controls the speed of the fan. Scopes of this research are: a) The project will concentrate on electric standing fan rather than other type of fan such as ceiling fan

1.5

PROJECT SIGNIFICANCE

a) To monitor the environments that is not comfortable, or possible, for humans to monitor, especially for extended periods of time b) Prevents waste of energy when its not hot enough for a fan to be needed c) To assist people who are disabled to adjust the fan speed automatically

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1

INTRODUCTION

Wikipedia.com define temperature control is a process in which the temperature of an object is measured and the passage of heat energy into or out of the object is adjusted to achieve a desired temperature. According to Tito Smailagich, given the high cost of electrical power, replacing a conventional on/off temperature control with a proportional controller can often save energy and money.

2.2

SEVERAL FAN CONTROLLED BY TEMPERATURE

If we refer to power supply unit or PSU, it is the most underrated part of a PC. A PC with a basic video card and only one hard disk drive could get by with a 300 watt PSU, but if another hard disk drive, a compact disc burner and a high-end video card are installed, one might need a higher-rated PSU for example a PSU with 400 watt capacity.

Rolfe James stated that the PSU can also act as part of the cooling system for the PC, expelling hot air from the top rear of the case. Cheaper PSUs have only one fan which keeps the PSU cool. More expensive PSUs have another fan on the bottom of the

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unit, drawing air up from the CPU and video card area. This type of PSUs have temperature-controlled fans so as to run quietly when the PC is cool and speed up when the system is producing a lot of heat.

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in their articles mentioned that in the manufacturing sector, fans use about 78.7 billion kilowatt-hours of energy each year. This consumption represents 15 percent of the electricity used by motors. Besides that, fan that are oversized for their serviced requirement do not operate at their best efficiency point. Oversized fans generate excess flow energy resulting in high flow noise thus increase stress on the fan and system.

Ceiling fan

Figure 2.1: Total energy consumed by electrical appliances

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2.3

INTRODUCTION TO SEVERAL BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

There are many electronic components that will be used during the development of temperature controlled fan circuit. There are some that we familiar with and some are rarely used. All components play its important role and interrelated between each other in completing the circuit design.

2.3.1

THERMISTOR

According to Wikipedia.com, thermistor is a type resistor used to measure temperature changes, relying in its resistance with changing temperature.

Figure 2.3.1: Thermistor symbol

There are two types depending on the sign of k. If k is positive, the resistance increases with increasing temperature. This is known as positive temperature coefficient (PTC) thermistor. However, if the k is negative, the resistance decreases with increasing temperature. This is known as negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor.

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2.3.2 POTENTIOMETER

Wikipedia.com stated that the original meaning of the term potentiometer, which is still in use is an apparatus used to measure the potential (or voltage) in a circuit by tapping off a portion of a known voltage from a resistive slide wire and comparing it with the unknown voltage by means of a voltmeter of galvanometer. If all the three terminals are used, it can act as variable voltage divider.

Figure 2.3.2: Potentiometer symbol The arrow represents the moving terminal, called the wiper

2.3.3 CAPACITOR

A capacitor is a device that stores energy in the electric field created between a pair of conductors on which electric charges of equal magnitude, but opposite sign, have been placed. A capacitor is occasionally referred to using the older term condenser (www.wikipedia.com).

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Capacitor symbols
Capacitor Polarized Variable capacitors capacitor

Figure 2.3.3: Capacitor symbols

2.3.4

DIODE

Besides that, wikipedia.com also stated that a diode is a component that restricts the direction of movement of charge carriers. It allows an electric current to flow in one direction, but essentially block the opposite direction. Rectifiers are constructed from diodes where it used to convert alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC).

Figure 2.3.4: Diode symbol 12 COPYRIGHT UiTM