INTRODUCTION

HYDROLOGY and HYDROGEOLOGY

Scope of Hydrogeology Historical Developments in Hydrogeology Applications of hydrology . HYDROLOGY and HYDROGEOLOGY

HYDROLOGY HYDROLOGY: :

the study of water. Hydrology addresses the occurrence, distribution, movement, and chemistry of ALL waters of the earth.

HYDROGEOLOGY HYDROGEOLOGY: : includes the study of the

interrelationship of geologic materials and processes with water, Movement development and management

Scope Of Hydrogeology
A. Physical Hydrogeology
1. 2. 3.

Exploration: Exploration: Development: Development : Management: chemistry and transport of contaminants chemical characteristics of groundwater chemical evolution along flow paths

B. Chemical hydrogeology
1. 2. 3.

C. Groundwater in eng. applications and other earth sciences:

subsidence, sinkholes, earthquakes, mineral deposits etc.

D. Mathematical Hydrogeology: Hydrogeology:

an approximation of our understanding of the physical system

THE BUSINESS OF HYDROGEOLOGY

Groundwater Supply and Control 1. Design test wells 2. Construct C t t productive d ti wells ll 3. Develop regional sources of groundwater 4 Review cost estimates 4. 5. Determine water quality 6. Involve in aquifer q protection p and water conservation 7. Designing wells for construction and mining projects

THE BUSINESS OF HYDROGEOLOGY

Solution of Groundwater Contamination Problems

1 1. 2. 3. 4.

Remediate contaminated aquifers Design Groundwater monitoring and quality plans Analyze collected g groundwater samples Propose waste disposal sites for:

Petrochemical plants Mining industries Municipal wastes Gasoline storage tanks

THE BUSINESS OF HYDROGEOLOGY

Research and Academy 1. Develop new methods and techniques 2. Solve hydrologic and contamination problems 3. Help developing new equipment

Geophysical devices Sampling apparatus Pumping test software N Numerical i l simulators i l Hydrogeologic mapping programs

4.

Develop computer programs to solve hydrogeologic problems

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROGEOLOGY

Old nations Chines Egyptians Romans o a s Arabs

Central trough

Portgarl and wheel

Shaft to prime mover

Mountain Mother well Qanat

End of qanat

Impermeable rock

Water producing section

All i Alluvium Water table

Nineteenth Cent Century

1856 Darcys law 1885 Water flow under artesian conditions 1899 Flow of groundwater & field observations

T entieth Cent Twentieth Century

1923 Groundwater in USA 1928 Mechanics of porous media 1940 Development of governing flow equations 1942 Well hydraulics fundamentals 1956 Chemical character of natural water

1960 Regional R i l geochemical h i l processes 1970 Geothermal energy gy resources 1975 Environmental issues 1980 Contaminant C t i t transport t t 1990s modeling g and management g issues

Applications of hydrology h d olog

Determining the water balance of a region. Determining the agricultural water balance . RealReal -time flood forecasting and flood warning. warning. Designing irrigation schemes and managing agricultural productivity. Providing drinking water. water. Designing dams for water supply or hydroelectric power generation. generation Designing bridges Predicting geomorphological changes, such as erosion or sedimentation. sedimentation . Assessing contaminant transport risk and establishing environmental policy guidelines.

The hydrologic cycle

The story of a drop in the bucket

Objectives Objecti es

Be able to sketch the hydrologic cycle Understand the major components of the hydrologic cycle and how they are measured To become familiar with the terms used to describe the components of the hydrologic cycle

Hydrologic y g Cycle y

Saline water in oceans accounts for 97.2% of total water on earth. Land areas hold 2 2.8% 8% of which ice caps and glaciers hold 76.4% (2.14% of total water) 9 Groundwater to a depth 4000 m: 0.61% 9 Soil moisture .005% 005% 9 Fresh Fresh-water lakes .009% 9 Rivers 0.0001%. 9 >98% 98% of f available il bl fresh f h water t is i groundwater. d t Hydrologic CYCLE has no beginning and no end Water evaporates from surface of the ocean, land, plants.. Amount of evaporated water varies, greatest near the equator. Evaporated p water is pure p (salts ( are left behind). )

 Evapotranspiration:

Water lost to the air via evaporation and transpiration combined water discharge: Water that was stored in the ground and then flows into a river or the sea

Ground

 Precipitation:

Transfer of water from ground as snow or rain clouds to the g

Condensation:

The act of water vapour cooling to become droplets of water Infiltration: Water that seeps down into the soil particles from the surface

 Surface

runoff: Surface water that neither

infiltrates nor evaporates

Groundwater

flow: The movement of

water through g the rocks underground g

Evaporation:

The process by which the

sun turns water droplets into rising vapour

Percolation: The movement of underground water from the soil to the rocks beneath.
Throughflow:

The flow of water down a

slope p through g the soil.

Transpiration:

The release of water

vapour into the air from plants

 Interception: I t ti

Precipitation P i it ti that th t gets t

caught on the leaves, branches and trunks of plants

Precipitation
Evaporation Evapo-transpiration Evaporation p

Discharge treated water

Soil moisture Soil moisture Infiltration Recharge Extraction Aquifer Salt Water Intrusion Precipitation Evaporation/ET Surface Water G Groundwater d t runoff Water S Supply l

Ocean

What factors influences the hydrologic cycle y ?

solar energy (seasonality, cloudiness ) weather (precipitation events, storms) land cover (e (e.g., g vegetation vegetation, impervious surfaces) channel modifications (e.g., dams, channelization) land and water management (e.g., irrigation, subsurface f drainage) )

Below land surface soil pores contain both air and water: region is called vadose zone or zone of aeration Water stored in vadose zone is called soil moisture Soil moisture is drawn into rootlets of growing plants Water is transpired from plants as vapor to the atmosphere Water vapor p in vadose zone can also migrate g to land surface, , then evaporates Excess soil moisture is pulled downward by gravity (gravity drainage g ) At some depth, pores of rock are saturated with water marking the top of the saturated zone.

Top of saturated zone is called the water table. Groundwater moves through rock and soil layers until it discharges as springs, or seeps into ponds, lakes, stream, rivers, ocean G Groundwater d t contribution t ib ti t to a stream t i is called ll d baseflow b fl Total flow in a stream is runoff W t stored Water t d on th the surface f of f th the earth th i in ponds, d l lakes, k rivers i is i called surface water Precipitation intercepted by plant leaves can evaporate to atmosphere h

Groundwater G ou d a e co component po e in the hydrologic cycle

Phreatic zone = saturated zone Intermediate zone separates phreatic zone from soil water Water table marks bottom of capillary water and beginning of saturated zone

Distribution of Water in the Subsurface

Surface Runoff

Wh When precipitation rate exceeds d infiltration rate, or when h soil il is i saturated, water begins b to move down slope on ground surface.

Hydrologic Equation

Hydrologic cycle is a network of inflows and outflows, expressed as

Eq. (1) is a conservation statement: ALL water is accounted for, i.e., we can neither gain nor lose water. On a global scale

Input - Output = Change in Storage (1)

atmosphere gains moisture from oceans and land areas E releases l it back b k in i the th form f of f precipitation i it ti P. P is disposed of by evaporation to the atmosphere E, overland flow to the channel network of streams Qo, Infiltration through the soil F. Water in the soil is subject to transpiration T, outflow to the channel network Qo, and recharge to the groundwater RN.

The g groundwater reservoir may y receive water Qi and release water Qo to the channel network of streams and atmosphere. Streams receiving water from groundwater aquifers if by b base b flow fl are termed t d effluent ffl t or gaining streams. Streams losing water to groundwater are called influent or losing streams

A basin scale hydrologic subsystem is connected to the global scale through P, Qo , equation (1) may be reformulated as P - E - T -Qo Q = S (2) S is the lumped change in all subsurface water. All terms t have h the th unit it of f volume l per unit it time ti . Equation (2) may be expanded or abbreviated depending on what part of the cycle we are interested in. for example, for groundwater component, equation (2) may be written as R N + Q i - T -Q o = S (3)

Over long periods of time, time provided basin is in its natural state and no groundwater pumping taking place, RN and Qi are balanced by T and Qo, so change in storage is zero. This gives: RN + Qi = T + Q0 (4) => g groundwater is hydrologically y g y in a steady state. If p pumping p g included, , equation q (4) ( ) becomes RN + Q Qi - T -Qo - Qp = S (5) ( ) Qp= added withdrawal.

As pumping is a new output from the system,

water level will decline transpiration will ll decline d l and d approach h zero. Potential recharge will increase. Therefore, , at some time after pumping p p g starts, , equation q (5) ( ) becomes:

RN + Qi - Qo - Qp = S

(6)

A new steady d state can be b achieved hi d if pumping i does not exceed RN and Qi. If pumping exceeds these values, water is continually removed from storage and will continue to fall over time. Here, the steady state has been replaced by a transient or unsteady state. In addition to groundwater being depleted from storage, g , surface flow has been lost from the stream.

Example, contd.

Write an equation to describe water balance.

SOLUTION: Water balance equation:

Water input from precipitation evaporation of precipitation i it ti evapotranspiration t i ti of f groundwater stream flow discharging to the sea groundwater discharging to the sea spring flow = change in storage P Ep ETgw Qswo Qgwo Qso = S

Example
groundwater d changes h in i response to pumping
Inflows 1. Precipitation ft3 ft 3/s Outflows
2475
2. E of P 3. gw discharge to sea 4. Streamflow to sea 5. ET of g gw 6. Spring flow

ft3/s
1175 725 525 25 25

E ample contd Example, td

Is the system in steady state? Substitute appropriate values in above equation:

2475 1175 -25 -525 -25 = S =0

Chapter p 1 Highlights g g
1.

Water is an important topic for study because it is an essential requirement for life on Earth as we know it. Although there are about 1352 million km3 of water on Earth, most of it is either in oceans, and therefore not suitable for human or animal l consumption, or else l locked l k d in glaciers l and d ice caps. Ground d water comprises 98% of the world's unfrozen supply of freshwater. Most of the work of hydrogeologists is concerned with developing this important resource and protecting the chemical and biological quality of water. Significant contamination of ground water comes from inappropriate disposal of waste into the ground, widespread use of fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides, and accidental spills from pipelines or storage tanks tanks. Knowledge of hydrogeology is also essential for the construction of dams and underground facilities. The geologic work of ground water is important in shaping h the h landscape, l d especially ll in karst k regions, in forming f some types of f uranium and lead lead-zinc deposits, and in contributing to the migration of oil.

2 2.

3.

4.

The hydrologic cycle is the circulation of water from the oceans, to the atmosphere, to the land, and back to the ocean. Water circulates among the major reservoirs (that is, oceans, atmosphere ice atmosphere, ice, and ground water) through key hydrogeological processes such as atmospheric transport, precipitation, evapotranspiration, river flow, and groundground-water flow. Our main interest in this course is with the subsurface component of the hydrologic cycle that begins as some small quantity of the precipitation falling on land infiltrates to the subsurface. Some of this water is transpired; the remainder follows a groundwater flow path through the subsurface and back to the surface. The residence time of this water varies from days to thousands of y years.

5.

6.

The vadose or unsaturated zone is found above the water table pore space p is filled with both and is an environment where the p soil gas and water. In the phreatic or saturated zone, below the water table, the pores are filled completely with water. The water balance Th b l equation i (input i -output = change h i in storage) describes the response of the major reservoirs or domains in the hydrologic cycle. Because water is neither created nor lost from the hydrologic cycle, this is a conservation equation. M More detailed d t il d forms f of f these th equations ti are written itt for f groundwater systems to account for the inputs due to recharge and infiltration from surface waters and losses due to transpiration and pumping.

7.