Ajami, F. (1993) The summoning, Foreign Affairs, 72, 4, pp. 2-9.

Ahmed, A. (1992) Postmodernism and Islam: Predicament and Promise, London: Routledge.

Alford, R. R. (1969) Religion and politics in R. Robertson (ed.), Sociology of Religion, Baltimore: Penguin, pp 321-30.

Almond, G. (1993) 'Foreword: The return to political culture' in L. Diamond (ed.), Political Culture and Democracy in Developing Countries, Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner, pp. ix-xii.

Almond, G. and Verba, S. (1963) The Civic Culture. Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations, Princeton: Princeton University Press.

dAntonio, M. (1990) Fall from Grace. The Failed Crusade of the Christian Right, London: Deutsch.

Asia Watch (1994) Detained in China and Tibet, London: Asia Watch.

Bayart, J.-F. (1993) The State in Africa, Harlow: London, 1993.

Bealey, F. (1999) The Blackwell Dictionary of Political Science, Oxford: Blackwell.

Bellah, R. (1964) Religious evolution, American Sociological Review, 29, 3, pp. 358-74.

Bhatia, S. (1995) Bombays McCarthyite terror, The Observer, 23 April.

Bhatia, S. (1996) A dark shadow descends on Israel, The Observer, 2 June.

Black, I. 1996. The hard noes [sic] leader, The Observer, 2 June.

Bruce, S. (1993) Fundamentalism, ethnicity and enclave in M. Marty and R. Scott Appleby (eds.), Fundamentalisms and the State. Remaking Polities, Economies, and Militance, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, pp. 50-67.

Callaghy, T. (1993) Vision and politics in the transformation of the global political economy lessons from the Second and Third Worlds in R. Slater, B. Schutz, and S. Dorr (eds.), Global Transformation and the Third World, Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner, pp. 161-258.

Caplan, L. (ed.) 1987. Studies in Religious Fundamentalism. Albany: State University of New York.

Casanova, J. (1994) Public Religions in the Modern World, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.

Chai-Anan Samudavanija. (1993) The new military and democracy in Thailand in L. Diamond (ed.), Political Culture and Democracy in Developing Countries, Boulder: Lynne Rienner, pp. 269-94.

Chiriyankandath, J. (1994) The politics of religious identity a comparison of Hindu nationalism and Sudanese Islamism, Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, 32, 1, pp. 31-53.

Chiriyankandath, J.(1995) Hindu nationalism and Indian regional political culture: A study of Kerala. Paper prepared for the workshop Political Culture and Religion in the Third World, European Consortium for Political Research Joint Sessions of Workshops, Bordeaux, AprilMay 1995.

Chiriyankandath, J. (1996) Hindu nationalism and regional political culture in India: A study of Kerala, Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 2, 1, pp. 44-66.

Copley, A. (1993) Indian secularism reconsidered: From Gandhi to Ayodhya, Contemporary South Asia, 2, 1, pp. 47-65.

Coulon, C. (1983) Les Musulmans et le Pouvoir en Afrique Noire, Paris: Kartala.

Cox, H. (1965) The Secular City, London: Collier.

Cox, H. (1984) Religion in the Secular City. Toward a Postmodern Theology, New York: Simon and Schuster.

Dark, K. (2000) Large-scale religious change and world politics in K. Dark (ed.), Religion and International Relations, Basingstoke: Macmillan, pp. 50-82.

De Gruchy, J. (1995) Christianity and Democracy. A Theology For a Just World Order, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Deiros, P. (1991) Protestant Fundamentalism in Latin America in M. Marty and R. Scott Appleby (eds.), Fundamentalisms Observed, University of Chicago Press: Chicago, pp. 14296.

Dieckhoff, A. (1991) The impact of Jewish religious parties in the state of Israel. Paper prepared for the workshop Religion and International Politics, European Consortium for Political Research Joint Sessions of Workshops, University of Essex, March 1991.

Dorr, S. (1993) Democratization in the Middle East in R. Slater, B. Schutz, and S. Dorr

(eds.), Global Transformation and the Third World, Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner, pp. 131-57.

Etienne, B. and Tozy, M. (1981) Le glissement des obligations islamiques vers le phenomene associatif `a Casablanca in Centre de Recherches et dEtudes sur les Socits Mditerrannnes, Le Maghreb Musulman en 1979, Paris, p. 235-51.

Featherstone, M. (1988) In pursuit of the postmodern. An introduction, in M. Featherstone (ed.), Special issue of Theory, Culture and Society, 5, 2/3, pp. 195-216.

Fletcher, M. (1994) Mullah of Chicago's mean streets, The Guardian, 17 February.

Fossaert, R. (1978) La Socits. Volume 5: Les Etats, Paris: Le Seul.

Fukuyama, F. (1992) The End of History and the Last Man, Harmondsworth: Penguin.

Gifford, P. (1990) Prosperity: A new and foreign element in African Christianity, Religion, 20, 3, pp. 373-88.

Gifford, P. (1991) The New Crusaders. Christianity and the New Right in Southern Africa, Pluto Press: London.

Gifford, P. (1994) Some recent developments in African Christianity, African Affairs, 93, 373, pp. 513-34.

Hadden, J. (1987) Towards desacralizing secularization theory, Social Forces, No. 65, pp. 587-611.

Hallencreutz, C and Westerlund, D.(1996)Anti-secularist policies of religion, in D.

Westerlund (ed.), Questioning the Secular State. The Worldwide Resurgence of Religion in Politics, London: C. Hurst, pp. 1-23.

Haynes, J. (1993) Religion in Third World Politics, Buckingham: Open University Press.

Haynes, J. (1995) Religion, Fundamentalism and Identity: A Global Perspective, Discussion Paper no. 65, Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.

Haynes, J. (1996) Religion and Politics in Africa, London: Zed Books.

Haynes, J. (1998) Religion in Global Politics, Harlow: Longman.

Hellman, E. (1996) Dynamic Hinduism towards a new Hindu nation in D. Westerlund (ed.), Questioning the Secular State. The Worldwide Resurgence of Religion in Politics, London: C. Hurst, pp. 237-58.

Hertzke, A. (1989) United States of America, in S. Mews (ed.), Religion in Politics. A World Guide, Harlow: Longman, pp. 298-317.

Hewison, K. (1993) Of regimes, states and pluralities Thai politics enters the 1990s, in K. Hewison, R. Robison and G. Rodan (eds.), Southeast Asia in the 1990s, St. Leonards: Allen and Unwin, pp. 161-73.

Huntington, S. (1993) The clash of civilisations?, Foreign Affairs, 72, 3, pp. 22-49.

Hyden, G. 1992. Governance and the study of politics in G. Hyden and M. Bratton (eds.), Governance and Politics in Africa, Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner, pp. 1-26.

Ibrahim, Y. (1992) Islamic plan for Algeria on display, The New York Times, 7 January.

Jacobs, L. (1992) Contemporary Judaism in I. Harris, S. Mews, P. Morris, J. Shepherd (eds.), Contemporary Religions. A World Guide, Harlow: Longman, pp. 31-8.

Jaffrelot, C. (1995) The Vishva Hindu Parishad. Structures and Strategies. Paper prepared for the workshop Political Culture and Religion in the Third World, European Consortium for Political Research Joint Sessions of Workshops, Bordeaux, April-May 1995.

Johnson, W. (1988) Theravada Buddhism in South-East Asia, in S. Sutherland, L. Houlden, P. Clarke and F. Hardy (eds.), The Worlds Religions, London: Routledge, pp. 726-38.

Johnston, H. (1992) Religious nationalism: Six propositions from Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union in B. Misztal and A. Shupe (eds.), Religion and Politics in Comparative Perspective, Westport and London: Praeger, pp. 67-78.

Juergensmeyer, M. (1989) India, in S. Mews (ed.), Religion in Politics. A World Guide, Harlow: Longman, pp. 98-107.

Juergensmeyer, M. (1993) The New Cold War? Religious Nationalism Confronts the Secular State, Berkeley and London: University of California Press.

Keyes, C. (1989) Buddhist politics and their revolutionary origins in Thailand, International Political Science Review, 10, 2, pp. 121-42.

Lawrence, B. (1995) Defenders of the Faith: The International Revolt Against the Modern Age, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press.

Lewis, H. D. and Slater, R. L. (1969) The Study of Religions, Harmondsworth: Penguin.

Luckmann, T. (1969) The decline of church-oriented religion in R. Robertson (ed.), The Sociology of Religion, Baltimore: Penguin, pp. 141-51.

Lyotard, J.-F. (1979) The Post-Modern Condition: A Report on Knowledge, Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Madan, T. (1987) Secularism in its place, The Journal of Asian Studies, 46, 4, pp. 740-53.

Martin, D. (1990) Tongues of Fire. The Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America, Oxford: Blackwell.

Marty, M. E. and R. Scott Appleby (eds.) (1993) 'Introduction' in M. E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, (eds.), Fundamentalism and the State. Remaking Polities, Economies, and Militance, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, pp. 1-9.

Marty, M. E. and R. Scott Appleby (eds.) (1991) Fundamentalisms Observed, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Marty, M. E. and R. Scott Appleby (eds.) (1993a) Fundamentalisms and Society, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Marty, M. E. and R. Scott Appleby (eds.) (1993b) Fundamentalisms and the State, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Marty, M. E. and R. Scott Appleby (eds.) (1994) Accounting for Fundamentalisms, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Marty, M. E. and R. Scott Appleby (eds.) (1995) Fundamentalisms Comprehended, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

McCargo, D. (1992) The Political Ramifications of the 1989 Santi Asoke Case in Thailand. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Association of South-East Asian Studies, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 8-10 April.

McGreal, C. (2000) Islamic law advances in Nigeria, The Guardian, 28 November.

Medhurst, K. (1981) Religion and politics. A typology, Scottish Journal of Religious Studies, 2, 2, pp. 115-34.

Mitra, S. K. (1991) Desecularising the state: Religion and politics in India after independence, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 33, 4, pp. 755-77.

Moran, E. and Schlemmer, L. (1984) Faith for the Fearful?, Durban: Centre for Applied Social Studies.

Morris, P. (1989) Israel, in S. Mews (ed.), Religion in Politics. A World Guide, Harlow: Longman, pp. 123-37.

Moyser, G. (1991) 'Politics and religion in the modern world: An overview' in G. Moyser (ed.), Politics and Religion in the Modern World, . London and New York: Routledge, pp. 127.

Newman, S. (1991) Does modernization breed ethnic political conflicts?, World Politics, 43, 2, pp. 451-78.

Oz, A. (1996) A fantasy returns, The Observer, 2 June.

Parrinder, G. (1977) Comparative Religion, London: Sheldon Press.

Parsons, T. (1960) Structures and Process in Modern Societies, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press.

Peil, M. with Sada, P. (1984) African Urban Society, Chichester: John Wiley.

Pieterse, J. (1992) Christianity, Politics and Gramscism of the right: Introduction in J. Pieterse (ed), Christianity and Hegemony. Religion and Politics on the Frontiers of Social Change, Oxford: Berg, pp. 1-31.

Ram-Prasad, C. (1993) Hindutva ideology: extracting the fundamentals, Contemporary South Asia, 2, 3, pp. 285-309.

Ram-Prasad, C. (2000) Hindu nationalism and the internaitonal relations of India in K. Dark (ed.), Religion and International Relations, Basingstoke: Macmillan, pp. 140-97.

Ray, A. (1996) Religion and politics in South Asia, Asian Affairs, 1, 1, pp. 9-12

Roberts, B. (1968) Protestant groups and coping with urban life in Guatemala City, American Journal of Sociology, 73, 3, pp. 753-67.

Rosenau, J. (1990) Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity, Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Sahliyeh, E. (1990a) Foreword in E. Sahliyeh (ed.), Religious Resurgence and Politics in the Contemporary World, Albany: State University of New York Press, pp. vii-ix.

Sahliyeh, E. (1990b) Religious resurgence and political modernization in E. Sahliyeh (ed.), Religious Resurgence and Politics in the Contemporary World, Albany: State University of

New York Press, pp. 1-16.

Satha-Anand Suwanna (1990) Religious movements in contemporary Thailand, Asian Survey, 30, 4, pp. 395-408.

Shupe, A. (1990) The stubborn persistence of religion in the global arena, in E. Sahliyeh (ed.), Religious Resurgence and Politics in the Contemporary World, Albany: State University of New York Press, pp. 17-26.

Silberstein, L. (1993) Religion, ideology, modernity theoretical issues in the study of Jewish fundamentalism in L. Silberstein (ed.), Jewish Fundamentalism in Comparative Perspective. Religion, Ideology, and the Crisis of Modernity, New York and London: New York University Press, pp. 3-26.

Simpson, J. (1992) Fundamentalism in America revisited: The fading of modernity as a source of symbolic capital in B. Misztal and A. Shupe (eds.), Religion and Politics in Comparative Perspective. Revival of Religious Fundamentalism in East and West, Westport and London: Praeger, pp. 10-27.

Sisson, R. (1993) Culture and democratization in India, in L. Diamond (ed.), Political Culture and Democracy in Developing Countries, Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner, pp. 37-66.

Smart, N. (1989) The Worlds Religions, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Smith, D. E. (1970) Religion and Political Development, Boston: Little Brown.

Smith, D. E. (1990) Limits of religious resurgence in E. Sahliyeh (ed.), Religious Resurgence and Politics in the Contemporary World, Albany: State University of New York

Press, pp. 33-44.

Somboon Suksamran. (1982) Buddhism and Politics in Thailand. A Study of Socio-Political Change and Political Activism of the Thai Sangha, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.

Somboon Suksamran. (1993) Buddhism, political authority, and legitimacy in Thailand and Cambodia, in T. Ling (ed.), Buddhist Trends in Southeast Asia, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, pp. 101-53.

Sprinzak, E. (1993) Fundamentalism, ultranationalism, and political culture the case of the Israeli radical right in L. Diamond (ed.), Political Culture and Democracy in Developing Countries, Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner, pp. 247-78.

Swearer, D. (1987) The Buddhist tradition in todays world, in F. Whaling (ed.), Religion in Todays World, Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, pp. 55-75.

Talbot, I. (1991) Politics and religion in contemporary India in G. Moyser (ed.), Politics and Religion in the Modern World, London: Routledge, pp. 135-61

Taylor, J.L. (1990) New Buddhist movements in Thailand: An individualistic revolution, reform and political dissonance, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 21, 1, pp. 130-43.

Therborn, G. (1994) Another way of taking religion seriously. Comment on Francis G. Castles, European Journal of Political Research, 26, 1, pp. 103-10.

Thomas, S. (1995) Religion and International Society. Paper prepared for the workshop Political Culture and Religion in the Third World, European Consortium for Political Research Joint Sessions of Workshops, Bordeaux, April-May 1995.

Thomas, S. (1999) Religion and international society in J. Haynes (ed.), Religion, Globalization and Political Culture in the Third World, Basingstoke: Macmillan, pp. 28-44.

Thomas, S. (2000) Religion and international conflict in K. Dark (ed.), Religion and International Relations, Basingstoke: Macmillan, pp. 1-23.

Turner, V. (1969) The Ritual Process. Structure and Anti-Structure, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Venugopal, C. N. (1990) Reformist sects and the sociology of religion in India, Sociological Analysis, 51 (Summer), pp. 77-88.

Wald, K. 1991. Social change and political response: The silent religious cleavage in North America in G. Moyser (ed.), Religion and Politics in the Modern World, London: Routledge, pp. 239-84.

Wallis, R. and Bruce, S. (1992) Secularization: The orthodox model in S. Bruce (ed.), Religion and Modernization, Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 8-30.

Watson, M. (1994) Christianity and the green option in the new Europe in J. Fulton and P. Gee (eds.), Religion in Contemporary Europe, Lewiston: Edwin Mellen, pp. 148-59.

Weber, M. (1978) Economy and Society, Berkeley: University of California Press.

Wilson, B. (1992) Reflections on a many sided controversy in S. Bruce (ed.), Religion and Modernization, Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 195-210.

Woodhead, L. and Heelas, P. (eds.) (2000) Introduction to Chapter Two: Religions of Difference, Religion in Modern Times, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 27-33. Woollacott, M. (1995) Keeping our faith in belief, The Guardian, 23 December.

Part 2: Historical institutionalism 5. Polanyi, K. 1944. The Great Transformation. The Political and Economic Origins of our Time. Boston. Beacon Press: 33-150, and 223-259. 6. Shoenfield, A. 1965. Modern Capitalism. The Changing Balance of Public and Private Power. London, Oxford, New York. 61-67, 71-120, and 176-211. 7. Katzenstein, P. 1978. Between Power and Plenty. Foreign Economic Policies of Advanced Industrial States. Madison, Wisconsin. The University of Wisconsin Press: 3-22, and 295336. 8. Gourevitch, P. 1986. Politics in Hard Times. Comparative Responses to International Economic Crises. Ithaca and London. Cornell University Press: 17-34, and 181-240.

Part 3: Economic approaches to politics 9. Downs, A. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York. Harper and Collins Publishers: 3-55, and 114-141. 10. Olson, M. 1982. The Rise and Decline of Nations. Economic Growth, Stagflation, and Social Rigidities. New Haven and London. Yale University Press: 1-74. 11. Hirschman, A. O. 1970. Exit, Voice, and Loyalty. Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States. Cambridge, MA and London, England. Harvard University Press: 1-43, and 62-105. 12. North, D. C. 1990. Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge, U.K. and New York, U.S.A. Cambridge University Press: 3-104.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 12. 13. Redemptive Encounters: Three Modern Styles in the Hindu Tradition, by Lawrence Babb Saints and Virtues, edited by John Stratton Hawley Utopias in Conflict: Religion and Nationalism in Modern India, by Ainslee T. Embree Mama Lola: A Vodou Priestess in Brooklyn, by Karen McCarthy Brown The New Cold War? Religious Nationalism Confronts the Secular State, by Mark Juergensmeyer Pious Passion: The Emergence of Modern Fundamentalism in the United States and Iran, by Martin Riesebrodt, translated by Don Reneau Devi: Goddess of India, edited by John Stratton Hawley and Donna Marie Wulff Absent Lord: Ascetics and Kings in a Jain Ritual Culture, by Lawrence A. Babb The Challenge of Fundamentalism-Political Islam and the New World Disorder, by Bassam Tibi Levelling Crowds: Ethno-nationalist Conflicts and Collective Violence in South Asia, by Stanley J. Tambiah n. The Bridge Betrayed: Religion and Genocide in Bosnia, by Michael A. Sells. Chinas Catholics: Tragedy and Hope in an Emerging Civil Society, by Richard Madsen Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence, by Mark Juergensmeyer

14. 15.

Imagining Karma: Ethical Transformation in Amerindian, Buddhist, and Greek Rebirth, by Gananath Obeyesekere A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America, by Michael Barkun

Ahmad Osman (2001) PM, SM file claims for damages from Chee, Striats Times Interactive , 21 November. Ahmad Osman (2000) AMP drops idea for separate leaders, Straits Times Weekly, 23 December, p. 2. Altman, David and Anbal Prez-Lin (2002) Assessing the Quality of Democracy: Freedom, Competitiveness and Participation in Eighteen Latin American Countries, Democratization, 9(2), pp. 85-100. Asher, Mukul (2004) Retirement Financing in Singapore, Working Paper, National University of Singapore, June, at <http://www.assetbuilding.org/AssetBuilding/Download_Docs/Doc_File_1107_1.pdf> (accessed 10 January 2004) Asia Watch (1989) Silencing All Critics: Human Rights Violations In Singapore, New York: Human Rights Watch. Beetham, David (2004a) Towards a Universal Framework for Democracy Assessment, Democratization, 11(2), pp. 1-17. Beetham, David (2004b) Freedom as the Foundation, Journal of Democracy, 15(4), pp. 6175. Bellin, Eva (2000) Contingent Democrats: Industrialists, Labor, and Democratization in Late-Developing Countries, World Politics, 52, pp. 175-205. Bellows, Thomas J. (1973) The Peoples Action Party of Singapore: The Emergence of a Dominant Party System, Southeast Asian Studies, Yale University, Monograph Series, no. 14. Berman, Sheri (1997) Civil Society and the Collapse of the Weimar Republic, World Politics, 49(3), pp.401-29. Case, William (2002) Politics in Southeast Asia: Democracy or Less, London: Curzon. Chan Heng Kong (2005) PAP Singapore: A Case of a Stationary Bandit in a Market Economy, Canberra: Australian National University, Ph D Thesis. Chan Heng Chee (1975) Politics in An Administrative State: Where Has the Politics Gone? Department of Political Science, University of Singapore, Occasional Working Paper Series, no. 3.

Chin, James (1997) Anti-Christian Chinese Chauvinistsand HDB Upgrades: The 1997 Singapore General Election, South-East Asia Research, 5(3), pp. 217-41. Chua Beng-Huat (1995) Communitarian Ideology and Democracy in Singapore, London: Routledge. Chua Beng-Huat (1991) Not depoliticised but ideologically successful: the public housing programme in Singapore, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 15(1), pp. 24-41. Chua Mui Hoong (1999) Let ideas bloom, says PM, Straits Times Interactive, 14 October. Chu, Yun-han (1994) The Realignment of Business-Government Relations and Regime Transition in Taiwan, in Andrew Macintyre (editor), Business and Government in Industrialising Asia, Sydney: Allen and Unwin, pp. 113-41. Deyo, Frederic C. (1981) Dependent Development and Industrial Order: An Asian Case Study, New York: Praeger. Diamond, Larry (1999) Developing Democracy: Towards Consolidation, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Diamond, Larry, Marc F. Plattner, Yub-han Chu, and Hung-mao Tien (editors) (1997) Consolidating The Third Wave Democracies, Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University. Ehrenberg, John (1999) Civil Society: The Critical History on an Idea, New York: New York University Press. Goh Chok Tong (1999) First-World Economy, World-Class Home, National Day Rally Speech, Singapore, 22 August, <web3.asia1.com.sg/archive/st/1/one1/one1a.html> Hamilton-Hart, Natasha (2000) The Singapore state revisited, The Pacific Review, 13(2), 195-216. Held, David (1989) Political Theory and the Modern State: Essays on State, Power and Democracy, Cambridge: Polity Press. Held, David (1987) Models of Democracy, Cambridge: Polity Press. Henson, Bertha (1993) Changes may signal start of more dynamic PAP youth wing, Straits Times Weekly Edition, 1 May, p. 13. Huntington, Samuel (1991) The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century, Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press. Jayasuriya, Kanishka (1999) Corporatism and judicial independence within statist legal institutions in East Asia in Kanishka Jayasuriya (editor), Law, Capitalism and Power in Asia, London: Routledge, pp. 173-204.

Keane, John (1988) Democracy and Civil Society: On the Predicaments of European Socialism, the Prospects for Democracy, and the Problem of Controlling Social and Political Power, London and New York: Verso Press. Koh, Leslie and Ken Kwek (2006) Rewards for making the effort to keep working, , Straits Times Interactive, 18 February. Koh, Leslie (2001) Candidates must reveal money details, Straits Times Interactive, 14 February. Koo, Hagen (editor) (1993) State and Society in Contemporary Korea, Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Lee Hsien Loong (2004a) Lee Hsien Loong, Lets shape our future together, Swearing in speech delivered at the Istana, 12 August 2004, in The Straits Times Interactive, 13 August 2004,
<http://straitstimes.asia1.com.sg/mnt/html/speeches/leespeech.html> (accessed

on 13

August 2004) Lee Hsien Loong (2004b) Building a Civic Society, Speech by Deputy Prime Minister at the Harvard 2004) Lee Kuan Yew (2000) From Third World To First. The Singapore Story: 1964-2000, Singapore: Times Editions. Leifer, Michael (2000) Singapores Foreign Policy: Coping with Vulnerability, London: Routledge. Leung, James (1983) Singapore Union Head Replaced as Policies Run Into Resistance, Asian Wall Street Journal, 14 April. Low, Linda (1998) The Political Economy of a City-State: Government-Made Singapore, Singapore: Oxford University Press. Lydgate, Chris (2003) Lees Law: how Singapore crushes dissent, Melbourne: Scribe. Lian, Daniel (2000) Singapore Inc. New Economy Patron or Old Economy Saint? Morgan Stanley June 2000) Mahbubani, Kishore (1995) The Pacific Way, Foreign Affairs, 74(1), pp. 100-11. Mauzy, Diane K. and R.S. Milne (2002) Singapore Politics Under the Peoples Action Party, London: Routledge. Dean Witter comment on the Singapore economy, (accessed at 7 http://www.msdw.com/GEFdata/digests/2000605-mon.html#anchor5 Club of Singapore, Anniversary Dinner, 6 January, at <http://app.feedback.gov.sg/asp/new/new0001.asp?id=501> (accessed on 20 April

Ng, Irene (2000) NWC Wage rise and bonuses for workers, Straits Times, 30 May. Ng, Irene (1999) Have NMPs earned their Parliamentary spurs? Straits Times Interactive, 7 August. ODonnell, Guillermo (2004) the Quality of Democracy: Why the Rule of Law Matters, Journal of Democracy, 15(4), pp. 32-46. ODonnell, Guillermo and Philippe C. Schmitter (1986) Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, Volumes 1-4, Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press. Pang Cheng Lian (1971) Singapores Peoples Action Party, Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press. Pempel, T.J. (1998) Regime Shift: Comparative Dynamics of the Japanese Political Economy, Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Pempel, T.J. (ed.) (1990) Uncommon Democracies: The One-Party Dominant Regimes, Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Powell, G. Bingham Jr. (2004) The Chain of Responsiveness, Journal of Democracy, 15(4), pp. 91-105. Powell, G. Bingham Jnr. (2000) Elections as Instruments of Democracy: Majoritarian and Proportional Visions, New Haven: Yale University Press. Puccetti, Roland (1972) Authoritarian Government and Academic Subservience: The University of Singapore, Minerva, 1972, pp. 223-241. Rahim, Lily Zubaidah (2001) The Singapore Dilemma: The Political and Educational Marginality of the Malay Community, New York: Oxford University Press. Remaking Singapore Committee (2003) Changing Mindsets, Deepening Relationships: The Report of the Remaking Singapore Committee, Singapore: Government of Singapore. Restall, Hugo (2001) Examining Asia: Singapores Hypocrisy, Asian Wall Street Journal, 7 November, p. 11. Robison, Richard, and Vadi R. Hadiz (2004) Reorganising Power in Indonesia: The Politics of Oligarchy in an Age of Markets, London: Routledge/Curzon. Rodan, Garry (2004a) Transparency and Authoritarian Rule in Southeast Asia: Singapore and Malaysia, London: RoutledgeCurzon. Rodan, Garry (2004b) International Capital, Singapores State Companies, and Security, Critical Asian Studies, Rodan, Garry (2000) Singapore: Information lockdown, business as usual in Louise Williams and Roland Rich (editors), Losing Control: Freedom of the Press in Asia, Canberra: Asia Pacific Press, pp. 169-89.

Rodan, Garry (1996) Theorising political oppositions in East and Southeast Asia, in Garry Rodan (ed.), Political Oppositions in Industrialising Asia, London: Routledge, pp. 1-39. Rodan, Garry (1993) The growth of Singapores middle class and its political significance in Garry Rodan (editor), Singapore Changes Guard: Social, Political and Economic Directions in the 1990s, New York: St Martins Press, pp. 52-71. Rodan, Garry (1989) The Political Economy of Singapores Industrialization: National State and International Capital, Houndmills: Macmillan. Schmitter, Philippe C. (2004) The Ambiguous Virtues of Accountability, Journal of Democracy, 15(4), pp. 47-60. Seah Chee Meow (1973) Community Centres in Singapore: Their Political Involvement, Singapore: Singapore University Press. Seow, Francis T. (1999) The Judiciary in Michael Haas (editor) The Singapore Puzzle, Westport, Connecticut, pp. 107-24. Seow, Francis T. (1998) The Media Enthralled: Singapore Revisited, Boulder: Lynne Rienner. Siti, Andrianie (2000) AMP still wants collective leadership, say Malay MPs, Straits Times Weekly, 30 December, p. 3. Stokes, Susan (2001) Mandates and Democracy: Neoliberalism by Surpirse in Latin America, New York: Cambridge University Press. Straits Times (2004) Heres the new pact, 24 July, p. H2. Straits Times (2004) Do not shut our eyes to the poor, 3 June. Straits Times Interactive (2006) Move to GRC? Hed rather fight in Potong Pasir, 10 February. Tan Boon Seng (2002) Why it might be difficult for the government to withdraw from business, cited at http://www.singapore-window.org/sw02/020210gl.htm Tan Tarn How and Sue-Ann Chia (2003) Labour Pains, Straits Times Weekly Edition, 2 August, pp. 10-11. Temasek Holdings (2004) Investing in Value: Temasek Review 2004, Singapore: Temasek Holdings, <http://www.temasekholdings.com.sg/2004review/AR_Secured.pdf > (accessed 1 November 2004) Teo, Anna (2004) Pitching the exchange rate at the right level, Business Times, 31 March. Thio Li-ann (1997) The elected president and the legal control of government: quis custodiet ipsos custodes? in Kevin Y.L. Tan and Lam Peng Er (editors), Managing Political Change in Singapore, London: Routledge, pp. 100-43.

Tremewan, Christopher (1994) The Political Economy of Social Control in Singapore, Oxford: St Martins Press. Turnbull, C.M. (1982) A History of Singapore 1819-1975, Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press. Worthington, Ross (2003) Governance in Singapore, London: RoutledgeCurzon. Worthington, Ross (2002) Between Mermes and Themis: An Empirical Study of the Contemporary Judiciary in Singapore, Journal of Law and Society, 28(4), pp. 490-519. Yeo Kim Wah (1973) Political Development in Singapore 1945-1955, Singapore: Singapore University Press.
Zakaria, Fareed (1994) Culture Is Destiny: A Conversation with Lee Kuan Yew, Foreign Affairs, 73(2), pp. 109-27.

Bebler, Anton, ed. 1975. Military Rule in Africa: Dahomey, Ghana, Sierra Leone, and Mali. NY: Praeger. Diamond, Larry. 2002. Thinking about Hybrid Regimes. Journal of Democracy 13: 21-35. Downs, Anthony. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper. Finer, Samuel. 1967. The One-Party Regimes in Africa: Reconsiderations. Government and Opposition 491-509. Gandhi, Jennifer. 2003. Political Institutions under Dictatorship. Unpublished ms., NYU. Geddes, Barbara. 2003. Paradigms and Sand Castles: Theory Building and Research Design in Comparative Politics. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Geddes, Barbara. Forthcoming. Stages of Development in Authoritarian Regimes, in Marc Morj Howard, Rudra Sil, and Vladimir Tismaneanu, eds., World Order after Leninism, University of Washington Press. Haddad, George. 1973. Revolutions and Military Rule in the Middle East: The Arab States, Pt. II: Egypt, The Sudan, Yemen, and Libya. NY: Robert Speller & Sons. Jackson, Henry F. 1977. The FLN in Algeria: Party Development in a Revolutionary Society. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Kenneth Jowitt, Inclusion and Mobilization in European Leninist Regimes, World Politics XXVIII: (1975), 69-96. Langston, Joy. 2004. When Do Ruling Parties Split? Presented APSA. Levitsky, Steven and Lucan Way. 2002. Autocracy by Democratic Rules: The Dynamics of Competitive Authoritarianism in the Post-Cold War Era. Paper presented APSA. Magaloni, Beatriz. Forthcoming. Voting for Autocracy. NY: Cambridge University Press. Nordlinger, Eric. 1977. Soldiers in Politics: Military Coups and Governments. Englewood Cliffs, NJ; Prentice-Hall. Payne, Stanley. 1987. The Franco Regime, 1936-1975. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

Pinkney, Robert. 1972. Ghana under Military Rule, 1966-1969. London: Methuen. Przeworski, Adam and Jennifer Gandhi. 2005. Dictatorial Institutions and the Survival of Dictators. Unpublished ms. Schattschneider, E. E. 1942. Party Government. New York: Farrar and Rinehart. Schedler, Andreas. 2002. The Menu of Manipulation. Journal of Democracy 13: 36-50. Waterbury, John. 1983. The Egypt of Nasser and Sadat: The Political Economy of Two Regimes . Princeton: Princeton University Press. Zolberg, Aristide. 1966. Creating Political Order: The Party-States of West Africa. Chicago: Rand McNally & Company. Zolberg, Aristide. 1968. The Structure of Political Conflict in the New States of Tropical Africa. American Political Science Review 62: 70-87.

Aldrich, John. 1995. Why Parties? The Origin and Transformation of Political Parties in America . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Arriagada, Genaro. 1986. The Legal and Institutional Framework of the Armed Forces in Chile in Military Rule in Chile: Dictatorship and Oppositions, ed., Arturo Valenzuela and Samuel Valenzuela Banks, A. S. 2001. Cross-national time series data archive (data set). Binghamton, NY: Computer Systems Unlimited Baron, David and John Ferejohn. 1989. Bargaining in Legislatures, American Political Science Review 83: 1181-1206. Belkin, Aaron and Evan Schofer. 2003. Toward a Structural Understanding of Coup Risk, Journal of Conflict Resolution 47:5, 594-620. Boix, Carles and Milan Svolik. 2007. Non-Tyrannical Autocracies, presented Comparative Politics Workshop, UCLA. Box-Steffensmeier, Janet, Suzanna De Boef, and Kyle Joyce. 2007. Event Dependence and Heterogeneity in Duration Models: The Conditional Frailty Model. Political Analysis Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce and Alastair Smith. 2007. Political Survival and Endogenous Institutional Change, unpublished manuscript, NYU. Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, Alastair Smith, Randolph Siverson, and James Morrow. 2003. The Logic of Political Survival (Cambridge: MIT Press). Chehabi, H. E. and Juan Linz, eds. 1998. Sultanistic Regimes (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press). Cox, Gary and Mathew McCubbins. 1993. Legislative Leviathan: Party Government in the House . Berkeley: University of California Press. DeNardo, James. 1985. Power in Numbers. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Downs, Anthony. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper. Escriba Folch, Abel. 2003. Legislatures in Authoritarian Regimes, Working Paper 196, Instituto Juan March de Estudios e Investigaciones, Madrid.

Fontana, Andrs. 1987. Political Decision-Making by a Military Corporation: Argentina, 1976-83, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Texas. Gandhi, Jennifer. 2003. Dictatorial Institutions and Their Impact on Economic Performance, presented APSA 2003. Jennifer Gandhi and Adam Przeworski. 2005. Cooperation, Cooptation, and Rebellion under Dictatorship, Economics and Politics Geddes, Barbara. 2003. Paradigms and Sand Castles: Theory Building and Research Design in Comparative Politics. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Geddes, Barbara. 2004. Minimum-Winning Coalitions and the Personalization in Authoritarian Regimes, presented APSA. Haddad, George. 1973. Revolutions and Military Rule in the Middle East: The Arab States, Pt. II: Egypt, The Sudan, Yemen, and Libya. NY: Robert Speller & Sons. Hartlyn, Jonathan. 1998. The Trujillo Regime in the Dominican Republic, in H. E. Chehabi and Juan Linz, eds., Sultanistic Regimes (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press). Janowitz, Morris. 1960. The Professional Soldier: A Social and Political Portrait (Glencoe, IL: Free Press) Jowitt, Kenneth. 1975. Inclusion and Mobilization in European Leninist Regimes, World Politics XXVIII: 69-96. Londregan, John and Keith Poole. 1990. Poverty, the Coup Trap, and the Seizure of Executive Power. World Politics 42: 151-83. Lust-Okar. 2005. Elections under Authoritarianism: Preliminary Evidence from Jordon, presented APSA. Magaloni, Beatriz. 2006. Voting for Autocracy. NY: Cambridge University Press. Magaloni, Beatriz. Forthcoming. Credible Power-Sharing and the Longevity of Authoritarian Rule. Comparative Political Studies. Marshall, M. G. and K. Jaggers. 2000. Polity IV project: Political regime characteristics and transitions, 1800-1999 (data set). College Park, MD: Center for International Development and Conflict Management. Nordlinger, Eric. 1977. Soldiers in Politics: Military Coups and Governments. Englewood Cliffs, NJ; Prentice-Hall. ODonnell, Guillermo and Philippe Schmitter. 1986. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Rubinstein, Ariel. 1982. Perfect Equilibrium in a Bargaining Model, Econometrica 50: 97-110. Schattschneider, E. E. 1942. Party Government. New York: Farrar and Rinehart. Schwartz, Thomas. 1989. Why Parties? Unpublished manuscript, UCLA. Wright, Joseph. 2007. Political Regimes and Foreign Aid: How Aid Affects Growth and Democratization. Ph.D. dissertation, UCLA. Ruth Berins Collier, Paths Toward Democracy: The Working Class and Elites in Western Europe and South America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).

Week 4 Democracy and Preconditions: Political, Institutional, Cultural Brian Downing. The Military Revolution and Political Change: Origins of Democracy and Autocracy in Early Modern Europe. Princeton. Princeton University Press. 1992. (Chapters 1, 2, and 10). Robert D. Putnam. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton University Press. 1993. (Chapter 5). Robert A. Dahl, Development and Democratic Culture, in Larry Diamond et al. eds. Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies: Themes and Perspectives (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997). Larry Diamond, Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999). (Chapter 5). Larry Diamond, Juan J. Linz and Seymour Martin Lipset, "Introduction: What Makes for a Democracy?", in Larry Diamond, Juan J. Linz and Seymour Martin Lipset, Politics in Developing Countries: Comparing Experiences with Democracy (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1995). Adam Przeworski et al., What Makes Democracies Endure? in Larry Diamond et al. eds. Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies: Themes and Perspectives (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997).

Recommended
Week 5 Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New haven: Yale University Press, 1968). Samuel P. Huntington, "The Change to Change: Modernization, Development and Politics", Comparative Politics, 3, 3, April 1971. Politics and Society 24, 1, March 1996 (Special Section on Robert Putnam). Approaches to the Study of Third Wave Transitions from Authoritarian Rule Dankwart Rustow, "Transitions to Democracy," Comparative Politics, April 1970. Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986). Scott Mainwaring, "Transitions to Democracy and Democratic Consolidation: Theoretical and Comparative Issues," in Scott Mainwaring, Guillermo O'Donnell and J. Samuel Valenzuela, eds. Issues in Democratic Consolidation (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1992). Adam Przeworski, The Games of Transition, in Ibid. Michael Bratton and Nicolas van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997). Chapter 1). Herbert Kitschelt, Structure and Process-Driven Explanations of Political Regime Change, (Review Essay), American Political Science Review 86, 4, December 1992. James Mahoney and Richard Snyder, Rethinking Agency and Structure in the Study of Regime Change, Studies in Comparative International Development 34, 2, Summer 1999.

Recommended Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991). Josep M. Colomer, Game Theory and the Transition to Democracy: the Spanish Model (Aldershot, England: Edward Elgar Publishing, 1995). Josep Colomer, "Transitions by Agreement: Modeling the Spanish Way," American Political Science Review 85, 4, December 1991.

Week 6 Authoritarianism and Problems of Transition: an Overview Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America and Post-communist Europe (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996).

Recommended
Yossi Shain and Juan Linz, Between States: Interim Governments and Democratic Transitions (Cambridge University Press, 1995). H. E. Chehabi and Juan J. Linz, Sultanistic Regimes (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998). Terry Lynn Karl and Philippe C Schmitter, "Modes of Transition in Latin America, Southern and Eastern Europe, International Social Science Journal 128, 1991. Terry Lynn Karl, "Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America," Comparative Politics 23, 1990.

Week 7

Democratization: The Third Wave and its Temporal and Substantive Limits (and the Debate on Consolidation) Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991). (Chapters 3-6). Larry Diamond, Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999). (Chapters 1-3). Philippe C. Schmitter, "The Consolidation of Political Democracies," Paper for Stanford University, 1994. Guillermo O'Donnell, "Illusions about Consolidation," Journal of Democracy, 7, 2, April 1996. Felipe Agero, Conflicting Assessments of Democratization: Exploring the Fault Lines, in Felipe Agero and Jeffrey Stark, eds. Fault Lines of Democracy in Post-Transition Latin America (NorthSouth Center Press, University of Miami, 1998). Andreas Schedler, What is Democratic Consolidation? Journal of Democracy 9, 2, 1998. Adam Przeworski et al., "What Makes Democracies Endure?," Journal of Democracy 7, 1, January 1996.

Recommended
Renske Doorenspleet, Reassessing the Three Waves of Democratization, World Politics 52, 3, April 2000. J. Samuel Valenzuela, "Democratic Consolidation in Post-Transitional Settings: Notions, Process and Facilitating Conditions," in Scott Mainwaring, Guillermo O'Donnell and J. Samuel Valenzuela, eds. Issues in Democratic Consolidation: The New South American Democracies in Comparative Perspective (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1992). Richard Gunther, P. Nikiforos Diamandouros and Hans-Jrgen Puhle, eds. The Politics of Democratic Consolidation: Southern Europe in Comparative Perspective (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995). Richard Gunther, P. Nikiforos Diamandouros and Hans-Jrgen Puhle, "ODonnells Illusions: a Rejoinder," Journal of Democracy 7, 4, October 1996. Guillermo O'Donnell, "Illusions and Conceptual Flaws," Journal of Democracy 7, 4, October 1996.

Week 8

Democratization: Elites and Masses

John Higley and Richard Gunther, eds. Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992). (Chapters 1 and 12). Ruth Berins Collier, Paths Toward Democracy: The Working Class and Elites in Western Europe and South America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).

Recommended
Ruth Berins Collier and James Mahoney, "Adding Collective Actors to Collective Outcomes: Labor and Recent Democratization in South America and Southern Europe," Comparative Politics 23, Spring 1997.

Vctor Prez Daz, The Return of Civil Society: The Emergence of Democratic Spain (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993). Frances Hagopian, "'Democracy by Undemocratic Means'? Elites, Political Pacts and Regime Transition in Brazil", Comparative Political Studies, 23, 2, July 1990. Frances Hagopian, "The Compromised Consolidation: The Political Class in the Brazilian Transition", in Scott Mainwaring, Guillermo O'Donnell and J. Samuel Valenzuela, eds. Issues in Democratic Consolidation: The New South American Democracies in Comparative Perspective (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press). Georgina Waylen, "Women and Democratization: Conceptualizing Gender Relations in Transition Politics," World Politics 46, 3, April 1994. J. Samuel Valenzuela, "Labor Movements in Transitions to Democracy: A Framework for Analysis", Comparative Politics, Vol. 21, No. 4, July 1989. Joan M. Nelson, "Labor and Business Roles in Dual Transitions: Building Blocks or Stumbling Blocks?," in Joan M. Nelson and contributors, Intricate Links: Democratization and Market Reforms in Latin America and Eastern Europe (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1994) Philippe C. Schmitter, "Interest Systems and the Consolidation of Democracies," in Gary Marks and Larry Diamond, eds. Reexamining Democracy: Essays in Honor of Seymour Martin Lipset (Newbury Park, California: Sage Publications, 1992). Margaret E. Keck, The Workers' Party and Democratization in Brazil (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992). Leigh A. Payne, "Working Class Strategies in the Transition to Democracy in Brazil," Comparative Politics 23, 3, January 1991. Glenn Adler and Eddie Webster, "Challenging Transition Theory: The Labor Movement, Radical Reform, and Transition to Democracy in South Africa," Politics and Society 23, 1, March 1995. Gay W. Seidman, Manufacturing Militance: Workers' Movements in Brazil and South Africa, 19701985 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994). Robert Fishman, Working Class Organization and the Return to Democracy in Spain (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990). Juan J. Linz, The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Crisis, Breakdown and Reequilibration (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978). Philip Oxhorn, Organizing Civil Society: The Popular Sectors and the Struggle for Democracy in Chile (Penn State Press, 1994). Ruth Correa Leite Cardoso, "Popular Movements in the Context of the Consolidation of Democracy in Brazil," The Making of Social Movements in Latin America: Identity, Strategy and Democracy, edited by Arturo Escobar and Sonia E. Alvarez (Boulder: Westview, 1992).

Week 9 Democratization as Foreign Policy Thomas Carothers, Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1999).

Recommended
Abraham Lowenthal, ed. Exporting Democracy: The United States and Latin America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991). J.C. Sharman and Roger E. Kanet, International Influences on Democratization in Postcommunist Europe, in James F. Hollifield and Calvin Jillson, eds. Pathways to Democracy: The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions (New York: Routledge, 2000). Ben Hunt, Democratization, International relations and U.S. Foreign Policy, in Ibid. Arturo Valenzuela, External Actors in the Transition to Democracy in Latin America, in Ibid.

Week 10

Southern Europe

Jos Mara Maravall and Julin Santamara, Political Change in Spain and the Prospects for Democracy, in Guillermo ODonnell, Philippe C. Schmitter and Laurence Whitehead, eds. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Southern Europe (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986). Richard Gunther, Spain: the Very Model of the Modern Elite Settlement, in John Higley and Richard Gunther, eds. Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992). Richard Gunther, Giacomo Sani and Goldie Shabad, Spain After Franco: The Making of a Competitive Party System (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1988). (Chapters 1, 2, 3 up to page 58). Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America and Post-communist Europe (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996). (Part II: Chapters 6-9). Vctor Prez Daz, The Return of Civil Society: The Emergence of Democratic Spain (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993). (Chapter 1). Felipe Agero, Soldiers, Civilians, and Democracy: post-Franco Spain in Comparative Perspective (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995). (Chapters 1, 3, 9).

Recommended
Richard Gunther, P. Nikiforos Diamandouros and Hans-Jrgen Puhle, eds. The Politics of Democratic Consolidation: Southern Europe in Comparative Perspective (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995). (Chapters 7, 9, 10, 11). Geoffrey Pridham and Paul G. Lewis, Stabilising Fragile Democracies: Comparing New Party Systems in Southern and Eastern Europe (London: Routledge, 1996). Arend Lijphart, "The Southern European Examples of Democratization: Six Lessons for Latin America," Government and Opposition 25, 1990. Jos Mara Maravall, Regime, Politics and Markets: Democratization and Economic Change in Southern and Eastern Europe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997).

Week 11

Latin America Glaucio Ary Dillon Soares, Elections and the Redemocratization of Brazil, in Paul W. Drake and Eduardo Silva, eds. Elections and Democratization in Latin America, 1980-1985 (Center for Iberian and Latin American Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1986). Luciano Martins, The Liberalization of Authoritarian Rule in Brazil, in Guillermo ODonnell, Philippe C. Schmitter and Laurence Whitehead, eds. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Latin America (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986). Fernando H. Cardoso, Entrepreneurs and the Transition Process: The Case of Brazil, in Guillermo ODonnell, Philippe C. Schmitter and Laurence Whitehead, eds. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986). James W. McGuire, "Interim Government and Democratic Consolidation : Argentina in Comparative Perspective, in Yossi Shain and Juan Linz, eds. Between States: Interim Governments and Democratic Transitions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995). Felipe Agero, Legacies of Transitions: Institutionalism, the Military, and Democracy in South America, Mershon International Studies Review 42, 2, November 1998. Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan, Op. Cit. (Part III: Chapters 10-14). Scott Mainwaring, Democratic Survivability in Latin America, in Howa rd Handelman and Mark Tessler, eds. Democracy and its Limits: Lessons from Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1999).

Recommended
Kenneth M. Roberts, Deepening Democracy? The Modern Left and Social Movements in Chile and Peru (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998). Kathryn Sikkink, The Emergence, Evolution, and Effectiveness of the Latin American Human Rights Network, in Elizabeth Jelin and Eric Hershberg, eds., Constructing Democracy: Human Rights, Citizenship, and Society in Latin America (Boulder: Westview Press, 1996).

Joan Nelson, "How Market Reforms and Democratic Consolidation Affect each Other," in Joan M. Nelson and contributors, Intricate Links: Democratization and Market Reforms in Latin America and Eastern Europe (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1994). Arend Lijphart and Carlos H. Waisman, eds. Institutional Design in New Democracies: Eastern Europe and Latin America (Boulder: Westview Press, 1996). Frances Hagopian, Traditional Politics and Regime Change in Brazil (Cambridge: Cambridge University Pres, 1996). Jorge I. Domnguez and Abraham F. Lowenthal, eds., Constructing democratic governance: Latin America and the Caribbean in the 1990s (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996).

Week 12

Eastern Europe Valerie Bunce, Subversive Institutions: The Design and the Destruction of Socialism and the State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999). Jon Elster, Claus Offe, and Ulrich K. Preuss, Institutional Design in Post-Communist Societies: Rebuilding the Ship at Sea (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998). (Chapters 1, 2, and 8). Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan, Op. Cit. (Chapters 15-17). Herbert Kitschelt, Zdenka Mansfeldova, Radoslaw Markowski, and Gbor Tka, Post-Communist Party Systems: Competition, Representation, and Inter-Party Cooperation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999). (Introduction, Chapter 2 and 11)

Recommended
Charles S. Maier, "Why did Communism Collapse in 1989?," Department of History and Minda de Ginzburg Center for European Studies, Harvard University, Program on Central and Eastern Europe Working paper Series No. 7, January 1991. David Stark and Lszlo Bruszt, Remaking the Political Field in Hungary, in Ivo Ba nac, ed. Eastern Europe in Revolution (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1992). Jan T. Gross, Poland: From Civil Society to Political Nation, in Ibid. Tony R. Judt, Metamorphosis: The Democratic Revolution in Czechoslovakia, in Ibid. Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrott, eds. The Consolidation of Democracy in East Central Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997). Zoltan Barany and Ivan Volgyes, Legacies of Communism in Eastern Europe (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995). David Stark and Lszlo Bruszt, Postsocialist Pathways: Transforming Politics and Property in East Central Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998). Ellen Comisso, "Legacies of the Past or New Institutions? The struggle Over restitution in Hungary," Comparative Political Studies 28, 2, July 1995. Gbor Tka, "Parties and electoral choices in East-Central Europe," in Geoffrey Pridham and Paul G. Lewis, Stabilising Fragile Democracies: Comparing New Party Systems in Southern and Eastern Europe (London: Routledge, 1996). Maurizio Cotta, "Structuring the new party systems after the dictatorship: coalitions, alliances, fusions and splits during the transition and post-transition stages," in Ibid. Barbara Geddes, Initiation of New Democratic Institutions in Eastern Europe and Latin America, in Arendt Lijphart and Carlos H. Weisman, eds. Institutional Design in New Democracies: Eastern Europe and Latin America (Boulder: Westview Press, 1996). Beverly Crawford and Arend Lijphart, "Explaining Political and Economic Change in Post-Communist Eastern Europe: Old Legacies, New Institutions, Hegemonic Norms, and International Pressures," Comparative Political Studies 28, 2, July 1995. Herbert Kitschelt, Formation of party cleavages in post-communist democracies, Party Politics, 1, 4, 1995, 447-72. Albert Hirschman, "Exit, Voice and the Fate of the German Democratic Republic: an Essay on Conceptual History," World Politics 41, January 1993.

Daniel V. Friedheim, Accelerating Collapse: the East German Road from Liberalization to Power sharing and its legacy, in Yossi Shain and Juan Linz, eds. Between States (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995). Goldie Shabad and Kazimierz M. Slomczynski, Political Identities in the Initial Phase of Systemic Transformation in Poland: A Test of the tabula rasa Hypothesis, Comparative Political Studies 32, 6, 1999, 690-723.

Week 13

Africa (and/or Asia?) Michael Bratton and Nicolas van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).

Recommended
Richard Joseph, ed. State, Conflict, and Democracy in Africa (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1999). Jeffrey Herbst, Understanding Ambiguity during Democratization in Africa, in James F. Hollifield and Calvin Jillson, eds. Op.Cit. Thomas A. Koelble, The Global Economy and Democracy in South Africa (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1998). Ian Shapiro, Democracys Place (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996). (Chapter 7, South Africas Negotiated Transition: Democracy, Opposition and the New Constitutional Order, with Courtney Jung). Ian Shapiro, "Democratic Innovation: South Africa in Comparative Context," World Politics, 46, 1, October 1993. Donald L. Horowitz, A Democratic South Africa? Constitutional Engineering in a Divided Society (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991).

Week 14

Russia and China Minxin Pei, From Reform to Revolution: The Demise of Communism in China and the Soviet Union (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994). M. Steven Fish, Democracy from Scratch: Opposition and Regime in the New Russian Revolution (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996).

Extra

Issues and Institutions Stephen Haggard and Robert Kaufman, The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions (Princeton University Press, 1995). (Selected Chapters). Adam Przeworski, Susan C. Stokes, and Bernard Manin, Democracy, Accountability, and Representation, eds. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999). (Selected Chapters). Andreas Schedler, Larry Diamond, and Marc F. Plattner, eds. The Self-Restraining State: Power and Accountability in New Democracies (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1999). (Selected Chapters). A. James McAdams, ed. Transitional Justice and The Rule of Law in New Democracies (Notre Dame: Notre Dame University Press, 1997). (Selected Chapters). Barbara Geddes, What do we know about Democratization after twenty years? Annual Review of Political Science, Volume 2, 1999. John M. Carey, Institutional Design and Party Systems, in Larry Diamond et al. eds. Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies: Themes and Perspectives (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997). Scott Mainwaring, "Presidentialism, Multipartism and Democracy: The Difficult Combination," Comparative Political Studies 26, 2, July 1993. Arend Lijphart, "Democracies: Forms, performance, and constitutional engineering," European Journal

of Political Research, 25:1-17, 1994. Barry Ames, Institutions and Democracy in Brazil, in Howard Handelman and Mark Tessler, eds. Democracy and its Limits: Lessons from Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1999).

Additional Reading
"Economic Liberalization and Democratization: Exploration of the Linkages," World Development, 21, 8, 1993 (Special issue, several authors). Public Support for Market Reforms in Emerging Democracies, A Special Issue of Comparative Political Studies, Issue Editor: Susan Stokes, Vol. 29, 5, October 1996. Juan J. Linz and Arturo Valenzuela, eds. The Failure of Presidential Democracy (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994). Alfred Stepan and Cindy Skach, "Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation: Parliamentarism versus Presidentialism," World Politics 46, 1, October 1993. Matthew Soberg Shugart and John M. Carey, Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992). Giovanni Sartori, Comparative Constitutional Engineering: an Inquiry into Structures, Incentives and Outcomes (London: Macmillan, 1994). Alesina, Alberto; Arnaud Devleeschauwer; William Easterly; Sergio Kurlat and Romain Wacziarg (2003). Fractionalization in Journal of Economic Growth, Vol. 8, pp. 155-194. Andrews, Josephine T. & Gabriella R. Montinola (2004). Veto Players and the Rule of Law in Emerging Democracies in Comparative Political Studies. Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 55-87. Barro, Robert (2000). Rule of Law, Democracy, and Economic Performance in Gerald P. ODriscoll Jr.; Kim R. Holmes; and Melanie Kirkpatrick, 2000 Index of Economic Freedom, Washington and New York: Heritage Foundation and Wall Street Journal, pp.31-49. Bobbio, Norberto (1987). The Future of Democracy a defence of the rules of the game, Cambridge: Polity Press. Diamond, Larry & Leonardo Morlino (2004). The Quality of Democracy An Overview in Journal of Democracy, Vol. 15, No. 4., pp. 20-31. Epstein, David L. et al. (2006). Democratic Transitions, American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 50, No. 3, pp. 551-569. Fish, M. Steven (2002). Islam and Authoritarianism in World Politics, vol. 55 (October 2002), pp. 4-37. Fish, M. Steven and Robin S. Brooks (2004). Does Diversity Hurt Democracy in Journal of Democracy, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 154-166. Hansson, Gustav & Ola Olsson (2006). Country Size and the Rule of Law: Resuscitating Montesquieu , Working Paper 200, School of Economics: Gteborg University. Harvey, W. Burnett (1961). The Rule of Law in Historical Perspective in The Michigan Law Review, Vol. 59, No. 4., pp. 487-500. Hayo, Bernd and Stefan Voigt (2005). Explaining de facto judicial independence, Philipps-Universitt Marburg, Working Paper No. 200507. Hefner, Robert W. (2001). Public Islam and the Problem of Democratization in Sociology of Religion, Vol. 62, No. 4, Special Issue: Religion and Globalization at the Turn of the Millennium. (Winter, 2001), pp. 491-514. Huntington, Samuel P. (1996). The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, Simon & Schuster UK Ltd.

Joireman, Sandra Fullerton (2001). Inherited Legal Systems and Effective Rule of Law: Africa and the Colonial Legacy in Journal of Modern African Studies, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 571-596. Joireman, Sandra Fullerton (2004). Colonization and the Rule of Law, Constitutional Political Economy, Vol. 15, pp. 315-338. Karl, Terry L. (1997). The Paradox of Plenty: Oil Booms and Petro-States, Berkeley: University of California Press. La Porta; F. Lopez-de-Silanes; A. Shleifer & R. Vishny (1999). The Quality of Government in Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, Vol. 15(1), pp. 222-279. Lauth, Hans-Joachim (2001). Rechtsstaat, Rechtssysteme und Demokratie in Rechtsstaat und Demokratie, Opladen, pp. 21-44. Lipset, Seymor M. (1959). Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy in American Political Science Review, Vol. 53, No. 1, pp. 69-105. Londregan, John & Keith T. Poole (1990). Poverty, the Coup Trap, and the Seizure of Executive Power in World Politics, Vol. 42 (2), pp. 151 - 83. ODonnell, Guillermo (1993). On the State, Democratization and Some Conceptual Problems, Working Paper No. 192, Kellog Institute. ODonnell, Guillermo (2004). The Quality of Democracy: Why the Rule of Law Matters in Journal of Democracy, Vol. 15, No. 4. ODonnell, Guillermo; Jorge V. Cullell & Osvaldo M. Iazzetta (2004). The Quality of Democracy: Theory and Applications, Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press. Paldam, Martin (2001). Corruption and Religion: Adding to the Economic Model in KYKLOS, Vol. 54(2/3), pp. 383-414. Przeworski, Adam; Michael E. Alvarez; Jos Antonio Cheibub & Fernando Limongi (2000). Democracy and Development, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Radin, Margaret Jane (1989). Reconsidering the Rule of Law, Boston University Law Review, Vol. 69, No. 4. Rawls, John (1971). A Theory of Justice, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ross, Michael L. (2001). Does Oil Hinder Democracy?, World Politics, Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 325-361. Skaaning, Svend-Erik (2008). Conceptualization and Measurement of the Rule of Law, Paper prepared for presentation at ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops, Rennes, April 11-16, 2008. Treisman, Daniel (2000). The Causes of Corruption: a Cross-National Study in Journal of Public Economics, Vol. 76, pp. 399-457. Weingast, Barry R. (1997). The Political Foundations of Democracy and the Rule of Law in American Political Science Review, Vol. 91, No. 2, pp. 245-263.
Geddes, Barbara. Forthcoming. Stages of Development in Authoritarian Regimes, in Marc Morj Howard, Rudra Sil, and Vladimir Tismaneanu, eds., World Order after Leninism, University of Washington Press. Jackson, Henry F. 1977. The FLN in Algeria: Party Development in a Revolutionary Society. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

Kenneth Jowitt, Inclusion and Mobilization in European Leninist Regimes, World Politics XXVIII: (1975), 69-96. Langston, Joy. 2004. When Do Ruling Parties Split? Presented APSA. Levitsky, Steven and Lucan Way. 2002. Autocracy by Democratic Rules: The Dynamics of Competitive Authoritarianism in the Post-Cold War Era. Paper presented APSA. Magaloni, Beatriz. Forthcoming. Voting for Autocracy. NY: Cambridge University Press. Nordlinger, Eric. 1977. Soldiers in Politics: Military Coups and Governments. Englewood Cliffs, NJ; Prentice-Hall. Payne, Stanley. 1987. The Franco Regime, 1936-1975. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. Pinkney, Robert. 1972. Ghana under Military Rule, 1966-1969. London: Methuen. Przeworski, Adam and Jennifer Gandhi. 2005. Dictatorial Institutions and the Survival of Dictators. Unpublished ms. Schattschneider, E. E. 1942. Party Government. New York: Farrar and Rinehart. Schedler, Andreas. 2002. The Menu of Manipulation. Journal of Democracy 13: 36-50. Waterbury, John. 1983. The Egypt of Nasser and Sadat: The Political Economy of Two Regimes. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Zolberg, Aristide. 1966. Creating Political Order: The Party-States of West Africa. Chicago: Rand McNally & Company. Zolberg, Aristide. 1968. The Structure of Political Conflict in the New States o f Tropical Africa. American Political Science Review 62: 70-87.

Przeworski A, Limongi F. 1997. Modernization: Theories and facts. World Pol. 49:155-83. Przeworski A, Limongi F. 1993. Rabinovich I. 1972. Syria under the Bath 1963-66: The Army-Party Symbiosis. Jerusalem Israel Universities Press. Richards A, Waterbury J. 1990. The Political Economy of the Middle East: State, Class, and Economic Development, chs. 11-13. Boulder: Westview. Ruhle JM. 1996. Redefining Civil-Military Relations in Honduras. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs38: 33-66. Skocpol T, Goodwin J. 1994. Explaining revolutions in the contemporary Third World. In Social Revlutions in the Modern World, T. Skocpol, pp. 259-78. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. 354 pp. Snyder R. 1998. Paths out of sultanistic regimes: combining structuralist and voluntarist perspectives. See Linz and Chehabi 1998, pp. 49-81 Springborg R. 1989. Mubaraks Egypt: Fragmentation of the Political Order. Boulder: Westview. Stepan A. 1971. The Military in Politics: Changing Patterns in Brazil. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 312 pp. Valenzuela A. 1978. The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Chile. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 140 pp. Van de Walle N, Butler KS. 1999. Political Parties and Party Systems in Africas Illiberal Democracies, unpublished manuscript, Michigan State University. Van Doorn J, ed. 1968. Armed Forces and Society: Sociological Essays. The Hague: Mouton. 386 pp. Van Doorn J, ed. 1969. Military Profession and Military Regimes: Commitments and Conflic The Hague: Mouton. 304 pp. Waterbury J. 1983. Egypt of Nasser and Sadat: The Political Economy of Two Regimes. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Zagorski P. 1994. Civil-military relations and Argentine democracy: the armed forces under the Menem government. Armed Forces and Society20: 423-37

Transitions Literature Cited Agero F. 1992. The military and the limits to democratization in South America. In Issues in Democratic Consolidation: The New South American Democracies in Comparative Perspective, ed. S Mainwaring, G O'Donnell, and JS Valenzuela, pp. 153-98. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press Agero F. 1995. Soldiers, Civilians, and Democracy: Post-Franco Spain in Comparative Perspective. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 316 pp. Alt, JE, King G, Signorino CS. 1999. Aggregation among Binary, Count, and Duration Models: Estimating the Same Quantities from Different Levels of Data, unpub lished manuscript, Harvard University. Arriagada G. 1988. Pinochet: The Politics of Power. Transl. N Morris. Boston: Unwin: Hyman. 196 pp. (From Spanish) Barros ASC. 1978. The Brazilian military: Professional socialization, political performance and state building. PhD thesis. Univ. Chicago. 439 pp. Ben-Dor G. 1975. Civilianization of Military Regimes in the Arab World. Armed Forces and Society1: 317-27. Bienen H. 1978. Armies and Parties in Africa. New York: Africana Publishing. 278 pp. Bienen H, van de Walle N. 1991. Of Time and Power.Stanford: Stanford University Press. Bollen K. 1979. Political democracy and the timing of development.Am. Soc. R. 44: 57287 Bratton M, van de Walle N. 1992. Popular protest and political reform in Africa. Comp. Pol. 24: 419-42 Bratton M, van de Walle N. 1997. Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 307 pp. Burkhart R, Lewis-Beck M. 1994. "Comparative democracy: The economic development thesis. Am. Pol. Sci. R.88:903-10 Burton M, Gunther R, and Higley J. 1992. Introduction: Elite transformation and democratic regimes. In Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe, ed. J Higley, R Gunther, pp. 1-37. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 354 pp. Casper G, Taylor M. 1996. Negotiating Democracy. Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press. 287 pp. Collier R. 1998. The Politics of Democratization: The Working Class and Elites in Western Europe and South America. Unpublished manuscript, University of California, Berkeley. 250 pp. Collier R, Mahoney J. 1997. "Adding collective actors to collective outcomes: Labor and recent democratization in South America and Southern Europe." Comp. Pol.29:285-303 Colomer J. 1995. Game Theory and the Transition to Democracy: The Spanish Model. Aldershot, England: Edward Elgar, 134 pp. Decalo S. 1976. Coups and Army Rule in Africa: Studies in Military Style. New Haven: Yale University Press. 284 pp. Finer S. 1975. The Man on Horseback: The Role of the Military in Politics, 2nd ed. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin. 305 pp. 2nd ed. Fontana A. 1987. Political decision-making by a military corporation: Argentina, 1976-83. PhD thesis. Univ. Texas. 218 pp. Haggard S, Kaufman RR. 1995. The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 391 pp. Haggard S, Kaufman RR. 1997. The political economy of democratic transitions. Comp. Pol. 29:263-83. Hinnebusch R. 1985. Egyptian Politics under Sadat: The Post-Populist Development of an Authoritarian-Modernizing State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hopwood D. 1988. Syria 1945-1986: Politics and Society. London: Unwin Hyman. Hunter W. 1995. Politicians against soldiers: contesting the military in postauthoritarian Brazil.

Comp. Polit.27: 425-45 Hunter W. 1997. Eroding Military Influence in Brazil: Politicians against Soldiers. Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press. 243 pp. Huntington SP. 1991. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 366 pp. Jackman RW. 1973. On the relations of economic development to democratic performance. Am. J. Pol. Sci. 17:611-21. Janowitz M. 1960. The Professional Soldier: A Social and Political Portrait. Glencoe: Free Press. 464 pp. Janowitz M. 1977. Military Institutions and Coercion in the Developing Nations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 211 pp. Karl TL. 1986. Petroleum and political pacts: The transition to democracy in Venezuela. In Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Latin America. See O'Donnell, Schmitter, and Whitehead 1986. Vol. 3: 196-219 Karl TL. 1990. Dilemmas of democratization in Latin America. Comp. Pol.23: 1-21 Kennedy G. 1974. The Military in the Third World. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 368 King G, Alt JE, Burns N, Laver M. 1990. AUnified Model of Cabinet Dissolution in Parliamentary Democracies. American Journal of Political Science 34 Levi, Margaret. 1988. Of Rule and Revenue. Berkeley: Universityof California Press. Linz JJ, Chehabi HE, eds. 1998. Sultanistic Regimes. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press. 284 pp. Linz JJ, Stepan A. 1996. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 479 pp. Lipset SM. 1959. Some social requisites of democracy: Economic development and political legitimacy. Am. Pol. Sci. R.53: 69-105 Londregan JB, Poole K. 1990. Poverty, the coup trap, and the seizure of executive power. World Pol. 42:151-83 Londregan JB, Poole K. 1996. "Does high income promote democracy? World Pol. 49:1-30. Maoz M. 1986. The Emergence of Modern Syria, in Syria under Assad: Domestic Constraints and Regional Risks, ed., M Maoz and A Yaniv. London: Croom Helm. Maoz M. 1988. Assad: The Sphynx of Damascus. New York: Weidenfeld and Nicholson. Millett RL. 1995. An End to Militarism? Democracy and the Armed Forces in Central America. Current History94: 71-75. Moore B. 1966. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Boston: Beacon Press. 559 pp. Nordlinger E. 1977. Soldiers in Politics: Military Coups and Governments. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. 224 pp. North, Douglass. 1981. Structure and Change in Economic History. New York: W.W. Norton. ______. 1989. "Institutions and Economic Growth: An Historical Introduction." World Development17: 1319-32. ______. 1990. Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press series on the Political Economy of Institutions O'Donnell G, Schmitter P. 1986. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 81pp. Perlmutter A. 1969. From Obscurity to Rule: The Syrian Army and the Bath Party. Western Political Quarterly. Pion-Berlin D. 1992. Military autonomy and emerging democracies in South America. Comp. Polit. 25: 83-102 Pion-Berlin D, Arceneaux C. 1998. Tipping the civil-military balance: institutions and human rights policy in emocratic Argentina and Chile. Comp. Polit. Stds. 31: 633-61 Przeworski A, Limongi F. 1997. Modernization: Theories and facts. World Pol. 49:155-83. Przeworski A, Limongi F. 1993. Rabinovich I. 1972. Syria under the Bath 1963-66: The Army-Party Symbiosis. Jerusalem: Israel Universities Press. Richards A, Waterbury J. 1990. The Political Economy of the Middle East: State, Class, and Economic Development, chs. 11-13. Boulder: Westview. Ruhle JM. 1996. Redefining Civil-Military Relations in Honduras. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs38: 33-66. Skocpol T, Goodwin J. 1994. Explaining revolutions in the contemporary Third World. In Social Revlutions in the Modern World, T. Skocpol, pp. 259-78. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. 354 pp. Snyder R. 1998. Paths out of sultanistic regimes: combining structuralist and voluntarist

perspectives. See Linz and Chehabi 1998, pp. 49-81 Springborg R. 1989. Mubaraks Egypt: Fragmentation of the Political Order. Boulder: Westview. Stepan A. 1971. The Military in Politics: Changing Patterns in Brazil. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 312 pp. Valenzuela A. 1978. The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Chile. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 140 pp. Van de Walle N, Butler KS. 1999. Political Parties and Party Systems in Africas Illiberal Democracies, unpublished manuscript, Michigan State University. Van Doorn J, ed. 1968. Armed Forces and Society: Sociological Essays. The Hague: Mouton. 386 pp. Van Doorn J, ed. 1969. Military Profession and Military Regimes: Commitments and Conflicts. The Hague: Mouton. 304 pp. Waterbury J. 1983. Egypt of Nasser and Sadat: The Political Economy of Two Regimes. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Zagorski P. 1994. Civil-military relations and Argentine democracy: the armed forces under the Menem government. Armed Forces and Society20: 423-37

Week 1 (2 Feb.): Introduction; the Origins of Democracy; What is Democracy? Questions to be considered: What is democracy? How does ancient and modern democracy differ? Reading: Ball, Terence, and Richard Dagger (eds.), Ideals and Ideologies: A Reader (London, 2003): Euripides, Democracy and Despotism; Machiavelli, Whats Wrong with Princely Rule?; Adams, John, What is a Republic?; de Tocqueville, Alexis, Democracy and Equality; Mill, J.S., Democratic Participation and Political Education; Thucydides, Pericles Funeral Oration, in The Internet Classics Archive: The History of the Peloponnesian War by Thucydides, The Second Book, ch. VI, pp. 12-16, at http://classics.mit.edu/Thucydides/pelopwar.2.second.html; Schmitter, Philippe, and Terry Lynn Karl, What Democracy is ... and Is Not, Journal of Democracy, 2 (Summer 1991), 75-88; Tilly, Charles, Democracy (Cambridge, 2007), ch. 1. Week 2 (9 Feb.): States and Regimes from Medieval to Modern Europe Question to consider: Why was democracy re-born in the modern era? Reading: Moore, Barrington, Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston, 1966), ch. 1 (pp. 3-39), chs. 7-9, (pp. 413-p. 483); Skocpol, Theda, A Critical Review of Barrington Moores Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy, Politics and Society 4 (Fall 1973), 1-34; Ertman, Thomas, Birth of the Leviathan: Building States and Regimes in Medieval and Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, 1998), pp. 1-34, 156-223 Week 3 (16 Feb.): The Fukuyama Thesis Questions to consider: Why has democracy proved so successful in the modern age? How open was the future of liberal democracy from the perspective of the first third of the nineteenth century? Why do democracies emerge? Reading: Fukuyama, Francis, The End of History, The National Interest (Summer 1989), http://www.wesjones.com/eoh.htm; Berman, Sheri, How Democracies Emerge: Lessons from Europe, Journal of Democracy, 18,1 (2007), 28-41 http://bc.barnard.edu/~sberman/Pages/publications/Berman%20JoD%20(Jan%202007).pdf; Vanhanen, T., A new dataset for measuring democracy, 1810-1998, Journal of Peace Research, 37,2 (2000), 251-65 Week 4 (23 Feb.): The First Wave of Democratization Questions to consider: Why did Europe democratize? Why did Europe not democratize? Reading: Ziblatt, Daniel, How Did Europe Democratize?, World Politics 58 (2) January 2006, pp. 311- 338; Ziblatt, Daniel, Does Landholding Inequality Block Democratization? A Test of the Bread and Democracy Thesis and the Case of Prussia, World Politics 60 (July 2008), 610-641; Acemoglu, Daron, and James Robinson, Why Did the West Extend the Franchise? Growth, Inequality and Democracy in Historical Perspective Quarterly Journal of Economics, CXV (2000), 1167-1199; Weingast, Barry, Political Foundations of Democracy and the Rule of Law, American Political Science Review, 91,2 (June 1997), 245-263; Tilly, Charles, Democracy (Cambridge, 2007), ch. 2

Week 5 (2 March): The End of the First Age of Globalization Question to consider: Did the breakdown of the nineteenth-century order in 1914 sink civilization and the prospect of a triumphant development of liberal democracy or did it constitute the end of an illiberal undemocratic age? Reading: Berghahn, Volker, Europe in the Era of Two World Wars: From Militarism and Genocide to Civil Society, 1900-1950 (Princeton, 2008), pp. 1-32; Ferguson, Niall, Is Globalization Doomed?, Foreign Affairs, March/April 2005, 64-77; Weber, Thomas, Our Friend the Enemy: British and German Elite Education before World War One (Stanford, 2008), introduction & conclusion Week 6 (9 March): Democratization in Crisis: Europe and South America Questions to consider: Why did democracy fail to flourish in Central, Eastern, Southern, and South Eastern Europe between 1914 and 1939? What impact did Woodrow Wilsons attempt to democratize Europe in the era of the two world wars have? Why did democracy run into so many obstacles in South America? What do the European and South American cases have in common? Reading: Mazower, Mark, Dark Continent: Europes Twentieth Century (London, 1998), preface, chs. 1-4; Weber, Thomas, Hitlers First War (Oxford, forthcoming 2010), chs. 10-12; Capoccia, Giovanni, Defending Democracy: Strategies of Reaction to Political Extremism in Inter-War Europe, European Journal of Political Research, 39,4 (June 2001), 431-460; Wallerstein, Michael, The Collapse of Democracy in Brazil: Its Econo mic Determinants, Latin American Research Review, 15,3 (1980), 3-34; Stepan, Alfred, Political Leadership and Regime Breakdown: Brazil, in Juan Linz and Stepan, eds. The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Latin America (Baltimore, MD, 1978), pp. 110-137 Week 7 (16 March) Reading Week (no class) Week 8 (23 March) Reading Week (no class) Week 9 (20 April): The Second and Third Waves of Democratization Question to consider: How did democratization operate during the second and third waves of democratization? Is Huntingtons conceptualization of three waves of democratization helpful/accurate? Reading: Huntington, Samuel, The Third Wave (Norman, Okl, 1991), pp. 31-108; Linz, Juan, and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation (Baltimore, MD, 1996), chapters 2, 4-6; Wood, Elisabeth, An Insurgent Path to Democracy: Popular Mobilization, Economic Interests and Regime Transition in South Africa and El Salvador, Comparative Political Studies (October 2001); Bratton, Michael, and Nicolas van de Walle, Neopatrimonial, Regimes and Political Transitions in Africa, World Politics 46,4 (July 1994), pp. 453489 23 April, noon ESSAY DEADLINE Week 10 (27 April): Economic Change and Democratization Question to consider: What has been the connection between economic change and democratization? Reading: Ferguson, Niall, The Cash Nexus: Money and Power in the Modern World, 1700-2000 (New York, 2001); Fukuyama, Francis, Capitalism and Democracy: The Missing Link, Journal of Democracy, 3 (1992), 100-110; Londregan, John B., and Keith T. Poole, Does High Income Promote Democracy? World Politics 49,1 (October 1996), 1-30 Week 11 (4 May): The Democratic Peace Theory Question to consider: Has democratization brought a peace dividend or did it increase risks of instability?

Reading: Mansfield, Edward D., and Jack Snyder, Democratization and the Danger of War, International Security, 20,1 (1995), 5-38; Carothers, Thomas, Promoting Democracy and Fighting Terror, Foreign Affairs, 82,1 (2003), 84-97; Li, Q., Does democracy promote or reduce transnational terrorist incidents?, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 49,2 (2005), 278-297; Mansfield, Edward D., and Jack Snyder, Electing to Fight: Why Emerging Democracies go to War (Cambridge, MA, 2007), chs. 1 & 9 Week 12 (11 May): The Past, Present, and Future of Democracy Question to consider: You have to brief the U.N. Secretary General about the future fate of democracy in the global arena based on the past experience of democracy over the last two and a half centuries. What would you tell the U.N. Secretary General? How durable has authoritarianism proved? Why? Reading: Stern, Fritz, Fear and Hitlers Instant Subversion of Freedom, lecture, Council on Foreign Relations, New York City, March 4, 2008: http://www.cfr.org/publication/15691/fear_and_hitlers_instant_subversion_of_freedom_video.html (please pay special attention to the discussion following Sterns lecture); Magaloni, Beatriz, Credible Power Sharing and the Longevity of Authoritarian Rule, Comparative Political Studies, 41,4/5, 715-741; Smith, Benjamin, Life of the Party: The Origins of Regime Breakdown and Persistence under Single -Party Rule, World Politics 57,3, 421-451; Bellin, Eva, The Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Exceptionalism in Comparative Perspective, Comparative Politics, 36,2, 139-57; Fish, M. Steven, Islam and Authoritarianism, World Politics Volume 55, Number 1, (October 2002); Way, Lucan A., Authoritarian State Building and the Sources of Regime Competitiveness in the Fourth Wave, World Politics 57,2, 231-261; Lust-Okar, Ellen, Elections under Authoritarianism: Preliminary Lessons from Jordan, Democratization 13,3 (2006).

COMPUTING: Ensure that you have a valid computing password. You can register from any campus networked PC by pressing <esc> to get the registration screen. Type in your ID number. If registering for the first time the system will give you a username and you create your own password. NOTE IT DOWN. If re-registering, type in your ID number and the system will recognise your username. Then create a new password. You will need to reregister every year.

Introduction to the course

This course looks at the historical political transformation process towards democracy from the age of the French and American revolutions to the present. Its approach is both comparative and global and it is based on the reading and discussion of classic and modern works. It introduces students to key theories of democratization and tests them against the historical reality.

Aims and learning outcomes

Course Aims: By taking this course, students will develop advanced research skills through historical analysis of how historical regime change and democratization has historically come about. They will also learn how to relate theory and practice with each other and they will learn strategies to make a historical argument about competing sets of interpretation. They will also work on further developing their ability to critically analyse primary sources. The aim also is to avoid teleological reductions of history and to promote intellectual debate and scholarly initiative. Main Learning Outcomes: By the end of the course students should be able to: * understand what the state of the art of political history is * understand historical change and processes of politicization * explain what role democracy has played in the historical development of Western and non-Western societies over the last two centuries * articulate convincingly analysis of different types of evidence * critically appraise primary source materials and secondary scholarship * evaluate the strength of an argument and counter-arguments * formulate viable research questions

* demonstrate improved verbal and written expression skills.

Teaching and learning methods

The course meets in ten two-hour seminars, beginning in the first week of the second semester. No class meetings will take place in week 7 & 8. Class time: Tuesdays, 12 noon 2 pm Class location: Crombie Annexe 101 Attendance at seminars is compulsory. So that students can contribute effectively to discussion, you will be expected to have read and digested the assigned reading for each meeting. Class-discussion will proceed from the assumption that everyone has prepared thoroughly for every meeting: the mark for class-participation will reflect the instructors perception of how that thorough preparation has translated into the cut and thrust of discussion.

Assessment

Assessment is based on: 100% continuous assessment

* 60 % - 3,000 word essay (on a topic to be arranged together with the course coordinator) * 30 % - three 500 word response papers to weekly readings (the response papers may be submitted for any of the seminar sessions; students may submit more than three response papers in which case the three strongest response papers will count towards the continuous assessment regime for this course) * 10% - seminar participation
6 The role of the course co-ordinator

The co-ordinator for this course is Dr Tom Weber. Students who are having difficulty with their work for whatever reason, or who require help or information should consult him without delay. Please see him in his office hours or email for an appointment.

Responsibility for the course

Overall responsibility for the course lies with Dr Tom Weber (room CA G03; tel: 273539; email: t.weber@abdn.ac.uk). Any recommendations, observations or complaints about the running of the course should be addressed to him.

Other contacts

Sarah James, Administrator, School of Divinity, History and Philosophy, sarah.james@abdn.ac.uk (273158) Helena Thomas, Postgraduate Co-ordinator for History, Divinity and Philosophy, h.m.thomas@abdn.ac.uk (272890) Gillian Brown, Postgraduate Secretary for History, gillian.brown@abdn.ac.uk (272454)

Bibliography

Acemoglu, Daron, and James Robinson, Why Did the West Extend the Franchise? Growth, Inequality and Democracy in Historical Perspective Quarterly Journal of Economics, CXV (2000), 1167-1199 Acemoglu, Daron, and James Robinson, Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (Cambridge, 2006) Almond, Gabriel, and Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations (Princeton, 1963) Ball, Terence, and Richard Dagger (eds.), Ideals and Ideologies: A Reader (London, 2003) Bates, Robert; Levi, Margaret, and Barry Weingast, Introduction, Analytical Narratives (Princeton, 1998), pp. 3-22 Beissinger, Mark, Structure and Example in Modular Political Phenomena: The Diffusion of the Bulldozer/Rose/Orange/Tulip Revolutions Perspectives on Politics (June 2007), 259-276. Bellin, Eva, The Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Exceptionalism in Comparative Perspective, Comparative Politics, 36,2, 139-57 Berghahn, Volker, Europe in the Era of Two World Wars:From Militarism and Genocide to Civil Society, 1900-1950 (Princeton, 2008), pp. 1-32 Berman, Sheri, How Democracies Emerge: Lessons from Europe, Journal of Democracy, 18,1 (2007), 28-41 http://bc.barnard.edu/~sberman/Pages/publications/Berman%20JoD%20(Jan%202007).pdf Bermeo, Nancy, Ordinary People in Extraordinary Times (Princeton 2003) Bernhard, Michael, Weimar Germany: Defective Institutional Choice (Chapter 2) from Institutions and the Fate of Democracy (Pittsburgh, PA, 2005), pp. 26-77 Boix, Carles, Democracy and Redistribution (Cambridge, 2003) Boix, Carles, and Susan Stokes, Endogenous Democratization, World Politics, 55,4 (July 2003) Bratton, Michael, and Nicolas van de Walle, Neopatrimonial, Regimes and Political Transitions in Africa, World Politics 46,4 (July 1994), 453-489 Brinks, Daniel, and Michael Coppedge, Diffusion is no Illusion: Neighbor Emulation in the Third Wave of Democracy, Comparative Political Studies 39,4 (2006) Brownlee, Jason, Durable Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization (Cambridge, 2007), Introduction, Chapter 1, and Chapter 7 Capoccia, Giovanni, Defending Democracy: Strategies of Reaction to Political Extremism in Inter -War Europe, European Journal of Political Research, 39,4 (June 2001), 431- 460 Carothers, Thomas, The End of the Transition Paradigm?, Journal of Democracy, 13,1, 5-21 Carothers, Thomas, Promoting Democracy and Fighting Terror, Foreign Affairs, 82,1 (2003), 84-97 Cheibub, Jos Antonio and Fernando Limongi, Democratic Institutions and Regime Survival: Parliamentary and Presidential Democracies Reconsidered, Annual Review of Political Science, 2002,5, 151-179 Collier, David, Industrial Modernization and Political Change: A Latin American Perspective, World Politics, 30,4 (July 1978), 593-614 Collier, R.B., Paths toward Democracy: The Working Class and Elites in Western Europe and South America (New York, 1999)

Collier, Ruth Berins, Combining Alternative Perspectives: Internal Trajectories versus External Influences as Explanations of Latin American Politics in the 1940s, Comparative Politics, 26,1, (Oct., 1993), 1-29 Dahl, Robert, Polyarchy (New Haven, CT, 1971) Darden, Keith, and Anna Grzymala Busse, The Great Divide: Literacy, Nationalism, and Communist Collapse, World Politics 59,1, 83-115 Easter, Gerald, Preference for Presidentialism: Postcommunist regime change in Russia and the NIS, World Politics 49 (1997), 184-211

Ekiert, Grzegorz, Dilemmas of Europeanization: Eastern and Central Europe After the EU Enlargement Acta Slavica Iaponica 25 (2008), 1-28. Ekiert, Grzegorz, and Stephen Hanson, Capitalism and Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe: Assessing the Legacy of Communist Rule (Cambridge, 2003), pp. 49-86 Ertman, Thomas, Birth of the Leviathan: Building States and Regimes in Medieval and Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, 1998), (Chapter 1 [Introduction], pp. 1-34 and Chapter 4 [Bureaucratic Constitutionalism in England], pp. 156-223) Ferguson, Niall, The Cash Nexus: Money and Power in the Modern World, 1700-2000 (New York, 2001) Ferguson, Niall, Is Globalization Doomed?, Foreign Affairs, March/April 2005, 64-77 Fish, M. Steven, Democracy Derailed in Russia (Cambridge, 2007) Fish, M. Steven, Islam and Authoritarianism, World Politics Volume 55, Number 1, (October 2002) Foran, John, A Theory of Third World Social Revolutions: Iran, Nicaragua, and El Salvador Compared, Critical Sociology, 19,2 (1992), 3-27 Fukuyama, Francis, Capitalism and Democracy: The Missing Link, Journal of Democracy, 3 (1992), 100-110 Fukuyama, Francis, The End http://www.wesjones.com/eoh.htm of History, The National Interest (Summer 1989),

Gandhi, Jennifer and Adam Przeworski, Authoritarian Institutions and the Survival of Autocrats, Comparative Political Studies, 40,11 (2007) Geddes, Barbara, What Do We Know about Democratization After Twenty Years, Annual Review of Political Science, 2,1999 Goodwin, Jeff, No Other Way Out: States and Revolutionary Movements, 1945-1991 (Cambridge, 2001) Goodwin, Jeff, Old Regimes and Revolutions in the Second and Third Worlds: A Comparative Perspective, Social Science History 18,4 (Winter 1994), 575-604 Haggard, Stephen, and Robert Kaufman. The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions, Comparative Politics 29,3 (April 1997) Hawksley, Humphrey, Democracy Kills: Whats So Good About Having the Vote? (London, 2009) Hellman, Joel, The Politics of Partial Reform, World Politics, Jan. 1998, 203-234 Herb, Michael, No Representation without Taxation? Rents, Development, and Democracy, Comparative Politics 37,3 (April), 297-316. Higley, John, and Michael Burton, Elite Foundations of Liberal Democracy (2006) Howard, Marc Morje, The Weakness of Postcommunist Civil Society, Journal of Democracy 13, 1 (January 2002), 157-169 Huntington, Samuel, The Third Wave (Norman, Okl, 1991), pp. 31-108 Hyland, J.L., Democratic Theory: The Philosophical Foundations (Manchester, 1995) Jowitt, Ken, The Leninist Legacy, in, New World Disorder (Berkeley, CA, 1992), pp. 284-305 Kitschelt, Herbert, Accounting for Postcommunist Regime Diversity: What Counts as a Good Cause, in

Kopstein, Jeffrey, and David Reilly, Geographic Diffusion and the Transformation of the Postcommunist World, World Politics, 53,1 (Oct. 2000), 1 -37 Kuran, Timur, Now Out of Never: The Element of Surprise in the Eastern European Revolutions of 1989, World Politics 44 (1991) Lepsius, M. Rainer, From Fragmented Party Democracy to Government by Emergency Decree and National Socialist Takeover: Germany, in Juan Linz and Stepan, The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Europe (Baltimore, MD, 1978), pp. 34-79 Levitsky, Steven, and Lucan Way, International Linkage and Democratization, Journal of Democracy, 16,3 (2005) Li, Q., Does democracy promote or reduce transnational terrorist incidents?, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 49,2 (2005), 278-297 Lijphart, Arend, Constitutional Choices for New Democracies, Journal of Democracy (Winter 1991) Linz, Juan, The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Crisis, Breakdown, and Reequilibration (Baltimore, MD, 1978) Linz, Juan, Presidential or Parliamentary Democracy: Does it Make a Difference?, in Linz and Arturo Valenzuela (eds), The Failure of Presidential Democracy (Baltimore, MD, 1994), pp. 3-70 Linz, Juan, Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes (Lynne Rienner, 2000), chapter 4, Authoritarian Regimes Linz, Juan, and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation (Baltimore, MD, 1996), chapters 2, 4, 5; chapter 6 (Spain) is recommended Lipset, Seymour Martin, Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy, American Political Science Review 53 (March 1959), 69-105. Londregan, John B., and Keith T. Poole, Does High Income Promote Democracy? World Politics 49,1 (October 1996), 1-30 Luebbert, Gregory, Social Foundations of Political Order in Interwar Europe, World Politics 39,4 (1987), 339478 Lust-Okar, Ellen, Elections under Authoritarianism: Preliminary Lessons from Jordan, Democratization 13,3 (2006). McFaul, Michael, The Fourth Wave of Democracy and Dictatorship: Noncooperative Transitions in t he Postcommunist World, World Politics 54,2 (January 2002), 212-244 MacMillan, Margaret, Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World (New York, 2003) [also published as Peacemakers] Magaloni, Beatriz, Credible Power Sharing and the Longevity of Authoritarian Rule, Comparative Political Studies, 41,4/5, 715-741 Magaloni, Beatriz, Voting for Autocracy (Cambridge, 2006), Introduction and Conclusion Mahoney, James, Path Dependent Explanations of Regime Change: Central America in Comparative Perspective, Studies in Comparative International Development (April 2001) Mahoney, James, and Richard Snyder, Rethinking Agency and Structure in the Study of Regime Change, Studies in Comparative International Development, 34,2 (Summer 1999), 3-32 Mainwaring, Scott, Presidentialism, Multipartism, and Democracy: the Difficult Combination, Comparative Political Studies, 26,2 (1993)

Mainwaring, Scott, and Anbal Prez Lian, Latin American De mocratization since 1978: Democratic Transitions, Breakdowns, and Erosions, in Frances Hagopian and Scott Mainwaring (eds.), The Third Wave of Democratization in Latin America: Advances and Setbacks Mainwaring, Scott, and Anbal Prez-Lin, Level of Development and Democracy: Latin American Exceptionalism, Comparative Political Studies 36,9 (Nov. 2003), 1031-1067 Mainwaring, Scott, and Matthew S. Shugart, Juan Linz, Presidentialism, and Democracy: A Critical Appraisal, Comparative Politics 29,4 (July 1997) Mancur Olson, Dictatorship, Democracy, and Development, American Political Science Review (1993), 567576 Manela, Erez, The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism (Oxford, 2007) Mansfield, Edward D., and Jack Snyder, Democratization and the Danger of War, International Security, 20,1 (1995), 5-38 Mansfield, Edward D., and Jack Snyder, Electing to Fight: Why Emerging Democracies go to War (Cambridge, MA, 2007) Mazower, Mark, Dark Continent: Europes Twentieth Century (London, 1998) Moore, Barrington, Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston, MA, 1966) ODonnell, Guillermo, and Philippe C. Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore, MD, 1986) Di Palma, Giuseppe, To Craft Democracies (University of California Press, 1990), pp. 1-75 Pevehouse, Jon C., Democracy from the Outside In? International Organizations and Democratization, International Organization 56,3 (Summer 2002) Pierson, Paul, Politics in Time (Princeton, 2004), Introduction, Chapter, 1 and 2, pp. 1-78 Polanyi, Karl, History in the Gear of Social Change, in The Great Transformation (Boston, 1957), pp. 237-249 Power, Timothy, and Mark J. Gasiorowski, Institutional Design and Democratic Consolidation in the Third World, Comparative Political Studies, 30,2 (1997), 123-155 Prezworski, Adam, Democracy and the Market (1991), Chapter 4, 136-187 Przeworski, Adam, Institutions Matter?, Government and Opposition 39,4 (2004) Przeworski, Adam, Some Problems in the Study of Transitions to Democracy, in ODonnell, Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives (Baltimore, MD, 1986) Przeworski, Adam, and F. Limongi, Modernization: Theories and Facts, World Politics, 49,1997, 155-184 Ross, Michael, Does Oil Hinder Democracy?, World Politics, 53,3, 325-361 Rustow, Dankwart, Transitions to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model, Comparative Politics 2, 3 (1970), 337-363. Salih, M.M.A. (ed.), African Political Parties: Evolution, Institutionalisation and Governance (London, 2003) Schedler, Andreas, The Logic of Electoral Authoritarianism, in Schedler, Andreas (ed.), Electoral

Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition (Lynne Rienner, 2006) Schimmelpfennig, Frank, European Regional Organizations, Political Conditionali ty, and Democratic Transformation in Eastern Europe, East European Politics and Societies 21,1, (2007), 126-141 Schlumberger, O., Debating Arab Authoritarianism: Dynamics and Durability in Nondemocratic Regimes (Stanford, 2007) Tilly, Charles, Democracy (Cambridge, 2006) Vanhanen, T., A new dataset for measuring democracy, 1810 -1998, Journal of Peace Research, 37,2 (2000), 251-65 Volpi, F., and F. Cavatorta, Democratization in the Muslim World: Changing Patterns of Power and Authority (New York, 2007) Schmitter, Philippe C., The Influence of the International Context upon the Choice of National Institutions and Policies in Neo-Democracies, in Whitehead (ed.), The International Dimensions of Democratization: Europe and the Americas (Oxford, 1996) Schmitter, Philippe, and Terry Lynn Karl, What Democracy is ... and Is Not, Journal of Democracy, 2 (Summer 1991), 75-88 Skach, Cindy, Constitutional Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy, Constitutional Political Economy 16 (2005) Skocpol, Theda, A Critical Review of Barrington Moores Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy, Politics and Society 4 (Fall 1973), 1-34 Skocpol, Theda, Rentier State and Shia Islam in the Iranian Revolution, Theory and Society 11,3 (May 1982), 265-283 Skocpol, Theda, States and Social Revolutions (Cambridge, 1979) Skocpol, Theda, and Jeff Goodwin, Explaining Revolutions in the Contemporary Third World, Politics and Society 17,4 (December 1989) Smith, Benjamin, Life of the Party: The Origins of Regi me Breakdown and Persistence under Single-Party Rule, World Politics 57,3, 421-451 Smith, Benjamin, The Wrong Kind of Crisis: Why Oil Booms and Busts Rarely Lead to Authoritarian Breakdown, Studies in Comparative International Development, 40,4, 55-76 Snyder, Jack, From Voting to Violence: Democratization and Nationalist Conflict (New York, 2000) Snyder, Richard, Paths out of Sultanistic Regimes: Combining Structuralist and Voluntarist Approaches, in Linz, Juan, and H. E. Chehabi (eds.), Sultanistic Regimes (Baltimore, MD, 1998) Stepan, Alfred, Political Leadership and Regime Breakdown: Brazil, in Juan Linz and Stepan, eds. The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Latin America (Baltimore, MD, 1978), pp. 110-137 Stepan, Alfred, and Cindy Skach, Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation: Parliamentarism versus Presidentialism, World Politics, 46,1 (1993) Stern, Fritz, Fear and Hitlers Instant Subversion of Freedom, lecture, Council on Foreign Rel ations, New York City, March 4, 2008: http://www.cfr.org/publication/15691/fear_and_hitlers_instant_subversion_of_freedom_video.html Thucydides, Pericles Funeral Oration, in The Internet Classics Archive: The History of the Peloponnesian War by Thucydides, The Second Book, ch. VI, pp. 12-16, at

http://classics.mit.edu/Thucydides/pelopwar.2.second.html Tilly, Charles, Democracy (Cambridge, 2007), pp. 72-160. Vanhanen, T., A new dataset for measuring democracy, 1810 -1998, Journal of Peace Research, 37,2 (2000), 251-65 Volpi, F., and F. Cavatorta, Democratization in the Muslim World: Changing Patterns of Power and Authority (New York, 2007) Wallerstein, Michael, The Collapse of Democracy in Brazil: Its Economic Determinants, Latin American Research Review, 15,3 (1980), 3-34 Way, Lucan A., Authoritarian State Building and the Sources of Regime Competitiveness in the Fourth Wave, World Politics 57,2, 231-261 Weber, Thomas, Hitlers First War (Oxford, forthcoming 2010), chs. 10-12 Weber, Thomas, Our Friend the Enemy: British and German Elite Education before World War One (Stanford, 2008), introduction & conclusion Weingast, Barry, Political Foundations of Democracy and the Rule of Law, American Political Science Review, 91,2 (June 1997), 245-263 Weingast, Barry, Political Stability and Civil War: Institutions, Commitment and American Democracy, in Analytic Narratives (Princeton, 1998), pp. 148-193 Whitehead, Laurence, Three International Dimensions of Democratization, in Whitehead (ed.), The International Dimensions of Democratization: Europe and the Americas (Oxford, 1996) Wood, Elisabeth, An Insurgent Path to Democracy: Popular Mobilization, Economic Interests and Regime Transition in South Africa and El Salvador, Comparative Political Studies (October 2001) Ziblatt, Daniel, Does Landholding Inequality Block Democratization? A Test of the Bread and Democracy Thesis and the Case of Prussia, World Politics 60 (July 2008), 610-641 Ziblatt, Daniel, How Did Europe Democratize?, World Politics 58 (2) January 2006, pp. 311- 338

10

Essay Guidelines Two copies of your bibliography must be submitted one with only your ID number on the title page (please delete any use of your name, for example, in headers and footer, on the copy with no name on the title page). All pieces of work must be submitted to the departmental office (Crombie Annex, ground floor) where the time and date will be noted on the title page. Serious deviation from departmental formatting style in end/footnotes or bibliography (see below) will have a negative impact on the mark given to the essay. Evidence of inadequate proof-reading (such as repeated typographical errors, incomplete sentences, the use of contractions, etc.) will have a negative impact on the mark given to the essay. All work must come with a Assessment Cover Sheet which can be found on -line at: http://www.abdn.ac.uk/history/submit_coursework.shtml

Extensions. The School aims to ensure fair and equal treatment in the assessment of all students and that no student is unjustly denied or unfairly granted the benefits of continuous assessment. Accordingly essay extensions will be granted in accordance with the following rules: Extensions may only be granted by the course co-ordinator.

Extensions must be sought before the essay deadline. While an extension cannot be granted after an essay deadline is past, the Postgraduate Programme Co-ordinator may recommend the reduction or elimination of any penalty when made aware of appropriate extenuating circumstances. Students who find themselves in such a circumstance, are therefore strongly encouraged to contact Dr Tony Heywood (Programme Coordinator, Modern Historical Studies) as soon as they are able to. Extensions are granted only where students have encountered exceptional or unforeseen difficulties, or are subject to long-term episodic illnesses, or are affected by any relevant impairment, in the period during which they are expected to prepare the essay. Many Departments set essay deadlines at similar points during term and, therefore, students should both begin essay preparation in good time and budget their preparation time for essay writing appropriately. Please also note that this may affect availability of set and recommended texts from QML detrimentally. Hence, just in themselves, mere lack of availability of texts and pressure of other essay deadlines alone are not normally grounds for extension. Again, however, if there are any circumstances which mean that these issues might constitute a real barrier to you then, again, best advice is to contact the relevant Postgraduate Programme Co-ordinator as soon as you are able to. When an extension is granted, the student will be given written confirmation of the extension and a copy of this confirmation and any additional information you might wish to provide will be retained.

The School is aware that its aim of securing fair and equal treatment in the assessment of all students is ultimately inextricable from disabilityrelated issues and is, therefore, anxious to ensure that proper provision/reasonable adjustment is always made. You can help the School to achieve this aim by communicating any relevant information to the University Disabilities Officer.

Late submission. The School considers the timely submission of work essential. Therefore, any work submitted beyond the due date (without an approved extension) will be penalised according to the following schedule: 1 CAS point deducted per two days or part thereof (Saturday, Sunday and other days when the University is closed are counted together as a single day). Thus, a piece of work due on a Friday no later than noon if submitted before noon on the following Monday will incur a penalty of 1 CAS mark; a further CAS mark would be deducted between then and noon on the following Wednesday, etc.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Bibliographies should be arranged in alphabetical order by authors surname and should distinguish between primary and secondary sources. Your bibliography should comprise between 15 and 20 items which you have read in preparation for your dissertation. Primary sources Kenyon, J. P, ed., The Stuart Constitution 1603-1688. Documents and Commentary (Cambridge, 1966) Standard volume entry: William H. McNeill, Venice: The Hinge of Europe, 1081-1797 (Chicago, 1974) Multi-volume work: Michael Roberts, Gustavus Adolphus: A History of Sweden, 1611-32 (2 vols., London, 1958) Article within a book: Lawrence Stone, The English Revolution, in Robert Forster & Jack P. G reene, eds., Preconditions of Revolution in Early Modern Europe (Baltimore, 1970), 57-93 Article in a journal: E. William Monter, Witchcraft in Geneva, 1537-1662, Journal of Modern History, 43 (1971), 195-7.