Cementing:Well cementing in its simplest form can be described as the placement of a material that sets to form a solid mass

which has supporting and sealing property sealing cementing jobs are carried out in oil wells for a number of reasons , including : 1- Well tubular support . To provide support for casing liner strings to prevent movement . 2- Well bore/tubular collapse , to resist plastic deformation of the surrounding formation which may impact upon well turbulence and cause their collapse. 3- Zonal isolation ,to provide a pressure (to gas) tight seal between different zones . 4- Corrosion protection, to isolate metal tubular from corrosive gases and liquids contained in the formation . 5- Kick-off plugs , to fill the hole with a material that is harder than the surrounding formation to encourage the drill string to deviate from the original bore hole trajectory . 6- Lost circulation cures ,A material that will permanently seal leakage paths into the formation . 7- Well a abandonment , to isolate all open hole sections from the surface.

Primary cementation:
Primary cementation covers all operations to fix a casing and /or liner string in a newly drilled wellbore. The cement slurry is placed in the annulus between the pipe and the wall of the wall of the open hole. in this placement the cement has to displace the annular content , usually drilling fluid, as completely as possible to permit adequate bending to pipe and formation as well as developing its sealing properties .

Secondary cementation :
Secondary cementation covers all applications other than primary cementation, including the repair of an unsuccessful full primary cementation. Cement is either injected under pressure (squeeze job) or placed into the required position (plug job).

Cement additives:
There are more than 40 chemical additives are used with various API classes of cement to provide acceptable slurry characteristics for almost any sub surface environment .essentially all of these additives are free flowing powder that either can be dry blended with the cement before transporting it to the well or can be dispersed in the mixing water at the job site. Cement additives used for many purposes : can be classified in to many categories: - Density control additives. - Setting time control additives. - Lost circulation additives . - Filtration control additives. - Viscosity control additives . - Special additives for unusual problems . The first two categories are perhaps the most important because they receive consideration on almost every cement job. Density control additives : the density of the cement slurry must be high enough to prevent the higher pressure formations from flowing into the well during cementing operations ,yet not so high as to cause fracture of the weaker formations. Setting time control: the cement must set and develop sufficient strength to support the casing and seal off fluid movement behind the casing before drilling or completion activities can be resumed. Lost circulation additives: lost circulation is defined as the loss of drilling fluid or cement from the well to subsurface formations. lost circulation occurs when : a- Extremely high permeability formations are encountered . b- Fractured formation is encountered . c- Fractures created by excessive well bore pressure. Filtration control additives: it is desirable to limit the loss of water filtrate from the slurry to permeable formations to : a- Minimize the hydration of formations containing water sensitive shale. b- Prevent increase in slurry viscosity during cement placement . c- Reduce the rate of cement dehydration . Viscosity control additives :untreated cement slurries have a high effective viscosity at the shear rates presented during cement placement . it is desirable to reduce the effective viscosity of the slurry so that : a- Less pump horse power will be required for cement placement. b- Reduction in annular frictional press gradient and thus, a smaller chance of formation fracture. c- The slurry can be placed in turbulent flow at a lower pumping rate .