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DEAR READERS:
Now that the state has actively formulated and promoted a new set of concepts on safeguarding Russia's security, it is par ticularly vital to note developments in military theory and prac tice, which affect the most important strategic interests of our country. Naturally, one such tendency involves a steady rise in the importance of military space systems for the preservation of stability and alignment of forces in the world, as has become clear in recent years. As the performance characteristics of mil itary space systems improve, their contribution to the effective operations of the army and navy becomes more and more sig nificant and in many cases decisive. Space systems, which give a warning on a missile attack, keep watch on ground, sea and space targets and territories, provide communication, combat control, navigation, hydrome teorological, topogeodetical and cartographic support, have already become an organic part of the army and navy and raise, according to expert estimates, their efficiency by 1.5 2 times. Without space systems it is impossible to realize the new quali tative potential of the Armed Forces, such as mobility, flexibili ty, reliance of high accuracy weapons, small size and economy. Vital importance is now attached to preventing a surprise attack. Space systems offer the most effective means for con tinuously monitoring military preparations on a global scale, detecting an impending threat and quickly transmitting warning and troop control signals. At the beginning of a new stage in strategic arms reduction, space systems provide a fundamental contribution to solving the problem of control over the observance of international treaties and agreements. Consequently, priority development of military space sys tems represents a vital and decisive factor for implementing the basic principles of Russia's new military doctrine. Characteristically, the Russian Space Forces today are not only constantly ready for combat use: from day to day and hour to hour they prepare launches of launch vehicles, carrying spacecraft of military, economic, and scientific applications, and control orbital groupings. Russian Space Forces were set up in August 1992 from the space units and formations of the Russian Ministry of Defense for purely defensive aims which boil down to the discharge of three main functions: warning about a threat of attack; support ing operations of the army and navy; deterring aggression in and from space. Over the past two years we have completed the formation of the Space Forces as a centrally subordinated service, formulat ed its objectives, planned and launched measures to maintain and develop the space infrastructure. May Space Forces pre serve and multiply Russia's achievements in the field of military space technology and make a substantial contribution to safe guarding the security of our country and strategic stability in the world. (
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OLEG LOBOV Secretary Security Council of the Russian Federation

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER
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SPACE FORCES
OF THE MINISTRY OF DEFENSE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Vladimir Ivanov $ Colonel General, Commander of the Space Forces of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Military Sciences
$
Vladimir Ivanov
he reforms in the country and the Armed Forces have significantly exacer bated the need to review the approach adopted to Armed Forces building and, in particular, establish within their struc ture some military formations respon sible for the development and uti lization of space forces manpow er and resources. A logical result involved the establishment of the Space Forces as a centrally sub ordinated arm of the Armed Forces. The Space Forces were set up in August 1992 on the
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basis of the manpower and resources of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. Their establishment reflects the objective process of the growing influence of the employment of space weapons on the preparation and conduct of armed struggle. The Space Forces play a key role in Russia's space activities. They deploy and maintain in reg ulation make up and serviceable condition orbital groupings of space systems, which provide a strategic warning on the prepara tion and unleashing of aggression in different spheres of military confrontation, monitoring of compliance with the appropriate treaties and agreements and the
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creation of the requisite condi tions to achieve a new qualitative level of operational support for the troops. These tasks cannot be solved without the Space Forces, entrusted with the entire potential of launching systems and a con siderably part of space vehicle control facilities. The space forces also carry out a set of measures to ensure that Russia pursues an independent space policy. As the Space Forces are equipped with up to date, highly efficient space weapons, incorpo rating all the achievements of modern science and technology, ground space infrastructure cre ated on Russian territory, and more than thirty years' space experience, they can both solve 1
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The Space Forces play a key role in Russia's space activities. They deploy and maintain in regulation make up and ser viceable condition orbital groupings of space systems, which provide a strategic warning on the preparation and unleashing of aggression in different spheres of mili tary confrontation, monitoring of compli ance with the appropriate treaties and agreements and the creation of the requi site conditions to achieve a new qualita tive level of operational support for the troops.
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1. The central command post of Russian Space Forces 2. The Soyuz launch vehicle at the Gagarin launch complex of cosmodrome Baikonur
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military tasks and play a direct role in ensuring the implementa tion of the research and econom ic plans of the Russian Federation and international space coopera tion programs. At present the Space Forces are equipped with modern space systems, observation, early bal listic missile launch warning, command and communications, navigational, topogeodesy, mete orology complexes and space craft launch and control systems. They constitute the main cus tomer for military and dual pur
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pose space systems as well as the leading executor of all Russian space programs and international programs, carried out in Russia. The Space Forces incorporate three cosmodromes, Plesetsk, Baikonur (in Kazakhstan) and Svobodny (under construction), A.F. Mozhaisky Military Space Engineering Academy (Order of the Red Banner), the main test and control center, the Central Research Institute, and logistic units. A significant number of indus
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trial and scientific organizations work under orders from the Space Forces, including such famous firms as the S.P. Korolev 'Energia' Research and Production Association (NPO), Central Engineering Research Institute, M.V. Khrunichev Space Research and Industrial Center, NPO Applied Mechanics, Elas Research and Production Corporation, Aerospace Corporation 'Polyot', Russian Institute of Radio Navigation and Time, Russian Space Instrument Making Research Institute, Central Specialized Design Bureau, S.A. Lavochkin NPO, joint stock company MNIIRS, M.V. Frunze Design Bureau 'Arsenal,' 'Yuzhnoye' Design Bureau, GosTsNIRTI (Central State Rocketry Research Institute), Thermal Processes Research Institute, NPO 'Khartron,' General Engineering Design' Bureau, Khimavtomatika Design Bureau, NPO Measuring Equipment and NPO Machine building. The Space Forces constitute the only formation in the CIS con cerned with the placement of orders to manufacture space craft, launch vehicles, boosters, spacecraft control and monitor ing facilities and various equip ment to prepare and launch spacecraft at defense sector enterprises and accomplishes the tasks of preparing, launching and controlling spacecraft of all kinds of application orbited from cos modromes located in Russia and the Republic of Kazakhstan. Plesetsk Cosmodrome This erstwhile secret facility of the Space Forces dates back to 1957. Within a short time, launching complexes and many infrastructural facilities were built for the first three combat units. The cosmodrome is used to 2
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During a visit to Blagoveshchensk, President Boris Yeltsin backed the idea of creating a new space harbor in Amur Region. At present the Space Forces utilize an extensive fleet of light, medium and heavy class rockets, capable of orbiting payloads of military, scientific and economic application. Automated Ground Control Complex Control of both military and civilian spacecraft in all stages of flight, and guaranteed reception from the spacecraft and distribu tion to users of scientific, meteo rological, communications, topo geodetic and other types of infor mation these are the responsi bilities of the automated ground control complex (AGCC) of the Russian Space Forces. The AGCC is an aggregate of technical means and facilities of control
3. The antenna system of the command measuring post at cosmodrome Baikonur 4. The Soyuz launch vehicle in the assem bly test complex at cosmodrome in Plesetsk
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launch light and medium launch vehicles. Since 1967 spacecraft launches have been conducted under international cooperation programs. During the existence of the cosmodrome, about 1,500 spacecraft, or 60% of their total, have been prepared and placed in orbit, including satellites of military, scientific and economic application. Baikonur Cosmodrome Builders hammered in the first peg on the Kazakh steppe near Tyura Tam in 1954. This marked the beginning of Baikonur Cosmodrome. The first launches of rockets were held in 1957. Today Baikonur is a scientific and technological complex, boasting the most recent equip ment. Its center is located in bar ren terrain on a bank of the Syr Darya. About 40 launch vehicles are launched annually. The cosmodrome has nine launching complexes with 14 launchers, 34 engineering com
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Treaty of a missile division sta tioned in this region and the structures of the maintenance area and control and communica tions system will be used to launch light launch vehicles with a minimum amount of modifica tions. A ground complex for the Angara, a 21st century launch vehicle, using ecologically clean fuel, will be built at the second phase.
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centers and posts, instrumenta tion control complexes, and infor mation and software systems, designed to shape ground space craft control complexes and auto mate the processes behind their functioning. AGCC incorporates fixed and mobile facilities for the exchange of program control, telemetric and navigational information with spacecraft, communication and automatic data collection and 3
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plexes and three filling stations for the preparation and launch of launch vehicles, as well as world's largest oxygen and nitro gen plant. Svobodny Cosmodrome The main facilities of the cos modrome will be located in Svobodny district, Amur Region, Khabarovsk Territory, lat. 51 40' and 50 N; long. 128 128 30' E. The geographic location of the new Russian cosmodrome, optimally approximated to the equator, is economically expedi ent, when injecting a payload into working orbit. The presence of a developed infrastructure enables Russia to create a new cosmod rome within a short time at mini mum cost. At the first stage of the cos modrome's construction, some of the existing silo launchers, trans ferred to the Space Forces after the disbandment under SALT 2
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complex, Glonass, will be used to accomplish the tasks of naviga tional support for users and carry out geodetic measurements. Simultaneously a navigational system called Cicada, based on low altitude Nadezhda satellites, will be operated. To organize real time television reports from any point on the globe, two way exchanges of video information and television linkups, and ensure prompt telephone links in an emergency or during natural
5. The Cyclone launch vehicle at the launch complex of cosmodrome Plesetsk
nications system. It is also assumed that channels of Raduga and Molniya 3 satellite communi cation retransmitters will be employed in Stage One networks of international communication as part of operations by the State Commercial Corporation 'Marathon.' Space meteorology and environmental monitoring provides for the creation of a two tier weather observation system called Planeta, involving Meteor 3 satellites and the geostationary
CYCLONE
CYCLONE M 2.9
COSMOS 1.5
SOCMOS M 1.8
ROKOT 1.85
NEVA 5.0
SOYUZ 7.1
MOLNIYA 1.9*
ZENITH 13.2 13.7
SOYUZ 2K 6.8
PROTON 20.6 2.4 Baikonur in operation
PROTON M 22.0 3.0 Baikonur 1998
ANGARA 24.0 3.5 5.0 Plesetsk Svobodny 2000 2001
PLD mass (t)
Hcrl=200
3.6
GSO COSMODROME Start of operation
Plesetsk
Baikonur
Plesetsk
Plesetsk 1998
Svobodny 1996
Plesetsk after 2000
Baikonur
in operation
Plesetsk Baikonur in operation
Plesetsk
Plesetsk 1998
*Highly elliptical orbit GSO geostationary orbit
AUTOMATED GROUND CONTROL COMPLEX
ICC Krasnoye Selo ICC Yelizovo ICC Shchelkovo Golitsyno 2 Flight Control Center ICC Maloyaroslavets Plesetsk Cosmodrome Moscow Central Command Post ICC Kolpashevo Svobodny Cosmodrome ICC Solnechny Khorol ICC Barnaul ICC Ulan Ude Galenki ICC ICC Vorkuta ICC Shchelkovo ICC Yakutsk
ICC Yeniseisk
Baikonur Cosmodrome
ICC (Instrumentation Control Center)
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handling means placed at the main command station, in the flight control centers of space craft of varying application and at instrumentation control centers, linked by communication lines. Until 2000, a dual purpose navigational and geodetic space
disasters in virtually inaccessible regions, including places outside Russia, a Luch communications satellite is planned. A special communications satellite will be used to provide telephone links and high speed data transfer under the Sokol satellite commu
weather satellite Electro. The Space Forces have accu mulated a valuable back log, incorporating the best achieve ments in the country's science and technology. Key space technologies are being developed to design and manufacture such wide ranging items as electric power plants; engines and power plants; data collection, processing and stor age facilities, including highly efficient computer hardware; optical equipment encompassing visible, infrared and ultraviolet bands; a variety of electromag netic sensors; an element base for decimetric, millimetric wave and optical band communication means and systems; scanners and antenna feeder devices; laser and accelerator equipment;
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building materials, substances, special coatings and adhesives. Most of the new technologies developed and mastered in the production of space equipment bear a sufficiently general char acter: less than 10% of them have a clearly expressed special significance. The contemporary potential of the space industry (technological, production and experimental facilities) and domestic space technologies can be extensively used to design and manufacture arms and military equipment, in science, the national economy and international cooperation. The Space Forces' equipment is uniquely global and provides rapid response. It is used to solve the most diverse tasks more cheaply than non space means of similar application. The employment of the space systems and complexes of the Space Forces of Russia, coupled with the improved efficiency of the national Armed Forces, serves as a powerful factor behind the stabilization of the international situation and deterrence and contributes to the reinforcement of confidence building measures, broader understanding between countries and greater internation al cooperation. The activity of the Space Forces of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation in the creation and use of space equip ment guarantees access for Russia to outer space and facili tates its continuing status as a world space power. (
PLESETSK COSMODROME
BAIKONUR COSMODROME
SVOBODNY COSMODROME
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ON THE FRONT LINE

$
Interview with Major General Anatoly Ovchinnikov, Head of the Main Center for Space Means Testing and Use (Plesetsk) $ Taken by George Lyssenko
Anatoly Ovchinnikov
natoly Fedorovich, what role does the Main Center for Space Means Testing and Use (MCSMTU) in Plesetsk play in the structure of Russia's Space Forces today? Naturally, the question is dictated by problems con nected with the Baikonur cosmod rome. A historical survey will reveal that during the most recent two
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decades the cosmodrome in Plesetsk played and still plays a very special role in space explo ration, yielding considerable posi tive results. The total number of space vehicles (SV) launched from Baikonur and Plesetsk is divided between the two at 1/3 to 2/3 cor respondingly. Plesetsk accounted for at least two thirds of the launches of all space vehicles for military purposes. It is well known that Russia and Kazakhstan have signed an agreement on use of the Baikonur cosmodrome at summit level. However, in order to avoid some unforeseen difficulties, related to the launches of SVs, particularly military purpose SVs from the ter
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A historical survey will reveal that during the most recent two decades the cosmodrome in Plesetsk played and still plays a very special role in space exploration, yielding considerable positive results. The total number of space vehicles (SV) launched from Baikonur and Plesetsk is divided between the two at 1/3 to 2/3 correspondingly.
ritory of another state, today the main emphasis is laid on the transfer of a number of space programs, military ones in partic ular, to the cosmodrome in Plesetsk, which has the requisite facilities, as a competent recon naissance committee has estab lished. Such a move shall require money. Once it had been allocat ed, the programs transferred from Baikonur to Plesetsk can be implemented within the next two four years. This provides a key role for the MCSMTU in the Russian Federation's Space Forces tasks. The role of our cos modrome will also grow, due to SV launches in the interests of inter national cooperation, the econo my and Russian science. Our second question follows on from the first one. It deals with the direct future prospects of the center. Your headquarters is dec orated with a slogan: the text reads: "1994 is the year for the Space Forces to build up and pre pare Russia's guaranteed access to outer space". Will you explain the message of the slogan?
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1. A "Cosmos" launch vehicle in the assembly test com plex of cosmodrome Plesetsk 2,3. Assembly work on the "Soyuz" launch vehicle 4. "Foton 9" satellite, which was chosen for the accomplish ment of "Gezon" Russian French experiment
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I have already said that the reconnaissance committee con siders it expedient to transfer a number of space programs from Baikonur to Plesetsk. This step has been coordinated with chief designers in the defense industry space sector. The government's decision should come next. If it is made this year, we are ready to start the first stage in the imple mentation of programs originally designed for Baikonur in 1995. We are convinced that such a decision will be taken. Russia needs a cosmodrome it can use irrespective of other states' will. Even now the Space Forces Command and the cosmodrome personnel are already working on preparing the future. Please characterize the Plesetsk cosmodrome infrastruc ture. The Plesetsk cosmodrome boasts a rather intricate infra
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structure which enables us to fulfil scientific, economic and military programs by launching space vehicles into low polar and near polar orbits. For this purpose, we use high latitude launch complex es, which generally predetermine the choice of the cosmodrome's current location. The Plesetsk cosmodrome has nine launch complexes for four types of launch vehicles ("Soyuz", "Molniya", "Tsiklon", "Cosmos") as well as seven technical com plexes, including installation and testing blocks, transportation and erection units and other launch vehicle, space preparation and launch support means. Underground rocket propel lant component depots and tech nical and technological prepara tion systems are located in the vicinity of the launch complexes. In addition there is the town of Myrny, where officers and their families live. All of the aforemen tioned make up the Plesetsk cos
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modrome. I would like to add that most staff are graduates of the A.F. Mozhaisky Military Academy. During the past two years none of them has applied for retirement. This fact says a lot: the level of issues solved, prospects, social sector. A great deal has been written about the new Svobodny cosmod rome in the Far East. How will the Plesetsk and Svobodny cosmod romes divide up the spheres of activity? Geographically Svobodny is on the same parallel with Baikonur. It ensures the least energy consuming launch of heavy class rockets of "Proton" type into geostationary orbit. Meanwhile we will deal with the smaller and medium class rockets. What can you say about the international programs your Center is involved in? During the past few years we carried out tests of SVs in cooper ation with Bulgaria, the former 2
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Earth as a basis for high preci sion electronic equipment. The Russian "Foton 9" satellite, launched from the Plesetsk cos modrome, was used for this experiment. On the French side the exper iment was prepared by specialists from the Toulouse KNES center and Grenoble Center of Nuclear Research Agency. On completion of the experi ment, the crystals from space will be equally divided between Russian and French scientists and independently tested at labo ratories in Moscow and Grenoble. "Gezon" experiments have never been carried out in outer space: consequently, scientists from many countries look forward to its results with interest. Are any space programs been conducted jointly via the CIS? Not for the time being. But they are sure to emerge in future. To end our interview, what would you like to say to our read ers? "Military Parade" is pub lished by the military industrial complex. This has given me the following idea. Russia can be a great power, only if it has well trained Armed Forces provided with modern equipment and a well developed defense industry. Whatever difficulties Russia faces at present, we look forward to the future with optimism, because we are convinced Russia will fully restore its potential. We have all the grounds for believing this to be true. (
5. Servicewomen at cosmodrome Plesetsk
6. Works at the assembly test complex 7. Construction of a new launch complex at cos modrome Plesetsk
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Czechoslovakia, Italy, Germany, Poland. Judging by specialists from these countries, the work of our officers and representatives of manufacturing plants deserves the highest praise. They hold just as high an opinion of our machin
ery and the Plesetsk cosmodrome as a whole. Productive cooperation pro vides new impetus to the devel opment of the space industry, science, technology and the economy. It is also economically profitable for us, as it takes the sting out of many problems, including social ones. The Russian French experiment "Gezon" serves a good example of the mutually advantageous cooperation, our Center main tains with foreign partners. In 1991 the French Space Agency (KNES), Glavkosmos and "Splav" (Alloy) technological center signed an agreement to carry out the "Gezon" space experiment in a bid to produce high quality semi conductor crystals, which could subsequently serve on the
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Leonid Kizim
Leonid Kizim $ Lieutenant General, Chief of the A.F. Mozhaisky Military Space Engineering Academy, Pilot Cosmonaut
ASSET
$
NATIONAL
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he A.F. Mozhaisky Military Space Engineering Academy in St. Petersburg is a unique polytechnic military educational institution of the Russian armed forces and a large scientific research center. Its re estab lishment and growth is associated with such outstand ing names in Russian science and the Russian armed forces as M.V. Lomonosov, D.I. Mendeleyev, N.E. Zhukovsky and Field Marshal M.I. Kutuzov. The academy has considerable experience in the training of highly qualified engi neer officers for the Air Force and the Strategic Missile Forces. Today the academy aims to train engineer officers for the Russian Defense Ministry's space units and conduct scientific research work in military space areas. Its students and cadets major in 28 specialities in the command faculty, and in engineering spe
CONTACT US : 13 Zhdanovskaya St. St. Petersburg, Russia, 197082 Phone: (812) 235 8874 (812) 235 8723
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cialization faculties: launch vehi cle and spacecraft design, con trol systems and computer tech nology, radio electronics, engi neering and technical, data col lection and processing, and auto matic control and communica tions systems. Research and teaching staff are subjected to pre doctoral and graduate student training. Six dissertation councils have been set up in the academy to award scientific degrees (four doctoral and two master of science). The academy's scientists conduct research on a wide range of problems, associated with the build up of knowledge about space, perfection of space equip ment and space exploration. The works of the academy's researchers have found wide applications in the armed forces and industry, and are published abroad. Today more than 30 scientific schools have formed in the acad emy, which focuses on the basic problems of space research. Members of the academy's facul ty annually file over 200 patent applications for discoveries: a considerable share of them are then implemented. Over the last thirty years 150 doctors and more than 900 masters of science have been trained for space engineer ing research. The title of Merited Space and Technology Worker of Russia has been conferred on 35 academy scientists. The acade my's developments have won
more than 300 contest medals. Owing to the level of the research and laboratory facilities of the academy, their tooling with the most up to date equipment and the potential implementation of large scale profound scientific investigations, the academy pro poses cooperation on joint scien tific studies on space conversion subjects to interested national and foreign military educational institutions and scientific organi zations. The joint training of scientific personnel in space engineering at the A.F. Mozhaisky Military Space Engineering Academy and similar educational institutions of inter ested countries, on the basis of parity exchanges of trainees or delegations of research workers, involving study or practical train ing, could play a special role. The academy has the facilities to organize classes with trainees on a modern research and teaching level, using the most effective methods of instruction and scien tific activity. A regular exchange of scientific information is possi ble on different issues of the con version of space engineering. (
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GLONASS,
SPACE NAVIGATION SYSTEM
$ Mikhail Lebedev $ Colonel, Chief of the Space Forces Coordination Scientific Information Center
Mikhail Lebedev
o achieve more effi cient application and conversion use of space systems, and technologies, orga nize interaction with customers, provide them with informa tion and science methodology ser vices and promote international cooper ation, a Coordination Scientific Information Center has been set up in the Space Forces by Presidential Order. The Center aims to organize and accomplish work on the effi cient application of the Glonass space navigation system in the interests of the fighting services
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of the Russian armed forces and domestic and foreign civilian users. Glonass, a second generation space navigation system, ensures: globality, that is, the possi bility to make all weather naviga tional fixes at any point of the globe or near Earth space at any time of day; promptness, or the perfor mance of navigational fixes within a minimum time, the error of the users' time scale to the state scale of standard time amounting to no more than one microsec ond; the precision of navigational fixes with an error of no more than 50 100 meters, and velocity components of no less than 15 cm/s, maximum errors in a differ ential mode of operation, not exceeding several meters, and the independence of naviga tional fixes made for different users. The first spacecraft in the Glonass series was launched into orbit on October 12, 1982.
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The Russian space system Glonass was commissioned by the Ministry of Defense at the beginning of the 1970s and set up by a large partnership of organizations. The nucleus comprised the Scientific and Industrial Association of Applied Mechanics, the Russian Research institute of Space Instrument Making and the Russian Institute of Navigation and Time.
The network of navigational spacecraft continued to be built up at a rate of 1 2 launches per year. In 1993 the system, com prising 12 satellites, was accept ed for operation. It ensures almost continuous global two dimensional fixes and discrete global three dimensional fixes. The orbital group of the sys tem, to be fully deployed by 1995, will consist of 24 satellites in circular orbits with an inclina tion of 64.8 degrees, an altitude of 19,100 km and period of revo lution of 11 hours 15 minutes. The satellites will be positioned in three orbital planes, eight satel lites in each plane, spaced apart in longitude by 120 degrees. This orbital arrangement will help cre ate a continuous radio navigation al field over the Earth's surface up to 2,000 km high. The user will be able to receive at any moment radio navigational signals from at least four satellites forming a configuration close to optimal in relation to the user. In its characteristics Glonass is as good as its American coun terpart, GPS. However, the con structional features of the system Glonass, stemming from a higher inclination of the orbits of naviga tional spacecraft, compared with GPS (GPS orbits' inclination being about 55 degrees), permit high precision navigational fixes in higher latitudes than the
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SPACE NAVIGATION SYSTEM GLONASS
GPS NAVSTAR GPS NAVSTAR NAVIGATIONAL SIGNALS
GPS NAVSTAR
COMMAND, PROGRAM AND NAVIGATIONAL INFORMATION
USERS
Additional technological information
Scientific methodological information
COORDINATION SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION CENTER Scientific methodological information
SYSTEM CON TROL CENTER GROUND CONTROL COMPLEX
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mance of a precision landing approach Organization (ICAO) has approved a long American system. and the landing itself. In addition the Glonass system does term air traffic system, based on commu Proposals are currently being worked nication, navigation and observation not incorporate a regime, where naviga satellite systems. A decision, moreover, out to create differential Glonass network tional information used by civilian cus tomers is desensitized (the so called was made to use Glonass and GPS as based on the Space Forces infrastruc selective access regime, used with the elements of a global navigation satellite ture, the future nucleus of a three level GPS version). The precision of fixes system (GNSS), and recommendations differential subsystem, which also incor under the Glonass system, is about 1.5 2 were elaborated on joint utilization of porates departmental and local differen these systems in a bid to enhance the tial networks. The Coordination times higher. Scientific Information Center is ready to The similarity between the Glonass precision, reliability and integrity of navi gational servicing. Global navigation assist all interested organizations in the and GPS systems in orbital grouping bal satellite systems may in time become the development of new space technologies listic design and navigational radio sig only means of en route aircraft navigation and equipment and is also counting on nals makes it possible to develop naviga productive cooperation in the interests of tion aids for a user operating on signals in airfield zones, and also, with an appro priate functional addition, in the perfor peaceful space exploration. of both systems. Such work is being car ( ried out by many domestic and for SPECIFICATIONS OF GLOBAL SPACE NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEM GLONASS eign enterprises, with experience no less than 100 Accuracy of navigational position fixes, m in the development of navigation no less than 0.15 Accuracy of determination of user's velocity vector components, m/s aids for Glonass and GPS. 5 Accuracy of tying ephemeris to world Greenwich time, ms Time needed to carry out: The joint use of the radio nav from 1 to 3 first navigational fix, min igational fields of the Russian and from 1 to 10 subsequent navigational fixes, s American systems opens up to (depending on the civilian community traditional navigational equipment, employed by user) and fundamentally new spheres unlimited Quantity of users of their application. It provides a MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF GLONASS SPACECRAFT unique means of determining Mass, kg about 1,300 coordinates, time and velocity in Diameter, m 2,350 terms of precision, reliability and Length with a deployed magnetometer rod, m 7,840 continuity. Width with deployed solar batteries, m 7,230 Frequency range of transmitter signals, megacycles per second 1,602.6 to 1,615.5 These great advantages can Received signal power, DbW (156 to 161) be obtained from using these two Data transmission speed, bit/s 50 satellite systems for the purposes Launch vehicle used for injection into orbit Proton with D booster stage of aircraft navigation. The Launching cosmodrome Baikonur International Civil Aviation
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he conversion of military technolo gies constitutes one of the salient features of the past few years, stemming from a sharp relaxation of the Cold War and implementation of a number of inter state arms reduc tion and elimina istry and technology of rocket propellants): the Soviet Union and above all Russia, played an extremely important role. Let me cite a few striking examples of the conversion of solid propellant technologies. By developing and mastering in the early 1970s a new chlorine free high energy oxidizer, ammo nium dinitramide (ADN), and con comitant solid propellants, Russia gained indubitable priority in this field. The traditional propellants, which are widely used in all most prestigious space rocket sys tems, such as the Space Shuttle (USA) and Arianne (France), incorporate a classical oxidizer
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Zinovy Pak $ Director General of the Lyubertsy Research and Industrial Association 'Soyuz' (LNPO Soyuz), Academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences
CONVERSION
$
MISSILE TECHNOLOGIES
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It should be noted here that, despite budgetary constraints in Russia on normal financial support for the conversion process, a number of industries have achieved serious suc cess, providing a real chance to solve Russia's domestic social problems and making a serious claim on international market share.
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tion programs. I would like to stress here in particular the importance of such an industry as the special chem istry and technology of ammuni tion (more precisely the chem
ammonium perchlorate, which forms during burning extremely toxic and environmentally (includ ing for the ozone layer) danger ous chlorine derivatives and, above all, hydrogen chloride. To launch a Space Shuttle after the work of two booster engines, more than 200 tons of hydrogen chloride is released to the earth and into the atmosphere. The formation of hydrogen chloride, as the classical solid rocket propellants burn, is the most difficult problem in the elim ination of operational tactical and strategic missile systems. President Boris Yeltsin appreciat ed the importance of this problem during his visit to the firm LNPO Soyuz, and made a statement
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about the need to reach intergov ernmental agreement on further development of solid propellant rocketry, above all for commer cial purposes, using the environ mentally sound ADN oxidizer. The table provides a striking illustration of the broad vistas opening up before the Russian (Class IV VII) environment friend ly ADN oxidizer propellants. It is absolutely clear that they solve the ecological problem and dras tically enhance propellant energy. An important thrust in the conversion of the solid propellant technology concerns the devel opment of Freon free environ ment friendly systems of fire smothering and blast prevention, based on aerosol generating solid compounds. This form of firefighting is based on the use of the pronounced ability of super tiny solid particles to snap the chain reactions of afterburning in an atmosphere of incomplete decomposure products of the materials burning in a fire. Tiny particles are formed when the specially developed solid compounds burn. This method is one of the PRINCIPLE TYPES OF SOLID PROPELLANTS TYPES BRIEF CHARACTERISTICS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
AP+AL+HC AP+AL+HMX+HC AP+AL+HMX+NE AN+AL+HMX+NE AD+AL+HC AD+AL+ALH3+HC AD+ ALH3+NE
AMMONIUM PERCHLORATE (AP)+AL+HYDROCARBON BINDER (HC) AMMONIUM PERCHLORATE (AP)+AL+HMX+HYDROCAR BON BINDER (HC) AMMONIUM PERCHLORATE (AP)+AL+HMX+NITRATE ESTER BINDER (NE) AMMONIUM NITRATE (AN)+AL+HMX+NITRATE ESTER BINDER (NE) AMMONIUM DINITRAMIDE (AD)+AL+ HYDROCARBON BINDER (HC) AMMONIUM DINITRAMIDE (AD)+AL+ALH3+HYDROCARBON BINDER (HC) AMMONIUM DINITRAMIDE (AD)+ ALH3+ NITRATE ESTER BINDER (NE)
TABLE 2
ENERGY AND ECOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLID PROPELLANTS
3000 2900 0.2 2800 2700 0.1 2600 2500 0.0
II
III
IV
VI
VII FIG.2
PROPELLANT TYPES
alternatives for the substitution of refrigerants, and in service prop erties (the absence of pipelines and regulators, the high level of environmental and toxicological safety, compactness, etc.) it has no equal. Amassed experience in prac tical use of Freon free firefighting systems implies that these facili ties will find wide application in the protection of electronic and electrical equipment, all types of cars, railway, sea and river trans port, aircraft, helicopters, ther mal and nuclear power plants, the production facilities of the oil and gas extracting and refining sec tor, mining plants, etc. Drawing on my own experi ence, I remain convinced of the needs to create new firefighting systems: the market is constantly expanding for these products and the developments of Russian companies (the Purga project, for instance) will be on a high demand internationally. The developed original large pulse magnetohydrodynamic solid plasma fuel installations are marked by high efficiency when used for oil and gas prospecting and exploration, long term quake forecasting and oil well yield aug mentation. And here is a really fantastic sounding idea: the creation of diamonds from rocket propel lants. The superhard synthetic material (diamond), obtained by detonation synthesis, and the original technique used to obtain on its basis abrasive diamond tools of different sizes, with a porosity regulated working sur face of any configuration, find ever greater application during the processing of very hard; diffi cultly processable materials to obtain a work surface of a high class of purity in the machine tool, aircraft, shipbuilding and
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MASS FRACTION OF HCL
SPECIFIC IMPULS, N s/kg
Address: 6 Sovetskaya St., Dzerzhinsky, Moscow Region, Russia 140056. Phone: (095) 172 2692, 551 7000. Fax: (095) 175 2494 2
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optical industries. LNPO Soyuz has drafted an extensive program for using solid propellant technologies to manufacture civilian products. As well as the aforementioned, their range includes: propulsion systems and gas generators for space rocket sys tems and space vehicles (emer gency rescue, soft landing, orbit to orbit transfer, descent from orbit and other systems); gas generators for resusci tating and increasing the yield of oil wells; drilling rocket apparatuses; shaped charges for cutting large sized constructions and structures; color plasma smokeless firework compounds of an enhanced entertainment quality. Owing to the achievements of LNPO Soyuz over the past few years, engendered by very suc cessful utilization of the scientific and industrial potential accumu lated in work with solid rocket propellants, the President issued a decree on the creation of a Federal Dual Technologies Center "Soyuz" at the Lyubertsy Research and Industrial Association. The center has been created to acknowledge and also elaborate practical measures of support for dual technologies. We are ready to consider all forms of mutually beneficial busi ness cooperation with partners at home and abroad. (
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une 4, 1994 marked the 35th anniversary of the establishment at Krasnoyarsk 26 (lately renamed Zheleznogorsk) of a branch of the Experimental Design Bureau 1, headed by Academician S.P. Korolev and eventually trans formed into the Applied Mechanics Research and Production Association (NPO PM): the head designer enter
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prise of space vehicles for com munication, telecasting, relaying, navigation and geodetic purpos es. The first space product of the Association was a launch vehicle for small and medium sized spacecraft (designated 11K65, current designation "Cosmos"). Later, this same launch vehi cle was used for putting into orbits of 600 to 1,500 km a whole series of Cosmos satellites, developed by the association together with other enterprises. The modernized rocket is still operational. In 1965 Korolev decided to
Mikhail Reshetnev $ General Designer and General Director of the Applied Mechanics Research and Production Association, Academician
Michail Reshetnev
direct communication between the President of Russia and the USA. The ground control facilities of Russia are located only on its own territory: this factor sets cer tain limitations on the duration of communication with both unmanned satellites and long term orbiting stations and reusable spacecraft. These restrictions could be lifted by relay satellites in geostationary orbits: for this purpose we devel oped the "Luch" satellite in 1985. The "Luch" can also be used for commercial purposes for the transmitter of television and other 1
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COSMIC HEIGHTS
As of July 1994, we had 114 of our space vehicles working in space: 87 were used in the interests of defense and the national economy, while the other 27 were in orbital reserve.
pass on to Krasnoyarsk the "Molniya 1" communication satellite for serial production, which we repeatedly modernized. This satellite is still used in com munication systems. Later, in 1974, the association developed a more powerful communication satellite, "Molniya 3", with a retransmitter working in the cen timeter wave range. During those years we also worked to reach high circular orbits, leading to the develop ment of the first Soviet geosta tionary satellites: "Raduga" (1975) and "Gorizont" (1977) types. Using "Molniya 3", "Raduga" and "Gorizont" satellites we put into operation the Integrated Satellite Communications System. As well as its use for the needs of the economy and national defense, it ensures
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messages. There is notably the possibility of joint manufacture of news broadcasting stations with eventual access to the world mar ket. At present, the central such station is mounted at the Ostankino TV center in Moscow, while news broadcasting stations are operating in Moscow and St. Petersburg, as well as in Washington and Cleveland (USA). In 1995 we plan to launch the "Luch 2" modification of the orig inal satellite. To replace the first genera tion "Tsikada" navigation system and other outdated elements of the COSPAS SARSAT internation al search and rescue system, we are developing the modernized "Tsikada M UTTX" modification. The tasks of high precision global location and coordinate fixation are tackled by space sys tems, based on the "GEO IK" and "Glonass" satellites, developed by NPO PM, together with the Russian Space Instrument Research Institute, Russian Radio Navigation and Time Institute and some joint ventures, and com missioned in 1985 and 1993, respectively. Together with the Precision Instruments Research and Production Association, NPO PM is developing the low orbit "Gonets" E mail communication system, consisting of 36 small satellites working in circular orbits with an altitude of about 1,500 km. The first stage of this system (Gonets D1) consisting of 12 satellites is about to be deployed. The variants of cooperation to develop and deploy the said sys tem encompass various spheres of activities from joint manufac ture of user's terminals to the development of users' networks. As part of its development of more advanced approaches to
1. The "Gals" space craft 2. The "Express" spacecraft
Name of SSM (platform)
Resources provided for payload G(kg) P(W) 1,500 2,100 (unit) 1,600 (fin.) 3,200 1,730 U(V) 27 27 40 27
Active ser vice life (years)
Holding accuracy Attitude control by longitude and accuracy (deg latitude (degrees) ree of circle) 6 12 6 12 6 12 15 30
Launch vehicle
1. SSM 2500 01GSO 2. SSM 2500 02GSO 3. SSM 2500 GSO 4. SSM 2500 VEO
600 550 500 600
Geostationary satellites 0.2 5 7 0.1
"Proton" with DM unit "Proton" with DM unit "Proton" with DM unit "Rus" with "Fregat" unit
0.1 10 Geostationary satellites 5
G is payload; P is power consumption by payload; U is operating voltage

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space equipment design, and also as a result of international cooperation, NPO PM is increas ingly using today the develop ment of satellites of various des ignation on the basis of standard ized service system modules (space platforms). These service system mod ules or SSMs are also extensively used in joint international pro jects, where our association man ufactures and supplies a specific SSM, while foreign partners pro vide the payload. The main characteristics and resources for payloads for some of our SSMs are given in the table below. This is by no means an exten sive list of the space systems developed by us over the past period. We are now developing a new generation of satellites. In particular, on January 20 we launched the new direct telecast ing "Gals" satellite and plan to launch the first "Express" satellite at the end of the year as replace ment for the "Gorizont" series. We are also designing space vehicles for mobile satellite com munication systems. In this man ner, over 30 years of space ori ented activities we have launched more than 900 space vehicles of various designation into different circular and high elliptical orbits, designed by NPO PM together with a large number of enterpris es working in related spheres.
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jects, whereby the NPO PM man ufactures service system modules (space platforms) and our foreign partners provide payloads for them, which means onboard retransmitters and antenna feed er systems. To conclude, I would like to note that with our 30 years of experience in the design and implementation of various space programs, staff of top qualified specialists and modern experi ment infrastructure, our extensive cooperation links, NPO PM can
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As of July 1994, we had 114 of our space vehicles working in space: 87 were used in the inter ests of defense and the national economy, while the other 27 were in orbital reserve. Recently our association has been conducting fairly effective work to establish cooperation with leading foreign space com panies to implement joint projects on communication satellites. These include, above all, the SOVCANSTAR Russian Canadian and CESAT Russian French pro
develop space facilities for telecommunication and coordi nate metric systems at the high est level of modern technical requirements. (
ADDRESS: NPO PM, Krasnoyarsk 26 (Zheleznogorsk), Russia, 660033 Phone: (391 97) 280 08 Fax: (391 97) 226 35.
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he General Engineering Design Bureau, which develops and per fects rocket weapons in this country, is well over 50. On the eighth day of the Great Patriotic War, the Special Design Bureau (as it was called at the time) of the Moscow "Kompressor" plant became the leading developer of the new rocket launchers nick named "Katyusha" at the front. War time experience allowed the Design Bureau, which was reorganized in 1946 into the State All Union Specialized Engineering Design Bureau, to assume new assignments. They included the development of launching com plexes (LC), transport and installa tion systems, launching, fuelling and auxiliary equipment units, as well as systems used to prepare rocket launches and launch rock ets. Rapid development of the rocket building necessitated the speedy elaboration of LCs for long range rockets. The Spetsmash Design Bureau was the first leading organization to be entrusted with this new responsi bility. Working on the new assign ment, the design bureau staff developed mobile and stationary LCs for Z 1, R 2, R 5 and R 5M ballistic missiles. Adoption of the new missile systems enhanced the combat efficiency of the Armed Forces, raising them to a new qualitative level. During the same period of time the first "Mayak" silo launcher was developed to master launch preparations and launch rockets. The experience was later applied for the develop ment and construction of silo launchers for R 12, R 14, R 9 and
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$ Igor Barmin $ General Designer, Head of General Engineering Design Bureau, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor AVA Multimedia Publishing Group Military Parade Electronintorg ltd.
The General Engineering Design Bureau, which develops and perfects rocket weapons in this coun try, is well over 50. On the eighth day of the Great Patriotic War, the Special Design Bureau (as it was called at the time) of the Moscow "Kompressor" plant became the leading developer of the new rock et launchers nicknamed "Katyusha" at the front.
other missiles. In the mid 50s the Spetsmash Design Bureau, in cooperation with allied organizations, created a unique LC for R 7 and R 7A mis siles. It marked a qualitative leap in rocket technology development. The complex constituted special defense and scientific importance. The new rocket layout, when the rocket is resting on the launcher with its load bearing belt (missile's mid section) rather than the butt, required a new type of launching complex. The simple construction, reliability and conve nience in use ensured the sys tem's long life. The 37 year old complex is still used to launch "Soyuz" spaceships. Changes and modernization work, carried out during the complex's operation, ensured the launch of the first arti ficial satellite, the first manned spaceship, as well as "Vostok", "Voskhod", "Soyuz" spaceships and other space vehicles to the Moon, Mars and Venus. The Baikonur experiences,
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Igor Barmin prior to 1961, were used to set up a new testing range near the town of Plesetsk. Later on, the range was transformed into a cosmod rome. In the mid 1960s a launching complex for the new "Proton" rocket was built. It accumulated the latest engineering achieve ments in automation and remote control of technological process es, required for rocket installation, fuelling, launch preparation and launch proper. These launching complexes were used to put in space new generation vehicles:
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equipment was devised to produce in weightlessness semiconductor, optical, magnetic, superconducting and biologi cal materials and substances. Hundreds of experiments were carried out as part of the national space exploration program and the "Intercosmos" program, in coop eration with specialists from East European countries, France, Germany and the European Space Agency. Today equipment for the "Foton" satellites, new "Nika T" technological satellite, etc. is being developed. Currently the Design Bureau engages in the following spheres of activity: the development of technological
apparatuses launched to the Moon, Venus, Mars and the long term orbital stations "Salyut", "Almaz" and "Mir". Colossal efforts by the General Engineering Design Bureau (Spetsmash Design Bureau received this name in 1967), many allied design bureaus, research institutes and research and pro duction associations, together with numerous plants, produced a unique complex for the "Energia Buran" space rocket system. The launching complex, start stand, fuelling station and facilities, used to service the spaceship after land ing, were the components of the system developed under this program. The "Energia" rocket launch revealed that the start stand can be used to test power plants and rocket before the start and to launch rockets into orbit. The successful flight of the "Energia" rocket with the "Buran" spaceship proved the reliability of all LC's units and sys tems. The following scientific and techno logical problems were solved during the complex's development: transportation of horizontally posi tioned 'rocket spaceship' over long dis tances and precise installation at the launching pad; haulage, storage and use of cryo genic components; creation of specialized fire protec tion for the rocket and complex and pro vision of explosion safety; development of delivery means of the crew to the spaceship and rapid evacuation in the case of emergency; creation of a range of systems to automatically control the processes used to prepare the LC for operation, fuelling, monitoring of the medium inside the structures and fire protection of the structures and equipment. As well as the elaboration of launch ing complexes, the Design Bureau con ducts work on exploring the Moon and the Solar system's planets. For example, it designed apparatuses to take and ana lyze soil samples on the Moon and Venus. In 1975 the Design Bureau started developing space technology. As a result,
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systems of LCs, complete with their inte gration into one technological complex, covering the entire cycle of preparation, fuelling and launching of launch and space vehicles;. the drafting of design documenta tion for technological units and systems; designer's control over the produc tion, assembly and testing of system's components; technical supervision over opera tion, regular equipment updating, dictat ed by the development of know how and modernization of launch vehicles and spaceships. The General Engineering Design Bureau is a leading enterprise, which is highly experienced in designing and operating "Soyuz", "Proton", "Energia" and other launch complexes. It is ready
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ADDRESS: 22 Berezhkovskaya Emb., Moscow 121059 Phone: (095) 240 6044 Fax: (095) 240 4196 2
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to cooperate with other countries in the field of rocket and space technology development. The experience, gained by the General Engineering Design Bureau, forms a basis for international coopera tion in the implementation of new space programs. (
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Anatoly Kiselev he crisis situation and need to pre serve the intellec tual, scientific and technological potential and strong production base can only be solved, by effect ing a structural readjustment of both design offices and large industrial plants and creating an organizational structure, which assures the unity of scientific and production links. The M.V. Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center is one such an organizational structure as successor to the Khrunichev
$ Anatoly Kiselev $ Director General, M. V. Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center
Engineering Plant and the Salyut Design Bureau, which had throughout their separate histo ries marched in the front ranks of aeronautical and space rocket engineering. One of today's leaders in national space exploration dates back to April 30, 1916: by deci sion of the tsarist government a Russian car production plant was
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by NATO, were designed. And, finally, in 1962 the plant embarked on a new era: develop ment of space rocket hardware. According to the plan worked out by General Designer V. Chelomei, the series production of the Proton launch vehicle was orga nized. Its first launch was accom plished in 1965: since then more than 200 launches of Protons
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Any load of an international orbital station, whose launch is scheduled for 1997, may be adapted to the updated launch vehicle. The center will complete ly shoulder the task of developing and manufacturing its power unit, using the Proton launch vehicle as the main transport system. As arranged with the American side, the issue of design documenta 1
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TO "PROTON" AND "ANGARA"
FROM "RUSSO BALT"
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established near the Church of the Intercession of the Holy Virgin at Fili, Moscow, by the Russo Baltic Joint Stock Company, receiving in 1917 the name 'Second Russo Balt Car Plant'. Four years later, in 1922, the first Russia Balt car rolled out of its gates. In 1923 the plant was leased on a concession basis to the German firm Junkers, which switched to the manufacture of planes and organized production of the first 50 Yu 20 planes. The mid 20s witnessed the plant's launch of domestic avia tion product lines, embodying the ideas of A.N. Tupolev, A.A. Arkhangelsky, V.M. Petlyakov and S.V. Ilyushin into a whole family of ANT's (ANT 3, ANT 4, ANT 6, ANT 35), the PE 2 and the SB, followed in the war years by the Tu 2 and the IL 4, and soon after the war by the four engine bomber Tu 4. In 1951 V.M. Myasishchev set up a design bureau, later to be known as the 'Salyut' Design Bureau. Between 1951 1960 high speed bombers called 3 M and 4 M, code named 'Bisons'
have been carried out, launching into orbit the Cosmos, Ekran, Raduga and Horizont spacecraft, space observatories Astron, Kvant, the interplanetary space probes Zond, Luna, Mars, Phobos, the manned orbital sta tions Salyut, Mir and other space vehicles. The launch vehicle can place a payload in low near Earth orbits (weighing in this case 20 22 tons), in high near Earth orbits (4.5 t) and geostationary orbits (2.6 t). Moreover, the Proton delivers a payload to a preset point in geostationary orbit with great accuracy (+12 angular min utes in inclination and +250 sec onds in the period of revolution). This permits nonuse of the apogee propulsion module of a spacecraft, which is often used in the practice of foreign launches into this orbit. According to experts, the Proton will remain one of the best launch vehicles until at least the year 2000. Today the plant is carrying out work to update the Proton and create an oxygen hydrogen booster stage.
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ment has been undertaken as a tender based project. If work on the Angara is completed, the uti lization of the Center, both scien tifically and industrially, will be ensured up to the year 2030. On April 15, 1993, a joint venture called Lockheed Khrunichev Energy was regis tered: it uses the Center pro duced Proton to launch telecom munications satellites of foreign countries. As part of the frame work of the JV, contracts have been signed with the Lockheed firm for thirteen commercial launches in the period between 1995 and 1999. The US company Motorola, which is one of the world's largest producers of telecommu
1. In the rocket assembly shop
2. American astronauts Ellen Collins and Michael Foel in the "Mir" space station simulator cabin
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American, Japanese and European modules. FGB will function as part of the station for a long time, acting as part of the habitable space of the station, its information and power systems. I feel obliged to mention here the launch vehicle scheduled to replace the Proton. It is the Angara rocket, whose develop
nications equipment and semi conductor components, has developed a global satellite mobile communications system, the Iridium, based on the use of low orbit space vehicles. The space group of the Iridium sys tem comprises 66 spacecraft, placed in circular near polar orbits 780 kilometers above the Earth's surface. The M.V. Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center is taking part in the devel opment and creation of the Iridium communications system, along with such well known firms as Lockheed Corporation, Siemens and Telespacio. In accordance with a resolution of the Government of the Russian
systems do not exist. In accordance with agree ments, concluded within the Iridium framework, the Center enjoys the exclusive right to pro vide the system's services to sub scribers in Russia and some countries of the former republics of the USSR. Studies of the mobile communication market indicate that, five years after the commissioning of the Iridium pro ject, the number of subscribers will already exceed 6 million glob ally. I would like to draw attention to another launch vehicle, the Rokot, with a booster stage called Breeze, developed on the basis of two stage intercontinental bal listic missile RS 18 to be taken
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The M.V. Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center is one such an organizational structure as successor to the Khrunichev Engineering Plant and the Salyut Design Bureau, which had throughout their separate histories marched in the front ranks of aeronautical and space rocket engineering.
tion for the FGB will be complet ed in 1994. This power unit, which is similar to the existing modules Kristal and Kvant 2, will be the base one. Its launch is planned for 1997. Later on it will consecutively link two multipur pose docking modules and an air lock, which wilt serve as the "berthing" for the linkup of
Federation of December 16, 1992, a contract was signed in January 1993 with Motorola for three launches of the Proton rocket to orbit 21 communica tions satellites under the Iridium project. By the same regulation the Center has been permitted to provide funds for Iridium by buy ing 40 million US dollars' worth of shares, or 5% of total invest ments. Prospective subscribers of this system will comprise state agencies, commercial structures, assistance services (ambulance, emergency and rescue teams, police), as well as the population living in virtually inaccessible areas and on territories, where earth based party communication
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has been signed, whereby a Rokot launch vehicle will be used to launch commercial satellites. Telecommunications satellites weighing up to 2 tons will be launched into orbit with its help. Meetings have been held with kin dred enterprises enlisted in the implementation of the project: the requisite land facilities have been selected, a Plesetsk Cosmodrome reconnaissance has been carried out, and a user reference book is in the final stage of elaboration. Joint projects with leading firms of the world, both in the delivery of commercial services involving space launches, specifi cally foreign spacecraft, and the promotion of ties with foreign
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off operational duty under the Treaty on the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Arms. The performance characteristics of the Rokot permit space vehicles to be put into working orbits in a wide range of altitudes. The equipment of the Breeze booster stage ensures the requisite orientation of the payload and provides power supply in orbital flight for seven hours. At the stage of orbital injec tion the payload will be provided with telemetric communication, power supply and a spacecraft separation system. In this case the German com pany Deutsche Aerospace acts as the partner of the Khrunichev Center. A joint venture agreement
partners in the manufacture of conversion products, will inevitably give a new impetus to the growth of the Russian space industry. (
ADDRESS: 18 Novozavodskaya St., Moscow, Russian Federation 121309 Phone: (095) 145 8036 Fax: (095) 142 5900 Telex: 412427 MIR SU/ KHRUNICHEV State Research and Production Space Center
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The "ELAS" joint stock research and production association is one of the leading companies in Russia in the sphere of microelectronic engineering with 30 years of practical experience in Soviet and Russian rocket and space technology.
Gennady Guskov he "ELAS" joint stock research and production association is one of the leading companies in Russia in the sphere of micro electronic engi neering with 30 years of practical experience in Soviet and Russian socket and space tech nology. The association comprises the Micro Instrument Research Institute (NIIMP), a specialized design bureau, "Vzlet", 14 research and production centers and the "Altair" and "Polyot" plants. All told, they have a staff of almost 5,000 top grade spe cialists. The production premises cover a total area of about 40,000 m2. The main enterprise, NIIMP, was founded in 1962. The principal directions in the work of "ELAS" concern the development and introduction
into production of: electronic equipment for satellite communication and space data collection, relay and navigation systems, including electronic equipment for geosta tionary and low orbit relay satel lites and ground based satellite communication stations of differ ent types (central and sub sidiary); sets of microelectronic equipment for space based remote control Earth monitoring and probing systems, including data sensors based on different physical principles and facilities for the accumulation, processing and transfer of information from spacecraft to ground control sta tions; on board digital computers and computerized control sys tems for self contained space craft and manned orbiting sta tions; computer software for these systems; custom made computer elements and technologies for
the development of new genera tion space microelectronic sys tems. Our experiment and techno logical production infrastructure meets the latest requirements and comprises: a satellite communication test range at Konakovo in the Tver Region fitted out with three unique antenna systems with an antenna diameter of 12 meters; silicon and gallium arsenide integrated circuit design centers; production flow lines for the assembly of hybrid integrated microelectronic functional sys tems, based on "ELAS" technolo gies, and production facilities for large special purpose silicon integrated circuits and gallium arsenide monolithic microwave integrated circuits. "ELAS" has original technolo gies for the assembly of micro electronic equipment, with the use of frameless radio electronic components (framing is carried out at the level of complete units and appliances) and for the
HIGH TECHNOLOGIES
$ Gennady Guskov $ Academician, General Designer of " Elas " Joint Stock Company
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nies to take part in Russian pro jects developed by "ELAS" together with other Russian firms. In particular, we believe that the following areas hold good promise: development of satellite communication systems with the use of geostationary and low orbit satellites ("Sokol", "Sokol 2000", "Bankir", "Kuryer", "Tramplin" and others) and remote control Earth monitoring and probing. "ELAS" offers foreign compa
OM" C range satellite communi cation station, which weighs 14.6 kg and has a compact size of 435x405x135 mm (and an infor mation relay speed of 9.6 kilobits per second), exceeds all known foreign analogs in all major para meters. "ELAS" is also the leading developer of satellite retransmit ters, equipped with active multi beam phased arrays (AMPA), which generate pencil point high energy beams, which are retar geted into space electronically. For example, the AMPA with a
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monitoring and probing systems we use such progressive appli ances as on board optronic image converters, working with matrices and strips on charge coupled devices (CCD), effective data compression methods and digital means of data storage and transmission to ground stations through broad band space radio channels. "ELAS" closely cooperates with the leading home and for eign research and production centers. We now invite foreign compa
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ADDRESS: Zelenograd, Moscow, Russian Federation 103460 Phone: (095) 531 1749. Fax: (095) 531 3213.
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nies its services in the develop ment of on board and ground based electronic equipment for international, regional and national satellite communication and remote control Earth moni toring and probing systems, including the design of on board retransmitters fitted out with multibeam AMPAs, compact ground control stations, optronic image receivers on CCDS, soft ware and processing systems. (
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assembly of specialized radiation proof silicon integrated circuits and gallium arsenide monolithic integrated circuits, as well as special methods for rejecting potentially defective elements. Our technologies ensure the compact size and high reliability of finished products and equip ment. For example, the "SOKOL
frequency range of 11 to 14 giga hertz, is unmatched in world practice. It has 16 receiving and 16 transmitting beams with an adjustable width of the beam's directional pattern from 2x2 to 3.5x3.5 degrees and an electron ic retargeting system with a range of +8.5 degrees. In our remote control Earth
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GOLDEN JUBILEE
$
Sergei Pavlenko
Yuzhmash is often called a pearl of world magnitude. It was here that they designed and manufactured variously deploy able missile systems, the latest still comprise the backbone of the Strategic Missile Force. In Dnepropetrovsk 67 types of spacecraft and twelve space complexes also received a lease of life. Yuzhmash is a world standard bearer in many areas of space rocket science.
nepropetrovsk's industrial associ ation Yuzhmash, or Yuzhny Machine Building Plant is 50 years old. The celebra tions were attended by new U k r a i n i a n President, Leonid Kuchma, and Russia's First Deputy Minister of Defense, Andrei Kokoshin, and Chairman of the State Defense Industry Committee, Victor Glukhikh. Yuzhmash is often called a pearl of world magnitude. It was here that they designed and man
1. Ukrainian President Leonid Kuchma, Yuzhmash Director General Yuri Alexeev and First Deputy Defense Minister of the Russian Federation Andrei Kokoshin at the plant's 50th anniversary celebrations. 2 3. Yuzhmash still concen trates on space rocket equipment. 4. The intercontinental ballistic missile 15A15 (SS 17) was installed to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the asso ciation in Dnepropetrovsk on July 22,1994.
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ufactured variously deployable missile systems, the latest still comprise the backbone of the Strategic Missile Force. In Dnepropetrovsk 67 types of spacecraft and twelve space complexes also received a lease of life. Yuzhmash is a world stan dard bearer in many areas of space rocket science. At .the same time the plant has substantial problems. Since the late 1980s defense orders have plummeted. In accordance with conversion plans, the plant expanded its production of trac tors, the best in their class in the former USSR. However, it failed to maintain output levels. In 1988 1989 they turned out 60,000 tractors annually, com pared to a meagre 15,000 today. The slump is attributable to factors, which have afflicted all former Soviet republics a short age of working capital and insta bility in the credit and banking system. The principal reason was in the eyes of Yuri Alexeev, Yuzhmash director general, the "closed door policy" pursued by the leadership of the republic. The plant had from the very out set counted on close economic ties with different parts of the for mer USSR. Naturally, the workforce did
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policies and restore the previous economic ties. Consequently, the jubilee in Dnepropetrovsk gathered politi cians and military leaders of such high rank from many ex Soviet republics. They all expressed a clear readiness for close cooper ation. One should recall here that Leonid Kuchma, the current Ukrainian President, was director general of the Yuzhny Machine Building Plant in 1986 1992. Andrei Kokoshin also has first hand knowledge of the problems of the space rocket industry. Speaking to the plant's staff, the Russian First Deputy Defense Minister stressed that he consid ered developments a "positive turning point in our joint work." Russian Ukrainian coopera tion, noted Kokoshin, is not merely a guarantee of security for our two peoples: it also reflects stability on the Eurasian continent and is an essential precondition for maintaining equilibrium in the world. (
not lose hope or interest. Now the units, where they were used to assemble missiles, are busy manufacturing trolleybuses. New types of output have been assim ilated here rapidly, including microwave ovens, sausage equip ment, car brake blocksall bear ing the Yuzhmash trademark. However, it is proving increasingly difficult for the plant to ensure the creation of world class space rocketry. A dead end ? Apparently, there is a way out: we must abandon isolationist
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R U S S I A N
S P A C E
F O R C E S
he present state of the Russian insurance market has several specific features, which stem from the transition from a state monopoly to a market economy. On the one hand, the abolition of the state's monopoly of insurance has led to the mushrooming of more than 3,000 independent com panies which sprang up during a short period of time. Each new com pany tried to find and fill its own niche, relying on new economic rela tions. Riding on the crest of interest in new possibilities and dissatisfac tion with the insurance market, many of them got off to a good start. However, far from all these compa nies can operate in a developed insurance market. On the other hand, the general public and organizations still remain indifferent to insurance as they are accustomed to a limited choice of insurance services; the share of pri vate property is rather small; existing legislation fails to meet the needs of the market, and there are a number of other negative aspects in society. In such circumstances the most promising insurance companies assert the financial stability of their activity and provide maximum satis faction to the insured. We hope "Megus" is one such company, founded on July 4, 1991 in Ekaterinburg the largest industrial center of the Urals. Our company received general
defense enterprises, banks, firms, state organizations. We have stable long standing relations with them all. Our company insures risks, relat ed to modern science intensive processes, including space technolo gies. We cooperate with the Russian Space Agency, the Space Forces, the organizations which order and carry out space programs and participate virtually in all insured space projects. The insurers contribute to the reliable protection of project participants and thereby help Russia gain access and reliably consolidate its position on the market of high technologies and space services. Thorough consideration of the Pyotr Demyanenko interests of the insured and financial President of the Insurance Company "Megus" stability enable the company to pro vide full guarantees to clients and partners, including foreign ones. "Megus" maintains ties with foreign insurance business. Together with a well known US company ALEXANDER AND ALEXANDER, "Megus" is draft ing an integrated "Risk Control Program". One section of this pro gram deals with insurance of invest ments in the Russian economy. Cooperation with the British firm BOWRING WORLDWIDE INSURANCE BROKERS, will widen the Russian market of broker's and reinsurance services. Our company adopts a flexible license number 7. It has 60 branches and affiliates. The response to the rapidly changing company focuses on the insurance of business risk, cred political and economic situation in its, cargo carriage, and life insurance. The "Megus" insur Russia and on the foreign insurance ance payments have grown 30 times. The insurance risks, market. "Megus" insurance company is forms and methods of indemnity payment, and amount of premiums from "Megus" are advantageous to all enter ready to extend its range of services and work painstakingly and purpose prises, regardless of their form of ownership. Our partners and clients include some of the largest fully with all new clients. (
Our partners and clients include some of the largest defense enterprises, banks, firms, state organizations. We have stable long standing rela tions with them all.
IN THE INTERESTS OF THE INSURED

OUR ADDRESS: 28 Malysheva St., Ekaterinburg, Russia, 620014. Phone: (3432) 51 0562; Fax: (3432) 51 0803; Telex: (3432) 721540 BYT SU MOSCOW BRANCH: 10 Electrodnaya St., Moscow, Russia, 111524. Phone: (095) 176 7566; Fax: (095) 176 7566; Telex: 112328.
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E X P E R T I S E
VAST POTENTIAL FOR COOPERATION

Main Engineering Department (GTU) of the State Committee of the USSR Council of Ministers on Foreign Economic Relations, set up in 1968. In November 1991 the State Foreign Economic Company for the Export and Import of Arms and Military Equipment (GVK) 'Spetsvneshtekhnika' succeeded the GTU. Then, in November 1993, a Presidential Decree made the State Company for the Export and Import of Arms and Military Equipment 'Rosvoorouzhenie' successor to GVK 'Spetsvneshtekhnika' (as well as the Russian State Foreign Economic Association 'Oboronexport' and the Main Cooperation and Partnership Directorate). The lion's share (up to 80%) of military and technolog ical cooperation matters, handled by GTU (GVK), involved the provision of technical assistance in the creation or re equipment of military facilities. Under contractual obliga tions, the creation of such facilities abroad was in most of cases accomplished by the Russian side together with for eign customers, with the obligations of the parties divided as follows: the Russian side would prepare and defend a project, hand over technical documentation, make full or partial delivery (in accordance with separating lists) of main equipment, attachments, special tools and other property, and render assistance in the installation and adjustment of the equipment and the assimilation by foreign customers of the facility, which has been set up, sending Russian spe cialists there; the foreign customer would supply to the facility some individual elements of main equipment and other property, and carry out the construction work and installation of the equipment. In addition, the Russian side would build projects on general contract terms (envisaging construction on a turnkey basis). These were normally large military and industrial facilities, such as air and naval bases, plants for the production of firearms and ammunition and repair enterprises of fighting services. It should be noted that cooperation on general contract terms imposes more stringent demands on the supplier in respect of fulfillment of his contractual obligations. At the same time the export effectiveness of cooperation on these terms significantly exceeds the export effectiveness in the construction of joint projects with the customer. Russia's economic difficulties do not currently permit one to use this form of cooperation, requiring the attraction of credits to ensure the activity of Russian design and construction organizations. However, as the economic situation returns to normal, this form will inevitably find broad applications
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ussia's military and technological coopera tion with foreign countries is part and par cel of foreign economic activity, presup posing the coordination of the country's political, military and economic interests and comprises: the supply of arms, military equipment, ammunition, spare parts, tools and acces sories; the provision of technical assistance in the creation or re equipment of military facilities; license and technical documentation transfer to produce arms and military equipment and ren der assistance in the organization of the said production; the provision of services in the assimilation, organiza tion of the operation and combat use of arms and military equipment, their repair and modernization; the implementation in the customer's interests of research and development work geared to the design and manufacture of new types of weaponry; the dispatch on mission (reception) of military consul tants and specialists; the training of national military personnel, technicians and engineers; the transfer of military equipment on lease; the provision of other services of a military and tech nological nature and application. Issues, related to supplies abroad of arms and military equipment, have already been awarded sufficiently wide press coverage, including the Military Parade magazine. Therefore I will dwell only briefly on the job, entrusted the
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YURI ANDRIANOV, Assistant Director General, State Company Rosvoorouzhenie
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in the work of the state company. Under the signed contracts, GTU and GVK discharged their obligations to create nearly 1,900 projects in 43 coun tries, including 1,500 principal (newly created) projects and more than 400 others, involving the provision of other essential equipment. The range of projects is extremely wide. They can roughly be divided by application into: plants to repair weapons of all the fighting services; plants to produce arms and military equipment; combat and technical positions; airfields and engineering and operating units; facilities for the basing of ships; command posts and communications facilities; control facilities; training centers, proving and shooting grounds; depots, storage facilities, arsenals; laboratories and test stations, etc. About 900 of all projects have been commissioned: in the case of 400 projects, supplies of equipment and docu mentation have been completed. Tens of thousands of for eign specialists have been trained to work at the created facilities. Since 1991 the creation or procurement of other essen tial equipment for more than 600 projects was suspended either for political reasons (UN sanctions against Iraq, Libya, Yugoslavia) or owing to customer defaults, triggered by the shift from credit terms of settlement to settlements in freely convertible currency (although interest in the pro jects remains) or absolute refusals (although the parties' obligations have not been annulled documentarily). On the other hand, appraisal of the situation in coun tries we were developing cooperation with permits us to refer quite confidently to an impending revival of this type of cooperation. Moreover, the scope of work may exceed previously attained levels. Close and friendly links have been developed between GTU (GVK) and individual foreign countries in the creation of defense industries. This effort began in the 1950s, when China, the ex Warsaw Treaty countries, India, Egypt, Cuba, Algeria, Syria, Iraq, Libya and Iran were our most active partners. Over the years of cooperation, thousands of licenses were transferred to these and other countries and technical assistance was rendered in the construction of about 50 large factories to produce Russian designed arms and military equipment. Our available experience of coop eration and the talks under way allow us to expect some positive results in the very near future. Even now the facil ities set up abroad to engage in the licensed production of Russian models of arms and military equipment help fill the order books of our plants with the manufacture of compo nents, spare parts and capital goods and ensure significant foreign exchange proceeds on an annual basis. In addition,
we are convinced that the infrastructure of productive, repair and other facilities, set up with the technical assis tance of the Russian side, stabilizes the entire complex of Russian relations with foreign countries and imbues them with a long term character. Not so long ago the USSR was a leading supplier of arms and military equipment. Thousands of pieces of armored vehicles, air defense guided missile systems and MiG and Su planes were supplied to our partners over the period of cooperation. Although the specifications of many of them are now obsolete, their service life is still large. Russian developers and manufacturers are engaged in a serious and wide ranging effort to produce modernized versions. BMP 1 and BMP 2 infantry fighting vehicles, T 72 tanks, Pechora, Volga and Kvadrat air defense guided missile systems, MiG 21, MiG 23, Su 22 planes and others can be subjected to modernization. I will not go into a detailed subscription of capabilities or technical character istics of existing and updated models. Let me only note that as a result of modernization the combat efficiency of the model increases several times. We are ready to negotiate with our partners over this work. It will clearly bear a mutu ally beneficial character. Russia has amassed vast scientific and technological potential, specifically in the field of unique science inten sive technologies. This potential is concentrated above all in the defense sector, as historically our latest achieve ments in science and technology used to be primarily embodied in domestic arms, with huge resources and immense effort invested in the scientific and industrial base for their design and production. We witnessed considerable interest in our achievements at arms and technology exhi bitions, held in recent years in different countries. Russia is ready for mutually beneficial cooperation with foreign states both in the performance of commissioned or joint research and development work and in the transfer of advanced technologies. We insist on equivalent technolog ical exchanges with the West, making any lifting of our own restrictions dependent on the liberalization for Russia of the export regime to the former COCOM member countries. As demand for modern technologies is apparent on both sides, a mutual reduction in the level of prohibitions and limitations will help build up confidence and economic cooperation between partners. Naturally such cooperation will benefit the Western countries, as well as Russia. The State company Rosvoorouzhenie is not only suc cessor to three foreign economic associations in obliga tions and rights. It also has inherited unique personnel and the best traditions built up over the cooperation period. The staff of the company invite goodwill partners for coopera tion and will do everything they can to ensure that it is rec iprocally advantageous, reliable, efficient and long term. (
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NEWS IN BRIEF
During a visit to Krasnoyarsk, President Boris Yeltsin took a number of important decisions on the conversion of the terri tory's defense plants, notably a mining and chemical plant, which produces weapon grade plutonium. ( Prime Minister Victor Chernomyrdin toured Perm, Nizhni Novgorod and Penza Regions. The head of the government devot ed most of his time to the situation at defense sector plants and related conversion problems. ( Russia plans to return to African arms markets, declared Victor Chernomyrdin. However, relations with Russian arms buy ing countries will be of a purely commercial nature in future. ( Boris Kuzyk, 36, has been appointed assistant to the President of the Russian Federation for military and technological cooperation with foreign countries. He previously held the post of First Deputy Head of the Main Department of Military and Technological Cooperation with Foreign Countries at the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations. ( According to data, released by Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), Russia's share of world arms trade in 1993 rose by one third compared to 1992 and amounted to 21% of the total volume of 22 billion dollars. ( The state company Rosvoorouzhenie signed during its first six months over 1.5 billion dollars' worth of export contracts of Russian arms to other countries. ( Russian Defense Minister Pavel Grachev and his Greek counterpart, Gerasimos Arsenis, signed a cooperation agreement between the two countries' respective ministries. During Arsenis' stay in Moscow, talks on expanding reciprocally advan tageous military and technological cooperation were also held. ( Russia's First Deputy Minister of Defense, Andrei Kokoshin, and France's Deputy Minister of Defense and general repre sentative on arms, Henri Conze, signed a memorandum on military and technological cooperation between the two coun tries. Russian French cooperation has hitherto been particularly successful in aircraft and rocket engineering and space exploration. ( During an official visit to Moscow, China's Defense Minister Chi Haotian received a confirmation of Russia's readiness to assist China in the training of maintenance specialists for Russian military equipment, notably Su 27 fighters and S 300PMU air defense guided missile systems. ( According to a report by news agencies, Brazil bought 110 Igla portable air defense guided missile systems from Russia; this deal marked the beginning of the implementation of a large scale agreement on Russian arms supplies to the South American country. ( The deputy head of the foreign relations department of Rosvoorouzhenie company, Sergei Belousov, confirmed that nego tiations are being held with Kuwait's authorities on the purchase from Russia of a large consignment of modern day armored equipment. ( To acquire MiG 29 fighter control skills, a group of Malaysian pilots will take a training course in Russia and India. Russia will initiate delivery of 18 MiG 29's to Malaysia in April 1995. ( India is considering the purchase of a consignment of Russian Su 30 front line fighters. Delhi has also displayed interest in buying MiG 29M fighters. ( The Russian firm MiG won in a tough competitive struggle the tender to modernize more than 100 MiG 21 fighters of India's Air Force. ( The An 38 plane, assembled by Novosibirsk's Aircraft Concern, made its maiden flight. It can carry up to 27 passengers or 2.5 tons of cargo. ( Samara's state research and industrial group Trud and Kazan's engine construction group launched the manufacture of 12 experimental NK 86 cryogenic fuel engines. They are designated for Tu 156 cargo passenger planes, which are due to start testing in 1997. ( The Samara Aircraft Plant is preparing the series production of An 70T's. This medium sized transport plane has been designed by the Kiev O. Antonov Aviation Science and Technology Complex and will be capable of carrying 30 tons of cargo over a 4,000 5,000 kilometer range at 750 800 kilometers per hour. The plane is equipped with four D 27 coaxial fan pro peller engines. ( Some of the latest arms and combat equipment models were presented by Russian enterprises Gidropribor and Okeanpribor at an international defense underwater technologies exhibition held in London. ( A new Russian nuclear powered submarine called Kursk continues to be tested. It will join the Navy next December. ( Kaliningrad's shipbuilding yard Yantar held a formal launching ceremony for a large submarine killer. "The Admiral Chabanenko is a unique ship, which boasts all the latest equipment," stressed Baltic Fleet commander Admiral Vladimir Yegorov. (
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Compiled by Alexander Mozgovoy
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An
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system launcher
AIR DEFENSE FORCES

Victor Prudnikov $ Colonel General of Aviation, Commander in Chief of Russia's Air Defense Forces
$
MIGHT OF RUSSIA'S
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oday, when the results of the war in the Persian Gulf remain fresh enough in our memory, there is hardly any need to convince any body that air defense rep resents one of the most important factors in safe guarding state security. The air defense system of most states makes a substantial contribution to war containment, repulsion of aggression and prevention of strategic balance violation, by detecting and destroying the means of air and aero space attack in flight, covering strategic deployment areas of the armed forces, the most important state and military control centers, major groupings and installations of the armed forces, nation al economy and infrastructure. Analysis of the main combats in the XXth century from World War Two to the war in the Persian Gulf strongly sug gests that the air force plays the most important role in the solution of the main strategic combat missions. Mobility, abil ity to rapidly create powerful groupings in any region in the world, the ability to attain the highest degree of surprise in operations, high strike potential was mul tiplied many times following the emer gence of precision weapons. This is by no means a complete list of the combat capabilities of the air force, which enable it to solve independently operational tasks in modern war. The same significance has today been acquired by the air defense.
V. Prudnikov However, one must create both effi cient and economical air defense, ensur ing the optimum realization of combat capabilities of modern expensive weapons. Every country carries out its own ver sion of military construction, including the creation and development of an air defense system. This is dictated by the specifics of the state's geostrategical sit uation, its military doctrine, national tra ditions and other factors. Experience in the creation of such a system in Russia enables one to formulate the main princi ples of organization and development of air defense: sole responsibility for combatting the means of air and aerospace attack; concentration of air defense efforts on the most important directions (areas)
1.
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2. The MiG 31 fighter interceptor
and defense of the most impor tant installations; deep echelonment of air defense elements; maximum use of all hetero geneous forces to accomplish air defense tasks. Today the world still lives by laws, where military power plays an important role. In parallel with the numerical reduction of their armed forces, a number of large states continue to build up their military might by developing more efficient weapons systems and improving the quality of their force groupings. The cuts in armed forces of the leading for eign states have been made, largely by reducing the strength of the ground forces, whereas the potential of the aerospace attack forces is continually built. As a result, by the year 2000 the strike potential of these forces may increase 1.5 2 times. Combat operations against modern air attack forces cannot be effective, if old types of air
1994
The air defense system of most states makes a substantial contribution to war containment, repulsion of aggression and prevention of strategic balance vio lation, by detecting and destroying the means of air and aerospace attack in flight, covering strategic deployment areas of the armed forces, the most important state and military control centers, major groupings and installa tions of the armed forces, national economy and infrastructure.
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defense weapons are used. In this connection the main aim of military and technical policy con cerns the optimal use of the lat est technical, scientific and tech nological achievements, in order to improve the qualitative charac teristics of weapons and military
equipment and prevent any lag behind advanced countries in combat capacities. I would like to point out that nowadays Russia possesses such air defense weapons, which can do honor to the air defense of any state. These are not mere words or
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self admiration. We have a say ing: it's better to see once than hear a hundred times. This opportunity was provided to Western specialists, when the S 300 PMU 1 air defense missile system, together with 370 other Russian up to date military sys tems, was displayed at the IDEX 93 exhibition in the United Arab Emirates. When the participants of the exhibition, representing their air defense forces, were offered real combat firings, only we agreed. Somebody, perhaps, may have thought that only self contained people are able to do so, as Russia's penetration on the weapons markets at that time depended upon the results of these firings. This not the case. It was simply great confidence in our weapons, inspired by the consistent efforts of science, industry and skills of combat teams. Consequently, when the participants of the exhibition asked regiment commander Michail Zubov, why he was so confident about the results of the forthcoming firings, he replied that he and his subordinates con sider these firings as routine: they had already been through 30 such tests. Nowadays, the improvement of weapons and principles of their employment against a newly cre ated air attack means in a compli cated air and jamming environ ment proceeds in two ways: (1) The improvement of the performance and operational characteristics of individual air defense weapons based on sci entific and technical achieve ments. (2) The creation and develop ment of an air defense system. I would like to dwell on the second way. When we speak about an integrated air defense system, we mean the whole range of informa tion, firing, control and auxiliary means, combined into a common automated system, which ensures the defense of the most important production facilities or military installations from air strikes with the given effective ness. Therefore, an information subsystem must include radars, ensuring the formation of a con tinuous all altitude (beginning with a height of 20 to 30 m), all range radar field, which ensures the realization of the potential of the firing weapons. The firing system must include air defense missile means, deployed in an optimal way. Automated control over the combat operation of the whole integrated air defense system is
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carried out from the system's command post, equipped with a complex of automation means. Integrated air defense sys tems, similar to the ones described above, displayed their capacities during numerous exer cises of Russian Armed Forces and also in a number of local con flicts in different parts of the world, where Russian air defense weapons have been delivered and concomitant defense systems have been deployed. I would like to draw attention of readers, especially buyers of Russian military equipment and weapons, to the fact that whereas in the past individual weapons have been bought, nowadays the capabilities of aerospace attack means demand the purchase of an integrated air defense system, rather than individual units. Russia has a chance to devel op complete sets of the requisite technical means of various air defense systems, which will suit local conditions, and supply them to all countries, which wish to ensure effective defense of their vitally important economic cen ters and armed forces groupings from potential aircraft and missile attacks of an anticipated enemy. Russia has a lot to offer to poten tial buyers abroad. I would like to express my thanks to the editors of "Military Parade" magazine for their atten tion to Air Defense Forces and my great satisfaction from acquain tance with the first issues of this magazine, which I believe to be indispensable for Russia. (
3. Command post of the formation

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SENEZH M1E AND RUBEZH ME:

HIGH EFFECTIVENESS AND RELIABILITY
$ Vitaly Smirnov $ Director General of "Vector" State Production Association $ Vladimir Feklistov $ Head of " Peleng " Experimental Design Bureau
utomated air defense forces control systems ensure the most effective utilization of weapons, gen eration of target data through jam ming, optimal assignment of interceptor details and the number of missiles for engagement of air targets with a maximum probability. The "Peleng" Experimental Design Bureau, as head organization, developed, and the "Vector" State Production Association manufac tures two automated control sys tems for air defense forces: "Senezh M1E" and "Rubezh ME". The articles are created, using the third and fourth gener ations components. All the sys tems are designed on a modern technological basis, unified for automated control systems, man ufactured by the association. The equipment is reliable and easy to maintain. The control algorithms allow for the most effective use of weapons of the air defense forces. The utilization of automat ed control systems in using arms makes it possible to improve the quality of control at the command post of a regiment or brigade and reduce combat crews for battle performance. Under the condi tions of hit and run battle and
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massive air raids involving enemy jamming, it is impossible to effec tively utilize weapons without automated control systems. The automated control sys tems, manufactured by the asso ciation, are mobile, arranged on semitrailers towed by truck trac tors, equipped with self con tained power supply systems and all requisite attached means (radio sets, command transmis sion complexes, repair shops,
etc.). A model of the "Senezh M1E" automated control system was presented at the international ASIA AEROSPACE exhibition in Singapore in February 1994. Specifications of "Senezh M1E" Automated Control System Purpose: control over the combat oper ations of a grouping of air defense forces, equipped with all
Automated air defense forces control systems ensure the most effective utilization of weapons, generation of target data through jamming, optimal assignment of interceptor details and the number of missiles for engagement of air targets with a maximum probability.
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under the conditions of jamming and poor quality information; comprehensive drill of com bat crews; registration of battle perfor mance and issue of reports on results of combat operations; coordination of combat oper ations of air defense missile forces and fighter aircraft. This characteristic is extremely important for the control of the battle of a grouping both for obtaining maximum effectiveness types of air defense missile sys tems and fighter interceptors, as well as with all types of radar assets of air defense electronic forces. Functions: centralized placing of group ing assets to operational readi ness; display of air situation and results of combat operations on the screens of indicators at auto mated work stations; automatic reception of and for ensuring safety of friendly aircraft. Composition Depending on the scope of problems to be solved, two main versions of utilization of the "Senezh M1E" automated control system are envisaged: a complete and reduced set. The complete set, which ensures execution of the entire range of combat missions includes: a mobile combat control post for ensuring operational control missions over air defense missile systems and individual fighter interceptors a 26M6 article arranged on a motor vehicle semi trailer; an additional combat control post for widening the technical capacities of the automated con trol system over groupings of air 2
1. The "Senezh" ACS advances to an ini tial position 2. The life support system 3. Work stations of the combat control van crew
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instructions from a higher com mand post and transmission there to of reports on operational readi ness and combat actions; distribution and designation of targets, including jammers, to air defense missile systems; automated guidance of fight er interceptors to air targets, con trol over safe flight of guided inter ceptors, and homing of the inter
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ceptors to basing airfields after accomplishment of combat mis sion; cooperation with neighboring command posts of fighter aviation or air defense missile brigades; automated generation of control commands to the data sources and processing of radar information from several sources, which permits effective operation
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defense missile forces and fighter aircraft, increasing the effective ness of communication assets and improving work convenience of a combat crew by transferring the automated work stations to a stationary structure a 27M6 arti cle also arranged on a motor vehicle semitrailer; a self contained power plant, type ED2x30 T400, with two mutually back up generators of 30 kW rating each 2 pcs; a radio set, type R 997 1M, for reception of information from fighter interceptors 1 pc; a radio set, type R 997 2M, for transmission of commands to fighter interceptors up to 4 pcs; a type "Raduga ME" station for transmission of control com mands to fighter interceptors up to 3 pcs; coordinate readout post equipment to process primary information from acquisition radars of air defense missile sys tems up to 5 pcs; a type "PORI ME" complex of automation means for a radio engineering subunit 1 pc; a radio relay station, type 5Ya662/5Ya663, for information exchange with controlled objects, information sources, neighboring command posts up to 15 pcs; an articulated truck tractor, type KAMAZ, for transportation of the 26M6 and 27M6 articles 1 pc. The reduced set ensures the accomplishment of operational control missions over air defense missile systems and fighter air craft on the basis of mobile com bat control posts. The "Senezh M1E" automat ed control system can receive radar information from all types of air defense radar assets used both jointly and separately (com mand posts of tactical forma tions, radio engineering subunits,
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radar detectors, radars, altime ters, self contained acquisition assets of air defense missile sys tems) and from cooperating auto mated control systems of air defense groupings. The combat crew's comfort and safety are ensured by an air conditioning, heating, and venti lation system, which also affords protection from chemical, radioactive, and bacteriological agents. The automated control sys tems are shipped by all types of transport railway, water, air and
under their own power. To control an air defense grouping under the conditions of a fluid situation, the automated control system must operate in real time. The "Senezh M1E" automated control system is equipped with a sufficiently pow erful computer, with a speed of about 700,000 operations and a memory capable of expanding to the required extent. The "Senezh M1E" automat ed control system has 24 commu nication routes organized with the use of its own channel forming
4. Inside view of the
Basic technical characteristics

Coverage, km Number of air objects handled at once Number of controlled fire weapons: air defense missile systems fighter interceptors Deployment time: complete set, h reduced set, min
up to 600 up to 120
control and com puter complex van 5.
up to 17 (up to 77 fire channels) up to 6 up to 2 up to 15
Work stations of the regiment comman der and guidance navigator
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equipment. Its automated work station is provided with a round indicator, 45 cm in diameter, suffi cient for the display of the required information. The developed infor mation model permits easy orien tation in control of the grouping and decision making, required for effective conduct of combat oper ations. The "Senezh M1E" automated control system differs from such foreign systems as the AN/TSQ 73 "Missile Minder" (USA), "Normad" (Great Britain), "Sage" (USA) in terms of mobility, the capabilities of the computer complex, a wider range of problems under solution, by using various sources of infor mation during its operation, the ability to control all types of air defense weapons, and the possi bility to coordinate the actions of air defense missile systems and fighter interceptors. Specifications of "Rubezh ME" Automated Control System Purpose: control over combat operations of a fighter air regiment, as a part of a territorial automated grouping and local groupings. Functions: centralized placing of fighter regiment assets in combat readi ness; reception, processing, and display of air situation on automat ed work station screens; automatic reception of instructions from the command post and transmission thereto of reports on operational readiness and combat actions; automated solution of naviga tional problems and problems of target distribution and retargeting; control and instrumental guidance of fighter interceptors to air targets; automated transmission of command's and instructions on combat operations of interceptors to the fighter regiment runway control posts; homing of interceptors to basing airfields of the fighter regi ment; control over the safety of flights of the interceptors, which are being guided; cooperation with neighboring command posts of fighter regi ments or air defense missile brigades; automated generation of con trol commands to information sources; drill of combat crews, not involving air assets; practice in methods of con duct of combat operations in "Trainer" mode;
registration of battle perfor mance on a tape recorder, output of reports to the automated central control center and photo registra tion. Types and number of con trolled objects. The "Rubezh ME" system ensures guidance of fighter inter ceptors, types MiG 21, MiG 23, MiG 25, MiG 29, MiG 31, and Su 29, outfitted with an appropriate airborne equipment. Number of interceptors controlled at a time (from ground or air alert status) up to 21 Number of interceptor basing airfields up to 3 It ensures automated control over "Rubezh 2ME", "Senezh E", "Senezh ME", "Senezh M1E", "Vector 2VE" remote guidance posts. Number of remote guid ance posts controlled at a time up to 2 Number of air objects han dled at a time up to 76 Power supply of system: own self contained power plant 380 V, 50 Hz, 100 kW industrial power network 380 V, 50 Hz Operating characteristics of system
AIR DEFENSE GROUPING AUTOMATED CONTROL SYSTEM "SENEZH M1E"
5Ya662 S 300PMU S 125M
4646 4616
R 997 1M R 997 2M COMMAND POST "SENEZH M1E"

5Ya663
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ers while that of the runway con trol post is placed in a stationary room. The semitrailer vans are equipped with a technological and sanitary ventilation, air con ditioning, and heating systems. A filtering ventilating unit installed therein prevents entry of chemi cal, radioactive, and bacteriologi cal agents. Provision is also made for fire alarms, light and audio warning systems, and fire fighting equipment. The level of acoustic noise at
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Number of automated work stations: in control shelter 4 in guidance shelter 4 Number of additional automated work stations (when arranged in stationary structure): for control post 2 for guidance post 2 Time of transfer to action from alert status 3 min The equipment of the com mand and guidance posts of the system is arranged on semitrail
the operators' work stations does not exceed 70 dB. The system envisages arrangement of automated work stations for the combat crew of command and guidance posts in a separate stationary room (com bat control room). The system boasts high relia bility in operation and is simple to maintain. The main equipment, includ ing the computer, operates on a stand by basis. ( ADDRESS: 28 Gagarina St., Ekaterinburg, Russia 620139 Phone: (3432) 44 0433, (3432) 44 0221. Fax: (3432) 44 1591.
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oday the Engineering Design Bureau "Fakel" (Torch), set up in November 1953, ranks as one of the most famous and authoritative orga nizations, engaged in missile design in our country and abroad. Quite recently the design bureau was named after its founder Pyotr Dmitrievich Grushin, an outstanding Russian scientist and academician, who directed the work of the bureau for nearly forty years. During this period the design bureau devel
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1960, a U 2 spy plane was shot down over the Urals with this mis sile. 4K90 (SA 3 "Goa", SA N 1) and its modifications a small range AA missile for the AA mis sile system S 125 and the ship board AA missile system M 1 the first such system adopted by the Navy. Several thousand planes were shot down by these types of missiles in various wars and local conflicts. 5V21, 5V28 (SA 5, "Gammon") long range AA mis siles used in the AA missile sys tem S 200 of the air defense troops, which are still unique in the world. 4K60 (SA N 3 "Goblet") a medium range missile for the Navy. 9M33 (SA 8 "Gecko", SA N 4) a small range AA missile now used in the AA missile system "Osa" for the ground forces and "Osa M" for the Navy. 9M330 (SA 15) a small range AA missile presently in ser vice with the ground forces (the "Tor" AA missile system) and the Navy (the "Klinok" AA missile sys tem). The "Fakel" design bureau has also made a substantial con tribution to the creation and con solidation of the country's anti missile defense system. The V 100 was the world's first missile which hit on March 4, 1961 the forebody of a long range ballistic missile with its fragmenting war head. At present the design bureau is conducting R & D into the cre ation of new AA missiles capable of effectively fighting diverse means of air attack, such as anti ship and antiradar missiles, guid ed bombs, tactical as well as operational tactical ballistic mis siles. The missiles, created by the 1
T
$ $
Design bureau developed and handed over for service 14 types of missiles, featuring a wide range of char acteristics. Subsequently these missiles went through more than 30 modernizations.
Vladimir Svetlov
"FAKEL"
AND ITS MISSILES
Vladimir Svetlov Vladimir Korovin
$ $
General Designer, "Fakel" Design Bureau Leading Engineer
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oped and handed over for service 14 types of missiles, featuring a wide range of characteristics. Subsequently these missiles went through more than 30 moderniza tions. Missiles developed at "Fakel" have been and are now in service with the armed forces of 37 countries. The following missiles created by "Fakel" are well known: RS 1U, RS 2U (AA 1 "Alkali" according to NATO classification) the first guided air to air mis siles produced in our country. V 750 (SA 2 "Guideline", SA N 2) or 1D (and other modifica tions) medium range AA mis siles used in the first mobile AA missile system S 75. On May 1,
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The 4K90 missile for the "Volna" system 2. The 5V28 missile for the S 200 system 3. The 4SN6E missile for the S 300 PMU 1 system 4. Layout of the 48N6E missile
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1.
"Fakel" design bureau, were included in the S 300PMU AA missile system of the air defense troops and the "Rif" shipboard AA missile system. Work on the first missile of this series, designated 5V55, got under way at "Fakel" in the late 1960s. The vast experience accu mulated by designers by that time, coupled with their constant search for new solutions, enabled them to create a truly outstanding missile. It incorporated the most progressive achievements in this field and anticipated virtually all main trends in air defense missile engineering for many decades to
come. One such trend led to the development of a sealed trans porting launching container, which the missile is kept in during its service and which it is launched from. This container became an integral part of the missile. For missile guidance the designers selected an upgraded radio command method, whereby radio command guidance at the initial and midcourse phase was organically combined with the so called "missile tracking" at termi nal phase. This guidance princi ple made the entire system prac tically immune to various elec
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5. The equipment compartment and warhead of the 5V55 missile in the S 300 PMU system 6. The tail section of the 5V55 missile 7. A stand for testing the missile's onboard equipment in simulated aero
tronic countermeasures and enabled the missile to fly along a minimum fuel path and ensured effective target destruction. On the basis of the results, obtained from the blowdown of the models and the prototype tests, the designers adopted a wingless arrangement for the 5V55. The principal control ele ments of the missile are four small folding air vanes. Naturally, use of a "pencil" design of this kind posed many problems for the designers of the control equipment, autopilot and vane actuators. However, the missile could be accommodated in a cylindrical transporting launching container, not much larger than the missile itself. The operational requirements for the 5V55 in the air defense troops and on naval ships and the need for a high rate of fire neces sitated a number of solutions to expedite the prelaunch opera tions and reduce the time taken by the missile to go into target trajectory. A crucial role is played by the provisions for forced verti cal launch from the transporting launching container a new fea ture for this type of missiles. This substantially increased the rate of fire of the system (because all missiles are kept directly on the launchers ready for immediate launching); provided the means for all round air defense against aircraft and missiles flying from any direction; made it possible to use highly limited spaces on board a combat ship to the best advantage (with a corresponding increase in the number of mis siles carried by the ship); and reduced the "no launch" zone, as, when missiles are launched from ships along an inclined tra jectory, they must fly clear of the ship's superstructures. Working on the 5V55, the
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dynamic heating conditions
designers of "Fakel" thoroughly analyzed various methods of forced launch and chose the cat apult version. The catapult oper ates from hot gas produced by a gas generator located in the con tainer. The sustainer engine is start ed, after the missile has been catapulted to a height of 20 25 meters. This minimizes the expo sure of nearby elements of the missile system and ship super structures to the gas stream and enhances the operational reliabil ity of the entire system, particu larly on board ship (the sustainer engine is not started inside the ship's missile compartment). Once the engine has been start ed, a special gas dynamic control system gas vanes located in the nozzle part of the engine quick ly turns the missile and puts it into a guidance path. Many technical innovations were realized by the specialists of "Fakel", together with several allied enterprises during missile
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production. Consequently, a highly efficient technological method of reverse extrusion was used to fabricate the cylindrical body of the solid propellant engine a massive and heavily loaded structure made from a high strength aluminium alloy. However, the most important fact about the 5V55 is that it is the first missile in our country and the whole world featuring the
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MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE 5V55 AND 48N6E MISSILES

5V55 90 0.025 48N6E 150 0.025
Characteristic Maximum range, km Maximum target destruction height

8. A stand for carrying out heat strength tests of the rocket body 9. A stand for per forming transporta tion tests of the rocket 10. The echo free chamber
Maximum flying altitude of combat aircraft

1,300 133 7.25 2,800 143 7.5 25
Minimum target destruction height, km Maximum target speed, m/sec Weight of warhead, kg Missile length, m Available g loading
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principle of guaranteed reliability, incorporated in its design when it was created. As a result, the mis sile can remain in service without maintenance for up to 10 years, becoming a kind of "fixed car tridge". This was made possible by a whole system of measures, aimed at preventing the appear ance of any faults, which may cause failures or various emergen cies during missile service. To maximize the efficiency of their work, the designers of the 5V55 critically reviewed the entire missile development cycle and thoroughly analyzed the launches of several thousand missiles of
various types. No efforts were spared in carrying out ground tests of the units and assemblies of the missiles with full scale simulation of the real conditions, which appear in the course of their ser vice and combat employment. The possibilities available to missile designers at the "Fakel", quite fan tastic as they may have seemed in the recent past, increased even more, when a unique test center was commissioned at the design bureau. Its laboratories are equipped to perform a wide range of tests: thermal, climatic, special radiotechnical, etc. Here it is pos sible to fully simulate all conditions
and loads likely to be encountered by the missile both in service and flight. The specialists of "Fakel" have devised unique techniques to accelerate operational life and transport tests, which allow the duration and cost of the tests to be reduced dozens of times. These tests were used to develop "guar anteed reliability", which has become a hallmark of the missiles designed by "Fakel" (not only the 5V55, but also the 9M330 and all later models). The first results obtained by "Fakel" in this area already revealed how correct and promis ing its choice was. Guaranteed reliability significantly raised the value of the missile as a weapon system, considerably simplified its maintenance and ensured a marked reduction in maintenance personnel. In 1979 the state trials of the 5V55 were completed and the mis sile was adopted by the air defense troops (as a part of the S 300PMU system). A short time later, after completion of the missile trials in the "Rif" AA missile system, carried out on a large submarine chaser "Azov" in the Black Sea, the 5V55 was adopted for use on the most up to date naval ships the nuclear powered missile cruisers and the "Slava" type cruisers. The foreign designation given to the missile was SA 10 "Grumble" (in the S 300PMU system) and SA N 6 (in the "Rif" system). In the early 1980s, the 5V55 was one of the most advanced missiles in the world. However, the progress of our radioelectronic engineering and appearance of new materials, which enabled the designers and product engineers to reduce the weight of the missile elements ensured marked improvements in the characteris tics of the 5V55. Most importantly, its flight range was doubled by the
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ing altitudes. The fact that the missile could now effectively intercept difficult targets, such as tactical and tactical opera tional missiles, was crucial. In 1991 alone, during test range launches, the 48N6E destroyed four tactical missiles. Today the 48N6E has been adopted by the air defense troops (as a part of the modern ized system S 300PMU 1) and the Navy (as a part of the "Rif"
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installation of a more efficient new engine. The dimensions and launch weight of the mis sile, which was designated 48N6E, remained almost unchanged: it could be accom modated in the same container. Improvements in the on board equipment and guidance tech niques allowed the 48N6E to effectively engage targets flying at speeds of up to 10,000 km/h within a wide range of their fly
system). At present it is unequalled in terms of capabili ties and has no analogues in this class of missiles. In many characteristics it is also superior to the missile of the US AA sys tem "Patriot." The demonstra tion launches of the 48N6E and 9M330 missiles of "Fakel", car ried out in February 1993 at the international weapons exhibition in Abu Dhabi (UAE), were extremely successful. (
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1994
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The Research Engineering Institute (NIMI) is the leading enterprise in Russia and the CIS, which produces artillery rounds for towed and self pro pelled artillery of the Ground Forces. While developing new artillery rounds, their developers try to increase their target effect, range of fire and accuracy. Research and design is car ried out, relying on breakthroughs in present day science and technology. The Institutes specialists devel oped and continue to improve ammuni tion for field artillery systems, ranging from 76 mm to 203 mm to annihilate manpower, destroy armor targets and demolish various fortifications. Apart from HE projectiles, there are full cal iber armor piercing cavity and solid projectiles, spin and fin stabilized HEAT projectiles, illumination and smoke projectiles, concrete piercing projectiles (152 mm and more), train ing projectiles and others. All artillery rounds of up to 100 mm are developed as fixed loaded projec tiles; artillery rounds of 120 mm, 130 mm and 152 mm are separate loaded ammunition. Artillery rounds, greater than 100 mm, incorporate variable propelling charges, designed to meet the require ments of ballistic scale of velocities, ensuring overlapping ranges during fir ing at minimum and maximum ranges. Owing to their versatile features, the HE projectiles provide basic ammuni tion for field artillery pieces. The artillery rounds of 100 mm caliber and over are developed for the HE projec tiles of increased lethality, filled with hexagen (A IX 2) explosive charges by the batch compaction method. TNT can be used as an alternative explosive. In addition, the HE projectiles (rock et assisted or base bleed), increasing range of fire by 20 30%, are developed for artillery systems, including D 20, ML 20, 2S3M, 2A65, 2S19, 2A36, 2S5 and 2S7. To meet present day demands on all artillery systems of the 152 mm caliber, our Institute has developed a more powerful HE projectile with an improved aerodynamic configuration; its standard body is made of high grade, non heat treated, high frag mentation steel with a copper nickel alloy plasma jet hard faced driving band. HE artillery rounds of 122 mm, 130 mm and 152 mm caliber can be fitted both impact and proximity fuzes. The latter can increase the target effect of the projectile 1.5 2.0 times, compared to the former. The artillery rounds with cargo pro
Vladimir KIREEV President of the Russian Academy of Rocket and Artillery Sciences
2A36 2A65
2S5 2S19
* Developers are trying to increase the maximum range of fire up to 7 km and power impact on targets 1.5 to 2 times.
ARTILLERY ROUNDS FOR RUSSIAS FIELD ARTILLERY

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Caliber, Name of the system: mm towed self propelled 100 BS 3 100 SU BMP 3 122 M 30 D 30 2S1 130 M 46 152 D 1 D 20, ML 20 2S3M
Model of a round 3UOF10/3UOF11 3UOF17 3VOF80 3VOF81/3VOF82 3VOF43/3VOF44 3VOF101 3VOF32/3VOF33 3VOF97/3VOF98 3VOF39/3VOF40 3VOF86/3VOF87 3VOF72/3VOF58/3VOF73 3VOF96/3VOF97/3VOF98 3VOF91
Model of a projectile 30F32 Same 30F56 Same 30F33 30F66 30F25 30V64 30F29 30F59 30F45 30F64 30F61
Maximum range, km 20.6 up to 4* 12 1 5.3 27.5 12 17.4 18.5 28.3 30 24.7 Same 29
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Artillery rounds with HE increased lethality projectiles.
CONTACT FOR DETAILS: IN RUSSIA, MOSCOW: Phone: (095) 452 1172 Fax: (095) 452 0722 IN GERMANY, COLOGNE: Phone: (221) 21 08 42 Fax: (221) 21 08 43 IN FRANCE, PARIS: Phone: (1) 47274139 Fax: (1) 45536856
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production and joint work to develop new artillery rounds to fully satisfy the customers demand. Joint work to develop rounds, chambered for NATO artillery pieces, is possible. The Institute works jointly with other enterprises to ensure the utilization of ammunition. New methods of disassem bly and utilization of ammunition have been devised. They include the plug ging of projectile bodies into tube shaped pieces to produce bushings and parts for the automotive industry, the processing of gun powder and combat explosives in commercial explosives and consumer goods (vanishes, paints and the like), the rolling of cartridges into foil to manufacture radiators for automobile cooling systems and con tact elements for radioelectronic devices and the manufacture of brass wire for electric discharge machines, etc. The Institute can work jointly in the field of conversion to produce medical equipment (massage tables, tables for extension of vertebral columns, inhalers, medical masks), mobile eco logically friendly installations for the disposal of waste, high technologies (light welding, principally new method of tube cleansing, etc.), as well as refrigerator heating equipment, based on thermoelectric modules.
jectiles, featuring far more powerful kill capacity, are developed for various artillery systems, including 152 mm 3VOF13 and 3VOF14 artillery rounds with a cargo projectile, 3 0 13, incor porating HE bomblets. Besides, artillery rounds 3VOF28 and 3VOF29 with a cargo projectile, 3 0 23, with more powerful HEAT bomblets are cur rently under development. The 152 mm rounds with cargo projectiles and self aiming combat elements, fitted with target sensors, play a special role. These rounds are used to hit armor tar gets. In addition, the Institute, jointly with Bulgarian firms, is currently developing rounds with ECM projectiles to jam tac tical radio communication means. All artillery rounds for the field artillery of Russian armed forces are developed employing state of the art materials and high technology: high fragmentation steels, powerful explo sive charges, plasma jet hard faced driving bands and the like are used for their production. During their develop ment and serial production, a number of advanced techniques and know how are introduced. The Institute offers all interested countries deliveries of 100 152 mm field artillery rounds, licenses and know how for their production, as well as technical assistance in their serial
3 0 23 HEAT bomblet projectile
3 0 13 HE bomblet pro jectile
152 mm Ammunition for 2A65, 2S19, 2S3M, D 20 and ML 20 Self Propelled and Towed Howitzers
3NS30 radio jammer cargo projectile
From left to right: reduced variable, full variable and long range charges, OF45 HE projectile and OF61 HE BB projectile
100 mm 3UOF17 HE round for the BMP 3 IFVs gun launcher 2
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he Russian main battle tank T 80U marks a culmination of efforts at a new stage of the consistent, radical mod ernization of the second postwar generation tanks, provided with a gas turbine engine, initiated after the adoption of the T 80 tank in 1976. The conceptual need to improve the combat and performance properties of tanks predetermined the. phased modernization of this family of tanks: T 80B (1978) upgraded tank gun, fire control system, guided weapon sys tem, and armor protection; T 80B (1980) installation of a more powerful GTD 1000TF engine (809 kW rating); T 80BV (1985) the armor is supple mented with an explosive reactive armor package. During modernization, the staff of the design bureau (St. Petersburg), headed by Nikolai Popov solved complicated technological problems, related to the production of fundamentally new units and systems. The T 80U tank retains specific fea tures of domestic tank building: a classi cal layout, where the primary armament is housed in a rotating turret, the power plant and transmission in the hull's rear section, the crew members are stationed separately as follows: the tank comman der and gunner in the fighting compart ment (in the vehicle's mid section), while the driver mechanic in the driving com partment (in the hull's front section). Despite the installation of new units and systems, which improve the tank's combat and performance characteristics, its dimensions remained approximately the same as those of the T 80BV tank. The weight increased by only 1.5 t. It still remained 9 t less than the "Leopard" 2A4 and the "Leclerc", 11 t less than the M1A1 "Abrams", and 16 t less than the "Challenger". Compared with the M1A1, the T 80U tank hull is 996 mm shorter, 238 mm lower, and 32 mm narrower. A high level of tank firepower is attained by better jamming immunity of the fire control system (FCS), increased range and higher fire accuracy, higher ammunition power, and reduced prepa ration time for firing the first and succes sive rounds. The primary armament of the T 80U is a 125 mm increased accuracy, high ballistics, smooth bore gun launcher 2A46M 1. It is stabilized in two planes and loaded by an automatic loader, whose mechanized rack accommodates the first priority rounds (62% of the ammunition load). The gun is provided with a thermal jacket and built in device for checking the gunner's sight for collimation; the gun tube and breech ring provide for quick disconnection. This permits replacement of the tube in the field, with out removing the gun from the turret. The ammunition allowance is tradi tional: separate case rounds with hyper velocity armor piercing (HVAP), high explosive anti tank (HEAT), and high 1
RUSSIAN MAIN BATTLE TANK T 80U

$
Vyacheslav Yeliseyev, Pyotr Shantsev
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1994
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The T 8OU tank retains specific features of domes tic tank building: a classical layout, where the pri mary armament is housed in a rotating turret, the power plant and transmission in the hull's rear sec tion, the crew members are stationed separately.
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missile control channel, and sight to gun collimation device, permits the gunner to detect tank type targets at distances of up to 5,000 m and find their ranges. The sight stabilizes the gunner's field of vision in two planes, independent of the gun. Its pancreatic system changes the magnifying power of the opti cal channel from 3.6 to 12X. At night, the gunner seeks out battlefield targets and takes
explosive (HE) projectiles. The HVAP projectile of the gun has a muzzle velocity of 1,715 m/s and is capable of killing heavily armored targets at an effective (point blank) range of 2,200 m. The tank gun capabilities of engaging armored targets and low flying helicopters are enlarged by the use of the "Reflex" guided weapon system (GWS). Its laser guided missile has a hollow charge warhead, is rammed to the gun bore by an automatic loader, and fired from the gun barrel. The missile control system, simple in use, guides the missile to a tank type target in mobile or stationary fire with a probability of 0.8 at firing ranges of 100 to 4,000 m and with a probability of 0.7 at firing ranges of 4,000 to 5,000 m. The guided weapon sys tem is protected against jamming and electronic countermeasures. The combat properties of the "Reflex" guided weapon system were highly appreciated by spe cialists during demonstration fir ings in Abu Dhabi in 1993. The secondary armament is a coaxial 7.62 mm Kalashnikov tank machine gun with an ammu nition allowance of 1,250 car tridges. A 12.7 mm NSVT anti aircraft machine gun (additional armament) is installed on the tur ret in one of the three sockets. Its ammunition allowance is 500 car tridges. The up to date fire con trol system allows the gunner and the commander to search for and track targets, lay and stabilize the armament (excluding the anti air craft machine gun), deliver aimed stationary and mobile fire both day and night, launch and auto matically guide a missile; it also permits the commander to assign targets. The "Irtysh" day optical sight, with a built in laser rangefinder,
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1. The T 80U main battle tank 2. 9M119 tank borne guided missile 3. The "Buran PA" night sight (at left) and "Irtysh" day sight rangefinder guidance unit 4. The PNK 4S com mander's day night sight viewer com plex 5. An explosion reac
aim with the help of a "Buran PA" integrated active passive sight with a stabilized field of view. The tank commander observes the battlefield, controls and fires the tank gun and the coaxial machine gun, and also designates targets to the gunner via the PNK 4S day night sight viewer complex, whose field of view is stabilized in the vertical plane. The gunner's thermal sight considerably increases the range of target detection and identifica tion, generating infrared (ther
1994
mal) radiation within a range of wavelengths, corresponding to the windows of atmospheric transparency. The commander uses the channel of this sight to solve his own problems. This device becomes far more useful
tive armor package
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certain positions of the tank gun. The required level of tank protection against conventional weapons (projectiles, splinters, ATGM warheads, mines, etc.) is attained by development work carried out along the following lines. First of all, it constitutes a set of arrangement, design, and pro duction process measures to reduce the probability of detect ing and hitting a tank. Special camouflage painting distorts the tank appearance in the visible and infrared ranges of the elec tromagnetic spectrum of reflect ed radiation. The rear positioning of the power plant compartment (PPC), backward exhaust and low level noise of the running tur bine of the gas turbine engine (GTE), the availability of an addi tional power unit, used in certain combat conditions, instead of the main engine, as well as the ther mal sight make the tank virtually indiscernible in the thermal and audible ranges of electromagnet ic radiation. The low silhouette, entrenching equipment, and smoke screening with the help of the smoke generating equipment and smoke grenade launchers of the 902B "Tucha" system not only prevent detection of the tank on the battlefield: they also diminish the possibility of delivering aimed fire at the tank. An attached mine sweeper forestalls the explosion of mines under the tank belly and tracks. A package of design mea sures of another direction is used to achieve the requisite level of tank resistance against the impact of projectiles. For this purpose, the window apertures of sighting devices are made rela tively small. The frontal elements of the welded hull and one piece cast turret (within a course angle of approximately +35 degrees)
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6. Upper front section of the hull 7. GTE 1250 gas tur bine engine
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during combat operations in lim ited visibility (smoke screens, dust, haze, thick fog). The tank digital electronic ballistic computer considers cor rections for a target range and flank velocity, tank speed, the gun trunnion cant angle, gun bore wear, an ambient air tem perature, atmospheric pressure and cross wind and increases the accuracy of the laying of the pri mary and secondary armament. The employment of the automatic loader made it possible to attain a high rate of fire (7 or 8 rounds/min), as distinguished from many foreign tanks (exclud ing the French "Leclerc" tank, the Japanese type 90, and the Swedish Strv 103B tank). The arrangement of the mechanized stowage rack, below the turret race ring, reduces tank vulnera bility in the event of damage to the armor. The design of split trays of the automatic loader rotary conveyor contemplates quick removal of two trays for the driver mechanic to pass to the fighting compartment and back at
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are made in the form of combined armor barriers. The hull sides are reinforced by rubberized fabric skirts with steel cover plates in the front portion, intended for protection against HEAT projec tiles. A considerable contribution to anti projectile resistance of the T 80U is made by explosive reac tive armor (ERA) plates, which cover more than 50% of the external surface of the tank bow, sides, and roof. The combination of the armor and ERA package defeats virtually all types of the most popular hollow charge anti tank weapons and reduces the armor piercing effect of kinetic energy projectiles. A great deal of attention is accorded to measures to ensure the tank resistance against anti tank weapons in the event of pen etration of the armor. The mea sures include the following: dis position of a bulk of the ammuni tion load below the turret race ring in the fighting compartment and placement of a portion of fuel (about 40% of the entire capacity of the fuel tanks in the tank hull) in the power plant compartment; installation of an electric engine drive of the turret instead of an electrohydraulic one; employ ment of the "Iney" fast acting automatic fire fighting equipment (FFE). The fast action and relia bility of the FFE and the flame suppressing agent used do not provide for the ignition of fuel air mixture to turn into fire and explosion of the fuel. For protection against mines, the seat of the driver mechanic is suspended from the turret plat form, and the hull stiffness in the area of the driving compartment is reinforced by a pillar, located behind the driver seat. The means supplementing the protection of the vehicle and its crew against mass destruction 3
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any additional adjustments, dur ing changeover from one type of fuel to another. All tanks may be fueled to full capacity within 12 and 15 min. The air cleaning system is considered a weak point of gas turbine power plants of AGT 1500 type transport vehicles (USA), provided with axial compressors and a heat exchanger. However,
weapons, and from nuclear weapons in particular, include special outer and inner shieldings made of hydrogen containing polymers with additives of lead, lithium, and boron and local pro tection screens made of heavy metals, as well as special equip ment. Owing to multiple attenua tion of penetrating radiation after a nuclear explosion and radioac tive radiation on the contaminat ed terrain, as well as automatic pressurization of the habitable compartments and purification of the supplied air, the crew can conduct prolonged combat oper ations in the nuclear environ ment. Mobility is considered an important combat property of the tank. It is ensured by the power plant, transmission and running gear. The power plant of the T 80U tank is an integrated com plex of the GTD 1250 gas turbine engine, various systems and spe cial equipment, ensuring its func tioning in various operating con ditions. The engine with a rating of 919 kW is housed as a monoblock unit in the power plant compart ment and installed on two fixed and one movable support, enabling the crew, if load lifting facilities are available, to replace a failed engine, even in field con ditions, in under three hours. It uses a three shaft arrangement with two independent low and high pressure turbocompressors, a circular combustion chamber, and a free power turbine without a heat exchanger. The fuel system has a filling capacity of 1,840 ltr. Diesel fuel is the main fuel, kerosene dupli cate and gasoline the reserve fuel. The gas turbine engine can also operate on mixtures of dif ferent fuels. Unlike multifuel pis ton engines, it does not require
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the centrifugal wheels of the compressors and absence of a heat exchanger in the GTD 1250 permitted the designers to avoid this drawback and attain a high degree of air cleaning (approxi mately 98.5%). The air cleaning system supplies air to the engine and the nozzle assembly of the high pressure turbine and also guides air to the power plant compartment accessories for their cooling, and to the cavities of the front drive box and first support of the low pressure com pressor. In this way the power plant compartment is pressurized against the entry of dust. Tests of the T 80U in deserts and in loess dustiness conditions confirmed the high effectiveness of the aforementioned approaches. The engine is provided with an air cooling system. The engine is reliably started by vehicle stor age batteries, a self contained power unit, or an external power source (a similar vehicle). The special equipment of the power plant clears the engine air
1994
flow duct from dust deposits, supplies compressed air to the dual channel fuel injectors dur ing engine starts, with the use of diesel fuel or its mixtures with kerosene, purges the fuel lines during engine shutdown, and lays a concealing smoke screen. The power plant is simple to control. The controlled nozzle assembly is used for the engine braking of the vehicle, gearshift ing in transmission, and limiting the speed of the power turbine.
8. Transmission unit
A running gear detail 10. The tank negotiates a water barrier
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pendent operation in a defensive battle and ambush and also sav ings on the service life of the main engine. The tank transmission is mechanical. It contains two plan etary units and hydraulic systems for lubrication and servocontrol. Four forward gears and one reverse gear, the high reliability of the friction devices operating in oil with steel on cermet fric tion, and hydrodynamic decelera tions, as well as the disk stopping brakes fully adapt the engine characteristics to the external conditions of rectilinear and curvilinear motion of the tank. The composition of the T 80U's running gear is traditional. The caterpillar drive includes two short link rubber bushed tracks
T 80U (Russia) 46.0 3 125 mm SBG 1chr 45 (28) 9K119 "Reflex" avail 2600 electrohydraulic in elevation and electromechanical in traverse laser electronic 8
Technical Data
Index Tank weight, t Crew, men Gun: caliber and type Ammo load, rounds (in autoloader inclusive) Guided weapon Thermal sight Range of night vision, m Stabilizer M1A1 "Abrams" (USA) 57.1 4 120 mm SBG "Leopard" 2A4 " C h a l l e n g e r " M1 (GB) (Germany) 62.0 55.2 4 4 120 mm SBG 120 mm RBG "Leclerc" (France) 54.5 3 120 mm SBG
avail 2000
avai 2000
avail 2000
avail
electrohydraulic
electromechanical
Rangefinder Ballistic computer Smoke grenade launchers, pc Armor protection: front of hull and turret sides Explosive reactive armor Engine: type rating, kW Auxiliary power unit
avail GTE 919 (1250) GTE
none GTE 1,100(1.500) Rotor piston engine 68 460 2,000 0.930 1.2 4.0
1994 SEPTEMBER
combined spaced none diesel 1,100 (1,500) none
none diesel 882 (1,200) avail
avail diesel 1,100(1,500) main engine supercharging unit 71 550 1,300 0.900 1.0 2.3
Maximum speed, km/h Cruising range on highway, km Fuel tank capacity, ltr Mean ground pressure, kgf/cm2 Water barrier depth, m: fording w/o preparation submerged crossing with USCE
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70 430 1,840 0.925 1.8 5.0
68 450 1,200 0.850 1.2 4.0

C OCTOBER
56 500 1,592 0.960 1.1 5.0
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laser electronic 12
laser electronic 16
laser electronic 10
laser electronic 6
Electronintorg ltd.
40
42
64
40 (22)
The absence of mechanical link age between the latter and the turbocompressors increases the vehicle cross country ability on the ground with low supporting power and in heavy traffic condi tions and does not lead to engine stalling (shutdown), if the vehicle suddenly halts with a gear engaged. All these factors simpli fy the training of driver mechan ics. Despite an increase in tank weight by 1.5 t, the economical operation of the power plant made it possible to retain the cruising range at the level of the T 80BV and M1A1 with a fuel tank capacity 160 ltr less than the lat ter tank. In addition, the GTA 18A auxiliary power unit provides for fuel economies during its inde
with a rubber covered path for twelve split rubber tired road wheels with aluminum disks, ten externally cushioned support rollers, two all metal idler wheels, two driving sprockets, and two worm track tensioners. The cater pillar drive is characterized by high degrees of trouble free operation (durability) and reten tion of the tracks from dropping the driving sprockets, simple maintenance and low labor requirements for elimination of failures, and preservation of qual ity of materials used. The second element of the running gear, the springing sys tem, is an individual suspension on non coaxial torsion bars with hydraulic direct action shock absorbers on the first, second,
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(USCE) allow the tank to negoti ate fords up to 1.8 m deep on the move without preparation and cross water barriers up to five meters deep (while submerged) without limitation on width after due preparation. Demonstration runs of the M1A1 "Abrams" and T 80U tanks in Abu Dhabi displayed better running qualities of the latter in drives on straight stretches with irregularities and making turns. Running tests, carried out by Swedish crews for half a year, which involved drives through ravines and snow drifts near the Polar circle, once again proved that the Russian tank boasts a high cross country ability, is easy to handle and prepare for com bat, and reliable. According to specialists, the power plant, transmission and running gear were sufficiently tailored for Swedish conditions. Only com mercial considerations predeter mined the decision of the Swedish government to buy German "Leopards". The domestic T 80 main bat tle tank, incorporating a whole range of new scientific and tech nical achievements of domestic tank building in firepower, pro tection, and mobility and fitted
and sixth suspension assemblies and metal stops. The suspension is simple in design, maintenance, and repair. Owing to a large dynamic motion of the road wheels and rubber on rubber rolling, the running gear exerts a low negative influence on tank rapidity, reduces the vibration of the tank during its movement at high speed, and creates the req uisite ergonomic conditions for the crew's activity. The vehicle boasts superior "water going" qualities. The unique design of the air intake device and on vehicle underwater stream crossing equipment
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1994
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1994
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n 1972 the International Defence Review journal report ed that American com panies had started manufacturing "Ribbon Bridge" pon toon parks. The report read that it took a team of 46 men 50 minutes to assemble a 122 meter bridge with a load capacity of 54 tons from a complete pontoon park. It did not mention the fact, however, that specialists call the Ribbon Bridge a Russian park. Small wonder, for the American model is a carbon copy of the Russian pontoon bridge park (PMP). Its pontoons are trans ported in the same preassembled form on special pontoon carriers. When dropped into the water, the pontoons automatically open in a matter of seconds, forming a pre pared section of a bridge or ferry. To move sections through the water, tow ferries and keep the assembled bridge in place in a strong current, the park also includes bridge erection boats. In 1978, under a license bought from the USA, a West European company started turning out
"RIBBON BRIDGE"
FROM RUSSIA
$
Analoly Dokuchayev
Ribbon Bridges for the Bundeswehr. The "Pioneer" jour nal noted: "We have had to adopt a Soviet designed American park". Russian pontoon bridge parks have enjoyed a good repu tation in the world for a long time. The pre war heavy pontoon park N2P proved its remarkable worth at many water crossings during World War II. No other army involved in the war had anything
of a such high caliber. It was the only park, which could erect bridges for loads of up to 60 tons. The heavy duty pontoon bridge park, TMP, was even better. After the war Soviet designers devel oped the TPP heavy pontoon park, again the best in the world. It could take on loads of 16, 50 and 70 tons on rivers of different width. In time, however, demand
PMP parks meet modem requirements to this day and effectively discharge their functions in the armed forces. This has not prevented the army, however, from bringing in the more advanced PP 91 and PPS 84 pontoon parks. They have essentially the same river and shore pontoons, but the new modifications have a higher load and traffic capacity.
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General designer of the PMP 1 sys tem Yuri Glazunov erect the crossing and a large number of pontoniers and pon toon trucks. The new method made it pos sible to resolve in the optimal way the problem of erecting ribbon bridges and ribbon ferries assembled from the main stan dard modules of the pontoon park in the form of cross collapsible trough shaped quadri partite bridge pontoons. Pontoons were simply rolled off the truck into the water, where they automatically unfolded under the effect of grav ity and with the help of two small torsion bars.
1. The artillery crosses the river over the bridge 2. A truck with a BMK T tow boat 3. A pontoon truck with a river pontoon 4. A pontoon truck with a shore pon toon
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developed for even more advanced engineering equip ment. In 1947, the senior researcher Yuri Glazunov from the Engineering Research Institute of the USSR Ministry of Defense received a research and design assignment for a mecha nized pontoon park. Normally, the research part consisted in the gathering, systematization, clas sification and analysis of available information on all pontoon parks of the world. The pure design part followed. Glazunov realized that in this way the park characteris tics could be improved by 10 30%, but he wanted to upgrade them 2 to 4 times. This could only be achieved on the basis of a novel, truly scientific approach. Glazunov managed to develop a new method called technonomics (an analogy of the terms econom ics and ergonomics). All previous pontoon parks consisted of floating supports: pontoons, where the superstruc ture was placed: the balks, deck panels and treadway. This required considerable time to
1994
The 6.75 meter folding unit helped reduce the number of operations performed by pon toniers in the erection of a dou ble track 60 ton bridge from 526, as with the TPP park, which was the best in the world at that time, to 6, and with the linking of the bridge into a line to 8 opera tions. The time costs and number of pontoniers and trucks in the park decreased 4 to 5 times. The PMP forced its way through long and hard. It was only after 12 years that the design was handed over to indus try. By that time Colonel Boris Comarov had joined the research section of the project. Vladimir Savelyev took over the hydraulics, Colonel Mikhail Mikhailov and designer Arkady Kriksunov took charge of the design and assembly of an exper imental unit, while Andrei Fadeyev handled the actual design and assembly of a pilot unit at the design bureau of the "Oka" plant (the latter was
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appointed chief project designer, together with Glazurnov and was likewise awarded a Lenin Prize). The project also involved Viktor Zheludyanov, Nikolai Makurin, Vasili Trefilov and many other designers and engineers. The labor efficiency of a pontonier in the work with the PMP soared more than 70 times, compared to the TPP and 120 times compared to the best foreign park, M4T6 (USA). Work, formerly carried out by a regiment of pontoniers, could be easily handled by a bat talion. One of the officers who saw the ribbon bridge in action for the first time involuntarily exclaimed: "So what is left for us, the pontoniers, to do?" In 1963 six designers and production engineers were awarded a Lenin Prize for the development of the PMP. The PMP "saw action" for the first time during army exercises in the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany in 1960. In subsequent years it was used in all major exercises of our armed forces. Many countries buy the PMP from the USSR and organize licensed production. Vietnam. Units of the national army were advancing to the south (by the end of the war the Americans had lost the initiative), but there were major water obstacles in their way. So a telegram was sent to Moscow: we need pontoon bridges. The request was granted and Vietnamese regiments started appearing all of a sudden, sur prising the enemy in the most unexpected places. The PMP played a significant role in the 1973 Arab Israeli war. The Arabs' plan provided for sur prise actions in the Suez Canal area: a flash crossing of the Canal and the advance to the Mitla Giddy line in the 7th to 8th
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day of the offensive. A 40,000 man strong force waited for a sig nal. By the number of pontoon parks, however, Israeli intelli gence figured out the enemy's strength and time it would take the enemy to cross the Canal and took the appropriate countermea sures. On October 6 the Egyptians suddenly crossed the Canal any way. The surprise effect was
1994
entirely due to the PMPs. The whole operation took about ten hours. At night the parks were airlifted to the Canal area and in the morning ribbon bridges spanned the banks of the Canal, which came as a complete sur prise for the Israeli army. Then the advance of the Egyptian army began. After 1972 hydrodynamic shields were added to the PMP
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5. Dropping of a pon toon in water 6,7. The pontoon auto matically opens in water
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8. Locking the pon toon with deck latches 9. Folding up a pon toon 10. Loading a pontoon
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OUR REFERENCE: PMP The bridge from the PMP park is a kind of continuous floating ribbon and the carriage ferry is a part of that ribbon of varying length, depending on the load capacity. There are 32 river and 4 shore pontoons in the PMP set, which are carried by KrAZ 214 trucks. The elements of the set are used to build bridges with a load capacity of 60 and 20 tons and a length of 227 and 382 meters, respectively, as well as ferries with a load capacity of 20 to 170 tons. With the transition from a large number of "loose" elements to preassembled sections, which are whole pieces, consisting of a floating
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design. They were proposed by hydraulics expert Vladimir Savelyev and were successfully tested in 1950 with the ribbon bridge of the N2P and TMP parks and then with the experimental model of the PMP (then called MMP) in 1953. The essence of the new design goes as follows. The ribbon bridge is a dam on the river. It was believed that with a strong current it would block the river and then sink. In other words, the hydraulic problems looked mon umental. In the USA, however, they resolved it in the following way. The stronger the current, the lower load capacity was preassigned for the pontoon park, which means that it
had a shallower draft, so that the bridge would remain intact. In con trast the hydrodynamic shields of Vladimir Savelyev make it possible to raise the bridge's load capacity with stronger currents. It was as if he forced the energy of the current to prop up the bridge. At one stage the potential patenting of the bridge was dis cussed. However it was eventually decided that military requirements did not require any patents. As a result, it remained a state idea. The only good news is that it is precisely a Russian idea which travels around the world. In the meantime hard currency
from the ribbon bridge has been earned by other countries. According to the reputable Jane's Yearbook, the West German compa ny EWK manufactures a steel variant of the ribbon bridge, analogous in terms of design to the Soviet PMP park. One set is already in operation in Egypt. It follows from the report that a park has been specially designed for export to African coun tries. There are purely peaceful deeds on the PMP's record too. The ribbon bridge has been repeatedly used in rescue operations to save people in distress. A flood can pull down a bridge, which will take a long time to restore. This marks one of the many cases, where the PMP is irreplace able. PMP parks meet modern requirements to this day and effec tively discharge their functions in the armed forces. This has not pre vented the army, however, from bringing in the more advanced PP 91 and PPS 84 pontoon parks. They have essentially the same river and shore pontoons, but the new modifi cations have a higher load and traf fic capacity. (
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support and a superstructure, the time needed to erect bridges and assemble ferries con tracted 3 4 times in the PMP park, compared to the TPP park which had long been the main park in the Soviet army, while the number of pontoniers was reduced almost five times. It took 3.5 to 3.7 man hours to erect a 1 meter section of a heavy bridge from the TPP park, where as the rate is 0.19 to 0.22 man hour for the PMP park. The number of trucks required for the transportation of the park has also sharply decreased. In the PMP park the floating elements are carried by 32 trucks, compared to 96 in the TPP park.
POTOON BRIDGE PARK (PMP)

Designation Composition Load capacity in tons (ferry/ bridge) Number of units For bridge and ferry crossings 32 river pontoons 4 shore pontoons 8 trucks with spares KrAZ 42 ZIL 8 trucks 20/20 40 60/60 80 130 170
FERRIES
Number of Assembly pontoniers time (min) (men) 6/2 9/3 12/4 21/7 27/9 8 10 12 13 15 16/20 Track width (m) 3.29 6.5
BRIDGES
Bridge length (m) 382 227 Number of Erection time pontoniers (min) (men) 50 102/34 102/34 30
Not assembled
12 10 8 4 4
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Leonid Safronov he State Scientific Test Range for Aviation Systems (SSTRAS) has been operational for 50 years and is one of the five major testing areas for the State Committee on Defense Industry. A special govern ment resolution accorded SSTRAS its present sta tus and name in 1993. Historically the test range was used as a base to perform flights aimed at perfecting aviation sights, combat load dropping systems, etc. The site for the test range was carefully selected. It occupied a large uninhabited ter ritory (11,000 hectares) and was close enough to the local labor force, major design bureaus in Moscow and the Flight Research Institute (FRI). Apart from being the test range's major founder, the FRI also organized work there
T ESTED ON T HE GROUND
Leonid Safronov $ Director, State Scientific Test Range for Aviation Systems
$
COMBAT AVIATION EQUIPMENT

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Historically the test range was used as a base to perform flights aimed at per fecting aviation sights, combat load dropping systems, etc. For years the advantageous location and unique test ing equipment contributed to the cre ation and development of aviation in this country.
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during the first years. For years the advantageous location and unique testing equipment con tributed to the creation and development of aviation in this country. Over the past two decades the engineering staff, engaged in the development, production, perfection and use of aviation equipment, as well as the scien tists who provided theoretical support on these stages of cre ation of all new vehicles, con ceived the idea of the need for an
integral system to perfect the ele ments of the aviation combat complexes (ACC) and the ACCs as a whole. The system com prised the following stages: mathematical modelling, half scale modelling, ground and in flight testing. Integrity is dictated by a set of requirements, based on the unacceptability of skipping individual stages, a unified methodological approach, the application of methods and means to measure and record parameters which allow one to identify the results of measure ment evaluation at different stages of the new equipment's development. The transition to the next stage is based on the evaluation of the results obtained at the previous one. The SSTRAS test rigs and there are about fifty do not copy the chief designers' test beds. In actual fact, they supplement them pro viding an opportunity to work with
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1. The thermal test bed 2. A rail track for test ing aircraft and mis sile systems 3. A test bed for testing a target for infrared detectability
loaded items and simulate their combat use. The State Scientific Test Range for Aviation Systems aims to carry out the ground stage of testing and perfecting aviation equipment pro totypes. The facilities of the SSTRAS also stipulate testing of aviation equipment at other stages. For example, future equip ment can be determined at early development stages during testing at ballistic installations. The same installations can be used to deter mine the parameters of the avia tion means of destruction (using mock ups) during the mastering of the ACC's combat employment and operation. A set of propellant devices guarantees speeds of up to 5 km/s, while the presence of a barochannel on one of the four tracks greatly expands the range of simulation. At present the rigs are used to study the effect of high altitude aircraft and rockets on the Earth's ozone layer. On the whole all elements of the experimental base comply with the requirements for testing facili ties. The main elements of the base will satisfy the strictest and toughest demands of the researchers and customers, while the others provide the minimum "must" for testing and perfecting the equipment. These differences are observed in the level degree of approximation of testing conditions to the conditions of operation and combat employment of samples under development, the number of automatic test control systems and measuring and parameter record ing systems, as well as in the abil ity to automatically collect and process information collected dur ing the tests. Ground testing aims to upgrade the characteristics of avi ation equipment systems and their elements to levels which ensure
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that in flight testing is carried out with a maximum credit co effi cient. On the whole the tasks for avi ation equipment ground testing are determined by the general technical requirements established by the Air Force for the creation of new types of military equipment
1994 SEPTEMBER
and armament. SSTRAS is a member and in some cases the main executor of assignments pertinent to programs for aviation equipment develop ment, especially those connected with experimental studies and reports on the following: the compatibility of the flying
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vehicle's (FV) weapon systems, on board equipment, etc.; the reliability of the FV on board equipment and missiles under comprehensive operating conditions; the explosion and fire safety of the FV, its units and systems; safe separation of loads from the carriers; the safety of the crew and the reliability of the emergency evacuation systems; the resistance of systems and materials to heat, erosion, light and electromagnetic effects; the combat effectiveness of aviation destruction means; the survivability of the FV and its elements: engines, fuel tanks, helicopter rotors, etc.; the employment of aerosol systems for FV protection. Depending on the tasks assigned, work in the afore mentioned areas can be carried out on individual systems and units, combined systems, as well as the ACC as a whole. The SSTRAS researchers have powerful instruments at their disposal. They include a missile track, "Compatibility" rig, ballistic tracks, big elastic
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4. A test bed for testing engines with ejector plant for survivability 5. Aeroballistic track with variable medium density
stand (BES), a rig to test mate rials and units for heat resis tance, etc. The missile track length
1994
(2,500 meters) allows one to achieve steady state speed segments, even for speeds of up to 660 m/s. The missile track
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6. A universal light sim ulation complex
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op a thrust of 100 tons. The test range has a good set of propelling devices which can ensure speeds of up to 5 km/s for 0.5 kg objects and up to 13 km/s for objects weighing a few grams. The experimental base has provi sions to test the survivability of the airframe, power plant, fuel tanks and other elements and units of a helicopter. During testing the objects are exposed to air flow, as well as static and dynamic loads. The testing complexes pro vide for mechanical and climatic testing of loaded items, whereas methodological facilities provide readings on their potential safe transportation by truck, rail or air, and also determine a guarantied storage period for objects which are not confined to aviation weapons. A number of rigs allow for the testing of power plants with both solid propellant and liquid fuel rocket motors, with a thrust of up to 100 tons. Some rigs are fitted with altitude chambers. In the 1980s special installations were built on the basis of liquid fuel rocket motor testing rigs. They are designed to carry out heat resistance tests and can create velocity pressures which corre spond to those encountered in supersonic low altitude flights, and temperatures of up to 2,400 C. These rigs are used to test the heat resistant coatings, nose cowlings, fins and rudders of var ious types of supersonic missiles. They are also used to perfect the installations, specially designed at SSTRAS to "reactivate" oil and gas wells, special nozzles, which ensure effective fuel combustion
7. A heat erosion test ing stand
makes it possible to study the safety of emergency evacuation, the aerodynamic compatibility of the FV and released loads, the gas dynamic effect of launched missiles' exhaust jets on the FV power plant, etc. in circum stances which are approximated as far as possible to real condi tions, where the aviation equip ment is operated. The effective braking system guarantees the tested object's preservation. The track is equipped with a modern information complex, which includes a locally developed spe cialized telemetric system. The "Compatibility" rig is used to study, as is clear from the facility's name, the compatibility of on board equipment systems, weapon systems and FV control systems under conditions approximated to real ones. Such conditions are simulated by the appropriate suspension of the fly ing object, with its engines oper ating and firing of the guns and missiles. The big elastic stand allows one to study the phenomena which take place during the launch and missile's free flight under close to real conditions. The power plant thrust can devel
1994
and enhance boiler efficiency. The same set of rigs includes units for testing aerosol genera tors with some of them developed at SSTRAS. Tests of aerosol gen erators led to the appearance of a number of projects for the needs of the national economy, such as generators for the defoliation of cotton, protection of potato fields, etc. The aforementioned testing means, as well as those which have not been described here, form an integral complex which took a long time to create. It allows one to examine and per fect the systems and units of the aviation equipment, in accor dance with the general technical requirements for military produc tion. Over the past few years, as well as to its traditional clients, SSTRAS has established contacts with a number of foreign firms, which are attracted by opportuni ties offered by the experimental base, its intellectual potential and testing methods adopted at the range. At present, work is under way to resolve the tasks set by firms from the USA and the People's Republic of China. Offers from other foreign firms, concerning the work in the main, as well as allied spheres, are being studied. For example, it is possible that in future we shall carry out joint research into "ozone" problems and study possible ways to utilize aviation weapons together with the firm SNPE DEFENCE ESPACE from France, BUCK TECHNOLO GIEN from Germany and others. (
Moscow Region, 140240, Faustovo Voskresensk District Phone: (095) 556 0709 Fax: (095) 556 0740 Teletype: 846313,
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Ka 28 SHIP BORNE ANTI SUBMARINE WARFARE HELICOPTER

Vassily Akporisov $ Lieutenant General of Aviation, Chief of Aviation Staff, Russian Federation's Navy
$
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In line with the tradition of the company's design bureau, the Ka 28 has a coaxial rotor design with removed tail rotor, which constitutes a very important feature for a ship borne helicopter. Furthermore, the coaxial design boasts a number of indisputable advantages over the traditional "main rotor tail rotor" scheme. Use of the coaxial rotor configuration adds to the flying safety of the helicopter, when it is operated from a ship, makes it more compact and, most importantly, improves its maneuverability.
1. The K 28 lands on the deck
he Kamov Ka 28 is regarded as one of the most up to date ship borne and land based ASW heli copters. It was devel oped in 1982 by the N. I. Kamov Helicopter Company (also referred to as the Scientific and Technical Complex), headed by Designer General S. V. Mikheev. In line with the tradition of the company's design bureau, the Ka 28 has a coaxial rotor design with removed tail rotor, which constitutes a very important fea ture for a ship borne helicopter. Furthermore, the coaxial design boasts a number of indisputable advantages over the traditional "main rotor tail rotor" scheme. Use of the coaxial rotor configura tion adds to the flying safety of the helicopter, when it is operated from a ship, makes it more com pact and, most importantly, improves its maneuverability. According to estimates of the fly ing and engineering personnel of the naval aviation, the Ka 28 is a wonderful ship borne helicopter,
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ven compressor, assuring autonomous engine start up in the absence of any external power supply, which is vital for a helicopter operating from unpre pared grounds. The power plant of the heli copter is extremely impressive (two engines develop a normal thrust of 3,400 hp and a take off thrust of 3,800 hp and thereby provide it with high energy poten tial in all modes of operation and at all flight altitudes). The operation of the engines is supported by the fuel system, which has a capacity of up to 4,700 liters with centralized fuelling accomplished within 16 minutes. The crew of the Ka 28 con sists of three crewmembers: a pilot (crew commander), naviga tor and navigator operator. To rescue crash survivors from water, the Ka 28 helicopter is equipped with a special lifting device, comprising an electrically driven winch and seat, which can be lowered and hoisted. If neces sary, the helicopter can drop life
Vassily Akporisov
2. The flight compart ment 3. Helicopter's tail unit

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preferred by seamen. Experts of the Defense Ministry Research Institute (NII MO) believe the Ka 28 to be 3 to 5 times (depending on the mission to be carried out) more effective than its predeces sor, Ka 25PL, which comprised the major portion of the fleet of ship borne helicopters of this class in 1960 70s. The aerodynamic arrange ment of the Ka 28 ensures the most optimal use of its configura tion and tail unit, as is normally found in airplanes, consisting of a fixed stabilizer and two rudders. Inflatable ballonets, located along the sides of its fuselage, under special flap doors, assure the buoyancy of the helicopter in the case of emergency water land ings (it only takes 4 to 6 seconds to inflate them). The four strut landing gear of the Ka 28 is non retractable. Due to its insufficient clearance, the landing gear of the Ka 28 is made expandable. This permits the normal loading of the helicopter with the requisite equipment to seek out and attack the submarines. The power plant of the Ka 28, consisting of two TV3 117VK gas turbine engines allows it to fly on one engine when the other one is damaged and also resolve a com bat mission. Moreover, the power plant includes an Al 9 turbine dri
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preservers (life rafts, boats, etc.). Greater air sea rescue capa bility is demonstrated by a special search and rescue Ka 27PS heli copter, now in service with the Russian Navy. For comparative performance characteristics of the Ka 28 and its foreign counterparts, see Table 1. In one flight, the Ka 28, fitted with a dunked sonar, can survey an area measuring over 1,660 km2 (the search version) or over 1,200 km2 (the search and attack version, with a suspended anti submarine weapon). When the helicopter uses sonobuoys, the said area grows to 2,000 km2. The ASW armament of the Ka 28 comprises AT 1MV torpedoes, APR 2E rockets and aerial bombs weighing from 50 kg to 200 kg. The real asset of the Ka 28 is its NKV 252 flight navigational complex, which assures a highly accurate resolution of navigation al problems in flight over monot onous terrain, ensures the auto matic approach of the helicopter
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to the point of release of subma rine search and destruction means, and automatic hovering at the desired altitude. The basic element of the air borne search and aim equipment is a system designated "Osminog E". It detects and locates a sub marine, advises the crew on the weapon used to attack it, by dis playing the tactical situation pic ture on a special monitor. Functionally, the "Osminog E" search and aim system comprises the following subsystems: hydroa coustic, radar, navigational/tacti cal situation monitor, and comput er. The hydroacoustic subsystem is essentially a VGS 3 dunked sonar, which performs submarine surveillance in active and passive modes. For a helicopter borne system, the VGS 3 sonar possess es a fairly extensive energy poten tial and largely surpasses the ear
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THE TREE VIEW DRAWING OF THE Ka 28
4. The Ka 28 carrying out a combat mission
lier sets of similar equipment in terms of basic parameters, weight and dimensions. The VGS 3 is usually employed jointly with the radar subsystem and its radar contrast target control equipment. No less important is the sub system, which displays the prima ry and secondary target data and other information, needed for a proper execution of combat mis sions in a marine TOW. To synchronize the work of all subsystems, the Ka 28 mounts a computer subsystem, based on the use of a specialized computer, capable of performing 150,000 operations per second. The flight preparation of the "Osminog E" system is aided with built in automatic test equipment, which checks on the serviceability of the system. Practical experi ence gained by the Ka 28 sup ports the conclusion that availabil ity of the "Osminog E" system aboard the helicopter makes it highly effective in fighting sub marines and other submerged tar gets. The Ka 28 helicopter boasts high performance characteristics and is easy to maintain. When based on board a ship, it does not need any sophisticated and cum bersome equipment for its main Table 1
Characteristic Maximum take off weight (kg) Engines: type power (hp) Diameter of main rotor disk (m) Length with rotating rotor (m) Dimensions in folded condition: length (m) width (m) height (m) Static ceiling (m) Maximum speed (km/h) Cruising speed (km/h) Service range (km) Maximum flight duration (h) Payload (kg)
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Ka 28 12,000 TV3 117VK 2 x 2,200 15.9 15.9 12.2 3.8 5.4 2,950 250 230 1,000 5.2 800
1994
EH 101 "Merlin" 13,000 T700 SE 401 3 x 1,600 18.6 22.8 16.0 5.5 5.2 889 290 230 1,020 5.0 530
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SH 60B "Sea Hawk" 9,910 T700 401 2 x 1,690 16.36 19.76 12.5 3.6 4.0 1,030 270 230 800 4.7 >500
SH 60 "Nelo" 9,870 T700 401 2x1,690 16.36 19.76 12.5 3.6 4.0 450 270 230 1,160 6.7 720
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tenance. The good stability and con trollability of the helicopter ensure its take off from small ship borne pads with winds of up to 20 m/s and the ship tilted at +8 degrees of roll and +2 degrees of pitch. Such characteristics of the Ka 28 also made it attractive to foreign customers. Deliveries of the helicopters to foreign cus tomers began in June 1986 (India bought 13; Vietnam 8; Cuba 4; Syria and Yugoslavia, 2 each). The foreign crews and mainte nance personnel were trained at a special training center in Kacha. References from these countries confirm the reliability of the Ka 28 and its high performance in the most adverse climatic condi tions. (
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A I R
F O R C E
RUSSIA'S LEADING AVIATION TRAINING
AND RESEARCH
Vladimir Kovalyonok $ Air Force Colonel General, Chief of N.Y. Zhukovsky Military Engineering Air Academy, Pilot Cosmonaut
$ Electronintorg ltd. Military Parade
In terms of teaching and research potential, fundamental and topical nature of the research, technical equipment and training system of engineers for the Air Force and Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, the academy is a unique educational and research center of the Russian Federation and is deserving of national pride.
he N.Y. Zhukovsky Military Engineering Air Academy was founded in 1920. Its inception was pro moted by outstand ing men of domestic and world aviation engineering thought: N.Y. Zhukovsky (archi tect behind its establishment), his pupils, later Academicians B.N. Yuryev and B.S. Stechkin, and Professor V.P.
Vladimir Kovalyonok
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Vetchinkin. At different times the country's leading aircraft design ers graduated from the Academy: A.I. Mikoyan, S.V. Ilyushin, A.S. Yakovlev, V.F. Bolkhovitinov, N.D. Kuznetsov, S.K. Tumansky. Academy graduates include Chief Air Force Marshals K.A. Vershinin, P.F. Zhigarev, Air Force Marshals F.A. Astakhov, G.A. Vorozheikin, S.F. Zhavoronkov, S.A. Krasovsky, S.I. Rudenko, F.Y. Falaleyev, V.A. Sudets, and S.A. Khudyakov. Fifteen pilot cosmo nauts have received an engineer education here, including the first 1
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cosmonaut Y.A. Gagarin and the first female cosmonaut V. N. Tereshkova. Today the academy trains comprehensively educated key engineer personnel of the opera tional tactical link up to air com mand, inclusive for all fighting services: the Air Force, Air Defense Forces, Navy, Ground Forces, Strategic Missile Forces and the Security Ministry troops. In other words, it is an inter ser vice academy and essentially determines the technical devel opment policy of all types of avia tion systems of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The academy trains engineers and researchers for the armies of a number of foreign countries in the entire range of air speciali ties. The academy has the experi ence and ability to train civilian specialists for newly created structures of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, the defense sectors of industry and specialists in mil itary economic analysis and con version. The academy boasts a large
teaching and research potential: about 100 doctors, or more than 60% of doctors of sciences in the Air Force, over 500 masters of science and 87 professors, including academicians and cor responding members of the Russian Academy of Sciences and a number of sectorial acade mies, 20 Merited Science and Technology Workers of the Russian Federation, and 30 State Prizewinners. These scientists are from 19 scientific schools, including many world class level schools. Such researchers and instructors as A.A. Krasovsky, M.I. Nisht, I.E. Kazakov, M.S. Yarlykov and V.I. Tikhonov are the honor and glory of the academy. Few other educational institutions of the Russian Federation could compare with the academy in terms of the uniqueness of its research and pedagogical facility. The training of highly qualified engineer air personnel is ensured by the availability in the academy of a powerful and modern training and experimental base, compris ing about 150 unique installations
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and complexes and incorporating a training airfield, a practice ground, engine testing station, a "barorange", a complex of wind tunnels, installation for neutraliz ing the optoelectronic systems of high precision weapons, and a complex of metrological support for testing and operating aviation equipment. The academy uses in the teaching process: 29 aircraft and helicopters, 39 aircraft engines, 118 airborne missiles, three sim ulators, and fourteen training air craft classes, more than 700 ES and SM computers. In 1991 1994 studies were carried out on more than 300 research projects: the academy was the leading or sole executor in 70% of the total. It carries out research in a bid to raise the combat readiness and efficiency in action of aviation of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, flight safety, the bat tle survivability, reliability and service life of aviation equipment, the effectiveness of the combat use of aviation means of destruc tion and means of radio electron ic warfare, create new models and update aviation equipment and armament, perfect their operation and repair and advance the instruction and education process. The following are the most important scientific results of the academy over the past two or three years: realize in troop practice rec ommendations to speed up the repair of combat damage to engines of aircraft complexes in field conditions; increase the life of the engines of An 124 and An 255 planes by adding a heat insulat ing coating to the turbine blades from 1,500 to 4,000 hours, there by ensuring significant cost sav 2
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marines; increasing the effectiveness of high precision weapons; accurate navigation and homing, using the Earth's physical fields (relief features and magnetic, gravitation and linear reference points); the creation of directional energy weapons; the intellectualization of arms and com bat equipment by developing new software. Many of these developments could find wide applications in the Air Force, and also in the national econ omy. They could attract additional
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ings; develop on board radars for the MiG 29M and Su 27M aircraft com plexes, making it possible to realize for the first time on a multipurpose fighter plane the possibilities of radar detection and identification of ground targets and home in on them. In addition, it is researching the following problems: global radar reconnaissance of air space, land surface and sea areas, including nonconventional methods of search and detection of submerged sub
extra budgetary funds for domestic and foreign investors. To sum up, I would like to stress once again that the academy is a unique training and research center of the Russian Federation and a con temporary aviation engineering uni versity. The academy has long stand ing experience in scientific method ological work and can train special ists in the military economy and con version for the new structures of the Russian Defense Ministry, defense industry and also foreign states. ( ADDRESS: 125190, Moscow, Leningradsky Prospect, 40. Phone: (095) 155 1008, (095) 155 1001. Fax: (095) 250 52 79.
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Sergey Klimov
1993). This is a comment about the
THE 3M 80E
SHIP BORNE MISSILE SYSTEM
Sergey Klimov $ General Designer, "Altair" Research and Production Association
$
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"It is said that the USA has nothing comparable with this mis sile. It also has no defense against this weapon. The US offi cials claim that the SS N 22 missile, known as "Sunburn", presents a supermodern weapon", wrote Jonathan Broder from the "We/" office in Washington (newspaper "Izvestiya", July 22, 1993).
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t is said that the USA has nothing comparable with this missile. It also has no defense against this weapon. The US officials claim that the SS N 22 missile, known as "Sunburn", presents a supermodern weapon", wrote Jonathan Broder from the "We/" office in Washington (newspa per "Izvestiya", July 22,
"ship to ship" missile system known in Russia as 3M 80E. It was created through the joint efforts of many defense enter prises in Russia, headed by Dubna Design Bureau and State Research and Production Association "Altair". The 3M 80E ship borne mis sile system is used to destroy surface ships and transports of the strike ship groupings, assault formations, convoys and dis placement, hydrofoil, or air cush ion single ships against enemy
fire and electronic countermea sures. The system consists of a ship borne control system, launchers, ground equipment and low flying supersonic missiles. Developed in the 1980s, this system surpassed in terms of basic performance characteristics its best foreign counterparts for years to come. The missile design embodied the best achievements of the domestic missile building indus try. A ramjet sustainer, booster arranged in the sustainer com bustion chamber and the use of the latest achievements in the field of application of special alloys made it possible to create a supermodern missile. The speed of flight, twice as fast as that of the sound, extremely low altitude during the cruising and terminal legs of the trajectory ensure that the enemy does not have enough time to make his ship's anti missile
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able to engage this missile for a second time or hit the missiles which follow the first one. The 3M 80E is a self con tained system, using the "fire forget" principle. Its boasts its own target designation and distri bution means. After the missile enters the area of location of enemy ships, its on board control system independently seeks out and selects the most critical tar get. After the target has been selected, the missile begins to be homed. The active passive seek
defense means combat ready. Even if the enemy knows in advance about a threatened strike by the 3M 80E, he will be unable, upon the appearance of attacking missiles from under the radio horizon, to provide impact of his air defense missile with the first attacking missile of the 3M 80E system at a range exceeding 5 to 7 km. In this case, he will be forced to guide his missiles in conditions, where the 3M 80E missile performs anti missile maneuvers with g loads exceed ing 10 g. The enemy will not be
er guides the missile to the target either by an echo radar signal, or provides guidance to radar emis sion sources, located on the tar get ship, or uses for guidance information received over two
Comparative Data on Missiles of Systems 3M 80E (Russia) and "Harpoon" (USA)

Characteristic Flight speed, max. Flight altitude on cruising leg of trajectory, m Launching weight of missile, kg Type of warhead Weight of warhead (including explosive), kg Range of fire: maximum, km minimum, km Rate of fire in salvo fire, s Type of homing head 3M 80E missile M>2 20 4,000 Penetrating 300/150 120 10 5 combination with active and passive channels 9,385 2,100
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"Harpoon" missile M=0.8 to 0.85 15 667 Semi armor piercing 225/95 110 to 130 13 3 active radar head
1. The winged homing missile of the 3M 80E system 2. A destroyer of 956
Dimensions: length, mm wing span, mm

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4,570 940
OCTOBER
design armed with the 3M 80E system
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3. A missile boat of 12411 design (Tarantul III) armed with the 3M 80E system 4. Launching of a hom ing missile of the 3M 80E system from a "Lun" wing in ground effect craft
channels at a time. Two guidance channels, operating on different wavelengths and using compo nents of artificial intellect, ensure the missile's high survivability, noise immunity and efficiency. The warhead design provides for its detonation only after its penetration in the inner rooms of the ship. The 3M 80E system is
installed on destroyers of "Sovremenny" type and "Molniya" missile boats of the Russian Navy. The system may be mount ed on wing in ground effect craft and anti ship aircraft. The use of the 3M 80E sys tem in the ship's armament offers the carrier ship substantial advantages over similar ships and boats from the other countries.
FIRING FROM 3M 80E SYSTEM

A 15 g anti missile maneuver
An after launch corrective turn
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Maximum firing range Minimum firing range Flight altitude Maximum speed Launch of four missiles in a salvo Weight of missile Weight of warhead Length of missile Diameter of missile with wings folded
up to 120 km 10 km less than 20 m M>2 within 15 s 3,950 kg 300 kg 9,385 mm 1,300 mm
Electronintorg ltd.
Basic Characteristics of 3M 80E Anti Ship Missile System
Russia's enterprises are ready to develop and supply to the customer within 2 3 years examples of the ground based stationary or mobile weapon sys tem to protect the coast from the assault forces or ships engaged in the blockade of the coast and deliver the first samples of this weapon within indicated terms.
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pecialists from the "Rubin" Naval Design Bureau, mindful of the demand of Russian and for eign customers, constantly work hand in hand with other sectors of the country's defense industry to upgrade naval equipment. This enables us to carry out design projects, develop assembly tech nologies and carry out all tests within a short time.
Yuri Kormilitsyn Before starting to design a new submarine designated for combat operations on sea lanes, specialists of the company, together with the naval command and other research and design
636 DESIGN:
RAPID AND LOW NOISE
Yuri Kormilitsyn $ General Designer of the RUBIN Naval Design Bureau
Most of the new submarine's systems can operate automati cally, controlled from the main control room console. The automatic devices help to rule out errors and make it possi ble to warn the attendants of an emergency situation. However, in case of a breakdown, the work of any of the automatic systems can be performed manually by each spe cialist, attending to it. Here the wishes of a number of for eign customers for the provision of manual and local control of the systems have been met.
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SUB M A R I N E
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1. A model of 636 design diesel elec tric submarine 2. A diving submarine

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agencies, determined that the main distinctive characteristics of this submarine should be: further noise reduction or covertness; high operational reliability; high survivability; excellent navigation charac teristics; assembly by proven tech nology. The combination of these characteristics with effective tor pedo systems, guaranteeing a high firing rate and accuracy, state of the art radar and elec tronic systems, a high degree of automation of all submarine con trol operations and habitability ensuring high combat readiness
of the crew, has made it possible to develop the 636 design sub marine at a modern technical level. In contrast to the Foxtrot boat (I641K design) with the diesel electric power plant, and the Kilo submarine (877EKM design), the 636 design boat is driven by a more powerful fully electric power plant, which has made it possible to achieve high maneu verability of the boat and reduce the noise level in the sailing mode with the snorkel on. As is common in engineering, when some qualities or charac teristics are improved, others worsen. The designers had to increase the boat's length by 2
spacings (1,200 mm), as the new power plant (diesel generator) and its pumps and other auxiliary systems required additional space. The designers, however, found an effective solution here: they increased the volume of the fuel and ballast tanks in this sec tion, which, in its turn, made it possible to increase the endurance range to 7,500 miles, compared to 6,000 miles for the boats of the Kilo type. Another factor contributed to the reduction of the boat's noise level: the reduction of the pro peller's rotational speed in the whole speed range and the use of a seven blade propeller of special design. The 636 design submarine is a single shaft boat, with a well streamlined hull developed after comprehensive computer calcu lations and model tests in labs and trial pools. The displacement of the boat, with the hull's anti radar coating, is about 2,350 m3. Maximum hull length is 73.8 m and maximum breadth 9.9 m. The height of the exterior hull to the ceiling of the fencing of the retractable appli
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able quarters for rest between the shifts. The boat also houses a galley, showers, medical room and officers' dinette. Armaments. Six 533 mm for ward torpedo tubes, with two side tubes used to accommodate remote controlled torpedoes. The boat can carry 18 torpedoes: 6 in the tubes and 12 on the racks. The submarine has a special tor pedo loading device. Torpedoes can be replaced with 24 mines: 12 in the tubes (two in each tube) and 12 on the racks. Two tubes are designed for firing remote controlled torpe does of the latest design with a very high degree of accuracy. All torpedo tubes and their service systems guarantee effective firing at submersion depths from the periscope to the operational depth. To reduce the torpedo reload ing time, the submarine is fitted out with a fast loading system, which reduces the loading and re loading time several times and thereby increases the fire rate, pre empting the enemy's coun teractions. To ensure effective command of the submarine by the captain and effective torpedo firing, the boat is equipped with a multi pur pose combat information and command system (CICS) with a built in high speed computer, which performs the following functions: processing of information about the surrounding area, sup plied by the boat's surveillance equipment, and presentation of obtained data on the display; determination of the target motion parameters and resolution of the firing problems for under water or surface targets; issue of data for attack; computerized fire control; development of recommen dations for the CO for maneuvers and combat use of weapons, the accomplishment of navigation tasks, data documentation and personnel training; correction of torpedo path together with the remote control system in response to the tar get's maneuvers and accurate torpedo guidance by wire. The wire controlled torpedo remains in contact with the firing submarine, which receives data on the torpedo's trajectory and the status of its on board sys tems, and, upon the actuation of the homing head on the target's maneuvers. The coordinates of the target, torpedo and other data arrive at CICS, which com putes by this data the torpedo's path to the target. The wide choice of new torpedoes, includ ing prospective models used for firing from 533 mm torpedo tubes, enables the commanding officer to use his ordnance in
3. The captain in the combat information center

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ances is 14.7 m. The boat's draught at normal displacement is 6.3 m at midships and 6.6 m at the bow. Maximum diving depth is 300 m, operation depth 240 m and periscope depth 17.5 m. The shaft accommodates the main propulsion motor and the cruising motor. In addition, the submarine carries two low capacity stand by propeller units on both sides, which ensure good maneuverabil ity in narrow passageways, at mooring and in emergencies. The two groups of batteries of the latest design, with 120 units in each pack, housed in the 1st and 3rd compartments of the boat, enable it to build a full speed of 20 knots and have an endurance range of more than 400 miles in submerged mode. For greater survivability the sub marine is divided with strong transverse partitions into six com partments. With a 30% buoyancy reserve in the cruising mode, the boat may remain afloat even after the flooding of a compartment with two adjacent one side ballast tanks. The design ensures the accommodation of pipelines, high pressure air cylinders and other equipment, which is mount ed outside the boat's payload vol ume. The submarine can remain fully self sustained at sea for 45 days. The crew (52) have comfort
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4. A crew cabin
accordance with the situation. The prospective ordnance (torpe does and mines), developed by the "Gidropribor" institute spe cially for this project, will help to increase the fighting capacity of the new 636 submarine. Main control station. The sub marine's designers paid particu lar attention to creating special conditions for the captain and the submarine control service. To this end all the weapon control facili ties and navigational aids are concentrated in the main control station (MCS), isolated from the other service areas of the subma rine, with no through passages along the ship or vertically. In this way the captain is provided with all essential information. Hydroacoustic means. The original design of the sonar sys tem antenna, its location in the submarine hull and other design solutions, ensure the early receipt of a wide range of valu able information on the subsur face and surface situation and torpedo weapon target designa tion data, ensuring: a circular detection of tar gets in sonar listening mode (for submarines and surface ships); echo ranging in a 30 sec tor of the target relative bearing; telephone and telegraph communication (in long and
short range TEL AND TELEHG communications mode); detection of underwater sound signals and determination of their bearing. All the indicators of the sys tem are entered on a single con trol panel. To reduce interference in the work of the sonar system, a number of design solutions have been adopted: the special shape of the for ward end of the submarine; in the bow of the submarine drain holes have been removed; bow rudders have been shifted to the midship part of the submarine; vibroactive and noise mak ing mechanisms have been trans ferred from the 1st compartment. Thanks to this device the sonar facilities ensure a preemp tive and significant increase in the range of target detection. The advantageous advance detection of a potential enemy is augment ed by reliable special sonar pro tection of the submarine's hull. The updating of the system based on the experience accrued from its operation in different parts of the world's oceans enabled the developers to improve its perfor mance by a wide margin. The submarine now has a sonar for mine detection, another for determining the speed of sound
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in sea water, as well as equip ment to determine the start of cavitation of the submarine pro peller. Navigational equipment. The navigational equipment, consist ing of course indicators, speed and traveled distance meters, an automatic path plotter, echo sounder, indicators of radio navi gational systems and a radio direction finder, can determine with the requisite accuracy the location of the submarine, and solve with the utmost precision the problems of navigation and use of torpedo weapons. Navigational equipment, mounted on the submarine, has stand by integration and power supply systems, and is therefore reliable and offers a broad scope of action, enabling the submarine to navigate both in northern and southern latitudes of the world's oceans. Radar aids. The submarine is equipped with active and passive radar stations of high tracking efficiency, which provide the commanding officer with informa tion on the underwater and air situation, radar identification and navigational safety. The radars operate in the surface and periscope condition. The surface target detection, torpedo fire control and navigation radar has a 4
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trol room console. The automatic devices help to rule out errors and make it possible to warn the attendants of an emergency situa tion. However, in case of a break down, the work of any of the auto matic systems can be performed manually by each specialist, attending to it. Here the wishes of a number of foreign customers for the provision of manual and local control of the systems have been met. An improved ventilation and air conditioning system has been applied to meet customers' cli matic specifications. A new refrig erating machine with great refrig eration capacity has been installed. The submarine's technical facilities make it operable in all climatic conditions. On the 636 submarine modern achievements in acoustical pro tection have been realized in full, reducing noise levels to a mini mum. The major plant, pumps and other equipment boast better vibroacoustic characteristics, owing to a high technological level of their manufacture than was the case with Kilo type submarines. In particular the use of low speed propulsion motors and a low noise seven blade propeller has contributed to this factor. The cruising motor is mounted on low frequency rubber and metal shock absorbers and has a highly effi cient vibration absorbing cou pling, ensuring a protracted low noise sailing mode. During building and testing in the yard, a package of engineer ing and organizational measures, putting the acoustical finishing touches to the submarine, is car ried out under the authors' super vision. The choice of fully electric propulsion for the submarine, considerable reduction in subma rine generated noise with the aid of a number of design solutions, use of a special anti sonar rubber coating to coat the outer hull, and the installation of low noise mechanisms all provide grounds for asserting that the 636 is the quietest existing diesel electric submarine in the world. (
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target forestalling system. This makes it possible to detect the surface ships of a potential enemy far earlier than those, which detect the submarine. Main mechanical unit. The main mechanical unit ensures the continuous navigation of the sub marine at given speeds during the entire period of submerged and surface endurance at any depth of submergence, down to maximum level. Battery charging is accom plished both on the run and at standstill in buoyancy and also in submerged dieseling at a speed of 8 10 knots. A single shaft unit operates on the boat under a fully electric propulsion scheme. Ship systems. The following systems are envisaged on the submarine: submersion and resurfacing, drain and trim, high and low pressure air, emergency blow down, marine and rudder hydraulic, fuel, fire extinguishing, etc. The submarine's most impor tant systems are backed up. Most of the new submarine's systems can operate automatical ly, controlled from the main con
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"IKAR":
SPEED ON AN AIR CAVERN
Yuri Chernigin $ Deputy Chief Designer
$
The high speed "Ikar" launch has been designed as a patrol boat to protect territorial and economic borders, and its modifications can be used by the border guards and customs people and also as luxury speed boats.
he struggle for speed has been waged since time immemorial. The Central Hydrofoil Design Bureau, founded by the talented engineer and designer from Nizhni Novgorod, R.Y. Alekseev, has grown and advanced on the idea of maxi mum speeds on water. One of the methods for attaining such speed is the air cavern, artificially creat ed under the vessel's bottom. With the help of the air cavern, the water drag decreases by 30% compared to the best skimmers,
while power consumption for air charging never exceeds 3% of the rated capacity of the main engines. This method has been tried on dozens of models and also on the real life craft "Linda" and "Serna". The high speed "Ikar" launch has been designed as a patrol boat to protect territorial and economic borders, and its modifi cations can be used by the bor der guards and customs people and also as luxury speed boats. Simple design, high reliability and fuel efficiency and high speed and navigation character istics ensure the "Ikar" competi tiveness against the world's best model speed boats. The "Ikar" launch is an all
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weather craft. Depending on its mission, the boat can perform its functions with the crew, which can range from 6 to 14. The boat is fitted out with advanced radar navigation equip ment and communication sys tems, which ensure navigational safety and the accomplishment of standard tasks at any time of the day. The communication facilities fully meet conventional require ments. At a customer's request, a gun with a caliber of up to 30 mm can be mounted on the boat. The boat's hull is all welded and made of aluminium magne sium compression moulded pan els, resistant to sea water. To protect the boat against corrosion 1
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5. Secondary room 6. WC's 7. Shower 8. Single cabin 9. Crew mess 10. Galley 11.2 berthed cabin 12. Mess 13. Radio cabin 14. Apparatus cabin 15. 10 berthed cabin 16. 4 berthed cabin 17. Deck store 18. Provision store 19. Forepeak
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and sea crusting, the designers have used a special varnish coat ing, in combination with cathodic protection, whose efficiency has been proven by years of effective operation of sea going hydrofoil vessels of the "Kometa" and "Kolkhida" types. All accommodation and ser vice premises of the boat are air conditioned for the crew's conve nience. Fire safety is guaranteed by the use of non combustible and fire resistant finishing and insulation materials and by the on board water and foam fire fighting facilities, implements and fire alarm systems. The "Ikar" launch does not place any special requirements on berthing and mooring, which makes it convenient in operation. The boat can be hauled ashore for painting or preventive mainte nance with a crane with a loading capacity of not less than 100 tons or other ship hoisting mecha nisms, with the use of keel blocks supplied together with the boat. If you need to protect the sovereignty and economic inter ests in your territorial and internal waters, order high speed "Ikar" sea boats now! (
Main specifications:
Standard displacement, t 90.0 Full displacement, t 99.0 Overall length, m 35.0 Overall breadth, m 7.85 Midship tonnage depth, m 3.60 Navigational draught (by the screws), m 2.0 Full speed, knots 45.0 Cruising speed, knots 30.0 The navigational characteristics of the boat allow it to sail at 30 knots with wave depths of up to 1.5 meters. Navigational safety up to Force 6 seas Endurance range at 30 knots about 500 miles Power plant: two MT 16 396TV94 engines with a unit capacity of 2,560 Kw
1. Afterpeak 2. Fuel tanks 3. Machinery com partment 4. Drier
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of ship building. More than 60 doctors and about 450 candi dates of science constitute the backbone of its intellectual potential. In June 1994, by decree of the government of Russia, the institute was accorded the status of federal research center of the Russian Federation. The experiment base of the institute comprises a hydrody namic and icefield basins, cavita tion tunnels, heavy duty testing machines, high pressure cham bers and engine test stands, acoustic stands, hydroacoustic basins and measuring tunnels, acoustic chambers and electro dynamic simulation stands. Many facilities of the experiment base have no analogs in the world. For example, the institute's high pressure chambers make it possi ble to pressure test models and life size installations and objects up to 3.2 meters in diameter and up to 9.5 meters long at a static pressure of 1,000 atmospheres (and up to 1.8 meters in diameter and up to 5.5 meters long at 1,500 atmospheres), and in sign variable mode (of up to 15 cycles per hour) at 600 and 1,000 atmospheres, respectively. In the sphere of ship hydro mechanics one should note the results of the institute's projects to refine the aerodynamic config uration of wing in ground effect craft and ensure their vertical and horizontal stability, especially at takeoff from and landing on rough seas. The institute has a number of completed designs for passenger and transport (assault) wing in ground effect craft of different displacements, from 1 to 700 tons, carrying capacities of up to 150 tons, passenger capac ity of 1 to 600 and flight speeds of 175 to 600 km/h. Experts may also be interested in the results of 1
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$ Valentin Pashin $ Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Director of the A.N. Krylov Central Research Institute
OF SHIP BUILDING
Valentin Pashin
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n October the biggest ship building center of Russia, the A.N. Krylov Central Research Institute, will mark its cente nary. The institute started with Russia's first model testing basin, build in St. Petersburg in 1894 at the initiative of Dmitri
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Mendeleev. In 1944 the institute was named after Academician Alexei Krylov, who was director of the model testing basin in 1900 to 1908 and then played an active role in the work of the institute. Today the institute has unique testing experiment facilities, which ensure the design and manufacture of modern combat ant ships, vessels, and marine facilities, meeting the highest modern requirements. The insti tute has an overall land and water area of about 80 ha in St. Petersburg and 100 ha at its sub sidiary in Nizhni Novgorod. The institute also has several test ranges and experiment bases in the Leningrad Region. The institute has renowned research schools in many spheres
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Today the institute has unique testing experiment facilities, which ensure the design and manufacture of modern combatant ships, vessels, and marine facilities, meeting the highest modern requirements. The institute has an overall land and water area of about 80 ha in St. Petersburg and 100 ha at its sub sidiary in Nizhni Novgorod. The institute also has several test ranges and experiment bases in the Leningrad Region.
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action between the partially sub merged propellers and the hull, thereby raising the propulsion rate by 20 30%. In terms of submarines and deep diving vehicles, the institute is engaged in extensive research in the sphere of complex spatial maneuvering in the whole range of diving depths. The results of projects in the sphere of vessel strength are bound to attract interest, notably in the development of titanium alloy hulls of submarines and deep diving craft. Institute experts have worked out strength norms and criteria, rules of designing welded seams and requirements to the precision of the hull outlines and quality of welded seams. Thousands of full scale tests have helped overcome difficulties associated with these alloys such as metal creep, reduced ductility and degraded performance under repeated strain. The results of the systematic safety margin tests of the most strained assemblies of various vessels have been generalized by the institute in the form of albums, containing the lists of the most economical design solutions in terms of weight, strength, ser vice life and adaptability to exist ing technologies. These standard design albums help dramatically extend the ships' safe service life without intermediate repairs. In the sphere of main power plants and nuclear and ecological safety of vessels, institute spe cialists have developed and intro duced a steam waste heat con tour for gas turbines, which ensures nominal fuel consump tion of 135 140 g/hp h. This rate can be reduced further to 115 g/hp h by introducing the insti tute designed complex cycle gas turbine with a waste heat con tour. Institute specialists are look ing for alternative energy sources to nuclear power plants, which would ensure the increased autonomy of submarines and deep diving craft, compared to those with storage batteries. They have already carried out a series of studies, involving the develop ment of test models in the follow ing spheres: power plants with electro chemical generators of both the oxygen hydrogen type and with high temperature elements. Certain success has also been achieved in the search for the optimal methods of reagent stor age: in the gaseous states, cryo genic or chemically bound;
the work to design high speed, mostly planing boats. By using air caverns, the designers have man aged to reduce drag in some of the boats by 20 to 40% with a power consumption for blasting air into the cavern of not more than 3%. This effect can be improved by up to 50% by opti mizing the boats' bottom profile. Substantial reserves of effi ciency (10 15%) lie in the use of coaxial reversing propellers. These propellers have the great est efficiency in fast speed craft and boats, which manage to avoid the second stage of cavita tion. Institute engineers have also developed propellers with inter ceptors, which have a 2.5 to 3 times stronger thrust. Their use in hydrofoil vessels of the 133M design has helped raise the max imum speed by 7 knots, com pared to a craft with conventional propellers. Institute designers are also developing double contour venti lated water jet engines for big hydrofoil vessels, which will help increase the thrust at conversion to the hydrofoil mode by 50 70% without raising engine capacity. In side skegs, institute spe cialists have effectively used new design features to improve inter
1. The large wind tun nel intended to test large scale models of surface ships and submerged objects (up to 4 m long)
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and noise created by on board machines and equipment, pro pellers and water flow around the hull, as well as ship protection from active sonar detection. Using the research data accumu lated in this sphere, institute spe cialists make further improve ments in reducing ship noise lev els. In particular, the levels of underwater noise, created by submarines built over the past 10 to 15 years, have been reduced many times. During the present process of fleet maintenance and modern ization, the A.N. Krylov Institute acts, on the one hand, as an opponent of the Navy in terms of the latter's requirements to new hardware and, on the other, as consultant to government struc tures by supplying them with the results of tactical and feasibility studies of all specific and most global development issues of naval equipment and the ship building industry's potential. The existence of a broad out look on the problems of defense in general, proven methods and technologies and staff of top grade specialists in most various defense spheres, enables the institute today, in conditions of an increasingly democratic decision making process at the federal level, to come up with its own versions of safeguarding national security, development of the Navy and conversion of the defense industry, as well as new ideas regarding the optimal use of the ship building industry's research and engineering poten tial. The institute recently stepped up its work under contracts with companies from various foreign countries, including Finland, France, Britain, the USA and Southeast Asian nations. (
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power plants with water activated chemical power sources, including the "magne sium sea water" system, which have a 3 to 4 times higher effec tive capacity than the submer sion type lead acid batteries; power plants with Stirling engines adapted to different fuels; power plants with heat emission converters working off high heat power sources (includ ing nuclear ones) and thermo electric generators, utilizing low temperature waste heat. Research is also under way into the use of superconductor electric propulsion engines and improvement of conventional propulsion engines, using advanced regulation principles. In the sphere of ship acoustics institute specialists are conducting systematic research into ship protection from vibration
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including the world's largest hydrofoils and hovercraft. A pro gram to develop a fundamentally new transport vehicle the wing in ground effect craft was com pleted in recent years. However this area of ship building has faced a serious crisis of late. In fact, we may well lose our leading positions, owing to the general production slump in Russia, and the lack of govern ment orders for ships of this class and dearth of finance for promis ing projects. We believe there is only cor rect solution now: an energetic drive by Russian manufacturers to gain world market share. The military conversion undertaken in the industry has released signifi cant productive capacities, which have to be refocused on export shipbuilding. Available world demand for this class of ship has been put by experts at several hundred. Owing to competition on external markets, we must radically improve the finishing of ships and components and pre pare maintenance for sold ships in the areas, where they are being operated. It is now becoming normal practice on the external market for the seller to grant the buyer a long term credit. Shipbuilding and shipping companies are now establishing joint ventures to secure an external market advance for Russian high tech
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ne trend in mod ern water trans port involves aug mentation of high speed pas senger carriage v o l u m e s . Statistics indicate that the high speed fleet is constantly expanding on the basis of new and
better types of ships. A consider able share of the high speed fleet comprises ships with dynamic support principles: hydrofoils and hovercraft. Russia used to lead the world in this field. Since 1957 our ship yards have built more than 900 hydrofoil ships and 5,500 hydro foil boats: 160 plus hydrofoil ships and 826 boats have been supplied abroad. A strong high speed Navy has been built up,
FINANCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL GROUP PLANS ENTRY TO WORLD MARKET

$ Gennady Danilov $ President of the Transnational Oil Company "Hermes Soyuz", Chairman of the Council of Founders of the Financial and Industrial Group "Skorostnoi Flot"
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At our company's initiative, a financial and industrial group, called Skorostnoi Flot or High Speed Fleet, has been established, incorporating nine shipbuilding yards, five research institutes and design bureaus, as well as banks and investment companies. It will fund high speed ship construction programs, seek out new markets and regain traditional ones, set up mainte nance and repair plants abroad and establish ship ping companies.
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nology products. A structural adjustment of the industry is indispensable. This is best attain able today by setting up financial and industrial groups. Such a group should incorpo rate industrial plants, as well as banks, investment and subsidiary foreign companies. A holding company is the suitable legal sta tus for a financial and industrial group. Unfortunately, many institu tional issues still remain unsolved. A legislative basis is required, whereby these groups could obtain controlling blocks of shares in participating businesses and gain exemption from exces sive taxes in cooperative deliver ies and from customs duties, when exporting capital and high tech products. To be successful, a financial and industrial group must incor porate a strong market financial structure of its own, capable of corporatizing industrial plants, restructuring them and refocus ing them on goods, which meet today's market requirements. Hermes Soyuz is one such struc ture. It is the largest company of the Hermes concern, incorporat ing more than 300 different enterprises. At our company's initiative, a financial and industrial group, called Skorostnoi Flot or High Speed Fleet, has been estab lished, incorporating nine ship building yards, five research institutes and design bureaus, as well as banks and investment companies. It will fund high speed ship construction pro grams, seek out new markets and regain traditional ones, set up maintenance and repair plants abroad and establish shipping companies. However, we are shackled by the dearth of normal financing and an unacceptable level of maintenance and repair. The for mer stems from the fear of for eign customers to invest in Russian production owing to political instability, the break up of traditional ties between enter prises and the unresolved owner ship issue. The lack of an accept able legislative basis for the for eign customer intimidates even the most interested parties. Most frequently the customer is only ready to pay for ships, which have already been built and are located outside Russia. The second factor is tradition al for our foreign trade. Owing to the collapse of the USSR, we have lost even those few foreign repair stations in such important areas for us as Southeast Asia and Mediterranean.
How we solve these prob lems? The sources of finance for shipbuilding at the first stage can only be internal. Russian banks and investment companies have enough resources for these pur poses, all the more so as hydro foils are relatively low cost and take only a couple of months to build. We should also begin to look at the far end of the pole, as we seek out marketing outlets. We are most interested in island states with an advanced tourist business and a vast maritime economic and border zone. In each state we can find a sufficient number of interested firms to set up joint activities, this greatly helps us penetrate the local market. An essential pre condition for efficient work involves participation in exhibi tions, advertising and the estab lishment of firm ties with business and political circles. If preliminary analysis reveals sufficient market capacity, one should create a specialized ser vice firm as the buyers of ships of this class will obviously be on the whole small shipowner compa nies, which cannot afford to maintain their own repair station. To ensure normal and break even ship maintenance, we have to organize the delivery of com ponents for the main and auxiliary engines and mechanisms within 24 hours, as the sale of ships without a well oiled system of maintenance and urgent repair will discredit our products and lead to a closure of the market for years. Losses at this stage amount to 2 5 million US dollars. It is easy to sell ships, once you are established on a market. But we believe it is more efficient to create shipowning joint com panies to run ships on existing and newly opened passenger 2
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quantity of hydrofoils from us. At least 60 such ships successfully operate there now. However their ageing, cou pled with more stringent demands on operational safety, induce shipowners to update and replace them. We have set up jointly with Greek firms a large hydrofoil maintenance and repair center. Equipment used to repair engines and the hulls of hydro foils has been installed at the production facility: a requisite stock of replacement parts has been built up. We have started training Greek personnel in new welding procedures and repair methods for the mechanisms of hydrofoils. Greek firms have assumed the finishing job for new ships, ear marked for sale in the
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lines, in order to receive some constant revenue from trans portation or the subsequent sale of the firm, replete with ships and lines. Despite initial costs, such a step will make it possible to sub stantially expand within a short time deliveries of ships and prove to local business and political cir cles our reliability as partners and readiness to invest in the econo my of their country. The estab lished network of plants will also allow orders for high speed ships of special application to be received in future, such as cut ters for the customs service, police and coastal guard ships. We already have first hand experience of work in Greece and Cyprus. Greece was the first Western country to buy a large
Mediterranean. In 1994 we sold nine hydrofoils on the Greek mar ket. An agreement is under preparation with Greek banks to funding purchases of new types of hydrofoils to organize interna tional high speed passenger lines. We regard Greek companies as our natural partners for emer gence on the markets of third countries. The first steps on overseas markets have yielded encourag ing results. A 1994 1995 hydro foil and hovercraft building pro gram has been devised within the financial and industrial group, in tandem with the selection of for eign partners and customers. We are quite confident that we shall soon be able to utilize our pro ductive capacities in full. (
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he Military Insurance Company (MIC) is one of the most dynamic in this sector in Russia. Although established only two years ago, it has already gained a solid footing on the insurance market and aroused considerable business interest. Sergei Tsikalyuk, Chairman of its board of direc tors said that the Military Insurance Company was created in August 1992 and aims above all to service government agencies, enterprises in the defense complex and conversion projects. These priorities added considerable viability to MIC during the first phase of its existence and helped it accumulate the requisite potential for further development. Last year, the company ranked second in all Russia's 2,500 insurance companies. Its authorized capital exceeded 4.2 billion roubles while insurance funds and reserves amounted to approximately 2.5 billion roubles. Owing to its impressive financial standing and reliable re insurance sys tem, MIC can handle almost any risky insurance schemes, such as the launching of spacecraft, use of large tonnage sea vessels, commercial transportation by air, company property and valuable cargo. MIC has actively expanded in the regions; it now has 65 branches in Russia's industrial centers including St. Petersburg, Nizhni Novgorod, Ekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk, Samara and Komsomolsk on Amur. "I think we have gained the trust of many Ministries and Departments, because we make insurance payouts quickly and regularly", notes Sergei Tsikalyuk. MIC's clients include the Defense Ministry, the Ministry of Atomic Energy, the Department for Emergencies and Civil Defense, the Federal Border Patrol Service, Presidential Security Service and Moscow Government. "I feel that MIC's well conceived strategy was instrumental in helping us gain a prominent position in a highly competitive envi ronment", he added. First and foremost, MIC does not strive to gain profits at all costs. It prefers to give priority to mutually advantageous coop eration and fulfillment of all commitments. Its contracts are always backed financially. Consequently the company and its clients feel secure over the signed agreements. Today the Military Insurance Company operates in all major sectors of the insurance market, placing equal emphasis on both voluntary and compulsory insurance. Its voluntary insurance fees now comprise 10% of all receipts from around 2% in December 1993. The voluntary insurance program offers a wide range of ser vices to major policy holders. The insurance portfolio has been shaped by operations with company property and policies for air craft, spacecraft and sea going vessels. MIC constantly tries to give its operations more financial sta bility. Consequently it attaches considerable importance to devel oping its re insurance policy. MIC maintains active contacts with the leading domestic and foreign insurance and re insurance companies, such as Rosgosstrakh, Ingosstrakh, Munich Reinsurance Company and Lloyds. This cooperation helps MIC protect the interests of its policy holders and also improve the quality of its service and bring it closer to international levels. Insurance against big and specific risks engendered a need to create a team of dynamic experts, capable of acting on the market boldly and flexibly and taking carefully thought out and competent decisions. MIC has offered job opportunities to young officers dis
COMPANY:
GUARANTEE OF RELIABILITY
SERGEI TSIKALYUK, Chairman of the Board of Directors Phone: (095) 296 7525, 293 2001 Fax: (095) 296 7461
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MILITARY INSURANCE
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charged from the army, owing to the reduction in military forces. Many of them are expert programmers and process control spe cialists. Most of our employees receive additional training at lead ing economic schools and a considerable number are sent for practical study abroad to British and German insurance companies. MIC continues to consolidate its position on the insurance mar ket. We have actively developed traditional insurance policies by increasing the quality and range of services. At the same time, the company is trying to customize new services, which are currently not very wide spread on the Russian market. These involve con struction/assembly and technical insurance, transportation risks and liability and medical insurance. MIC also aims to scale up oper ations with private individuals and offer them viable life insurance policies, as well as insurance schemes. We believe this strategy holds great promise. MIC is ready to seek mutually acceptable terms for cooperation with enterprises, banks, financial companies, owners of aircraft and sea going vessels, aerospace firms, construction and invest ment companies. We believe MIC has a bright future. It currently maintains direct contracts with 17 Ministries and Departments and offers partner ship for other big enterprises, industrial associations and firms. We would be happy to share our belief in the future with you. (
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reverse effects: production slump drop in the earnings of people, enterprises, government drop in demand a further decline in production. We are witnessing all the symptoms of a severe over production crisis, which broke out in the face of extremely stifled consumer demand. The military industrial complex was one of the first sectors to be hit, as defense industries have on the whole made consumer products, which could hardly be regarded as sta ples. Can the vicious circle be bro ken? Yes, of course. The world has seen how a number of nations recovered from similar crises. Without going into detail on this topic, suffice to say that common remedies in most cases have been: total mobilization of nation al resources and a restructuring of the economy to radically boost the export of manufactured goods. Any focus on export deliveries would break up the vicious circle, raise earnings and increase
Vitaly Vitebsky he accelerating rate of recession in the defense indus tries now seems threatening. It should be pointed out that the pro duction volume of civilian goods has been shrinking nearly as rapidly, which calls into doubt the very idea of conversion. However, most in the military industrial complex continue to maintain that in the right circumstances it could
become the motor for Russia's national economy. So, what will become of the defense indus tries? While responding to a question, posed by a Military Parade correspondent, V. Vitebsky, head of the main direc torate of information and statis tics with Russia's Goskomoboronprom, offered his perception of today's scene and prospects for the future. Just look at how things stand in defense industries and see, as if in crystal ball, how the
the market for consumer and industrial products. The slump in the economy is attributable to a lack of solvent demand. Indeed, the government lacks the requisite budgetary resources for defense products and enterprises have no funds to buy new equipment and tech nologies, while people have no money to buy consumer durables (principal products of the military industrial complex). The industry today has been stifled by the following chain of
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domestic demand. However, this kind of economic restructuring would require resources, which evidently cannot be secured in sufficient volumes from foreign countries. Hence, the govern ment would have to take steps to ensure financial market stability in order to gather resources to rebuild the economy. As the defense sector possesses the best export potential from the processing industry in the nation, it appears to be the only one capable of removing a noose 1
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DOES MILITARY INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX ACT AS MOTOR OF NATIONAL ECONOMY?
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current situation and trends are evolving in the entire Russian economy. The changes in pro duction rates in the complex indi cate that, if the rate of recession drops and is maintained at the first quarter level, by the end of this year we will see annual mili tary production volumes curtailed five times and civilian products two times, compared to 1991, by no means the best prereform year. Given that at least 70% of the complex's products in 1993 were civilian goods, one could clearly deduce the tremendous damage, which could be done to
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competitive analogs. Hardware samples and technologies pro duced by other firms from the defense industry, including unique medical developments and implements, also attracted a great deal of attention at the expo. Of late, Russia has readily attended international arms and military equipment expos to dis play its achievements for all to see. To retain traditional markets and secure new ones, manufac turer rights should be radically expanded to provide more inde pendence in military technical cooperation and enhance the responsibility of companies for their products, by ensuring top quality maintenance and repair of the hardware upon delivery. We now have all we need to be the most active players on the newly emerging market for advanced technologies and developments. Rational use of developments in this area, with due concern for the nation's interests, would provide support for Russian scientists and researchers and secure earnings for a real conversion process and economic restructuring. Some words need to be said about legislative support for con version projects, international cooperation and investments in economic restructuring. A num ber of pressing issues were resolved in 1992 1993 by the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation and its adoption of laws on conversion of the defense industries, investment activity, foreign investments, patents, copyright and related rights. However, as new relations and forms of ownership have come into existence, legislation now needs to be substantially reviewed and updated. Some vital issues, bearing primarily on the intellectual property of scientists and researchers, have been omit ted in legislation altogether. Efforts are being made, involving a number of defense research institutions, to draft a package of bills to cover the fol lowing issues: property sharing by contributors to a given intel lectual product, changes in prop erty rights following the adoption by a given organization of facility of a different form of ownership,
around our neck, with minimum support from the government. This is the general picture. We still have some potential to overcome the crisis. The follow ing needs to be done: resolute moves to establish preferential terms for investments in advanced export oriented pro jects; tough monitoring proce dures to enforce compliance with existing legislation, covering finances and hard currency trans actions; steps to bring together the efforts of government and business structures to achieve breakthroughs in the most promising directions, as the col lapse of the national economy will neither spare employees nor their employers. To date, the complex is known to command huge produc tion capacities. The accomplish ments of our aviation industry, among successes achieved in other fields, should be highlight ed first of all. For the first time in the history of Russian helicopter building, the Ka 32A transport helicopter, which drew consider able attention in North America, was certified in the USA. The new generation Tu 204, IL 96 300 and IL 114 airliners have been launched in series produc tion. In fact, the IL 96 300 has already been flight certified and now services the Moscow New York route. During last year's "Conversion 93" expo in Birmingham, Britain, I personally witnessed the tremendous inter est, displayed by Western busi nessmen to amphibian aircraft, developed by Beriev Design Bureau and ekranoplans by Nizhni Novgorod Design Bureau. Once these developments start to be serially produced, they are bound to be widely sought on the world market, as they have no
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CHANGES IN PRODUCTION RATES OF THE DEFENSE COMPLEX
1994 (as foreseen) OVERALL VOLUME MILITARY PRODUCTION CIVILIAN PRODUCTION
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broadly publicized "Conversion to City" regional project, jointly prepared and carried out by Goskomoboronprom and Moscow's government. Joint funding and support targeted at the city's pressing needs are enough to make the project a success story. Manufacture of consumer goods. We must create, with lim ited protectionism, products, which are competitive with the best foreign equivalents and launch promotional efforts, wher ever the requisite competitive qualities have been virtually attained. Naturally, this is one of the toughest tasks, as it requires intricate work with investors, both domestic and foreign, as well as balanced and flexible state pro tectionism. To expand international ties, the military industrial complex is interested in mass promotion via international telecommunications networks and periodicals. Its own information consortium provides foreign partners with broad
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as well as other issues related to intellectual property. Simply phrased, the military industrial complex sets itself today the following goals: Development of weapons and military technology. New kinds of armaments must be created to meet the needs for building a new army capable of facing new chal lenges, while exploiting a new phase in the science and technol ogy revolution and available eco nomic potential. Defense of the nation must be assured at all costs, with more intellectual input and less strain on the national economy. Original military R & D projects should be pursued to acquire the capability to eliminate the desired section of the enemy's defense infrastructure, thereby denying an adversary any chance to stage a major offensive operation. Civilian production. Closer regional ties must be built, geared to helping conversion resolve local tasks. A good exam ple of such ties is provided by the
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access to data bases on prod ucts, markets and promising investment opportunities. Standard information reports in this area have now begun to be circulated internationally. As well as the promotion of defense technologies, the coop eration agreement reached between Goskomoboronprom and Military Parade's editorial board, stipulates that new materials on conversion must be carried by the magazine. The parties also plan to provide information sup port for investment tenders, held during the privatization of enter prises of the military industrial complex, which may involve national and foreign capital. Hopefully, such a joint effort, a ready response from interested parties, as well as acceptance of the new economic policies, pur sued by the nation's leadership, will help us reach a turning point in the crisis, with the military industrial complex leading the subsequent economic renais sance. (
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"GYDROMASH"
FROM NIZHNI NOVGOROD GOES INTERNATIONAL
$ Vladimir Luzyanin $ Director General of "Gydromash" Joint Stock Company
Vladimir Luzyanin t the beginning of 1992, the E u r o p e a n Aerospace Agency (EAA), in accordance with an inter govern mental. agree ment, invited Russian enter prises to take part in the elabo ration of a techni cal offer, related to individual systems of the reusable space ship "Hermes". "Gydromash" Association
from Nizhni Novgorod was autho rized to conduct research and development work on running gear components. At present "Gydromash" is a joint stock company and the only one in the former USSR, which has the req uisite material and technical basis to fully develop running gear components. The plant's design bureau has been involved since 1961 in the designing of virtually all domestic combat aircraft and helicopters. The production base ensures the manufacture of all compo nents of running gear compo nents from the reception of blanks to finishing operations. Purchasing mainly raw materials and semi finished products, the plant manufactures landing gears, hydraulic and air cylinders, control mechanisms, dampers, hydraulic distributors and other hydraulic mechanisms. The plant's test base allows us to carry out a whole range of control
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and certification tests, involving simulation of external disturbance factors. The plant's special services exercise control and in service maintenance of produced units and perform routine repairs of their products. Experience accumulated over half a century enables "Gydromash" to participate in the most sophisticated projects and solve such extraordinary engi neering tasks, as, for example, the development of landing gear for the "Buran" space shuttle. The plant was a by product of Moscow's Ilyin factory, which manufactured ploughs and coaches and, in the Soviet peri od, the first Soviet cars NAMI I. One of these cars is now dis played in the plant's museum. During the Great Patriotic War the plant began producing aircraft landing gears. In production of such items "Gydromash", employing about 1
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At present "Gydromash" is a joint stock company and the only one in the former USSR, which has the requisite materi al and technical basis to fully develop running gear compo nents. The plant's design bureau has been involved since 1961 in the designing of virtually all domestic combat air craft and helicopters.
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1. One of company's shops 2. MiG 31's landing gear main unit 3. The "Buran" shut tle's landing gear
"HERMES" LANDING GEAR MAIN UNIT
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Versatile technology stems in many respects from the use of the newest achievements in weld ing. "Gydromash" was one of the first plants in Russia to master new high strength steels and tita nium alloys. The development of
landing gears for civil aircraft, with extended service life, required the application of rein forcer technologies and the acquisition of new design experi ence. Recently the enterprise has begun selling licenses for the manufacture and repair of land ing gears to countries which use Russian aviation equipment. Some leading Western firms have displayed an interest in welded constructions. To meet the demands of Western firms, "Gydromash" is carrying out experimental work on welding high strength steels used in land
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4,000 people, surpasses all com panies in Europe and America. The utilization of unique tech nology, which does not require heavy investments, permits the plant to manufacture a wide range of landing gears, both for the small sports craft "Yak 50" and such giants as "Ruslan" and "Mria".
ing gear manufacture in the West. For development and quality control of landing gears the plant's services adhere to FAR and ISO requirements. Consequently the enterprise can operate worldwide. Work on the "Hermes" project offered "Gydromash" another opportunity to prove itself a reli able partner on the new market. Kinematic analysis of the landing gear prototype, devel oped by a French company, revealed that the design was based on the landing gear for the American "Shuttle". A scaled down replica of the landing gear for this heavy machine was disadvantageous in weight and too austere for the refined "Hermes", weighing a lit tle more than 15 tons. "Gydromash" specialists pro posed a basically new solution of landing gear extension kinemat ics, using the shock strut fixation principle employed on MiG 21 and MiG 25 aircraft. This design removed hinged joints from the landing gear extension mechanism and elimi nated the auxiliary elements which assure landing gear fixa tion in the retracted and extended position. At the same time it increases reliability, as the struts were extended in the unfolded state. The reliability of such an exten sion was also confirmed by suc cessful operation of similar units. The software used by "Gydromash" allowed it to pro vide a comprehensive mathemat ical analysis of shock absorbers in all conditions and at all tem peratures required to ensure the requisite landing parameters. To reduce loads, various shock absorbers constructions were simulated and the most advantageous variant was accept
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ed. Using special programs developed by "Gydromash", opti mum weights of landing gear shock absorbers were selected. The use of up to date materials, high strength titanium alloys, optimization of weights, as well as an effective configuration, allowed "Gydromash" to submit as its technical proposition to customers landing gear, which is 50 kg lighter than its prototype. This figure guaranteed "Gydromash'''s success with the European Aerospace Agency. The victory in the com petition enabled the "Gydromash" joint stock company to consoli date its position on the world market of landing gear manufac turer and expand cooperation with such well known firms as "Menasco", "Messier Bugatti", various branches of German "Dasa" and others. (
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FROM THE HISTORY OF RUSSIAN WEAPONS
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he development of railways in the late 19th century, facilitating rapid, albeit limited, movement, sug gested their pos sible use for mili tary purposes. This led to the emergence on the battlefields of armored trains
combining artillery, armor and the ability to move on railway tracks. They were used in small numbers during the Civil War in the USA (1854 61) and then in the Franco Prussian (1870 71) and Anglo Egyptian (1882) wars. Dozens of armored trains, built by the British, participated in the Boer War (1899 1902). Russia also started develop ing this new type of military hard ware. It began constructing
armored trains toward the end of June, 1915, and by the end of that year 15 such trains were operating on combat fronts (the Northern and Western Fronts had one each, the South Western Front eight, the Caucasian Front four, and there was also one in Finland (for coast defense). The use of armored trains revealed a number of serious weaknesses including bulky design, low mobility and difficulty
ARMORED RAILWAY
Semen Tichonov
The development of railways in the late 19th century, facilitating rapid, albeit limited, movement, suggest ed their possible use for military purposes. This led to the emergence on the battlefields of armored trains combining artillery, armor and the ability to move on railway tracks.
Military Parade
MOTOR CARS
of fire control. Armored railway trolleys, built at the Vologda, Kiev and Odessa workshops, were poorly armed (2 to 4 machine guns) and therefore failed to per form effectively the mission of armored trains. That is why an armored railway motor car was designed. It was to be mounted on a four axle flat car carrying its armament and propulsion plant. It was assumed that the primary advantage of railway motor cars as compared to armored trains goes as follows: (1) its com manding officer can see and supervise everything: the crew, the operation of artillery and machine guns, and (2) it is a small target, only seven sazhens (49 feet) long, emitting no steam, smoke or noise while in motion.
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The construction of the first railway motor car began in January 1916. The intention was to make one car and, if it suc cessfully passed a test, two more. The Director of South Western Railways received 141 thousand roubles on credit for their con struction. The construction was supervised by the Russian Supreme Command. Telegrams on its progress were sent to the Supreme Headquarters every week. Although people were new to the job, the armored railway motor car had been practically completed by mid August. The first trial run of the car called "zaamurets" took place on October 7. The "zaamurets" had a sup porting body made of riveted channel beams and angle brack ets and mounted on two rotary Pullman carriages. The armor thickness of bent and slanting surfaces was 12 mm and of verti cal ones 16 mm. The railway motor car comprised three com ponents: terminal machine gun and observation compartments, artillery compartments and the central casemate. Each terminal compartment was a box with a faceted ceiling. It was large enough to accommodate an observer (observation was con ducted through hatches with vision slots) and machine gun ners. Two machine guns on spe cial mounts had a tiring sector of 90 degrees in the horizontal plane and 15 20 degrees in the vertical plane. The ammunition was stored in boxes at the walls. The artillery compartments were located over the carriages, with gun mounts installed on piv otal beams in the middle. Each compartment consisted of two parts: the lower part was a rec tangular box and the upper was semispheric, made up of twelve sectors riveted together and rotating with a gun swivel plate. 57 mm guns firing 60 rounds per minute were installed on specially designed gun mounts and had a firing sector of 10 to +60 degrees. The gun mounts were anchored to ball supported swiv el plates. The gun stations, sup plied with brakes and gun direc tion correctors, were rotated manually by a single operator. The central casemate accom modated 60 h.p. gasoline engines, a gear box, two reverse clutches and a gimbal drive. It also housed some auxiliary equip
1. Armored railway motor car "Zaamurets"
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ment: a dynamo, compressor, storage battery and fans. For intercommunication the "zaa murets" was provided with tele phones and light signals (colored lamps). There were also eight periscopes, two sets of range finders and two searchlights. The car was provided inside with heat , vibration and sound absorbing insulation. Its heating system was fed by the exhaust gas of the engines. The following advantages of the vehicle should be stressed: its extremely low profile, the per fect shape of the armor housing, armor plate inclination with due allowance for ricochet, high den sity layout, ability to keep moving with one motor, and considerable autonomy. In terms of technolog ical perfection, the "zaamurets" was in the same class as such masterpieces of Russian technol ogy as the Ilya Muromets bomber or the Crab submarine mine layer. The "zaamurets" was tested near Odessa from October 19 through 22. The tests confirmed that the car was easy to control, could freely negotiate steep upgrades and travel at speeds of up to 45 km per hour. Gun and
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2 3. Armored railway motor cars of WW II
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machine gun fire also yielded excellent results. "The test of the railway motor car produced very good results. Its mechanism is powerful, reliable and fully meets all requirements." This was the conclusion of the acceptance commission. In the winter and spring of 1917, the car was in the Field Forces but was used mainly as an antiaircraft battery. In May, an armored railway striking force was set up on the South Western Front. In addition to the "zaa murets", it included the armored train General Annenkov, two armored cars and an armored trolley. The force gave a good account of itself during the June offensive in 1917. The future of the car remained unclear. It was engaged in operations against the Gaidamaks and for a while fell in the hands of a gang of anar chists. In March 1918 it was attached to the Red Army armored train No. 4 ("Polupanovtsy"). After heavy fighting, the seriously damaged train succeeded in fighting its way to Moscow. After repairs in Kolomna, it left for the Eastern Front. On June 22, 1918, the armored train "Polupanovtsy" was captured by the Czechoslovak Corps, renamed ORLIK, and sent for work on the Trans Siberian mainline. For a while the railway armored car, rearmed with three inch 1902 guns, functioned inde
pendently. After the withdrawal of the Czechoslovak Corps from Russia, the "zaamurets" and the rest of the armored train fell into the hands of the Japanese in Vladivostok and was handed over to the White Guards. In 1923 it was withdrawn to China, where it was attached to the armored train battalion, as part of the Russian division of Chang Chaul chan's Chinese Army. Another railway armored motor car was designed and made at the Kirov Plant in Leningrad in the late 1930s. In fire power it matched the Red Army's armored trains, while in maneuverability and protection it surpassed them. A 40 strong crew operated the car and its weapons and serviced it. Its design used some assem blies of the medium tank T 28. 76.2 mm PS 3 tank guns (the 1927/33 model) were mounted in its three two level turrets. Their barrels were 16.5 calibers long,
the initial velocity of projectiles was 381 meters per second, and the weight of a projectile was 6.5 kg. The firing sectors of the first, second and third turrets were 280, 318 and 276 degrees accordingly. Elevation ranged from 5 to +25 degrees. DT machine guns were mounted in spherical bearings in all turrets to the right of the guns and in the rear recesses (second and third). One more was installed in a spherical bearing in the rear of the car. In addition, there were four Maxim machine guns in the sides of the car body (two on each side). The horizontal firing sector of DT machine guns ranged from 30 to 17 degrees and the vertical one from 40 to +50 degrees (with static towers). The ammunition day supply of the railway armored motor car guar anteed its autonomous combat operation and amounted to 365 artillery rounds, 174 magazines for DT machine guns (10,962
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and power transmission (between the power and combat sections of the third turret). Access for the crew and the loading of ammunition were provided by three entrance doors and a hatch in the floor. The roof of each turret comprised a hatch covered with an armored lid. Ring mounted DT antiaircraft machine guns were installed over the hatchways of the second and third turret commanders. A gasoline 294 kW (400 h.p.) engine M17 T enabled an 80 ton armored motor car to attain a max imum speed of 120 km per hour. In addition, it could tow a 120 ton train. The power transmission gear comprised a main dry clutch and a five speed gear box of the T 28 tank. Access to the engines and transmission assemblies was pro vided through the hatch on the body roof. The running gear includ ed two carriages, a driving two axle carriage and a supporting three axle provided with spring suspen sion. There were both automatic and manual brakes. Electric equipment comprised
rounds), 48 boxes (250 rounds in each) and 20 boxes (500 rounds in each) for Maxim machine guns (22,000 rounds). To deliver the aimed gun fire, the turrets had tank periscopes PT 1 (the 1932 model) and telescopic sights TOD (the 1930 model). The turrets were electrically operated with standby manual drives. The elevation gear was manual. Three TPK instruments, a stereoscopic telescope and a range finder were employed for fire control, and four teen laminated glass apertures were used to watch the battlefield. The car body was made of mill rolled welded armor sheets. The body's sides were 16 to 20 mm thick, the control post sides 20 mm, the roof 10 mm, and the turrets 20 mm. The body side sheets were set at 10 degrees to the vertical. The car was divided inside into the fol lowing sections: operational (under the control post in the middle of the car), combat (under each turret including the Maxim antiaircraft quad machine gun in front of the control post), power (in the rear)
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two GT 1000 generators, one PN 28.5 generator, and eight 6STE 128 storage batteries. A 71 TK 1 radio station was used for external communications. Provision was made for switching to a telegraph line. Intercommunication was main tained with the aid of a six user telephone. The armored motor car had a sliding searchlight in the middle of the car body behind the control post, two headlights, covered with armored lids, in the rear and front, four signal lanterns, 28 internal lighting dome lamps, and 12 sock ets. By the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the railway armored motor car had been added to the nation's armory. Only a few of them were manufactured and became part of armored train battalions under the Red Army's Command of Armored and Mechanized Forces. Some of them carried the turrets of T 34 tank and V 23 engines. Railway armored cars were used in the Great Patriotic War of 1941 45. (
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H I S T O R Y

A Prepared by Vladimir Gazenko A SB HIGH SPEED BOMBER Sixty years ago on October 7, 1934, test pilot K.K. Popov tried out the ANT 40 2RTs experimental aircraft. Development of the high speed bomber (factory designation ANT 40) began at the end of 1933 under A.N. Tupolev's supervision. The principal lay out was determined by experiments in wind tunnels of the Central Aerodynamics Institute (TsAGI). The regular bomb load of 500 600 kg was placed close to the aircraft's center of gravity, which had no influence on the aircraft's steadiness and handling characteristics, after the bombs were dropped. Accommodation of the main bomb load in the fuselage, smooth sheeting of the airframe and nacelles contributed to the main design task ensuring maximum speed in horizontal flight. The bomber's mass production began in 1936 and continued until 1941. In this period two plants produced 6,656 SB aircraft of different modifications, including 250 planes of the most recent variant. The production of the latter began in the second half of SU 100 SELF PROPELLED GUN MOUNT Fifty years ago in September 1944 the "Uralmash" plant (plant No. 100) began producing the SU 100 self propelled gun mounts. The troops received them that very month. In the middle of 1944 a powerful 100 mm caliber gun D 10S was designed under F.F. Petrov's supervision. Using this gun and the T 34/85 tank chassis, specialists of the plant's design bureau, headed by L.I. Gorlitsky, worked out within a short time the SU 100 the best anti tank SP gun mount of World War II. The gun mounted on the right side of the forward section of the fighting compartment in the hull front plate had an exceptional fire power and could effectively defeat enemy tanks at all aimed fire ranges. At a range of 2,000 meters the armor piercing shell pene trated 139 mm thick armor and virtually penetrated at a range of one kilometer German tanks. The gun's rate of fire is 5 6 rounds per minute. The ammunition load is 33 fixed type rounds. The gun mount, together with the DESTROYER LEADERS OF "LENINGRAD" TYPE Sixty years ago on September 9, 1934 the launch of the "Kharkov"'s hull marked the end of the stock period of the three ship series construction. The ships were destroyer leaders. The "Leningrad" in the Baltic, "Moskva" and "Kharkov" in the Black Sea Fleet were some of the first large Soviet ships. Work on the series was directed by well known ship builder V.A. Nikitin. With a full displacement of 2,693 tons and measurements of 127x11.7x4.2 m, the "Leningrad" type ships boasted a speed of about 43 knots and a range of 2,700 miles, with an economical speed of 20 knots. They were propelled by three main turbogear plants with a total power of 66,000 hp. The series had powerful weapons: five latest universal shielded 130 mm caliber guns, two quadrupled 533 mm caliber N 7 torpe do tubes with ammunition load of 16 torpedoes, two semi auto matic 76 mm caliber and two 45 mm caliber guns, later replaced by six to eight 37 mm automatic guns, and four 12.7 mm caliber machine guns. Anti sub ammunition originally comprised 34 bigger and 40 smaller depth charges, later augmented by two BMB 2 anti sub depth charge throwers. The ships could lay up to 80 big anti ship moored KB mines. Prior to the beginning of the Great Patriotic
War, t h e lead ers of this design were fitted with noise generating units and torpedo fire control systems. The wartime crew amounted to 344 men. In December 1939 during the Soviet Finnish war the "Leningrad" bombarded enemy fortifications on the Finnish Bay islands. The ship made it through the Great Patriotic War, took part in the defense of Tallin and Leningrad and the evacuation of the gar rison at Khanka Peninsula. The Black Sea leaders already bombarded Constantsa (Romania) on the fourth day of the war. The "Moskva" leader hit a mine while maneuvering and sank. The "Kharkov" perished on October 6, 1943 from direct bomb hits. (
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ammunition load, weighed 31.6 tons and did not exceed the combat weight of the base tank (32 tons). In terms of travelling characteristics and maneuverability, the SP gun mount was practically as good as the tank. The hull was welded of armor plates placed at large angles and the front plate was placed at 50 degrees to the vertical. The armor plates were up to 110 mm thick. Production of the SU 100 continued until the end of the war: then the mount was updated. It was fitted with night vision equip ment, a liquid heater and new type air cleaner. (
1940. It boasted a m o r e powerful engine and better aerodynamic characteristics. The speed reached 500 km/h, range and ceiling were increased. The SBs comprised the Soviet Air Force's main strike force. Their actions at Lake Khasan and Khalkhin Gol were successful. During the war with Finland, the SBs dropped the BETAB 250 con crete piercing bombs on the Mannerheim Defense Line. The SBs were actively used during the Civil War in Spain. The Republicans tenderly called them "Katyushas". In 1939 the Frankists managed to capture 19 aircraft, which had not been used in combat. They served as trainers until 1950s. The SBs also took part in the Great Patriotic War at its initial stage. (
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T O P
t the end of 1993, some Russian and foreign newspa pers published a photo of President of the Russian Federation, Boris Yeltsin, holding an unusual looking weapon in his hands. Such an unusual method was chosen to demonstrate to the whole world one of the latest developments of Izhevsk engineering plant's designers, a machine pistol with a
S E C R E T
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large capacity magazine, nick named "Bizon". The development work was headed by the famous designer's son, Victor Kalashnikov. The main and most original component of the new sub machine gun, distinguishing it from its numerous brethren, is undoubtedly a screw magazine holding 64 cartridges. This capacity is selected so that the number of loaded cartridges is multiple of 16, i.e. the contents of one carton, where the car tridges are packed at the factory. Consequently, the magazine
design has a margin and its capacity may be increased after due alterations. The magazine does not protrude beyond the outlines of the weapon and ensures its excellent dimensional characteristics. In firing, it may be used as a fore grip, thereby increasing the ease of retaining and holding the handgun and making the "Bizon" a sufficiently agile close quarters weapon. When mass produced, the maga zine body will be made of high strength plastic. The sub machine gun is chambered for the 9x18 mm PM
SUB MACHINE GUN

Alexei Vadimov
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The simplicity of construction and maintenance of the "Bizon" sub machine gun, its small dimensions, ease and agility in use, high reliability, and the large amount of ammunition at hand, will undoubtedly draw the specialists' attention to this weapon.
Military Parade
" B I Z ON "
pistol cartridge. Both standard and modernized versions may be used. The latter provides higher pressure and, hence, a higher muzzle velocity of the bullet, which increases its casualty pro ducing and penetrating effect and considerably improves the effec tiveness of the weapons. As the pistol cartridge is less powerful than the assault rifle cartridge, there is no need for locking, and a blowback action is selected, which uses the recoil energy of the free heavy bolt. During its backward movement, the parts do not collide (short recoil scheme): this factor has a favorable effect on the weapon's stability in firing and improves its consistency. This scheme radical ly differentiates the sub machine gun from the assault rifles, man
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1. Partial disassembly
2. With magazine attached 3. With magazine sep arated
ufactured by the Izhevsk mechanical plant. Despite the differences in the action of these weapon types, a certain succession still exists. Up to 60% of the "Bizon" parts are borrowed from the AK74M assault rifle. They include the folding stock with its attachment members, trig
ger mechanism, receiver cover, and some others. The smooth running manufacture process at "Izhmash" guarantees the oper ational reliability of the sub machine gun, which has a con siderable number of parts and assemblies run by the manufac turer long ago, ensuring that it will not be worse than that of
the world famous assault rifles. A relatively low rate of fire ensures easy control of contin uous fire duration, without the use of devices, providing a fixed length of bursts. The sim plicity of construction and maintenance of the "Bizon" sub machine gun, its small dimensions, ease and agility in use, high reliability, and the large amount of ammunition at hand, will undoubtedly draw the specialists' attention to this weapon. In the near future it is likely to be operational with law enforcement agencies, convoy and guard units of the Interior Ministry and special army units. (
Characteristics
Caliber Cartridge 9 mm 9x18 mm PM, 9x18 mm PM modernized 100 m 150 m 64 cartridges 2.1 kg 2.47 kg 425/660 mm 700 rounds/min
Effective range: with standard cartridge with modernized cartridge Magazine capacity Weight: without magazine with magazine without cartridges Length (folded/unfolded) Rate of fire
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THE CENTERS OF THE MILITARY INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX
On behalf of the people of the Urals let me invite the business circles of all interested countries to mutually advantageous cooperation in military industry, as well as in the implementation of conversion programs.
ALEXEl STRAKHOV Head of Administration of Sverdlovsk Region
OUR REFERENCE: Born in 1942. Graduated from Urals Polytechnical Institute (1963) and Economic Academy (1981). Began career as a construction site worker in 1960. On graduation from the institute, stayed there as a research worker, before becoming head of the regional construction team. In 1967 76 Gasspetsstroy trust, in 1976 78 manager of the
deputy head of the regional gasification department, in 1978 92
managerial positions of the territorial supply department. In 1992 he became first deputy head of the regional administration and in January 1994 administrative head of Sverdlovsk Region.
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THE DEFENSE COMPLEX
OF THE U R AL S
MAINTAINS ITS REPUTATION
$
Alexei Strakhov
istorically the Urals have always been the strong hold of this coun try with Sverdlovsk Region as center of this huge area. I would like to say a few words. The territory is 195,000 square kilometers with a population of over 4.5 million people. The area is rich in miner al resources: iron and copper ore, coal, pit, gold and platinum, silver, manganese and nickel, titanium and vanadium, asbestos and bauxites, precious stones and rare elements. Most of the territory is occupied by forests. This inevitably influenced the regional socio economic devel opment. The most developed are the mining and metallurgical industries, machine building, construction industry, wood working and chemical industries. In terms of overall production our region ranks as one of the five most developed regions in Russia. The advantageous geographi cal location, great natural wealth and high professional skills of the labor force open up great prospects for business coopera tion with various countries.
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The military industrial com plex figures prominently in the region's industry. It numbers 50 plants, research institutes and design bureaus and boasts unique scientific and industrial potential. Here the best special ists scientists, engineers, work ers are gathered. The produc tion associations "Uralvagonzavod", "Uraltransmash", the Kalinin Machine Building Plant, the Urals Optico Mechanic Plant, the "Avtomatika" research and pro duction association, the "Vector" state production association and a number of other enterprises are well known far beyond Russia's borders. It is precisely them which determine today the strate gic trends in the arms and ammu nition development and produc tion in the Russian Federation. The Ural plants produce tanks, missile/artillery and space missile systems, self propelled gun mounts and missile systems con trol facilities. As a rule, they are just as good as similar Western counterparts and in many ways even better. However, over the past few years the military industrial com plex enterprises in the region, as well as in the country as a whole, have faced difficulties. Financing is the main reason. Most enter prises owe one another huge
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sums of money. Moreover, bud get taxes are very high and the prices for energy and raw materi als are continually rising. Regrettably, the government does not pay for executed defense industry contracts in time or allocate money for new ones. The federal debt to Urals plants runs into hundreds of bil lion roubles today. In such conditions the region al administration had to pay spe cial attention to the military industrial complex. In 1993 94 the military industrial complex problems were reflected in the federal government's decision "On measures to stabilize the work of defense industry enter prises of Sverdlovsk Region" adopted on our initiative. Nine decisions of the administration head and four decisions of the regional government were taken over the period to rectify the situ ation. We are trying to ensure an
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idea. I am sure that after acquaint ing themselves with the products and potential of the regional mili tary industrial complex on the pages of this magazine, foreign readers will find new partners from Urals enterprises. I believe that "Military Parade" issues devoted to the major regions of Russia are extremely important. It is absolutely clear to everybody today that the success of eco nomic reforms in this country depends primarily on them their position, perseverance and initia tive. (
inevitable reduction of the mili tary industrial potential in the least painful way via conversion. Today many enterprises are being re oriented to production of civil ian goods. This has never been easy. Conversion requires mas sive capital investments, funds the government lacks. The gov ernment of the Russian Federation plans to obtain the money by selling military equip ment to other countries. The pro ceeds from these exports shall be remitted to pay for conversion. Sverdlovsk Regional Administration fully supports this
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CONVERSION:
PROBLEMS AND EXPERIENCE
out back in 1992. It seeks to re orient the military industry towards the production of highly effective "science intensive" machinery and equipment for sophisticated household electronics for the region and Russia. Realizing the social sig nificance of defense industry SEMEN BARKOV, support, the Regional Deputy Chairman of Committee for Industry, Head of Administration was one of Defence Industry and Conversion Department, the first in Russia to allocate, Sverdlovsk Regional Administration. in the form of low interest Born in 1940. Graduated from Urals Polytechnic Institute in 1964. Worked at Medium Machine loans and target financing, Building Ministry enterprises, starting as foreman and 3.8 billion roubles from its rising to the position of chief engineer. Part of budget in 1993 and 31 billion Sverdlovsk Regional Administration since 1991. roubles in 1994 for the implementation of conver verdlovsk Regional sion programs. This alleviated the tough Administration considers financial position of defense industry conversion of defense enterprises. industry enterprises as We believe that during the past three the main solution to the years an efficient conversion system has acute economic crisis, been established in the region: faced by the regional mil close cooperation with defense itary industrial complex. industry enterprises and the regional Conversion is progressing department, which place orders for the in complicated condi products of converted enterprises; tions, overshadowed by the newly established head organi the general industrial zations, covering twelve areas of priority slump and economic interest to take care of the organizational instability. We believe and technical aspects of the programs that the government pays ("Conversion to Medicine", "Conversion little attention to the conversion process. to the Agricultural Complex", "Conversion We are worried by the possibility that we to Transport", "Conversion to may lose irretrievably the scientific tech Communications", "Conversion to nical potential it took us decades to accu Ecology", "Conversion to Consumer mulate at defense industry enterprises. Goods", etc.), are working successfully; Considering conversion as our priority a financial support mechanism for task and the mechanism to be used to re converted enterprises has been devel structure the economy, the Regional oped at regional levels, a regional conver Administration is according special atten sion support fund has been set up; tion to this sphere. A conversion program, two finance and investment compa aimed at solving the region's most press nies have been set up as close joint stock ing socioeconomic problems, was worked companies to attract additional invest ments and effectively use loans on con version program implementation: the regional administration acts as one of the founders; "Urals Conversion" Regional Fairs are being held; contacts are being expanded with foreign firms interested in setting up joint ventures and making investments. Thanks to these and other steps, the converted enterprises produced 50 types of new civilian products and prepared another 50 for series production in the last year alone. Fifteen new products have received certificates of domestic and international standards. A medical pro duction certification center was set up. About 20,000 working places were saved and created anew at converted enterpris es. This allowed us to prevent mass dis missals in 1993, caused by the dramatic reduction in the state defense orders. Joint stock companies, limited liability companies and small businesses engaged in the production of specific types of civil ian goods are established on the basis of converted enterprises. Ten joint ventures operate with foreign participation. Owing to a serious dearth of medical equipment, the regional administration pooled the efforts of defense industry enterprises to develop and produce sophisticated optoelectronic diagnostic, medical and laboratory equipment. We treat our experience as the start of com plex and multifaceted work to help enter prises of the military industrial complex switch to the production of civilian goods. The regional administration and enterprise staff offer wide ranging coop eration to foreign firms, which do not plan to limit their interests to the purchase of arms and ammunition, and are ready to jointly realize conversion programs. ( 1
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he system of low interest loans for specific projects of the military industrial com plex (MIC) enter prises has exist ed since 1992 at the federal level and in Sverdlovsk Region. It is obvious that conversion of MIC enterpris es should be supported. However, we do not consider the present day system effective. The financial position of most MIC enterprises is bad and dete riorating. In such conditions enterprise management uses conversion loans to solve survival
Born in 1947. Graduated from Novosibirsk State University in 1970. Worked in Novosibirsk at the Semiconductor Manufacturing Plant (1970 73) and Measuring Instruments Research Institute starting out as senior engineer and rising to the position of Deputy Director. Since 1986 Director of Radio Plant in Kachkanar.
RATHER THAN THE PLANTS THEMSELVES

PROJECTS SHOULD BE FINANCED,
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SERGEI NOVOSELTSEV President, Sverdlovsk "ITM" Finance and Investment Company (investments, know how, machines). Director General, "Formanta" Radio Plant in the town of Kachkanar.
problems, by paying back budget debts, salaries, settling energy checks and suppliers invoices and saving at best 10% for con version itself or is left with noth ing at all, if things come to their worst. The managers should not be blamed for the wasteful use of loans, as such behavior is normal in the conditions, which man agers and their staff have found themselves in. Nevertheless, conversion loans are not alms or charity: they are target loans, designed to help the enterprise switch from the military produc tion over to competitive civilian goods. With this aim in mind, con version money, as a rule, should not be handed over directly to defense industry enterprises. It should be channelled into the establishment of individual smaller businesses using the freed larger plant production capacities. Parent plants should have a share in the small busi ness. Each conversion project must be realized through an independent small business (which does not rule out excep tions). The small business should be in the form of a close stock company. In this case any non conversion use of the target loans is ruled out. Projects, rather than the plants themselves, should be financed! It should be borne in mind that no single budget is large enough to cover all those, who objectively need conversion financing. Therefore, it is worth while attracting the non govern
mental and foreign investments. However, everyone knows that non governmental (private) capi tal does not follow orders: it chooses the most profitable options, preferably in cases, where it can control the situation. In other words, commercial financing agencies, joint stock companies, set up from raw materials processing enterprises (which have hard currency), and foreign firms shall not invest in large defense industry plants or design bureaus. They would pre fer to finance specific projects realized by an independent enterprise, as they will be able to play a decisive role in manage ment and control and projected dividends. Realizing the need to enhance the effectiveness of conversion loans and seeing that there is no one way to solve the problem, the regional adminis tration has set up, together with a number of defense industry enterprises and SKB Bank in Ekaterinburg, the ITM (invest ments, know how, machines) financing and investment compa ny, which should serve as both instrument and initiator of specif ic conversion projects at defense industry enterprises via the establishment of small business es to take care of individual pro jects and exploit use of the con verted enterprise's production space and equipment. A typical scheme can be described as follows: a project (product) is chosen, a converted plant with a suitable technologi cal base and labor force is selected (if the enterprise does
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an independent paying enter prise, which puts out competitive products and pays dividends to the founders. Our Finance and Investments Company aims to create or at least plans to set up at least 50 small businesses at the converted enterprises of the region within the next five years. To conclude, I would like to stress that this is not only way of implementing conver sion projects. The search for opti mal forms and methods in the country is not restricted to con version only: it holds true for activities in general and some times even spells survival. This creative search on all issues, including conversion, continues today in our region. (
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not initiate the project itself), the project's business plan is worked out, together with the plant, to persuade the regional administra tion to agree to a conversion loan in principle, followed by steps to involve non governmental bodies as co founders. Outside investors of these close joint stock compa nies must be granted a control ling block of shares and the par ent plant should not own more than 20 30% of the shares, to rule out unauthorized use of investments and conversion loans. The parent plant's contribu tion in the authorized fund shall be made up of the production space and equipment. Each such project will create
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several other plants evacuated to the Urals were converted into one of the country's biggest defense works: the Ural tank plant. On December 8, 1941, plant workers assembled the first T 34 tank. By the end of the war the plant turned out 35,000 such combat vehicles. Since 1970s to the 1990s the plant has been manufacturing the T 72, the most mass produced tank of modern times. This model has incorporated the best tradi tions of Soviet tank engineering. It has a generally attractive con figuration of the hull and the tur ret and non traditional design
STRENGTH OF STABILITY
he "Uralvagonza vod" (UVZ) plant was built during the first five year development periods (1931 1936) as part of the Ural Kuzbass coal mining and metallurgical center. On October 11, 1936 it turned out its first heavy duty gondola railway cars. At the beginning of the war, by government decision, UVZ and VLADIMIR SERYAKOV, Director General, "Uralvagonzavod" produc tion association 51 years old. Born in Kazan. On graduation from the Kazan Chemical Technology Institute, he started a professional career, holding different posts in the sphere of high technology production from ordinary worker to director general.
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In addition the plant had already manufactured at that time bomb cases and parts for the "Katyusha" rocket launcher. Plant engineers were the first in the world to introduce automated armor welding, an advanced tur ret casting technology and tank assembly flow lines. For many years the plant has been the main supplier of tanks of various modifications for the country's armed forces. In March 1946 the plant resumed produc tion of cargo gondola cars and boxcars, without stopping pro duction of more advanced military hardware. For more than fifty years now, tanks manufactured at UVZ, have invariably aroused keen interest of specialists and the press. These included T 34, the best tank of World War II, T 54, T 55, T 62 and other modifications.
features. Foreign specialists note that after the T 34, T 54 and T 55 design series the T 72 is obvious ly a successful concept. By now the T 72 has con firmed its status of one of the best tanks in the world in many local wars and had dominated for almost a quarter century in the armies of Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Finland, India, Iraq, Syria, Libya, Algeria and other countries. Its latest modification, the T 72S, is the world's only tank with explo sive reactive armor, firing both rockets and shells, which was designed by UVZ specialists on the basis of careful analysis and assimilation of the tactics and strategy of tanks in real combat conditions, with due regard for the years of combat operation in various parts of the world and the
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the IMR 2M and the BREM 1 proved their worth in dealing with the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster and the cata strophic earthquake at Spitak (Armenia). Recently UVZ, together with several other enterprises, have developed and phased in the PUM 500B all purpose road con struction vehicle and the EO 5126 single scoop caterpillar excavator. Its design incorporates advanced design features and materials tried out during years of production of military hardware. The association has more than 40 years of experience in designing and manufacturing cryogenic railway tank cars and systems. During various periods, plant engineers designed and mass produced tank cars for the carriage of liquid oxygen, nitro gen, used for various economic needs and as fuel for aerospace systems. "Uralvagonzavod" is sole designer and manufacturer in Russia of various types of four and eight axle gondola cars, tank cars and freight wagons. During the years of its existence it has turned out more than 800,000 such rigs. "Uralvagonzavod" today is a unique mechanical engineering plant with a powerful engineering and intellectual potential, marked in the Guinness Book of Records as "the biggest enterprise in the world". Production at the plant is organized by the closed loop
results of austere tests in the most trying conditions of the Far East, the Arctic, Siberia and Central Asia. T 72S tanks are distinguished by high reliability of all assem blies and mechanisms in the bat tlefield and excellent mobility and maneuverability, regardless of any weather or road conditions. Owing to its combination of com bat and technical characteristics, the T 72S not only matches the best foreign models: it actually surpasses them. Overwhelmed by the remarkable combat, technical and other characteristics of T 72 tanks, a number of countries, including India, Yugoslavia, Slovakia, Poland, have started manufacturing them at home, on the basis of Russian design doc umentation and technologies. Another important asset of the T 72 tanks is their easy adaptability to new design features at mini mum cost. The effective use of tanks rises dramatically, when they are supported by fast escort vehicles. The family of engineer support vehicles, designed by UVZ spe cialists, have the same mobility, reliability and crew protection characteristics as the base model, which allows for their use without any limitations with tank units. These include the BREM 1 multi purpose armored recovery vehicle, the IMR 2M obstacle removal vehicle and the MTU 1 tank bridgelayer. One should make special note of their use for civilian purposes:
principle, using the most advanced and unique equipment, which ensures the whole produc tion cycle from the casting and stamping of billets and blanks through all forms of mechanical processing to the assembly and comprehensive testing of finished products. "Uralvagonzavod" guarantees an innovative quest spirit and a constant drive for new, unortho dox engineering solutions aimed at creating exclusively top grade, reliable products. "Uralvagonzavod" is an enter
1. BREM 1 armored recovery vehicle 2. IMR 2M obstacle remover 3.
OUR ADDRESS: 622006, Nizhni Tagil, Russian Federation Phone: (8 343 5) 23 1774, 23 0197; Fax: (8 343 5) 23 3492; 23 0357; Teletype: 199451 KLEN; Telex: 721749 UVZ SU
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MTU 72 bridgelayer
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of different types, railway trucks with different numbers of axles, motor driven trucks for self pro pelled railway expeditions, auto matic couplers and other gear for all types of freight cars, cast and stamp forged products and a wide range of consumer goods. All articles, manufactured and planned for production by the association. are designated for heavy duty high intensity opera tion in any climatic conditions. The new economic rela tions only go to stress and enhance our traditional interest in the expansion and consolidation of business contacts with home and foreign enterprises and orga nizations in the sphere of com petitive production and joint research and design projects. (
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prise with high production stan dards, based on long established technological and intellectual tra ditions. This means hundreds and thousands of suppliers and con sumers in the CIS and dozens of foreign countries, as well as a thousand strong staff of top grade specialists, who have already created an epoch in home and world mechanical engineer ing and are prepared to surpass their predecessors in the devel opment of non traditional pro duction technologies. Today, the plant turns out about 100 types of different products. These include military hardware, road construction machines, all metal cargo railway cars, timber carriers, special purpose wagons and tank cars
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Conversion of "Avtomatika" association's traditional missile sector opened up chances to develop small standard precision control systems for payload injec tion means: heavy, medium and light launch vehicles, orbital unit preboosters, reentry modules. These developments include control systems for the updated "Soyuz 2" rocket, as well as the "Express" space vehicle devel oped at the "Salyut" Design Bureau of the V. Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center. A number of German and Japanese firms are working on the project together with their Russian colleagues. The "Avtomatika" association worked out, jointly with the design bureau of the V.P. Makeev State Rocket Center, a control system project for the "Priboy" rocket and space system, which is designated for the launch of research, commercial and other satellites straight from the ocean surface and does not require any special facilities of a stationary launching complex. Control systems for space rocket complexes are currently being developed, which will oper ate on liquefied natural gas to ensure the ecological safety of payload injections from any point on the globe. Its ability to resolve defense problems, coupled with available production capacities and the staff's scientific and technical potential enabled "Avtomatika" to develop a wide range of automat ed control systems to control var ious types of complex technolog ical processes. Major work in this area is being carried out in the domain of automated control systems for thermal power stations, metallur gy, shipbuilding, transport, bank ing, medicine. 1
HIGHEST LEVEL
OF ACCURACY
ore than 40 years ago a specialized d e s i g n bureau was set up in Ekaterinburg, Central Urals, which set out to develop control sys tems (CS) for ballistic mis siles (BM) to arm the submarines (SM) of the Russian Navy. With the passing of time this special ized design bureau (SDB) evolved into a research institute. Headed by General Designer and Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, N. Semikhatov, the institute created a number of Naval ballistic missile
VYACHESLAV CHEBOTAREV, Director General, "Avtomatika" Research and Production Association. Born in 1938. Graduated from Taganrog Radio Technical Institute in 1960. His whole career is bound up with "Avtomatika", where he rose from engineer (1960) to Director General (1989).
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control systems, which ensured the greatest target acquisition accuracy, against strict size and weight limitations, dictated by launches from submarines. Respective studies yielded decisions, which utilize adaptive control methods with artificial intellect elements, microminimize all CS components, ensure high efficiency of small computer means of the on board, ship and ground elements of the control system. Production of microcircuits on the basis of thick film technol ogy and frameless element base constitutes one of the ways of combining high integration with small weight and size. The use of fiber optics in the ship's communication lines ensures a high level of jamming protection, combined with high traffic carrying capacity. A comprehensive approach to the control system development resulted in the creation of on board, ship based and testing (ground) equipment. Owing to its small size, convenience, mini mum energy consumption and high reliability, it ensures the required effectiveness of Naval BMs.
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ADDRESS: 145 Mamina Sibiryaka St., Ekaterinburg, Russia 620075 Phone: (3432) 51 5728 Fax: (3432) 55 5661
The following equipment has been worked out and is supplied to customers on the orders of the regional administration and allied enterprises of the Urals region: pulseoximeter for intensive care wards; breath control and stimula tion monitors for premature babies; different modifications of thermal printers; amplitude and frequency modulated portable duplex radio sets. In view of the aforemen tioned, "Avtomatika" is interested in developing cooperation with foreign and domestic partners in any form, with all costs recouped in foreign currency (establish ment of joint stock companies, enterprises and projects, distrib ution services, pre sale and guar antee servicing). (
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of semi finished items from tita nium alloys, unique types of moulded products from alumini um alloys, rolled stainless steel, and high temperature alloys based on nickel and spelters. The VSMPA's production and creative activities, supported by cooperation with leading insti tutes and design bureaus of air craft and engine construction companies, aim to manufacture products on the basis of titanium and aluminium alloys for Russian aircraft engine critical units, as well as the airframes and landing gears of IL 86, IL 96, Tu 204, Tu 160, "Antei", "Ruslan", "Mria", Su 27, MiG 29 and Mi 26 planes and helicopters. The associa tion's products are used in such devices as the "Soyuz" "Apollo" docking unit, the "Buran" shuttle, the "Energia" launch vehicle, the "Typhoon" missile carrying sub marines, components of load bearing structures and power plants of surface ships, units and assemblies of armored vehicles. The association puts out alu minium alloy plates and panels 30 m long and 1,000 mm wide. It
has unique equipment, including a powerful complex of forge and press equipment with unparal leled examples (a press with a force of 75,000 tons), a set of horizontal presses with a force of up to 20,000 tons, rolling mills for hot, warm and cold plate and coil rolling, and mills to roll rods, pipes and pipe blanks. It is equipped with arc vacuum, induction and electroslag fur
tion process has to be reorga nized to improve the quality and provide the range of semi fin ished items in great demand. Substantial progress has been achieved in producing titanium billets and stampings whose structure and quality meet inter national standards, and a pro gram of putting out first class stainless steel sheets, coils and strips has been launched. 1
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he VSMPA joint stock company was set up in 1933. Russia's first aircraft metal lurgical plant was commissioned in Setun of Moscow Region in the same year. In 1941 the plant was evacuated to Verkhnyaya Salda in the Urals. In 1956 it was decided to organize large scale industrial production of semi finished items from tita nium alloys there. The open ended VSMPA company is the world's largest producer (the only one in Russia)
CAPITAL OF RUSSIAN
TITANIUM
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VLADISLAV TETYUKHIN, Director General of the Joint Stock Company 'Verkhnyaya Salda Metallurgical Production Association' (VSMPA), Doctor of Technology and Member of the Russian Academy of Engineering Sciences. Born in Moscow in 1932. In 1956 graduated from Moscow Steel and Alloys Institute and began his career at the Verkhnyaya Salda Aircraft Industry Metallurgical Plant in the Urals. From 1976 to 1992 worked at the Research Institute of Aircraft Materials and in 1992 was again invited to the VSMPA, whose shareholders elected him as Director General.
naces and a large number of metal cutting machines. Effective steps need to be taken to integrate the association in the world system of production and sales. Firstly, its output has to be certified and the quality of semi finished items improved. This process is under way and will be completed in 1995. The quality of the association's technology and metals has been praised by experts from such firms as Boeing, Schultz Steel Company, Wiman Gordon, General Electric, Pratt and Whitney (US), Snecma and Aerospatiale (France), and Rolls Royce and British Aerospace (UK). Secondly, the basic produc
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OUR ADDRESS: Verkhnyaya Salda, Sverdlovsk Region, Russia, 624600 Phone: (34345) 24 902, 23 832 Fax: (34345) 24 736 Teletype: 34 8177, 34 8176 ""
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Lastly, bonded warehouses, the provision of services in regions with the largest consumer poten tial and an effective and ramified network of marketing and sales in Russia, the CIS and Europe are becoming priorities. Since the VSMPA's potential meets international standards and the VSMPA operates in market conditions, it must be integrated in the world economy. As well as a strategic target, this is an essential condition for the factory's exis tence. We will make sure that this process is gradual and civilized, and that the low prices do not destabilize the limited market of titanium products. (
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full name, has been inseparably associated with the historical destiny of the country. At the beginning of the century, it ranked as one of Russia's top eight engineering plants. In the prewar years Uraltransmash mas tered production of drilling rigs, pumping jacks and pumps. The war proved a time of severe ordeal for the workforce. The plant was fully re oriented to military products: units and sys tems for T 34 tanks and SU 122, SU 85 and SU 100 self propelled gun mounts. In the postwar years the plant continued making tank spare parts and started mastering production of new civilian prod ucts units for Uralmash drilling rigs, S 153 coal loaders, PML 5 ore loaders, and from 1958 a hydraulic crawler mounted loader. The year 1962 commenced a new stage in the life of Uraltransmash, when a large design unit was transferred to it from the Uralmash factory. In the 1960s it launched series produc tion of the chassis for the Krug anti aircraft complex and GMZ crawler mounted mine laying vehicles. In the 1970s the plant's designers created a whole gamut of self propelled guns, which formed the postwar generation of self propelled artillery. They are the 152 mm self propelled how itzer 2S3 (2S3M) 'Acacia,' the 240 mm self propelled mortar 2S4 'Tulip,' and the 152 mm self propelled gun 2S5 'Hyacinth.' Even today the self propelled mortar has no analog in the world. The self propelled how itzer and the self propelled gun surpassed foreign models in those years in terms of capabili ties. The 1980s saw the birth of the MSTA S, a 152 mm self pro pelled howitzer, which served as the prototype of a new generation of self propelled artillery. MSTA S was created by a large group of developers with the Central Design Bureau 'Transmash' of state association Uraltransmash (Chief Designer Y.V. Tomashov) in the lead.
he state associa tion "Uraltrans mash" is one of the oldest Middle Urals plants. One hundred and sev enty seven years ago a goldmining plant was estab lished on the bank of the Mel'kovka river. At this point the story of the factory began. Today Uraltransmash is a large, specialized defense complex, turning out combat equipment, which has no analogs abroad. The life story of the Ural Transport Machinery Plant, in its
URALTRANSMASH:
QUALITY IS OUR CREDO
1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER MILITARY PARADE
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ALEXANDER SHARKOV, Director General of the State Industrial Association "Uraltransmash" Born in 1931. Graduated from Chelyabinsk Polytechnic Institute. Started work at the Urals car building plant as a foreman and rose to building superintendent. In 1963 switched to the Sverdlov Transport Machinery Plant in Sverdlovsk (now Uraltransmash) as deputy chief engineer. Chief engineer for UralNITI (Ural Technology Research Institute) in 1974 1979. Returned to Uraltransmash as chief engineer in 1979. Since 1988 director general of the association. Master of Science, State Prize winner.
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jacks and those of the firm Lufkin. The central design bureau has also been involved in another con version alternative job: the development of a multipurpose class 100 kW highway chassis for the repair and mainte nance of motor roads with a set of replaceable working equipment. The chassis is designed for the mounting of many types of tools, ensuring the mechanization of work on motor road repair and maintenance. The competitiveness of the chassis on the world market is ensured by original technical solu tions, creating a number of advantages over such a famous machine as the UNIMOG of the firm Daimler Benz. Like all defense sec tor plants, Uraltransmash is now experiencing hard times. We are deeply convinced that we must draft intensively and then start manufacturing civil ian products. On the other hand the degree of state financing of conver sion programs is so insignificant that it's sim ply pointless to talk about any serious substitution of military products by equivalent civilian goods in labor intensiveness and the technological level. Aware of the unlikeli hood of any serious state financing for the accom plishment of radical con version programs, Uraltransmash is open to foreign investments,
1994
A sufficiently detailed outline, and the charac teristics and features, of the MSTA S and related 2X51 crew trainer, were listed in an article of the January February issue of 'Military Parade.' Let me just add a comment by foreign specialists: "The 2S19 howitzer is currently the most mod ern weapon system in tube artillery...". The conversion processes in defense industries unfortunately coincided with the initial mastery of production at Uraltransmash of the self propelled howitzer MSTA S. As a result, output of the self propelled artillery was contracted five fold, contrary to the produc tion targets serving as the basis of the plant's capacities. The reduction in state orders for defense prod ucts of Uraltransmash has continued into 1994. Defense order instability and deterred payments for products delivered under state orders, have inevitably compelled the plant to seek orders for a civilian range of com modities. As part of con version programs, Uraltransmash designed, equipped and started mass producing during 1990 1991 a deep well sucker rod pump drive. The deep well suck er rod pump drive PShGN8 3 5500 is distin guished by its high tech nological level and indu bitable competitiveness with US made pumping
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ready to submit its own projects and consider the projects of foreign invest ing partners. (
1. 2S5 self propelled gun
OUR ADDRESS: 9 Frontovikh Brigad, PO Box 620027 Uraltransmash, Ekaterinburg, Russia. Phone: (3432) 34 4574, 34 4556 (both 24 hour service), (3432) 34 4661. Telex: 29 1243 "Neman"; Fax: (3432) 34 4642.
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2. GMZ 3 full tracked mine layer 3. 2S19 self propelled howitzer
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E N G I N E ERI NG PLA NT
URALS OPTICAL AND ELECTRONIC

attack aircraft Su 22, Su 25 and their versions. Thanks to further improvements to the laser weapon guiding systems, the laser illumination station "Prichal" was developed during the 1980s. The station is mounted on the "Tank Killers", the attack aircraft Su 25TK and combat helicopters Ka 50 and Mi 28.
MATCHES THE WORLD'S BEST!

YURI ABRAMOV, Chief Engineer of the "Urals Optical & Mechanical Plant" Production Association.
1. Geodetic equipment produced by the Association 2. The OEPS 31E optoelectronic aim ing system is the latest development of the enterprise
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CONTACT US FOR FURTHER DETAILS: 33B Vostochnaya St., Urals Optical & Mechanical Plant, Ekaterinburg 620100, Russia. Phone: (3432) 24 1863. Fax: (3432) 24 1844. Telex: HVOIA SU 721764. 1
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"Urals Optical & Mechanical Plant" P r o d u c t i o n Association (UOMP) is a leading develop er and producer in Russia's defense complex of high pre cision air optoelec tronic weapon guid ance systems. In the late 1960s the Association started developing sighting systems using a laser range finder. Following the implementation of the program to develop precision guided weapons for the Air Forces, the Association designed the laser station "Klen", providing range finding and illumination for fighter bombers MiG 27 and
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Born in 1945. Graduated from Urals Polytechnic Institute. On graduation worked at the plant as a section head, deputy head of an assembly shop, deputy head of Central Design Bureau and deputy chief engineer. Since 1994 chief engineer and First Deputy Director General. Winner of the State Prize.
In addition to its development and production of new laser systems the Association produces opto electronic sighting systems OEPS 29 and OEPS 27 for fight ers MiG 29, Su 27 and Su 30. Foreign fighter interceptors lack similar systems. The Association's output, displayed at international aerospace shows in 1992 and 1993 in the town of Zhukovsky and abroad, attracted considerable attention. These systems were highly assessed by specialists. The Association is the leading developer and manufacturer in Russia of geodetic equipment, including optomechanical and electronic theodolites, laser light range finders and tachometers. It also develops and produces vari ous medical appliances, including portable diagnostic systems and
defibrillators. Laser surgical scalpel and other medical equip ment are also being developed. Fiber, integral, power optics and micro optics, holography, optical anti reflection coatings for all wavebands, including infra red, polarized coatings, including those on crystals, liquid crystal indicators, various photodetec tors, micro electronic and multi processor hardware: this is far from complete list of the high tech items produced by the plant. Our enterprise is open to large scale research, technical and production cooperation. We look forward to meeting our foreign partners. (
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and supplies consumers with at least 20 types of various rocket engines, used at long term orbital space stations "Salyut", "Almaz", "Mir", supplier modules "Kvant", "Crystal", "Priroda", piloted spaceships "Soyuz T", "Soyuz TM", "Buran", freight spaceship "Progress", cosmonaut autonomous transportation vehi cles for outer space as well as on a series of automated space vehi cles. The new generation LTRM currently developed at NIImash, surpass foreign equivalents in terms of basic characteristics. The Institute's unique test beds were used to perfect the oxygen and hydrogen cryogenic fuel engine for the second stage of "Energia" launch vehicle. The NIImash conversion pro gram comprises ten projects, employing specific aerospace designs and know how in civilian goods production. The program is comprehensive, embracing a number of defense industry enterprises and aiming at latest know how preservation. One project stipulates the production at Urals Region enter prises of a fuel injection system for automobiles with internal combustion engines, drafted by NIImash. This project was sup ported by VAZ, AZLK, Izhevsk, Uliyanovsk and Zaporozhye auto mobile plants. The Environmental Protection Committee has assessed the project positively. The system provides for a reduc tion in fuel consumption, toxic exhausts, the build up of power and improvements to the automo bile engines dynamic characteris tics. Experience of cryogenic fuels for rocket engines was employed to elaborate systems to feed diesel locomotives with cheaper, compressed and liquefied natural gas instead of diesel fuel; the radical reduction of harmful exhaust is especially important for shunting at railway stations. The testing equipment design and technological solutions for rocket engine perfection led to the creation of a pilot unit for fruit and vegetables storage in a regu lated gas environment at smaller stores and farms. One year suf fices for recoupment. The insti tute has signed contracts to pro duce the first set of these units. Ozone technology, with high ecological characteristics, was used by the Institute's experi mental station to purify sewage from residue toxic rocket fuels. It served as the basis for project documentation on a water purify ing unit. The Institute has a con tract to produce and deliver unit equipment to the town of Verkh Neyvinsk, in the Sverdlovsk Region. A number of defense industry enterprises have partici pated in the project. These examples testify to the extensive use of existing scientif ic and technological potential at Russian aerospace complex research institutes and will help reduce energy consumption, food storage and improve the environ ment in various sectors of the economy. To ensure effective use of this potential, we must coordi nate the work of research insti tutes and defense and civilian sectors of the economy. Such coordination is extremely impor tant, if it is carried out as part of regional conversion programs, involving the federal government. (
BORIS NEKRASOV Director, Engineering Research Institute (NIImash). Born in 1937. Graduated from Voronezh State University (1960). Worked at Khimavtomatika Design Bureau (Voronezh). Director of NIImash since 1988. IImash was found ed in 1958 as a subsidiary of the Russia's leading research institute specializing in rocket space exploration. It was involved in many space programs in Russia. In 1981 NIImash was granted the status of independent institute and became the leading developer and producer of low thrust liquid propellant rocket motors (LTRM) used to adjust orbits, stabilize and orient space vehicles. The Institute has developed
1. Low thrust rocket engines
ADDRESS: Nizhnyaya Salda, Sverdlovsk Region, 624610 Phone: (34345) 217 03 Fax: (34345) 222 58
AEROSPACE CONVERSION
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missile launchers and AA missile systems for the air defense of the ground forces. In 1960 an American U 2 reconnaissance plane, piloted by American pilot Powers, was shot down by an AA missile, produced at the plant. Late in the 80s the obsolete air defense systems were super seded by the new generation highly mobile tactical SAM mis sile systems S 300V, based on the onboard and ground digital high speed computer equipment. The system was developed by the Research and Production Association "ANTEY", headed by its General Designer Veniamin Efremov. The labor consuming and vital components of this sys tem were developed at the Design Bureau of the plant head ed by its General Designer Lev Luliev. The S 300V is intended to protect military and civilian objects, located on a territory, covering some hundreds of square kilometers from the attacks of ballistic and cruise missiles and all types of aircraft
POWERFUL POTENTIAL OF DUAL TECHNOLOGIES

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he M. Kalinin Engineering Plant (now the Joint Stock Company, M. Kalinin Engineering Plant) is one of the old est arms manufac turers in Russia. The plant was established in 1866 in St. Petersburg primarily as a guns workshop and was subsequently transformed into a state run plant, producing field guns and later on AA artillery pieces. The plant was the first enterprise in Russia to develop guns with rifled bores. In 1918 the plant was evacuated to the outskirts of Moscow and in 1941 to the town of Sverdlovsk (now Ekaterinburg). During World War II the plant manufactured 20,000 AA guns, including 120 mm state of the art AA systems. Late in the 50s the plant stopped production of artillery pieces and started manufacturing new types of weaponry, namely
as well. The system can simulta neously engage up to 24 targets, while engaging one target with two missiles from one launcher. The system surpasses its nearest foreign counterpart, the America's SAM system "Patriot" in terms of mobility, time of transfer to the combat ready sta
VLADIMIR KAZIMIRSKY, Director General of the Joint Stock Company "M. Kalinin Engineering Plant". Born in 1941. In 1965 graduated from the Urals Polytechnic Institute. Spent whole career at the M. Kalinin Engineering Plant, rising from assistant workshop master (1965) to director of the plant (1991).
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tus, efficiency of target engage ment and altitudes of engaged targets. The launchers and launcher/loaders of the S 300V system are mounted like other components of the system on the versatile caterpillar chassis, enjoying high maneuverability and cross country mobility, which allow their effective use in swampy, desert, snowy and off road terrain. The fully automated procedure of deployment and closure of launchers and launch er/loaders ensure their combat employment within 5 minutes after march and resume move ment within 5 minutes after com bat work. The SAM missiles are solid propellant two stage missiles with a "director cone" configuration. Tests and field launches demon The very development and production of a new generation of the S 300V system has resulted in the further technical rigging of the plant and introduction of new technologies, associated with the use of new materials, including various heat resistant coats and treatment of special hull parts. A considerable amount of special and highly efficient equipment has been produced at the plant and also acquired. High tech equipment, used to produce hydraulic systems, has been introduced. Achievements in this area create favorable conditions for their further dual use during con version. In addition to production of military equipment, the plant manufactures small electric load ers and diesel loaders of various capabilities. Other means of
1. A missile launch from the S 300V system 2. A launcher of the S 300V system 3. Small size diesel and electric forklifts
strated the capability of these systems to destroy "Scad" type targets with the first missile. For example, during the Persian Gulf conflict American SAM system "Patriot" had to launch six mis siles to destroy only one similar target.
CONTACT US FOR DETAILS: 18 Cosmonauts Prospect, 620040, Ekaterinburg, Russia. Phone: (3432) 39 5482. Fax: (3432) 34 9317.
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floor type transport are being developed, including electric trol leys and diesel prime movers. In addition the plant produces equipment for the agro industrial complex, including labeling devices, can piling machines, units for silage harvesters. In terms of consumer goods pro duction, the plant produces vari ous household lighting facilities. At present the plant is negoti ating with foreign firms over the establishment of joint ventures. The plant plans to raise its know how using its research and technical potential in the area of dual technologies, relying on experience and foreign invest ments to manufacture high quali ty products to meet consumer's demands. All these factors will help the plant penetrate interna tional markets. (
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he radio equipment plant was set up in Ekaterinburg in 1959 to manufacture wireless communication equip ment for tactical and strategic command links of various arms. Technologically it was developed as an instru ment making plant. It possesses the requisite know how, equipment and floor space to mass produce components, units, and equipment for analog and digital radioelectronic devices. Until the end of the 1980s the plant manufactured only military purpose products. It began producing consumer goods owing to a considerable cutback in war orders. Today, it manufactures in small batches wire telephone communica tion equipment, broadcasting receivers, liquid fuel metering devices and some other goods. In 1994 the state owned plant was transformed into a joint stock company. The plant's military purpose output is generally used for adaptive automat ed radio communication systems and installed at stationary receiving and
HERMAN MASLOV, Director, Radio equipment plant. Born in 1937. Graduated from Urals Polytechnic Institute in 1963. Worked for the M. Kalinin machine building plant (1963 1970), Radio equipment plant (1970 1984). Director of compressor factory (1984 86). Director of Radio equip ment plant since 1986.
transmitting centers, in auto mobile radio sets, as well as on board aircraft and ships. The following consti tutes the plant's primary military purpose product range: 1. High fre quency (HF) communication radio receivers, which provide instant selec tion of preset stations and stable reception through telephone, tele graph and phototelegraph interfer ence. 2. Drivers for high frequency (HF) transmitters, which generate tele phone and telegraph signals in the entire transmitter's frequency range in 10 Hz steps and boast high frequency stability. 3. Telegraph signal regenerators, which restore with high accuracy (2%) telegraph pulses at the radio receiver output. 4. Equipment to receive and store standard time signals. It is used to synchronize the equipment in various synchronous communication systems. 5. Radio receiving high frequency (HF) measuring units. They are used in ionosphere vertical and sloped probing systems to define and forecast optimal radio receiving frequencies. 6. Ship borne navigation radio receivers. The are designated for twenty four hour automatic reception and print out of navigation and meteo rological information on navigation safety and rescue. 7. Complexes for automated con trol of radio receiving centers. They automate the reception and process ing of information, transmitted from different locations, and integrate all technical center facilities into one sys
ADDRESS: 2 Schorsa St., Ekaterinburg, 620219 Phone: (3432) 22 4506 Fax: (3432) 22 9541
KEEPING HIGH STANDARDS

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tem. The R 170P communication radio receiver and MORENA navigation radio receiver are the most promising prod ucts. The R 170P radio receivers stand out from other domestic or foreign made receivers owing to their expand ed frequency band (0.1 80 Hz); anten na input immunity to powerful high frequency interference (up to 100 V); use of electronic units, ensuring adap tation to changes in reception condi tions; and, finally, a wider range of receivable radiation classes. In the current economic situation, the radio equipment plant is extremely interested in establishing close pro duction relations with foreign partners. The establishment of a joint radio equipment production venture would offer the most promise. The plant would contribute to the initial autho rized capital by offering industrial premises and equipment, while the foreign partner would supply compo nents and units for the equipment to be assembled and sold. Other cooper ation alternatives can also be consid ered. (
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RELYING ON OWN
EXPERIENCE
GENNADY MURATSHIN, Director General of 'Start' Research and Production Joint Stock Company Born in 1935. Graduated from Urals Polytechnic Institute in 1958. Started his working activity at Sverdlovsk Machine Building Plant, appointed chief engineer at 'Novator' design bureau. Since 1986 Director General of 'Start'.
ADDRESS: 620007, Ekaterinburg, Sverdlovsk Region, 24 Pribaltiiskaya St. Phone: (3432) 26 0103. Fax: (3432) 26 0355. 1
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tart" boasts more than 40 years of experience in making specimens and pro ducing experimental batches of military technology and dual purpose equipment. The enterprise spe cializes in the devel opment of ground facilities for missile preparation and launching, which constitute part of aviation, aero space, naval and ground mobile mis sile systems. The enterprise has developed and mass produced sev eral multiple launch rocket systems, including the wide known BM 21 'Grad' system combat vehicle, launchers and transporter loaders for the 'Buk' and 'Tor' air defense missile systems. In 1987 the enterprise had to ini
tiate conversion owing to the entry into force of the Treaty between the USSR and the USA on the Elimination of Intermediate Range and Shorter Range Missiles. The Treaty prescribed the elimination of the production of the latest mobile launcher, designed by the company for the RK 55 cruise missiles. This led to a considerable drop in the total volume of the defense order, necessitating, in turn, the intensive development and imple mentation of conversion programs. Consequently, by 1994 'Start' relied on its own experience and opportu nities, increasing the volume of civil production to up to 60% of the total. Possessing considerable experi ence in developing and producing mobile equipment and saturated with different highly reliable hydraulic units, cryogenic, fuel ser vicing and load lifting facilities, as well as high pressure systems, the enterprise made extensive use of its conversion potential in several selected areas. 1. On the basis of the general concept, 'Start' has been working in conjunction with the 'Kriogas' com pany and carrying out intensive work to create an equipment complex and the requisite infrastructure for the production and a wide ranging use of liquefied natural gas as an ecolog ically friendly motor fuel alternative for the aviation, motor transport and agricultural sectors, and for the gasification of remote settlements. 2. The enterprise launched the production of equipment for food industry process lines, which use a low temperature technique to rapidly
freeze vegetables, fruit, berries, meat and fish. 3. Complex equipment is being produced for miniplants to manufac ture by extrusion building materials in the form of wall square cants, made out of woodwork industry waste or agriculture vegetable residue (using mineral raw materials as binder). 4. Working documentation for a machinery complex involving selec tive tree felling and removal has been prepared. 5. Samples of modernized mis sile launchers have been developed to protect lands from hail. 6. Sports outfits are being pro duced as some of the list of con sumer goods, including scuba diving hunting equipment. 7. Several samples of medical equipment have been manufactured. New conversion areas made it possible to effectively exploit high qualification of the enterprise's per sonnel in the construction, research, production and testing of modern equipment. The implementation of each program is aimed at meeting the most important public needs in the industries, which lag behind their foreign counterparts in terms of their technical level. (
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RELIABLE PARTNER
1. A gyro horizon 2. A lung artificial ventilation apparatus
VLADIMIR GODLEVSKY, Director, Urals Instrument Making Plant. Born in 1946. Graduated from Kiev Polytechnic Institute in 1969. Began his carrier at Sverdlovsk Instrument Making Plant. Moved on to Tyumen Electromechanical Plant. Director of Urals Instrument Making Plant since 1988.
ADDRESS: 17 Gorky St., Ekaterinburg, 620151 Phone: (3432) 51 0823, (3432) 51 4134. Fax: (3432) 51 1767. 1
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Electronintorg ltd.
hen it was founded in 1918 in Moscow, U r a l s Instrument Making Plant produced scales and simple labo ratory instru ments. In 1934 the plant was incorporated in the aviation industry com plex and has since then been close ly linked with the aviation industry's development and establishment in the country. In pre war years the plant was the first producer of autopilots, based on pneumatic gyroscopes. The plant was moved to
Sverdlovsk (now Ekaterinburg) in 1941 and resumed aircraft instru ments manufacture shortly after wards. In 1948 49 the first electro mechanical gyro, the AGK 47B gyro horizon, was put into series produc tion. An updated version, the AGK 47U, is still manufactured and is used in small aviation. Today the Urals Instrument Making Plant is one of the Russia's leading producers of aircraft gyro scope equipment, such as gyro hori zons, vertical gyros, angular velocity sensors, etc. Today, almost every type of plane or helicopter is fitted out with instruments produced here. For example, the AGD 1 gyro horizon (consisting of 458M gyro sensor and 1122 indicator) is installed on planes MiG 19, MiG 21, MiG 23, Su 7, Su 9, Tu 16, Tu 95, IL 18, An 24, An 26, An 30, L 29, L 39 and others. The gyro horizon is also used by such planes as IL 76, IL 62, An 24, An 26, An 30, etc., as well as helicopters Mi 8, Mi 17 and others. The AGR 72A gyro horizon is mount ed on Tu 22, Tu 154, IL 86 planes. The new AGR 74 gyro horizon and modifications are widely employed. It is installed on VP 021, FPM, Tu 22, Tu 160, Tu 154M, An 72, An 74, An 28, An 38, L 410, Yak 42 planes, Ka 32, Mi 8AMT, V 3 helicopters and others. It should be noted here that the plant produces a wide range of con sumer goods as well as instruments for planes, helicopters and Earth satellites. The conversion process (1989 94) has been one of the most diffi cult periods in the plant's history. It has developed comprehensive con version programs and placed on a broad footing work on multifunction al production of both sophisticated medical equipment and consumer goods. The plant has launched series production of the FAZA 5 arti ficial lung ventilation apparatus and has finished the groundwork for pro
ducing an anaesthesia attachment for this apparatus. Preparations are under way to launch production of an autonomous breathing mixture thermal moistener for adults: the mixture will reach the patient from the lung ventilation apparatus. The plant also plans to produce a lung ventilation apparatus for children under 14. The UIMP's products are com petitive and sold to 32 countries. The enterprise is recognized as a reliable partner by enterprises of other industries. The UIMP is devel oping cooperation with partners in this country and is interested in establishing ties with foreign part ners (joint stock companies and the like). 'Sungari' is one good example of a joint stock company, set up with the Harbin Trade Company (China), producing TV and radio equipment. 'Iskra Ural' was set up with the Slovenian firm 'Iscra'. It produces single and multi tariff electricity meters. Some other joint stock com panies are being set up nowadays with domestic and foreign partners. The plant will be transformed into a holding company at some future date. (
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In the late 1980s, the UEMP began to realize conversion projects, which enabled it to occupy a per ceptible place in state programs aimed at further advance of our society. The high priority of these projects is evident. For example, one of the projects involves the produc tion of SI 2000 series digital tele phone exchanges, manufactured by the UEMP, together with the IskraTEL firm from Slovenia. Demand for telephone exchanges in Russia is great and amounts to seven million connections per year. In the Urals region there are only eleven telephone sets per hundred residents. SI 2000 is a modern digital tele phone exchange, fully adapted to Russian telephone networks and equipment, which makes it competi tive with similar equipment of lead ing Western countries. As part of this program, the plant has developed and is producing some other digital telecommunications means. They include a Tricom D120 dispatcher
LEONID KUZNETSOV, Director General of Urals Electromechanical Plant. Born in 1937 in Sverdlovsk (now Ekaterinburg). Graduated from S.M. Kirov Urals Polytechnic Institute. Since 1960 at Urals Electromechanical Plant, Director General since 1983. USSR State Prize win ner. Studied management at London Business School.
KEEPING UP WITH THE TIMES

he Urals Electro mechanical Plant (UEMP) in Ekaterinburg is a lead ing electronics and electromechanical instrument manufac turer in Russia. The plants history dates back to St. Petersburg, where the Electromechanical Plant Geisler and Co. was founded in 1878 to produce the first communications means in Russia. In 1941 at the beginning of war the plant was evac uated to Sverdlovsk. Today, the UEMP is a modern enterprise with a developed research, industrial and social infra structure. The plants modern outfit is mainly attributed to the fact that the plant fills defense orders and is affiliated to the Ministry of Atomic Industry, known as the Ministry of Medium Engineering Industry.
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exchange with a capacity of 120 user lines, which is very popular in Russias power generating, oil and gas industries and at railroads, a Tricom S128 small digital automat ic telephone exchange and Kvarts data processing and transmission system. The UEMP also pays consider able attention to the development and production of scientific ecologi cal and medical instruments. Laser disks CD ROM and com pact disks CD find wide application in the aforementioned program as the digital storage medium for set ting up data libraries. The laser disks are manufactured on modern equip
THE URALS ELECTROMECHANICAL PLANT UEMP, P.B. 74, Ekaterinburg, 620151, RUSSIA Phone: 41 9205 Fax: 41 3370 Telex: 721765 UEMP SU Teletype: 221165, Ekaterinburg
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as well as household electronics. The favorable economic and geo graphic location of the UEMP in the biggest research and industrial cen ter, its wide range specialization in instrument making, high organiza tional level and excellent qualifica tions of the personnel allow the plant to manufacture competitive prod ucts. (
Electronintorg ltd.
ment, supplied by the ODME firm (Netherlands), which comprises all the requisite process stages. If the present growth rates of the CD ROM market in Russia are main tained, the industrial production of compact disk players may be expe dient. For this purpose, the UEMP has a corresponding backlog and experi ence, based on year long produc tion of most modern video and laser household appliances, achieved thanks to technical cooperation with Philips. The compact disk CD ROM drivers (readers) will find use in sci entific instrument making, data pro cessing and communication means,
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as well as meteorological com plexes for both the MIC and the hydrometeorological service. Developed by Peleng (head developer) and produced by Vector, automated control sys tems for medium level control element (regiment and brigade) make it possible to automate the control processes of fighter avia tion, air defense missile and radio engineering troops. They are highly reliable, mobile, can be located in semi trailers, trans ported by prime movers and fit ted with an autonomous power supply system and other requisite facilities, such as radio sets, command transmission complex time) to air targets, while there can be up to three home airfields. Up to 76 air objects can be processed simultaneously. The Senezh M1E automated control system is produced to control the combat actions of an air defense group, equipped with all types of air defense missile systems and interceptors, as well as air defense radio engineering troop radar facilities. It can dis tribute and designate targets to air defense missile systems (ADMS) and coordinate ADMS and fighter aviation combat oper ations. It has an operating radius of up to 600 km and processes up to 120 air objects at a time.
VITALY SMIRNOV, Director General, Vector State Production Association Born in 1945. Graduated from Urals Polytechnic Institute in 1974. Worked with Vector company from apprentice to radio adjuster (in 1963) to director (in 1994).
GOING IN THE RIGHT DIRECTION

$
Vitaly Smirnov
he Vector associa tion, a member of the Military Industrial Complex (MIC), was set up in 1941 as an opto mechanical enter prise to produce aerophotography equipment. After a number of structural and technological reorganizations, the enterprise today is a powerful organization with its own scientific and production base. It includes two state companies: Vector and Peleng, as well as the Rifar close joint stock com pany. Orders of the Russian Defense Ministry form the basis of production. Although conver sion has strongly affected the enterprise, orders for MIC needs amount to 70% of total output. After the last technological reor ganization, the enterprise now specializes in the production of flying vehicle automated control systems (ACS), air situation pri mary data processing means, artillery fire adjustment systems,
es, repair workshops, etc. The Rubezh ME automated control system is produced for fighter aviation. It guides all types of interceptors (up to 21 at a
The Vector association also produces a Zoopark modern automatic ground artillery recon naissance and fire control sys tem. The system can reconnoiter
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over the past three years. Communication equipment, including data flow linear multi plexing systems, electronic com mutators, radio relay links, interurban coin and multifunc tional telephones have been mass produced. The company has begun serial production of its own medical electronic equipment, as well as a wide range of goods for everyday usage (household com puters, electrical music instru ments, etc.). ( enemy firing systems at one shot with 0.8 probability and obtain requisite data for fire adjustment of friendly fire means. The num ber of targets processed at a time in reconnaissance mode is not less than 12. The Ulybka mobile meteoro logical radar complex, also pro duced by Vector, obtains rapid ly data on atmospheric condi tions, such as the air tempera ture, humidity and pressure, wind
1. The assembly shop of the plant 2. The Senezh M1E automated control system 3. The Zoopark acqui sition and control sys tem 4. The Ulybka meteo rological weather complex 5. The Isset radio relay link 6. Plants conversion products
direction and speed at standard altitudes. Such complexes are used for combat preparations by all troop arms and to prepare dif ferent urgent weather forecasts. In addition, a stationary Titan meteocomplex has been developed for the hydrome teoservices aerological net and put into production. It provides optimal sonde tracking distance and ecological characteristics, making it possible to set it up within a citys boundaries. Both complexes are unique and pro tected by authors certificates. A wide range of goods for civil purposes have been developed
1994
ADDRESS: 28 Gagarin St., Ekaterinburg, 620139 Phone: (3432) 44 0433, 44 0221 Fax: (3432) 44 1591
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he plant was built in 1936 to pro duce explosives for the mining industry in the Urals. From the very outset of the Great Patriotic War the plant was reorganized to manufacture artillery rounds, mortar shells, bombs and other military products. The plant swiftly gained momen tum in the production of ammuni tion, including 152 mm concrete
piercing rounds, 85 mm AA artillery rounds, 130/50 mm semi armor piercing rounds, 130/55 mm HE/fragmentation rounds for Navy artillery, 76 mm fragmentation projectiles and 107 mm mortar bombs. The highly effective technique of filling ammunition with explo sives was introduced, using verti cal screw conveyers, which pro vided for use of surrogate explo sives. In an incredibly short peri od (unthinkable in peacetime) the production of rocket projectiles was organized. The shop started producing M 8 and M 13 rocket projectiles within ten days of its
1. Artillery rounds (from top to bottom) PG 7VR with anti tank projectile PG 7R PG 7VL with anti tank projectile PG 7L OG 9BM1 with fragmentation projectile OG 9M1
creation. On April 6, 1945 the Nizhni Tagil Chemical plant was awarded the order of the Red Banner by Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in token for model fulfillment of Government orders to provide the Front with ammunition. After the war, many shops were closed or rebuilt to manu facture peaceful output for com mercial use. The plant launched production of powder and car tridge ammonites for mining industry, cast trotyl blasting charges (2.6 kg) for seismic prospecting and later on 20 kg cast trotyl blasting charges for the same purposes. The technology of ad hoc items was also updated. The hor izontal screw conveyers were used to fill 73 mm fragmentation projectiles with trotyl and mix tures on its basis. The plant also introduced pressing of 130 mm armor piercing projectiles and anti tank shells of different cal ibers into cases. The remote con trol console was introduced to fill ammunitions with explosives. The plant also organized pro duction of consumer goods. It moulds parts from polyethylene and produces Constructor games for children and Rubin 1 radiators. Today the plant also manufactures soft furniture, vari ous paints, cutoff discs, trolley bus inserts, ceramic tubes for water purification. ( CONTACT US FOR DETAILS: 1 Shchors St., Chemical plant PLANTA Nizhni Tagil, Sverdlovsk Region, 622012, Russia. Phone: (3435) 23 0052, 23 0037. Fax: (3435) 22 0600, 22 4963.
EXPLOSIVE ENERGY
Vladimir Kharaskin,Director of Chemical Plant Planta
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U R A L S CONVERSION, SCIENCE, BUSINESS 94

VLADIMIR KUKARSKIKH, Executive Director of the "Urals Conversion, Science, Business 94" Exhibition. Born in 1954. Graduated from Urals Polytechnic Institute in 1977. Works at Urals Research Institute. Organizes and supervises all exhibitions of the Urals Conversion series. he exhibition and fair "Urals Conversion, S c i e n c e , Business 94" was held in Ekaterinburg on June 2 25, 1994 in accordance with the resolution of the Government of Sverdlovsk Region. It was the first integrated exhibi tion to demonstrate the industrial potential of the defense enter prises under conversion, real capacities of small and medium business firms, developments produced by the institutions of academic, branch and university science, proposals for the utiliza tion of special equipment, dis carded by the Command of the Urals Military District. One salient feature of the Exhibition is that it integrated two traditionally popular exhibitions: "Urals Conversion" and "Small and Medium Business", which represented different spheres of industrial activities. The Exhibition also attracted the intellectual potential of Urals research institutions. It pursued the following main goals: consolidation of scientific, technical, industrial, commercial and economic cooperation between enterprises and firms of different types; establishment of direct business contacts between the Urals enterprises and firms and between them and foreign partners; creation of conditions to realize the regional and territo rial projects on conversion, pro motion of science, small and medium business, attraction of investments; search for new pos sibilities in the use of industrial premises and new technologies; introduction of the newest research and engineering devel opments; creation of the requisite conditions for signing long term mutually advantageous agree ments. The "Conversion" section exhibit ed the products of 62 enterprises and organizations. Forty six of them were from Ekaterinburg, with sixteen from other regions of the Urals. The products on show were designated for agriculture, medicine, oil and gas refinement, the timber industry, transport, communications, etc.
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Address: 31 Lunacharsky St., Ekaterinburg, 620219, RUSSIA Phone: (3432) 56 1359 Fax: (3432) 55 7349
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The "Science" section displayed the developments of nine scien tific and research institutes of the Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences and nine universities in medicine, ecology, as well as diagnostics. Seventy firms, including 12 joint ventures from Ekaterinburg, took part in the "Small and Medium Business" Exposition. The program of the Exhibition envisaged various forms of busi ness contacts, such as negotia tions, the signing of contracts, transactions, protocols of intent, retail and wholesale trade, meet ings, presentations, contests, consultations, seminars, "round tables", etc. The character and content of the Exhibition facilitated the rap prochement of businessmen of different spheres of interests, accelerated the introduction of a number of territorial and regional social and economic programs, improved the conditions for set ting up joint ventures, on the basis of mutually beneficial coop eration and the introduction of innovative ideas and technologies into the economy of the Urals. Similar exhibitions will be held regularly. (
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ZAVODKOMBANK:
C O M M IT T E D T O I NV E STM E N T
IN MILITARY INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX

Institute of Chemical Machine Building, the design bureau "Novator", the association "Medinvest", the joint stock company "SPAERO", the insur ance company "Ostin" and other joint stock companies and enter prises. The bank's crediting policy is focused on providing loans to enterprises covered by the con version program. The loans, which account for 70% of the bank's total volume of credits, registered a dramatic seven fold gain in 1993. The bank's shareholders account for 62% of the extended credits. The bank provided loans for launching programs for the production of durable consumer goods (TV sets, household com puters, gas stoves and video equipment), as well as the devel opment and production of equip ment for the medical and oil industries. In addition, the bank pro vides soft credits for the imple mentation of projects of small and medium sized businesses in an effort to meet the popula tion's requirements. The bank also credited some programs for the production of military hardware due to the dif ficult financial positions of enter prises of the military industrial complex. The bank is also engaged in charity activity. It channels substantial resources to the spheres of health care, education and social programs. The bank renders clearing services in roubles and hard cur rency, attracts and distributes cash deposits, finances capital investments, opens and keeps accounts for legal entities and
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GALINA MAZHAYEVA, Chairperson of the Bank's Board of Directors
THE BANK'S ADDRESS: 123, 8 Marta St., Ekaterinburg Phone: (3432) 22 1015, 22 5202, 60 0898, 60 0885 Fax: (3432) 60 0884 Teletype: 221039 Telex: 721506 BNK SU CORRESPON DENT ACCOUNT No. 700161173 in Ekaterinburg's Clearing Center, MFO 253006, Code 871773
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he Sverdlovsk based Factory Commercial Bank (Russian abbrevi ation ZAVODKOM BANK) was estab lished in 1976. The bank priori tizes the crediting of enterprises of the military indus trial complex. A total of 64 percent of the bank's assets, which make up a majority of its aggregate incomes, are earmarked for the complex. The volume of credits posted a stag gering eight fold increase in 1993. The credits largely pro mote the preservation and devel opment of the production poten tial of defense industries. The bank was founded by industrial enterprises, such as the Urals Electrical Engineering Works, the production associa tion "Uraltransmash", the state run production association "Vektor", the research and pro duction association "Avtomatika", a precision mechanics plant, an instrument making plant, a radio factory, the Sverdlovsk based Research
1994
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individuals both in roubles and hard currency, makes all kinds of settlements used in international banking practices, extends hard currency credits and carries out transactions involving the pur chase and sale of foreign curren cies. The bank makes every effort to further develop and consoli date its financial position against the backdrop of the aggravating crisis phenomena in the coun try's economy. The bank's assets grew 100%. Its charter capital swelled to 3 billion roubles. The bank's turnover of assets doubled, reaching 67 billion roubles as of July 1, 1994. Its balance profit grew 150% to 3 billion roubles. The bank is planning to boost its charter capital to 5 billion rou bles in 1994 while trying to pre serve the current structure of its shareholders. Plans are also afoot to increase the share of hard currency in the charter cap ital to heighten the bank's profile worldwide. The bank is a member of the Association of Russian Banks of the Urals Banking Consortium. The bank opened accounts in the Eurobank, Danaubank and the London based Narodny Bank. In a bid to extend its aid to enterprises, which are its share holders, for implementing their investment projects the bank is ready to establish contacts with international banks and other financial institutions. (
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OLEG LOBOV Secretary Security Council of the Russian Federation

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5. The Cyclone launch vehicle at the launch complex of cosmodrome Plesetsk

ZENITH 13.2 13.7

PROTON 20.6 2.4 Baikonur in operation

PROTON M 22.0 3.0 Baikonur 1998

ANGARA 24.0 3.5 5.0 Plesetsk Svobodny 2000 2001

PLD mass (t)

GSO COSMODROME Start of operation

Plesetsk after 2000

Plesetsk Baikonur in operation

*Highly elliptical orbit GSO geostationary orbit

AUTOMATED GROUND CONTROL COMPLEX

ICC (Instrumentation Control Center)

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ON THE FRONT LINE

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5. Servicewomen at cosmodrome Plesetsk

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SPACE NAVIGATION SYSTEM GLONASS

GPS NAVSTAR GPS NAVSTAR NAVIGATIONAL SIGNALS

COMMAND, PROGRAM AND NAVIGATIONAL INFORMATION

Additional technological information

Scientific methodological information

COORDINATION SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION CENTER Scientific methodological information

SYSTEM CON TROL CENTER GROUND CONTROL COMPLEX

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MASS FRACTION OF HCL

SPECIFIC IMPULS, N s/kg

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1. The "Gals" space craft 2. The "Express" spacecraft

Name of SSM (platform)

Active ser vice life (years)

600 550 500 600

Geostationary satellites 0.2 5 7 0.1

0.1 10 Geostationary satellites 5

G is payload; P is power consumption by payload; U is operating voltage

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TO "PROTON" AND "ANGARA"

FROM "RUSSO BALT"

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1. In the rocket assembly shop

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IN THE INTERESTS OF THE INSURED

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VAST POTENTIAL FOR COOPERATION

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YURI ANDRIANOV, Assistant Director General, State Company Rosvoorouzhenie