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1 ) / o
2
|
- summation layer: each summation node
receives the outputs from pattern nodes
associated with a given class:
L
ct| (
T
1 ) / o
2
|
- output layer: the output nodes are binary
neurons that produce the classification
decision
L
ct| (
T
1 ) / o
2
| > L
ct|
(
T
1 ) / o
2
|
The only factor that needs to be selected for
training is the smoothing factor, that is the
deviation of the Gaussian functions:
- too small deviations cause a very spiky
approximation which can not generalize
well;
- too large deviations smooth out details.
An appropriate deviation is chosen by
experiment [10]
MATERIAL
The material that was used in the present
work was derived from the internet site of
University of California at Irvine (UCI)
Machine Learning Data Repository
3
. The
downloaded file contains medical data
J.Sc. Tech 12(1) 2011
162
concerning breast cancer classification cases
that were categorized by medical experts to
malignant or benign. Table (1) show the
discretion of the three data sets:
Table 1. Data discretions
Data Set Number Number of Instance Number of
Attributes
Data Type Class Distribution
1 699
Missing values= 16
10 Integer Benign:458
Maliganant:241
2 569 32 Real Benign:357
Maliganant:212
3 198 35 Real Benign:151
Maliganant:47
Table 2. Classes and their data discretions
Class B
test
Class A
test
Class
B
Train
Class A
train
Train data/Test data Dataset Number
73 133 166 311 477/206 1
64 107 148 250 398/171 2
44 14 104 32 136/58 3
SIMULATION RESULTS :
One of the most difficult problems for
neural network modeling is selection of
proper neural network structure. Three
neural network structures, multi-layer
perceptrons (MLP) with three layers and 15
hidden nodes, generalized regression neural
networks (GRNN) and probabilistic neural
network (PNN) were applied to three
WBCD data sets to show the performance of
neural networks on breast cancer data. The
simulations were developed using
MATLAB 7.0 Neural Network Toolbox.
The results are shown in table .3.
Table 3. ANNs Performance
Data Set MLP GRNN% PNN%
1 99 97 99
2 98 95 96
3 70 75 75
CONCLUSION :
The neural networks have been applied with
successfully for pattern classification and
recognition problems . The idea as a whole
are a decision making problem, in which a
group of previous observations for the
patient state variable are used to identify the
class of breast cancer. How the neural
networks are used in actual clinical
diagnosis of breast cancer is shown in this
paper. The performance of the three
networks MLP,GRNN and PNN was
investigated for breast cancer diagnosis
using three data sets. MLP, GRNN and PNN
are best classifiers for all data set. The third
data set gave different result because
number of instance was less than the other
sets. According to overall results, it was
seen that the most suitable neural network
model for classifying WBCD data are MLP
and GRNN. The work also indicated that
neural networks can be effectively used for
breast cancer diagnosis to help oncologists
REFERENCES:
1.Tba Kiyan, Tlay Yildirlm (2004).
Breast cancer diagnosis using statistical
neural networks, Journal of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering,14, 1149-1153.
J.Sc. Tech 12(1) 2011
163
2.Spline- B . ,Yuehui Chen, Mingjun Liu,
and Yang , B. O. (2006), Breast cancer
detection using hierarchical, ICNC, Part I,
LNCS 4221, pp. 2528,.
3.Truong, H. ( 2007), Neural networks as
an aid in the diagnosis of lymphocyte-rich
effusions.
4.Markley, Tourassi, M. L. J. and Floyd,
G. C. (2003). Self organizing map for cluster
analysis of a breast cancer database, Artif
Intell Med, pp. 113-127.
5.Kohonen, T., Kangas, J. A., Laaksonen,
J.T.(1990).Variants of self-organizing
maps, IEEE Trans on Nerual Networks,
I,93-99.
6.Pradeep. N. ,Shankaragowda.B. B.,
Karibasappa .K and Ramaswamy. V., An
Artificial Neural Network Approach for
mammography images feature extraction,
Proceedings of the international Conference
on Cognition and Recognition, pp.768-773.
7.Bose, N. K. and Liang, P.(1996). neural
network Fundamentals with Graphs,
Algorithms, and Applications, McGraw-
Hill, New York, NY.
8.Duda , R. O. , Hart , and Stork , P. (2000)
Pattern Classification, 2ed., Wiley .
9.Kerem .H CIIZOLU1 Pnar
AKIN(1990) Artificial neural network
models in : Rain fall Run - off Modeling of
Turkish Rivers.
10. Specht, D. F. P. Robabilistic Neural
Networks, Neural Networks, vol. 3, pp.109-
118 .
11. Soman, K. P. , Shyam Diwakar and
Ajay. V. (2006), Data Mining Theory and
Practice, Prentice Hall of India .
J.Sc. Tech 12(1) 2011
164
Design of Fuzzy Power System Stabilizer for Single Machine System
Eltahir Mohamed Hussin
1
and Bahar A. A. Elmahi
2
1
Sudan University of Science and Technology, College of Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Department
Khartoum Sudan.
2
Industrial Research and Consultancy Center Khartoum Sudan.
ABSTRACT: This paper presents a real- time fuzzy logic controller capable of
improving power system stability. This is done by means of the fuzzy membership
functions whose values are computed depending on the measured generator frequency
and voltage. The controller was tested in real-time for different loads on the generator.
Simulation results showed that the designed fuzzy controller realized a good
dynamic behavior of the system, no overshoot and a good rejection of impact loads
disturbance. The results gave better performance and higher robustness than those
obtained by the application of a conventional controller.
KEYWORDS: Synchronous machine, Power system stability, fuzzy logic controller.
.
INTRODUCTION
Traditionally, controllers are designed
on the basis of a mathematical
description of a system and its
linearized model. It is well known that
power system stabilizers (PSSs) on
generation units are effective tools to
damp electromechanical oscillation
and enhance transient stability in
electric power systems. However, the
long-term operating experience has
shown that conventional PSSs do not
always completely use the capabilities
of excitation system, because
parameters of controllers are fixed and
tuned only for a specific operation
point. Conventional control may be
modified based on results of testing
and experience, but due to the
difficulties of analysis many such
controllers ended in being linear
[1]
.
Recently, new approaches to designing
PSS's have been proposed as a result of
developing computer technologies
including Artificial Intelligence (AI)
technique such as fuzzy logic, neural
network . [
2,3
]. The most recent
progress in field of AI application has
been made in the development of
Fuzzy logic power system stabilizer
(FLPSS) . Fuzzy logic control has
emerged as a powerful tool and is
starting to be used in various power
system applications
[1-8]
. The
application of fuzzy logic control
technique appears to be most suitable
one. whenever a well-defined control
objective cannot be specified the
system to be controlled is a complex
one, or its exact mathematical model is
not available. Hence fuzzy controller
uses fuzzy logic as a design
methodology which can be applied in
developing linear and nonlinear
systems for embedded control. It has
been found to be a good replacement
for conventional control techniques
which require highly complicated
mathematical models. However, the
method simplicity enables the control
designers to realize a control in less
development time at lower cost, and
better performance.
This paper presents adaptive a fuzzy
controller as power system stabilizer
for different operating conditions of
the power system. Fuzzy logic
approach, for system identification
using input and output data (all data in
appendix A) and its application to
design a FPSS. The simulation starts
with output changeable loop of the
conventional controller of the system
J.Sc. Tech 12(1) 2011
165
in order to compare the performances
to those obtained from the respective
FLC system. The system is modeled
and simulated using TIl Shell software.
The system has been performed in
order to subject it to several types of
large disturbances using a single-
machine infinite bus power system.
The performance of the system with
FPSS is compared with the system
having conventional PSS.
System Model: The system
configuration for single machine
infinite bus system considered is
shown in Fig.1. The system studied
includes a single synchronous
generator, automatic voltage regulator,
and governor control. A
stabilization problem is to design a
power system stabilizer that provides a
supplementary stabilizing signal to
enhance the damping torque of the
power system. The design
methodology depends on forming
general rule membership functions and
on determining parameters based on
observed response of system to
disturbance.
Fig. 1 Single Machine Infinite Bus
System configuration
FLC structure: In the conventional
control, the amount of control is
determined in relation to a number of
data inputs using a set of equations to
express the entire control process.
Expressing human experience in the
form of a mathematical formula is a
very difficult task, if not impossible.
Fuzzy logic is derived from fuzzy set
theory where infinite number of
memberships is allowed, it provides a
simple tool to interpret this experience
into reality. Fuzzy logic controllers are
rule-based controllers. The structure of
the FLC resembles that of a knowledge
based controller except that the FLC
utilizes the principles of the fuzzy set
theory in its data representation and its
logic. The basic configuration of the
FLC can be simply represented in;
fuzzification, knowledge base (Rule,
decision) and defuzzufication module
which converts the inferred decision
from the linguistic variables back to
the numerical values Fig.2. The basic
concepts of fuzzy logic control theory
were described by Hussien et.al
[10] and carcau [11]. The operation
principle of such devices is well-
known and described in many
publications. Figure 2 shows Fuzzy
Logic PSS structure.
Fuzzy controller design: The control
design paradigm is to form a system
model and develop control laws from
analysis of the model. The controller
may be modified based on results of
testing and experience. The precise
fuzzy membership functions (MFs)
depend on the valid range of inputs and
general response of the system
[6,10,11]. The design process of FLC
consists of the following steps:-
Fig .2 Fuzzy Logic PSS structure
a - Identification of I/O variables
(Fig.3).
b - Choose the membership function.
J.Sc. Tech 12(1) 2011
166
Fuzzy sets are defined for each input
and output variable. There are three
fuzzy levels
Fig 3. Designing I/O on fuzzy system
/TILShell software.
for inputs and two for output. The
membership functions for input and
output variables are triangular. The
min - max method inference engine is
used; in practice, the universe of
discourse is restricted to a
comparatively small interval [Xmin,
Xmax]. The universe of discourse of
each fuzzy variable can be quantized
into a number of overlapping fuzzy
sets (linguistic variables). The number
of fuzzy sets for each fuzzy variable
varies according to the application.
The number of fuzzy sets results in a
corresponding increase in the number
of rules
[12]
. According to the Fig. 4
showing the fuzzy membership
functions; three linguistic variables for
fuzzification and two for
defuzzification. The whole changing
(V,Hz) space is mapped with decision
variables obtained form expert
information. This decision table
considers all possible control values.
Hence the fuzzy relationship matrix is
constructed out of the 9 possible input
combinations called states, against two
possible decisions in a 9x2 matrix.
c Rules Base
The main part of the FLC is the Rule
Base and the Inference Mechanism.
Here, uncertainties are associated with
each rule in the rule-base. The rule
base is normally expressed in a set of
Fuzzy Linguistic rules, with each rule
triggered with varying
Fig 4. MFs inputs , voltage (a) ,
frequency (b) and output (c)
belief for support. The control rules
were designed to be symmetric under
the assumption that if necessary any
asymmetries could be best handled
through scaling Fig.4 [12,13].
Defuzzification strategy
Defuzzification is a process of
converting the FLC statement into
control actions, or from fuzzy values to
crisp values. The performance of the
FLC depends very much on the
deffuzzification process.
Defuzzification interface performs the
following functions: a) It executes
defuzzification. b) It transforms output
variable value into the actual control-
input of the universe of discourse[17].
The method used here is the center of
area (COA) method. It is also called
the center of gravity method.
a
b
c
J.Sc. Tech 12(1) 2011
167
As mentioned in [12][13]
.
Various
defuzzification methods have been
proposed to convert the output of the
fuzzy controller to a crisp value
required by the plant. These methods
are: Center of Area (COA), Center of
Sum (COS), Height Method (HM),
Mean of maxima (MOM), Center of
Largest (COLA) and First maxima
(FM).
Fig 5. Tuning rule
Fuzzy logic based PSS: The power
system stabilizer is used to improve the
performance of synchronous
generators. However, poor
performance under various loading
conditions is obtained with
conventional PSS. Therefore, the need
for fuzzy logic PSS arises. The fuzzy
controller used in power system
stabilizers is normally a two-input and
a single-output component. A
modification of feedback voltage to
excitation system and frequency as a
function of accelerating power on a
unit is used to enhance the stability of
the system. The stabilizing signals are
computed using the standard fuzzy
membership functions depending upon
these variables[15]. A particular
control design requires specification of
all control rules and membership
functions. The control rules are based
on an understanding of the desired
effect of the controller.
The traditional PSS is modeled by the
transfer function of Eq.1 [14]. The first
term in Eq.1, is a reset term that is used
to wash out the compensation effect
after a time lag T. The second term of
Eq.1 is a lead compensator to account
for the phase lag through the electrical
system [14]. In many practical cases,
the phase lead required is greater than
that obtainable from a single lead
network.
In this case, cascaded lead stages are
used where k is the number of lead
stages. For the proposed FPSS the
second term of eq.1 is replaced with a
fuzzy logic rule-base using the
deviation from synchronous voltage
and frequency deviation of the
machine are the error, e, and error
change signals, respectively for the
controller [14-19]. The control output
u, is the stabilizing signal Vs. Each
control rule R, is of the form:
IF e is A, AND is B, THEN u is C
(2)
Simulation Results and Discussion:
The proposed approach applied to
single machine infinte bus system(Gas
Turbine) is one of system existing in
Gas Plant Station-Garri area. In this
paper ,the simulation was implemented
by using TIL Shel software in fuzzy
system environment. The data of the
system are given in the appendix A.
The system was simulated with
different values of the parameter
considered and compared to nominal
value (real value).The feedback control
algorithms were iterated until best
(1)
J.Sc. Tech 12(1) 2011
168
simulation results were obtained
(Fig.6,7 and 8).
Fig.9 shows that the FPSS has an
excellent response to different load
disturbance, compared to CPSS
response. Table .1; shows the outputs
for both controllers (CPP,FLC). The
reason for superior performance of
fuzzy controlled system is that
basically it is adaptive in nature and
the controller is able to realize
different control law for each input
state.
Table 1. The simulation results
Time Conventional FLC Time Conventional FLC
1:04 20.92 20.6917 1:34 20.62 20.6917
1:06 20.62 20.6917 1:36 20.62 20.6917
1:08 20.92 20.6917 1:38 21.22 20.6917
1:10 20.62 20.6917 1:40 20.77 20.6917
1:12 21.12 20.6917 1:42 20.62 20.6917
1:14 21.12 20.6917 1:44 20.77 20.6917
1:16 20.82 20.6917 1:46 20.92 20.6917
1:18 20.62 20.6917 1:48 20.62 20.6917
1:20 21.12 20.6917 1:50 20.62 20.6917
1:22 21.07 20.6917 1:52 20.62 20.6917
1:24 20.92 20.6917 1:54 21.22 20.6917
1:26 20.92 20.6917 1:56 20.92 20.6917
1:28 20.62 20.6917 1:58 20.62 20.6917
Fig 6. The performance of CPSS
J.Sc. Tech 12(1) 2011
169
Fig 7. The performance of FPSS
Fig.8 The different between two methods (CPSS, FPSS)
Fig. (9) Comparing the two methods (FPSS&PSS)
Fig 10. Control Surface rule viewer
CONCLUSION
This work studied the effect of the
parameters uncertainties on the power
system stability.The control strategy is
based on FLC approach. A complete
fuzzy logic control based synchronous
generator has been described. The
system was analyzed and designed,
and performance was studied
extensively by simulation in order to
validate the theoretical concept. The
simulation results show that the
proposed controller is superior to
conventional controller in robustness
and in tracking precision. The
simulation study clearly indicates the
superior performance of fuzzy control,
because it is inherently adaptive in
nature. It appears from the response
properties that it has a high
performance in presence of the plant
parameters uncertain and load
disturbances. FLC gives fast dynamic
response with no overshoot and
negligible steady-state error. The
CPSS FPSS
J.Sc. Tech 12(1) 2011
170
decoupling, stability and convergence
to equilibrium point are verified.
APPENDIX A
Time Voltage Frequency Output
MW
Time Voltage Frequency Output
MW
1:14 10.45 50.0 21.12 1:30 10.45 50.00 21.22
1:16 10.45 50.0 20.82 1:32 10.45 50.00 21.22
1:18 10.45 50.0 20.62 1:34 10.45 50.01 20.62
1:20 10.45 50.0 21.12 1:36 10.45 50.00 20.62
1:22 10.45 50.0 21.07 1:38 10.45 50.01 21.22
1:24 10.45 50.0 20.92 1:40 10.45 50.00 20.77
1:26 10.45 50.0 20.92 1:42 10.52 50.00 20.62
1:28 10.52 50.0 20.62 1:44 10.52 50.00 20.77
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