World Engineering Congress 2010, 2nd 5th August 2010, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia Conference on Buildings and Infrastructure

e Technology

CBIT15 STRENGTH OF INTERMEDIATE LENGTH TUBULAR STEEL COLUMNS BARE, CONCRETE FILLED, RETROFITTED OR REHABILITATED
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Narayanan S. P1., Kalaikumar,V2., Cossa N.J3 and Hasifi.M.S 3 Assoc. Prof., Civil dept. Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Tronoh, 31750, Perak, Malaysia. 2 Lecturer, Civil dept. Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Tronoh, 31750, Perak, Malaysia. 2 Student, Civil dept. Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Tronoh, 31750, Perak, Malaysia. Email: narayanan_sambu@petronas.com.my

ABSTRACT
Steel tubular members are used in high rise buildings, industrial structures, piles, bridge piers and offshore structures. The strength of short length steel tubular bare or infilled with normal concrete is widely reported. The codes provide expressions for evaluating the nominal strength of short and long, bare and infilled steel columns. Not many studies on intermediate length steel columns are reported. The ongoing research on concrete infilled steel tubular sections has the following aspects: (1) Steel tubulars of length 1200 mm infilled with concrete of grades 30, 60 and 80 N/mm2 tested in axial compression and comparison with the code predicted ultimate strengths using EC4, BS5400, ACI, AS and AIJ. The results show that BS5400 predicted values were 30% lower than experimental results whereas ACI, AS and AIJ predictions were 5% higher for concrete 60Mpa and 80 MPa. (2) Rehabilitation of artificially damaged tubulars using concrete, grout and CFRP sheets. The artificial damage simulating typical patch corrosion reduced the ultimate strength by 523%. Concrete filled tubulars when corroded had reduced strength by 40-50%. The several retrofit methods showed significant increase in strength. However, grout infill showed highest strength gain, followed by concrete infill. CFRP retrofit showed only limited increase. Keywords: steel tubular, concrete, infill, CFRP, corrosion, retrofit.

INTRODUCTION
Concrete Filled Steel Tube (CFST) are composite structural systems of steel tube and in filled concrete. The combination is ideal since concrete core has high compressive strength and stiffness while the steel tube has high strength and ductility [1]. CFST columns are primary axial load carrying members in many structural applications including high-rise buildings, bridges, piles and offshore structures. The structural properties of CFST columns include high strength, high ductility and high energy absorption capacity. The load carrying capacity, behaviour in compression, bending, shear and fatigue resistance under cyclic seismic loading are superior to reinforced concrete, reason why they are widely used in Japan and China [2], countries in earthquake prone zones. The CFST columns also offer economical advantages during the construction process. Previous research works indicated that their behaviour is affected by the shape and the thickness of the steel tube. Circular CFST section has additional strength compared to square section due to confinement of concrete. This depends on the diameter-to-thickness ratio, and the slenderness of the member. Slender CFST columns tend to exhibit less increase of load due to confinement effect since they fail due to overall buckling. This study extends the applicability of CFST with high-strength concrete columns to the intermediate length (40 <slenderness ratio<150).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Eight intermediate length CFST columns with concrete infills of different strengths were tested. All the columns were cold rolled with circular hollow sections. The specimen properties are listed in Table 1. The C50-4-00 is sample with 50 mm diameter, 4 mm thickness and no infill whereas C50-4-30 has infill concrete of strength 30MPa. The columns were 1200mm long to ensure the intended slenderness ratio. To study the efficiency of different rehabilitation methods, 12 tubular specimens were used. The number of specimens used for evaluating each type of rehabilitation method for the damaged steel tubes are shown in Table 2.

Material Properties
Concrete of compressive strength of 30, 60, and 80 N/mm2 were produced using normal curing techniques. The trial mix designs are shown in Table 3. Cube (150mm) tests were used to determine the compressive strength for the concrete. The results are displayed on the Table 3.

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World Engineering Congress 2010, 2nd 5th August 2010, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia Conference on Buildings and Infrastructure Technology

Table 1: Specimen Properties for CFST

Sample No C50-4-00 C50-4-30 C50-4-60 C50-4-80 C50-5-00 C50-5-30 C50-5-60 C50-5-80

D (mm) 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50

t (mm) 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5

L (mm) 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200

As (mm2) 523 523 523 523 643 643 643 643

Ac (mm2) --1350 1350 1350 --1320 1320 1320

fy (N/mm2) 195 195 195 195 195 195 195 195

fc (N/mm2) ---30 60 80 ---30 60 80

Table 2: The number of specimens for evaluating rehabilitation methods

Notation A3 A2 B2 B3

Dimension of Tubular Steel Members Diameter Thickness (cm) (cm) 5 2.9 3.2 8 4.0 3.2 Total

Patch Corroded 1 1 1 3

Concrete infill 1 1 1 3

Rehabilitation methods Grout Infill CFRP 3 3 1 1 2

Table 3: Concrete Mix Design

Mix Elements OPC (Kg/m ) Water Fine Aggregate (Kg/m3) Coarse Aggregate(Kg/m3) Silica Fume Superplasticizer W/C Ratio Mean 28 day strength Std.dev.
3

Grade 30 313 158 619 1313 0.50 32.0 2.16

Grade 60 490 141 471 1310 0.29 62.5 0.9

Grade 80 600 178 650 1090 60 24 0.27 78.6 0.75

The steel properties provided by the vendor are presented in Table 4.

Table 4: Steel Properties

Standard Specification BS 1387:1985

Standard Grading Light Grade

Tensile Strength (MPa) min. 320-460

Yield Strength (MPa) min. 195

Simulation of patch corrosion

Portions of wall thickness of the steel tubes were removed by using hand-held electric powered grinder to simulate the patch corrosion. Measurements were taken with the calliper to ensure the correct reduced wall thickness (tr). The parameters of the patch corrosion (based on a study conducted by Ricles and Hebor [8] are the width of corrosion c taken as 0.5D; where D = cross sectional outside diameter; = angle around the circumference which is subtended by the corrosion patch (radian) and the height of the corrosion, h = 0.5D, measured along the longitudinal axis of the tubular. In this study, tr is half of the wall thickness of the steel tubes (t), while is assumed to be 90 degrees. The shape of the patch corrosion was drawn on the steel according to the Table 5 and Figure 1. C refers sample with patch corrosion.

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World Engineering Congress 2010, 2nd 5th August 2010, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia Conference on Buildings and Infrastructure Technology

Retrofit and rehabilitation using CFRP

To study the effect of CFRP for retrofitting, one bare steel tube wrapped with CFRP was tested. To study rehabilitation, two steel tubes having artificial corrosion was wrapped with CFRP and tested. The average values of ultimate tensile strength and modulus of elasticity of CFRP were 3500 and 2.1 105 MPa, respectively.
Table 5: Geometry of Patch corrosion

Sample A3-C B2-C B3-C

L (mm) 1200 1200 1200

D (mm) 50 80 80

t (mm) 2.9 4.0 3.2

tr (mm) 1.45 2.00 1.60

tr/t 0.5 0.5 0.5

(degrees) 90 90 90

c (mm) 39.2 62.8 62.8

h (mm) 25 40 40

Testing Procedure
The compression tests were carried out with 500KN Universal Test Machine. The specimen set-up is presented on Figure 2.The specimens were first placed concentrically under the loading head; this process involved a manual preloading to secure the specimens in place. Steel rigid plates were placed at both ends of the columns to distribute the applied load uniformly over the concrete and steel. Then the specimens were loaded at rate of 0.5KN/s. The ultimate strength was recorded when both load and strain had been stabilized.

Figure 1: Geometric Parameters of tubular corrosion patch (a) Subtended Angle (), Diameter (D), height (h), width (w) (b) Thickness (t), reduced thickness (tr) [8]

Figure 2: Experimental Set up

Codes of Practice
The experimental results were compared with the predictions of Eurocode 4 [7], ACI 318-95 [3] and Australian Standards (AS 3600 & AS4100) Codes, AIJ [4] Code and BS 5400 Part 5 [5].

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Table 6 shows the compression strengths of bare tubes from experiment, Pc,exp, (col.3) and the patch corroded tubes Pu,exp (col.5). The strength reduction due to standard patch varies between 5.70 to 22.86%. Since the test results show adequate reduction in strength, the parameters of patch corrosion is adequate. The compression strengths of the 8 columns with concrete infill are given in Table 7 column 2. As expected, the smaller the D/t ratio greater is the compressive strength of the CFST. For example, specimen C50-5-60 (50 mm diameter and thickness 5 mm) (D/t=11) has higher load resistance than C50-4-60 (D/t=14). The reason is that, the smaller D/t ratio provides a better confinement of concrete. However, in this research, the confinement of concrete was not significant in overall CSFT behaviour, as the length of the column dictated the failure mode. The strength of the patch corroded member and patch corroded member with concrete infill (rehabilitation) is shown in column 2 and 3 respectively of Table 8. The strength of patch corroded member rehabilitated using CFRP wrap is given in Table 9.

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World Engineering Congress 2010, 2nd 5th August 2010, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia Conference on Buildings and Infrastructure Technology

Comparison with design codes

Table 7 shows the comparison of the experimental results and the design codes. BS5400 provides lower predictions than the experimental results. The tests results are higher by 20-35% than the predicted. This demonstrates that the BS5400 is more conservative in determining the ultimate load. This under prediction could be because BS5400 takes into account the slenderness of the column, by incorporating the reduction factors, which depend on L/D ratio. EC4 predicted the highest values among all codes. This is because it gives higher value of concrete strength enhancement for all the specimens. It is observed that the EC4 provides a better prediction for concrete strength of 30MPa. However as the concrete strength increases, the EC4 predicts higher values than the experimental load. The EC4 over prediction is by 10%. Similar results were also observed by [9], who concluded that the Eurocode 4 was unconservative for thin-walled steel tubes filled with highstrength concrete. The ACI, AS and AIJ, which ignore the concrete strength enhancement due to confinement, provided values relatively closer to the experimental results (the ratio of experimental results to code predictions were close to one). However there is a tendency of over prediction, when the concrete strength increases. For instance the NExp/NAS/ACI ratio is 0.94 for specimens with concrete grades 60MPa and 80MPa. The reason is that, the specimens fail by elastic buckling.
Table 6 Strength of bare tubes and patch corroded tubes

Sample A3-B B2-B B3-B

Pc(BS 5950) (kN) 127.99 273.94 219.15

Pc,exp (kN) 151.17 312.52 221.88

Exp/BS 1.18 1.14 1.01

Pu, exp (kN) 116.61 260.89 209.25

Strength reduction (%) 22.86 16.52 5.70

Sample No 1

NExp(KN) Nu (KN) 3

NEC4 2/3 4

Table 7: Comparison of results NBS5400 NAIJ Nu 2/5 Nu 2/7 (KN) (KN) 5 6 7 8

Nu (KN)) 9

NAS/ACI 2/9 10

C50-4-00 C50-4-30 C50-4-60 C50-4-80 C50-5-00 C50-5-30 C50-5-60 C50-5-80

123 153 166 189 150 166 181 207

145 189 217 165 205 231

BS 5950 : BARE SECTION: Apy=86.00 Nexp/NBS5950 = 1.42 1.05 113 1.35 139 1.10 139 0.88 0.87 1.01 0.88 0.90 132 145 132 150 162 1.25 1.30 1.26 1.21 1.28 176 200 159 193 215 0.94 0.94 1.04 0.94 0.96 176 200 159 193 215

1.10 0.94 0.94 1.04 0.94 0.96

BS 5950 : BARE SECTION: Apy=105.00 Nexp/NBS5950 = 1.43

The strength gain of patch corroded member when infilled with concrete or grout varies from 3.52 % to 64.71%, the largest gain being for the grout infilled corroded member. Comparing col.4 and col.3, the strength reduction of CFST due to corrosion can be determined. The ratio varies from 0.52 to 0.57 (col.6).
Table 8 Patch corroded members rehabilitated with concrete or grout infill

Specimen

1 A3-30 A3-60 A3-80 A3-G

Patch Corroded Member, Pu,exp (kN) 2 116.61 116.61 116.61 116.61

Patch Corroded Member + Concrete Infill (kN) 3 120.72 139.84 173.54 192.07

EC4 Calculation, NRd (kN) 4 203.72 268.49 306.56 -

Strength Gained (3-2)x100/2 (%) 5 3.52 19.92 48.82 64.71

Ratio 3/4

6 0.59 0.52 0.57 -

The effectiveness of the CFRP jacket was measured by examining the enhancement in the ultimate load of the jacketed patch corroded steel tubes. The strength of bare steel tubes was compared with jacketed patch corroded tubes in Table 9.

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World Engineering Congress 2010, 2nd 5th August 2010, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia Conference on Buildings and Infrastructure Technology

Table 9 Patch corroded member rehabilitated with CFRP

Specimen Pu, exp (KN) Pu, CFRP (kN) Pu, CFRP/Pu,exp

A3-B 151.17 122.09 0.81

A3-C 116.61 136.21 1.17

B2-C 260.89 266.35 1.02

CONCLUSIONS
From the comparisons, it was concluded that: 1. The ultimate loads for bare steel tubes were reduced by 5-23% due to the patch corrosion. 2. The BS5400 predicted values for CFST were 30% lower than the experimental results, as it neglected the added concrete strength due to confinement. 3. The ACI, AS and the AIJ, showed same trend of results, and the predicted strength of CFST was 5% higher than the experimental results for concrete of 60Mpa and 80MPa. 4. Although, the diameter-to-thickness ratios are low (11 and 14), the confinement of concrete had less effect on the specimens because the experimental result had lower values than the predicted by the EC4 that takes consideration of confinement. 5. Overall, the behaviour of the high strength CFST intermediate length columns is characterized by elastic buckling, and although there is no confinement, the strength of concrete adds compression capacity of the column. 6. Comparison between the code prediction (EC4) for CFST and experimental strength of the concrete-filled corroded steel tubes shows that the strength concrete-filled steel tubes were reduced by 40-50% due to the corrosion. This indicates that strength reduction due to corrosion is a major problem for concrete-filled column. 7. Several rehabilitation methods used showed a significant increase of strength for the damaged steel tubes. Repair methods using grout show highest strength gain on patch corroded steel tube, followed by concrete infill. 8. Although the CFRP-confinement only cause limited increase on the strength of damaged steel tubes, it is suitable for seismic retrofit of structures as proposed by many researchers. More studies are needed before any conclusion could be drawn on the application of CFRP on damaged steel tubes. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors acknowledge the support provided by Mr Johan Ariff B. Mohamed and Mr Imtias Amir B. Bahauddin of the Concrete Lab of the University in carrying out the experiments. This work was carried out with support from the STIRF Grant No.50/08.09 for project Rehabilitation of Intermediate Length Damaged Steel Columns in Offshore Applications. The support provided by the Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS is also acknowledged. REFERENCES [1] Mursi, M. and Uy, B., 2004, Strength of slender concrete filled high strength steel box column, Journal of construction steel research, Australia [2] Xiao, Y., et al, 2005, Confinement design of CFT columns for improved seismic performance, Hunan University, China [3] ACI Committee 318. Building code requirements for reinforced concrete (ACI 18-95) and commentary (ACI 318R-99), Detroit: American Concrete Institute; 1999. [4] Architectural Institute of Japan. Recommendations for design and construction of concrete filled steel tubular structures. October 1997 [5] British Standards Institution, BS-5400, Part 5, 1979, Steel, concrete, and composite bridges, Part 5.Code of practice for design of composite bridges, London [6] British Standards Institution, BS-5950, Part 1, 2000, Structural use of Steel work in building, London [7] Eurocode 4.Design of steel and concrete structures, Part1.1, General rules and rules for building DD ENV 1994-1-1: 1996. London W1A2BS: British Standards Institution; 1994 [8] Ricles, J.M., and Hebor, M.F., 1994, Residual Strength and Epoxy-Based Grout Repair of Corroded Offshore Tubulars, BOSS94, Seventh International Conference on Behaviour of Offshore Structures, Vol.3, Structures. [9] OShea MD, Bridge RQ. Design of circular thin-walled concrete filled steel tubes. Journal of Structural Engineering ASCE 2000;126 (11):1295303.

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