CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.

1 The Background of the Study development of the computer and communication

technology has paved the way to newer forms of information dissemination and brought about a change from the traditional library to the digital library. This idea of easy, finger-tip access to information, what has now been conceptualized as the digital library today began with Vannear Bushs Memex machine (Bush 1945) and has continued to evolve with each advancement in information technology, also with the arrival of the computer they concept now centers on large bibliographic databases, they now familiar online retrieval and public access systems that are part of any contemporary library. Presently lots of libraries are actively involved in building institutional repositories of their institution's books, papers, theses, and other works which can be digitized or were 'born digital'. Many of these repositories are made available to the general public with few restrictions, in accordance with the

goals of open access, in contrast to the publication of research in commercial journals, where the publishers often limit access rights. The library can be categorised into different types based on the target audience (Aina 2004). Each category could be further divided into specific types. The major types are as follows; Academic library, School library, National library, Special library, Public library. Academic library are libraries that are attached to postsecondary institutions. The perform function directly related to the mission of the institution they serve. In the areas of learning, teaching, research and service. The library in this regard is seen as the heart of the intellectual system of the university and to a large extent the quality of the university is measured by the services provided by the library because of its unique position in the overall university system. The National library is supposed to be the apex library of a country. In many cases, the library is in the executive arm of government as it is the case of Nigeria, Botswana and many other countries. The principal function of a national library is to serve as
2

the depository of all copyright publications within a country. This facilitates the publication by the library of the national

bibliography of the country on an annual basis. They public library is more or less a universal library. It is expected to serve all kinds of people including young people and people with disabilities. Some of the characteristics of a public library are provision of free service to all, support for the civic and cultural activities of a community and meeting the informational needs of all in the society. Based on the above definitions the library can be seen as a storehouse, which stocks all forms of knowledge and information carriers that are meant to be consulted and used by reader with little or no expense on their part, a library can also be viewed as an organized collection of items which may be in the form of books, journals, videotapes, CDROMS etc. Along with the services required to make them available to a given user group or groups it has been referred to as a place to get information and also get help finding information. It could be physical, virtual or a combination of both.
3

According to Ojedokun (2000) a digital library is listed as including electronic Databases on the Internet, World Wide Web (WWW), Compact Disc Read Only Memory (CDROM) and propriety services such as dialog, thus a digital library is viewed as a collection of full text bibliographic information sources rather than building and incorporates human services and information technology tools. The digital library in a broad sense is a computerized system that allows obtaining a coherent means of access to an organized, electronically stored repository of information and data. It is a relatively new concept that explains the nature of the collection it holds. This oxymoronic phrase has attracted dreamers and

engineers, visionaries and entrepreneurs, a diversity of social scientists, lawyers and technicians and even ironically librarians though some would argue that digital libraries have very little to do with libraries as institutions or the practice of librarianship. Others would argue that the issue of the future of the library as social, cultural and community institutions, along with related questions about the character and treatment of what we have come to call intellectual property in our society. Libraries today
4

which thrive to push the frontiers of knowledge to greater heights have accepted information communication technology into the library and this has in turn had great impact on the field and profession of librarianship and libraries, an example of this is seen in the way we now perceive and disseminate information which has even threatened the traditional approaches to libraries and its professionals. The impact of such technologies as the computer, internet, multimedia and the CDROMS has led to what we now refer to as a paperless society. The convergence of

computational storage and networking technologies now have a wider impact on the society, for instance computers record any given information at high speed and disseminate this information through a network to wherever it is required by users. In popular usage, the term information refers to facts and opinions provided and received during the course of daily life: one obtains information directly from other living beings, from mass media, from electronic data banks, and from all sorts of observable phenomena in the surrounding environment. A person using such facts and opinions generates more information, some of which is communicated to others during discourse, by instructions, in letters
5

and documents, and through other media. Information organized according to some logical relationships is referred to as a body of knowledge, to be acquired by systematic exposure or study. Application of knowledge (or skills) yields expertise, and additional analytic or experiential insights are said to constitute instances of wisdom. Use of the term information is not restricted exclusively to its communication via natural language. Information is also registered and communicated through art and by facial expressions and gestures or by such other physical responses as shivering. Moreover, every living entity is endowed with

information in the form of a genetic code. These information phenomena permeate the physical and mental world, and their variety is such that it has defied so far all attempts at a unified definition of information. 1.1.1 Brief History of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria The Ahmadu Bello University was founded on October 4, 1962 as the University of Northern Nigeria by the then Northern Region government and was taken over as a Federal Institution in 1975. As stated in Part (ii) of its Principal law, the University was created to,
6

among other things, produce high level manpower, secure the diffusion of knowledge, research and community service in Northern Nigeria and Nigeria in general, and to function as a centre of excellence. Sir Ahmadu Bello, of Northern Nigeria and first Chancellor of the University had this vision for the University:" The cardinal principle upon which our University is founded is to impart knowledge and learning to men and women of all races without any distinction on the grounds of race, religious, or political beliefs. This principle is enshrined in the University Law. Only through freedom of membership and freedom of enquiry and research can a University be drawn into the full ferment of thought from which new knowledge comes. Only if it adheres to those freedoms can it become truly great. From a modest beginning in 1962, by 2002 the University has been transformed into the largest and the most extensive of all Universities in SubSaharan Africa. Currently, the University covers a land area of 7,000 hectares and encompasses twelve academic faculties, a Postgraduate School and 82 academic departments. It also has five Institutes, six specialized centres, a Division of Agricultural Colleges, a Demonstration Secondary School, a Primary School
7

and Extension and Consultancy Services, which provide a variety of services to the University and the wider society. The total students enrolment in the Universitys degree and sub-degree programs is about 35,000, drawn from every state of the Federation, Africa and the rest of world. There are about 1,400 academic and research staff and 5,000 support staff serving the University. The University has also nurtured two University Colleges, the Abdullahi Bayero College (now Bayero University , Kano ) and the Abubakar Tafawa Balewa College Now Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University of Technology, Bauchi). While 27 tertiary Institutions made up of Colleges of Education, Polytechnics and Schools of Basic of Preliminary Studies are affiliated to it. The university library system comprises the main library Kashim Ibrahim Library (KIL), the President Kennedy Library (PKL) and ten other satellite libraries located in Zaria and Kaduna Environs. Within the 40 years of existence, the University had to a great extent, met the development needs for which it was founded, especially with regards to the production of high-quality graduates and Community Service in Engineering, Environmental Design, the Medical Sciences, Agriculture, the Humanities, Education and the
8

Natural Sciences. The Universitys five hundred thousand alumni are found in all parts of Nigeria, Niger Republic, the Cameroon, South Africa, Europe, Asia and the United States. Its products occupy important positions in the public and the private sectors of the economy, at all levels of Government, and in educational Institutions of higher learning in and outside Nigeria. 1.2 Statement of the Problem They information explosion of the 21st century has made libraries to be faced with the task of handling the vast number of information present in the library and on the internet, the digital library being a relatively new trend to the profession has stepped in to aid the profession and the professional. Hence the purpose for this research is to find the challenges of implementing digital libraries in academic environments which would later possibly aid libraries wishing or aspiring to start one. This research is therefore driven by the following problem statements. Of what benefits would a digital library in the university have on the staff and students of the university, will the implementation of a digital library in the university bring forth challenges to the universities staff
9

and students or will the implementation of digital libraries bring forth no challenge what so ever to the library and university as a whole. Is the technology and knowhow required to smoothly run a digital library present or in existence in the university or is there an absence of the technology required to smoothly run a digital library in the university. The Staff and students being potential users of these resources will they be well catered for; i.e. have they been well oriented on the forms of information resources available to them in a digital library, usage, maintenance and operation of the digital library or are they believed to be in the know. Lastly the university, does it view the digital library in a positive light or negative because its perspective of the library would go a long way in determining whether there would be a continuity of the service rendered. 1.3 Research Questions The research seeks to answer these questions during its course
1. What are the benefits of a digital library in Ahmadu

Bello University
10

2. What

possible

challenges

could

be

faced

in

implementing the digital library in Ahmadu Bello University

3. Will the digital library better improve the academic

performance of students of Ahmadu Bello University

4. What forms of information will the digital library of

Ahmadu Bello University provide? 1.4 Objective of the Study

The objective and aims of this research is geared at finding the benefits of the digital library to the school (ABU) and give its impact on the performance of both the staff and students of the school, which it would serve. The research would also show the potential rigours likely to be faced during the stage of implementation of the digital library or otherwise start of the digital library and give the varied forms in which the library could stock its information. Finally the research would show who the users of the digital library would be, and give their opinions about the library and the services offered.

11

1.5

Significance of the Study This research which is focused on showing the problems

faced in the course of starting a digital library cannot be over emphasized due to the vast array of information now available. The research is targeted at showing the present state of digital libraries in the university in terms of utilization and challenges and aspects that require further research. They research would also aim at giving an insight into the difference between digital libraries and the present electronic library which seem to be taken as the same thing. Finally the research would show how important it is to introduce the use of digital library to the institution and its impact on day to day routines 1.6 Assumption of the study

The study assumes that digital libraries are in the process of being developed at the Kashim Ibrahim library of the institution of study because of the current automation and digitization processes being undergone in the library. The study also assumes that users
12

of the library are gradually getting to know of the availability and presence of this phenomenon of study. 1.7 Scope and Limitation The scope of this study covers the main campus of Ahmadu Bello University; notable areas of coverage would include the main library of the university (KIL), and the Electronic Library (MTN Library). An attempt would be made to look at what form of digital libraries are in place in the institution and the challenge faced. The limitations encountered during this research are numerous but chief among them are; Lack of adequate sources of information, Time constraint, and financial problems.

13

References Aguolu, I. E. Nigerian University Libraries: What Future? The International Information and Library Review, 1996.28(3): 262. Allen B. Vannear. Major Decision Points in Library Automation, College and Research Libraries, 31(September 1970), 303-304 Arms, W. Y. Key concepts in the architecture of the digital library. D-lib Magazine, July, 1995URL:http://www.dlib.org/dlib/July95/07arms.html Devchoudhuri, G.B. Digital Libraries: An overview In T.A.V. Murthy et al (ed): Automation of Libraries in North Eastern Region: Trends, Issues and challenges. PLANNER. Shillong. Nov. 6-7. 2003. Inflibnet. Pp 172-176 "Information Processing." Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica Student and Home Edition. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2010. Kumar, P.S.G. Students Manual of Library and Information Science, BR Publishing Corporation. New Delhi, 2002. pp 717-719 Paul Beckett and James OConnell, Education and Power in Nigeria, Hodder and Stoughton, 1977, pp. 26-30; and History of Ahmadu Bello University, Appendix V and VI, pp. 280-1

Sir Eric Ashby. Investment in Education: The Report of the Commission on Post-School Certificate and Higher Education (Lagos, 1960)

14

CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction Researchers have offered several theoretical frameworks to describe the nature of digital libraries as emerging phenomena. This chapter will be aimed at reviewing related literature to the study. In this respect related reviews would be carried out on the following: 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Functions of Academic Libraries Digital libraries Library Automation Digitization

2.1

Functions of Academic Libraries

Academic libraries play unique roles of coordinating and supporting teaching, learning and research efforts of both students and staff of their parent institutions. In the words of
15

Olanlokun and Salisu (1993), academic libraries perform the following: 1. Acquire and organize relevant materials for the use of students, researchers, teachers and the general library user. 2. Preserve and transmit knowledge through bibliographical instruction and proper organization of the library collection. 3. Contribute to the extension of the frontiers of knowledge through the provision of relevant research materials to aid researchers and teachers as well as personalized services. 4. The enrich the programs of those pursuing courses leading to the award of degrees and diplomas by providing them with up to date information and helping them to obtain information from other sources. Edmund (1978) on his part believes that academic libraries collect, examine and make available information relating to university education and to assist in consultation with the university and other bodies concerned. Similarly Aina (2004) asserts that they perform functions directly related to the mission and vision of the
16

institutions they serve, their purpose is to support the objectives of the institutions which are in areas of learning, teaching, research, and services. Academic libraries are thus faced with the challenges of providing information in virtually all subjects and disciplines offered in their institution. This information sources represented in a plethora of sources is needed to satiate the demand of diverse and sophisticated users of academic libraries. As a result of the series of researchers and developmental activities going on in the global academic community, new information are daily being generated and added to the repertoire of global academic records. It therefore gives the library the chief responsibility of not only seeking and bringing information together in various sources and diverse forms but also to communicate and facilitate the impartation of knowledge contained therein to those who need them. Ifidion and Nkoli (2002) on their part identified the basic functions of academic libraries they include; 1. Provision of materials for undergraduate instructions, term papers and projects as well as for supplementary readings.

17

2. Provision of materials in support of faculty, external and collaborating researchers. 3. Provision of materials for self-development. 4. Provision of expensive standard work especially in the professional discipline. 5. Provision of specialized information on the region within which the university is situated. 6. Cooperation with other academic libraries with the view to developing a network of academic library resources that are at the disposal of all scholars. 2.2 Digital Libraries

A digital library may be perceived as an information service or a collection of electronic information resources, in which all the information resources are available in computer process-able form. According to Irokwe (2001), a digital library is a library that harnesses digital technologies as infrastructure to search, collect, organize, store and distribute cultural, historical and scientific information whether it is text, visual images or sound. Oppenheim
18

and Smithson (1999) define the digital library as "an information service in which all the information resources are available in computer process-able form and the functions of acquisition, storage, retrieval, access and display are carried out through the use of digital technologies". Saracevic (2000) in a survey of definitions of digital libraries summarized these common concepts. Digital libraries contain managed collections or resources that have been selected, organized, licensed, secured and preserved. The resources have some type of representation or metadata and can be searched and retrieved. Users access digital libraries through interaction with computer interfaces via networks. Mitchell (1999) also views this system as one which allows users to find and more fully use the information contained within the system in a timely and effective way. Taking a close look at the definitions given by Irokwe, Oppenheim and Smithson and Mitchell you would notice that they all say similar things in that they are all looking at the digital library as performing the same old functions of acquisition, storage, search, retrieval and display with the use of digital technologies to give their services. The use of the digital technology then gives the recipient or user ease in
19

the accessing and retrieval of the digitized information resources. Akpan (2001) further supports this notion by saying information can be delivered across countries into houses and offices instantly. This notion of delivery of information serves they library better because electronic books, journals and other information resources are made accessible to an unlimited audience at the same time and anywhere. It however implies that all digital library systems are computerized and own a public network internet protocol address (IP Address) which veers from the concept from a digital library to a virtual library. In light of this Gbaje (2007) views any form of remote access to a digital library as being a virtual library. He goes on to say that a digital library can exist independently but a virtual library must be built on the frame work of a digital library. another definition of the digital library is that of the Digital Library Federation (DLF) where digital libraries was defined as

organizations that provide resources, including the specialized staff, to select, structure, offer intellectual access to, interpret, distribute, preserve the integrity of and ensure the persistence over time of collections of digital works so that they are readily and

20

economically available for use by a community or set of communities. 2.2.1 Framework for a Digital Library A digital library is built around specific repository software. The best known examples of this are DSpace, Eprints, Fedora, dLibra (Poland), CiteSeerX and Greenstone Digital Library Software. In 2009, Fedora Commons and the DSpace Foundation merged to create a new organization Dura Space. The Reference Model for an Open Archival Information System (OAIS) provides a framework to address digital preservation. Other formal

frameworks include the DELOS Reference Model (Agosti, et al., 2006) and the Streams, Structures, Spaces, Scenarios, Societies (5S) formal framework (Gonalves, Fox, Watson, & Kipp, 2004) 2.2.2 Metadata The ability to find works of interest in large libraries is directly related to how well they are catalogued. Metadata is the data that describes the content and attributes of any particular item in a digital library. Metadata is another issue central to the development of digital libraries. It is a concept familiar to librarians
21

because it is one of the primary things that librarians do; they create cataloguing records that describe documents. Metadata is important in digital libraries because it is the key to resource discovery and use of any document. Anyone who has used Alta Vista, Excite, or any of the other search engines on the Internet knows that with simple full-text searches, one can get thousands of hits, but most of them will be irrelevant. While there are formal library standards for metadata, namely AACR, such records are very time-consuming to create and require specially trained personnel. Human cataloguing, though superior, is just too labour intensive for the already large and rapidly expanding information environment. Thus, simpler schemes for metadata are being proposed as solutions. While they are still in their infancy, a number of schemes have emerged, the most prominent of which is the Dublin Core, an effort to try and determine the core elements needed to describe materials. The first workshop took place at OCLC headquarters in Dublin, Ohio, hence the name Dublin Core. The Dublin Core workshops defined a set of fifteen metadata elements much simpler than those used in traditional library cataloguing. They were designed to be simple enough to
22

be used authors, but at the same time, descriptive enough to be useful in resource discovery. 2.2.3 Problems faced by digital libraries According to Ribeiro (1998), digital libraries are becoming more complex systems which include text search, functionality relating to hypertext, multimedia, the Web and highly interactive interfaces. As such if individuals and companies have problems designing good web sites it is only reasonable that we should have problems designing digital libraries that are going to be uploaded on the internet. This is because digital libraries are more than just web sites or stores of information in libraries over a network. Dix et al (1995) argues that even if one has used the best methodology and model in the design of a usable interactive system, one still needs to assess the design and test the system to ensure that it behaves as expected and meets end-users' requirements. Designers of this kind of library system need to provide efficient ways to structure information, and represent them digitally using computers. To design good, usable digital libraries, one requires knowledge about who will use them, what they will be used for, the work context and the environment in
23

which they will be used, and what is technically and logistically feasible. This is all in addition to the usual usability concerns, such as the tasks and populations of users. This complexity is further compounded by the fact that designers, content providers, and users can have very different cultural backgrounds. Although information in digital libraries is supposed to be available globally, its design, content provision, and use have remained local. This cultural diversity raises a number of questions regarding the crosscultural usability of digital libraries. Landauer (1995) points out that it is impossible to design an optimal user interface in the first try. If information access systems are to provide good, usable

interfaces, designers must conduct some form of testing on the interface. However, without knowing where in a system users run into problems, one has little hope of improving the system. 2.2.4 Benefits of Digital Libraries to Academic InstitutionsIBM (1994) gave some major advantages of digital libraries over traditional (paper-based) libraries they include: faster addition to the data collection with better quality control, improved search functionality, faster access to information contained in the system and also more freedom and reduced bureaucracy for individual
24

users. In addition to these, there are other potential benefits of digital libraries. These include the following: A digital library is available wherever there is a personal computer connected to the network. Therefore it can be accessed at work places and in the home. Digital libraries' information resources are available for access to users around the Clock. In a digital library environment, it is possible and easier to provide access to information resources in other formats that are not possible in the print format environment, i.e. multimedia formats like video and audio 2.3 Library Automation

In general terms, automation can be defined as the use of mechanical or electronic devices to undertake tasks which were hitherto manually performed. According to Compton interactive encyclopaedia, it is a process through which mechanical or electronic devices are employed to carry out tasks without human intervention. The computer is now a common feature to be reckoned with in the society and libraries are no exception to this.
25

In the opinions of Thompson and Carr (1987) their applications in library services have now been firmly established. Thus their relevance to the operations of the library are no longer questioned or debated. The real issue now is when they will be fully employed in the operations of libraries most especially academic libraries because computer systems have come to stay, and libraries have to be found credible. Library automation can be defined as the application of modern information technologies in carrying out library operation. Bierman (1980) defined it as the use of computers and associated technology to do exactly what has to be done in libraries with the jurisdiction of reduced costs and or increased performance. In other words it is the use of computers and other associated technologies to revolutionize the face and meaning of the libraries and redefine their existence. Salman (1975) defined library automation as the use of semi-automatic and automatic data processing machines to perform traditional library activities like acquisition cataloguing and indexing. The Winnebago software company in a step by step guide to library automation defined automation as the use of computer hardware and software for tasks that otherwise requires
26

a lot of paper work and staff work. All three definitions of library automation given all have a similarity, the use of machines in the simplification of the libraries daily routines. 2.3.1 Why automate libraries According to Rowley (1988), organizations generally adopt automation for either of the following two reasons; 1. To organise in house information to make it easily available for retrieval 2. To access external database which contains published or semi-published information Other justifications given by her for library automation include increased workload, the need for greater efficiency, opportunity for newer services and functions, networking and cooperation and the desire to give a hi-tech image especially in an era of economic boom. Omekwu (2004) identified both internal and external factors that increase the prospects for library automation. Internal factors include; favourable disposition
27

by

management

towards

automation, the acquisition of information technology based systems like CD ROMS or Disk held data, exposure from training and installation of a local area network in the organization. External factors include the need to access international databases online, growth and development of the information technology system, information resources sharing and

cooperation with other external agencies and conformity with global trends in the information environment. Cochrane (1992) gave some advantages to the automation of the library. These include; 1.Allowance for easy integration with various activities 2.It facilitates cooperation and formation of library networks 3.Eliminates uninteresting and repetitive work in the library 4.It avoids duplication of efforts within the library and other libraries on a network. 5.It gives rise to a range of services offered

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2.4

Digitization

In the past few years, libraries, companies and other business organizations have begun the conversion of their physical information resources into digital forms. This process has come to be referred to as digitization. Digitization is the primary way of storing images in a form suitable for transmission and computer processing, whether scanned from two-dimensional analogue originals or captured using an image sensor-equipped device such as a digital camera, a scanner, or acquiring precise dimensions from 3D scanning device. Abbey (1999) defined digitization as a process where recorded information in analogue form or continuous stream of information of varying density and time is fed into the computer, broken down and put together in binary code, its character being changed in a precise way into a digital format. The digital preservation coalition committee (2002) stated that digitization is the process of creating files by scanning or other means of converting analogue materials. The resulting digital copy or digital surrogate will then be referred to as a digital material and can also be preserved by the library and put to use by its users. This definition of digitization is acceptable when being
29

compared to the definition given by Abbey this is because Abbeys definition seems to infer with the word Broken down and put together that the materials are remade or the rebirth of the materials. This then would mean that some corrections and other typographical errors would then be seen and corrected or vice versa. The definition given by the digital preservation committee says the new files are being created through the use of scanners. These machines are capable of making digital copies of the original material, meaning then that the material would remain as it was.

30

References Abbey, S. (1999), why digitize libraries? Lecture series retrieved from http://www.abbeysac.uk/services/papers/abbey.paper html. Akpan, E. O. (2001), The Virtual Library. Blueprint on the National Virtual Library Project. Federal Ministry of Education. Lagos, Nigeria. Section C, pp. 20. Bierman (1980), Library Automation Ariji Vol 9. In Technology for Management and Service (ed). Madu, EC Ibadan: EviColeman p.3. Cochrane, P.A. (1992), Information Technology in Libraries and Ranganathans five laws of Library Science, Libri 42(3) p.243241. Digital Library Federation.(2000). DLF Home. Washington, DC: Council on Library and Information Resources. Retrieved May 29, 2009 from the World Wide Web: http://www.clir.org/diglih/dlfhomepage.htm. Dix, A., Finlay, J., Abowd, G. and Beale, R. (1995), Humancomputer Interaction. Prentice-Hall. Gbaje, E.S. (2007), The Challenges of Implementing Virtual Libraries for Higher Institutions in Nigeria. Departmental Seminar Paper (unpublished). IBM (1994), Digital libraries: gross structure and requirement (report from the workshop). [Online] Available WWW: http://www.ifla.org/documents/libraries/net/rj9840.pdf (Accessed 9 Sept 2009).

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Irokwe, O. P. I ( 2001), A Blueprint for Implementing Digital Libraries in Nigerian Universities. Blueprint on the National Virtual Library Project. Federal Ministry of Education. Lagos, Nigeria. Section C, pp.8. Landauer, T. (1995), The trouble with computers: Usefulness, usability and productivity. MIT Press. Mitchell, S. (1999), Interface Design Considerations in Libraries. In D. Stern (Ed.). DigitalLibraries: Philosophies, Technical Design Considerations and Example Scenarios (pp 131-181). Omekwu, C. (2004), Planning for Library and Information Centers. Computerization in Developing Countries in Technology for Information. Management Science.Madu, (ed) Ibadan: Evi Coleman pp.17-29. Oppenheim, .C. & Smithson. D. (1999), What is the Hybrid Library? Journal of Information Science, 25(2):97-112. Ribeiro-Neto, B. and Barbosa, R. (1998), Query Performance Fortnightly Coupled Distributed Digital Libraries. In: Witten, I., Akscyn, R. and Shipman, F. (editors). Proceedings of Digital Libraries'98. pp.182-190 Rowley, J. (1988), The Basis of Information Technology. London: Clive Bingley

Saracevic, T. (2000), Digital Library Evaluation: Toward an Evolution of Concepts. Library Trends, 49(3): 350-369.

Thompson. J. and Carr (1987), An introduction to university library automation 4th ed: London;Clive Bingley. Winnebago Software Company (1994), Guide Automation. A Step by Step Introduction Winnebago Science
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to Library Caledonra

CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction

The main objective of this chapter is to discuss the research design used in carrying out this study. Asika (1991) defines research design as the structuring of research for the purpose of identifying the studies variables and relationship to one another. This is used in research to show through the use of diagrams, how the variables of the proposed research will be observed, controlled and manipulated, in the generation of data necessarily for the research. Leedey in 1993 listed some basic pertinent questions to be asked when planning a research design. They are as listed below; 1. What are the data needed? 2. Where are the data located? 3. How will the data be interpreted?

33

3.1

Research Method Adopted

The research method adopted for the purpose of this study was the survey research method. This method was chosen because of its ability to sample opinions of a large spectrum of people which occupy the population. They research method was chosen so that the researcher could carefully sought useful data from the study and come up with valid conclusions about the research. The research is entitled challenges of implementing a digital libraries in academic institutions of which Ahmadu Bello University is being studied. 3.2 Population of the Study

Population according to Johnson (1980) is a collection or set of individuals, objects or measurements whose properties are being observed. Peil (1982) sees it as the cases or individuals that fit certain specification. Asika (1991) however notes that a

population is made up of all conceivable elements, observations and subjects relating to the phenomenon of interest. The phenomenon of interest in question here was the Ahmadu Bello

34

University (main campus), the idea behind this choice was based on two important factors; 1. The proximity and time frame given for the presentation of a concluded research. 2. The institutions main campus was scoped and found to have an aspect of a digital library. As a result of these reasons the topic was chosen and the population was stated to show the challenges behind

implementing a digital library. 3.3 Sampling and Sampling Techniques

A sample is a select few of an entity. A sample in mathematical context can be seen as a subset of a population. Aina (2002) shows four key values that determine the size of a sample in any research. They include; the size of the population, the variation in the characteristics being measured, the number of ways in which data is to be stratified in the analysis and precision required of the data

35

3.4

Instrument for Data Collection

The study used a primary means to collect data, this was done through the use of questionnaires. The questionnaire is constructed in a way that most questions are closed ended. The choice to use a questionnaire is based on its wide acceptability, ease of use and the potential it has to elicit the necessary data. Using the questionnaire is advantageous because it permits wide coverage which is necessary for the research also a number of published and unpublished studies demonstrates its popularity among researchers. The questionnaire is designed to be a representation of the research questions and geared to providing reasonable data that would be suitable for providing solutions for the problem statements. 3.5 Procedure for Data Collection

The researcher personally administered the questionnaires on students of the institution, Staff and system analysts of the main library of the institution. The researcher administered a total of one hundred and fifty questionnaires (150) for the study, fifty (50) for the staff and one (100) hundred
36

for

the

students.

The

questionnaire was divided into two parts section A and B. Section A, covered personal data of the respondents while section B covered issues relating to the study. Interviews were conducted to solicit information which the questionnaire could not give. This is of relevance because of the added advantage it gives due to the face to face interaction with the respondents. 3.6 Method of Data Analysis

Here the researcher used descriptive statistics through the use of simple percentages and charts. The finding gotten from these were used to answer the questions raised and show the challenges of implementing a digital library in academic institutions. 3.7 Conclusion

The chapter has presented the method to be adopted in conducting the study. It is expected that the data gathered will be fully analysed and a successful study actualized.

37

References Aina, L.O (2002) Research in information science: An African Perspective. Ibadan: Stifling-Horden Publishers (Nig) Ltd P.39

Asika(1991) Research Methodology in Behavioural Science. Ibadan: Longman Nig Plc

Leedey, P.A (1993) Practical Research: Planning and Design, 3rd ed. New York: Macmilan Publishing

38

CHAPTER FOUR DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 4.0 Introduction

This chapter presents the data collected for the study, it further analyses and discusses the data according to the research questions raised in the study. 4.1 Response rate

A total of one hundred and fifty (150) copies of the questionnaire were distributed. Out of these questionnaires a hundred (100) were returned fully completed, Twenty (20) for the staff out of a total of fifty distributed giving a percentage of forty (40%), and Eighty (80) for the students from a hundred (100) distributed having a percentage of eighty (80%). This response rate could be attributed to the persuasive manner in which the researcher approached the respondents and persuaded them to fill the questionnaire. Since the overall response rate is above average it would provide viable data for the completion of the project.

39

4.1.1 Distribution of respondents by academic qualification The academic qualification of the respondents is a function of their productivity, hence the need to include it as a variable in the study. This is because it is assumed that as the respondents are growing in the Academic ladder, their method of interacting with peers and getting access to information sources are wider thereby influencing their productivity, experiences in research, assignments and other academic activities. The distribution of the respondents by their academic rank is presented in table 4.1.2. Table 4.1.2 Distribution of respondents by Academic Qualification (Staff) Academic Qualification N.C.E/Diploma Degree(BLS) Masters & Above Total No of Percentage respondents 7 5 8 20 35 25 40 100

Table 4.1.2 shows that the majority of staff sampled were masters and above holders with 40% which was closely followed by
40

N.C.E/Diploma holders this is a good sign because it tells that there is a higher percentage of professional staff working in the library higher thus they are more knowledgeable in the developments of the profession. 4.2 Data Presentation and Analysis

This section seeks to present the analysis of the data collected from the staff for the purpose of this study. To do so effectively the presentation is done using descriptive analysis, which is carried out through the use of charts and tables. 4.2.1 Benefits of a Digital Library (staff) The researcher provided the respondents with statements on usual benefits ascribed to the use of the digital library. They were requested to tick the most appropriate responses. The data collected in this regard is presented in table 4.2.2

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Table 4.2.2 Benefits of a digital library Benefits Remote Access Faster Access to Information Freedom/Reduced bureaucracy Improved search Total Respondents Percentage 5 6 7 2 20 25 30 35 10 100

The table 4.2.2 shows that the respondents would derive greater freedom and reduced bureaucracy with total respondents of 7(35%), a faster access to information resources 6(30%) followed by remote access at 5(25%). Ten per cent (10%) of the respondents thought they would derive improved search

functionality. Also sampled was the level of satisfaction a digital library would give as compared to the normal library, most of the respondents here showed high satisfaction to the services offered.

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Table 4.2.3Challenges of Implementing a Digital Library Challenges Inadequate fund for DL software Network issues Power shortages Poor views about DLs Lack of Qualified Staff Total Level of responses 12 10 4 6 8 40
Challenges of implementing a DL
35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

% 30 25 10 15 20 100

Fig 1

Inadequate funds

Network Issues

Power shortages

Poor Views

Lack of Qualified Staff

Table 4.2.3 and Fig 1 show that the inadequate funds for the digital library software were seen as the biggest challenge of implementing a digital library to the university. This could be as a result of budget cut of libraries, the expensive nature of these software and the cost of starting these projects. The lowest
43

challenge shown in the table and graph was power shortages. This could be attributed to the solar panels and inverters the libraries server and library is run on. Also analysed here was who should be in charge of handling the digital library. To this end there was an incline to the view that librarians with information technology skills should run the operations of the digital library probably because librarians are taught to support the view of freedom of access to information and open access and with the information technology skills they could better aid this view. 4.3 Digital Libraries and Academic Performance (staff)

Of the twenty staff sampled only nine (9) were currently undergoing any academic training their responses are tabulated and shown below. Table 4.3.1 Digital libraries and academic performance DL & academic performance Supplement lectures Provision of relevant resources Total 13 Responses 4 9

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The table shows that all nine (9) respondents felt that a digital library would provide relevant information resources for them. While four out of the total nine thought that the start of a digital library would act as a supplement to their lectures. 4.4 Formats of Information Resources to be Provided (staff)

The researcher sought to know what forms of information resources should be provided if the digital library should begin. This was in an attempt to make sure that the resources meet the users need and the become benefactors of the project. Their responses are shown and discussed below. Table 4.4.1 information formats to be provided Information Respondents Percentage Formats Paper 4 16.7 Electronic 8 33.3 Combination of 12 50 the two Total 24 100 The table 4.4.1 shows that twelve (50%) of the respondents say the library should provide a combination of both (paper and electronic) information resources. This could be attributed to various factors;

45

The fact that not every one owns or can afford to purchase a computer, not everyone knows how to operate a computer and health issues. The Students Here we shall analyse the data gathered from the students of the institution of which we have a total of eighty questionnaires. Of this eighty they gender distribution was as follows forty five (45) male and thirty five (35) female respondents. Also there was a higher number of undergraduate (55) against the postgraduate (25) all these are shown in the tables below. Table showing number of male to female respondents and their percentage Gender Male Female Total No of respondents 45 35 80 Percentage 56 44 100

Table showing Academic status of respondents Academic Status Undergraduate Postgraduate Total No of respondents 55 25 80 Percentage 69 31 100

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4.5

Benefits Perceived from a Digital Library (Students) Table 4.5.1 Perceived Benefits of a Digital Library Respondents 40 29 15 84 Percentage 47.62 34.52 17.86 100

Benefits Faster Access to Information Stress Free Search Reduced Bureaucracy Total

Table 4.5.1 shows that students felt a digital library would give them faster access to information this notion is represented by forty respondents half of the total valid questionnaires gotten while only fifteen thought a digital library would give reduced bureaucracy. 4.6 Perceived Challenges of Executing a Digital Library (Students) Table 4.6.1 Challenges of Executing a Digital Library Challenges Bandwidth Issues Power Issues Inadequate Computers Insufficient Finance Management Problems Total No of Responses 34 12 26 14 30 116 Percentage (%) 29.3 10.3 22.4 12.1 25.9 100

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The table shows that a total number of thirty four (34) responses were flagged to bandwidth issues signifying that if the university was to think of starting a digital library for its students it would have to make sure that it is built on a sound network framework another issue closely tied to this was management problems which had a total response rate of thirty (30). Not many responses were gotten on power issues in the university this could be attributed to the fact that the university has a section (bulk metering) specifically to cater to all power issues and also because the main library has a stand by generator and inverters. A representation of the table is given in figure 2 below
Challenges of executing a DL
50 40 30 20 10 0

Fig 2

Bandwidth Issues

Power Issues

Inadequate Computers

Inadequate Finance

Management Problems

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4.7

Influence of Digital Libraries on Academic Performance

Table 4.7.1 Influence of Digital Libraries on Students Academic Performance Influence Relevant resources Supplement Lectures Total Responses 49 31 80 Percentage 61 39 100

The table 4.7.1 shows that forty nine (61%) of the respondents felt a digital library would provide relevant resources while thirty one (39%) felt a digital library would supplement their lectures. 4.8 Conclusion

This chapter has successfully presented and analysed the data collected for the purpose of this study. One can clearly ascertain from the tables and graphs the information it portrays. A digital library would pose some challenges but also bring some good to the way and manner of information service provision to the staff and students.

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CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY OF FINDINGS CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.0 Introduction

The aim of this study is to determine the challenges of implementing a digital library in an academic institution and show the likely problems that are inherent and likely to be encountered during the execution of the digital library. The study will not be doing justice if it does not provide solution to these likely problems. This chapter is therefore set forward to provide summary of findings, conclusions on the issues bothering on the challenges of implementing a digital library and recommendation. 5.1 Summary of Findings

Given the data gathered and analysed in chapter four, it is evident that the major challenge of implementing digital libraries are inadequate funds and bandwidth issues which is because of the small amount of money allocated for the running of the library. One can also see from the data gathered that staff thought the greatest benefit of the digital library is freedom and reduced
50

bureaucracy and faster access to information while students saw faster access to information as being the greatest benefit. This is because a digital library would mean access to information through the use of a computer whos processing and retrieval capability is far greater and faster than the human. Finally the data gathered also revealed that the format of information favoured by the user of the digital library would be a combination of paper forms of information and digital or electronic documents. 5.2 Conclusion

In conclusion, it is evident from the study of the challenges of implementing a digital library that the digital library would have valid benefits to both the staff and students of the institution, however no good thing comes easy and thus the library or a library implementing a digital library should be ready to counter the challenges shown in this study. The fact that majority of the students sampled thought that the major challenge of the digital library project would be bandwidth issues should not be overlooked because this is an indication that the information and

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communication technology (ICT) required for the smooth take-off of the project is poorly developed. 5.3 Recommendation

Having investigated the problems that would possibly militate against the potential start of the digital library in academic institutions, the researcher has come up with the following recommendations. Qualified people who have the skill and knowledge to run the project should be employed or better still the library should train its current staff so that the can be involved in the building of the digital library. The library should seek for grants that would enable them fund the digital library project because such a project although necessary is expensive and the library would not want to start such a project just to end it mid-way because of lack of funds. The library management should also have conversations with other libraries that have undergone similar projects so they can assess other potential challenges and make plans to do better.

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Bibliography Abbey, S. (1999), why digitize libraries? Lecture series retrieved from http://www.abbeysac.uk/services/papers/abbey.paper html. Aguolu, I. E. Nigerian University Libraries: What Future? The International Information and Library Review, 1996.28(3): 262.

Aina, L.O (2002) Research in information science: An African Perspective. Ibadan: Stifling-Horden Publishers (Nig) Ltd P.39 Akpan, E. O. (2001), The Virtual Library. Blueprint on the National Virtual Library Project. Federal Ministry of Education. Lagos, Nigeria. Section C, pp. 20. Allen B. Vannear. Major Decision Points in Library Automation, College and Research Libraries, 31(September 1970), 303-304 Arms, W. Y. Key concepts in the architecture of the digital library. D-lib Magazine, July, 1995URL:http://www.dlib.org/dlib/July95/07arms.html Asika(1991) Research Methodology in Behavioural Science. Ibadan: Longman Nig Plc Bierman (1980), Library Automation Ariji Vol 9. In Technology for Management and Service (ed). Madu, EC Ibadan: EviColeman p.3. Cochrane, P.A. (1992), Information Technology in Libraries and Ranganathans five laws of Library Science, Libri 42(3) p.243241.
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Devchoudhuri, G.B. Digital Libraries: An overview In T.A.V. Murthy et al (ed): Automation of Libraries in North Eastern Region: Trends, Issues and challenges. PLANNER. Shillong. Nov. 6-7. 2003. Inflibnet. Pp 172-176 Digital Library Federation.(2000). DLF Home. Washington, DC: Council on Library and Information Resources. Retrieved May 29, 2009 from the World Wide Web: http://www.clir.org/diglih/dlfhomepage.htm. Dix, A., Finlay, J., Abowd, G. and Beale, R. (1995), Humancomputer Interaction. Prentice-Hall. Gbaje, E.S. (2007), The Challenges of Implementing Virtual Libraries for Higher Institutions in Nigeria. Departmental Seminar Paper (unpublished). IBM (1994), Digital libraries: gross structure and requirement (report from the workshop). [Online] Available WWW: http://www.ifla.org/documents/libraries/net/rj9840.pdf (Accessed 9 Sept 2009). "Information Processing." Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica Student and Home Edition. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2010. Irokwe, O. P. I ( 2001), A Blueprint for Implementing Digital Libraries in Nigerian Universities. Blueprint on the National Virtual Library Project. Federal Ministry of Education. Lagos, Nigeria. Section C, pp.8. Kumar, P.S.G. Students Manual of Library and Information Science, BR Publishing Corporation. New Delhi, 2002. pp 717-719 Landauer, T. (1995), The trouble with computers: Usefulness, usability and productivity. MIT Press.

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Leedey, P.A (1993) Practical Research: Planning and Design, 3rd ed. New York: Macmilan Publishing Mitchell, S. (1999), Interface Design Considerations in Libraries. In D. Stern (Ed.). DigitalLibraries: Philosophies, Technical Design Considerations and Example Scenarios (pp 131-181). Omekwu, C. (2004), Planning for Library and Information Centers. Computerization in Developing Countries in Technology for Information. Management Science.Madu, (ed) Ibadan: Evi Coleman pp.17-29. Oppenheim, .C. & Smithson. D. (1999), What is the Hybrid Library? Journal of Information Science, 25(2):97-112. Paul Beckett and James OConnell, Education and Power in Nigeria, Hodder and Stoughton, 1977, pp. 26-30; and History of Ahmadu Bello University, Appendix V and VI, pp. 280-1 Ribeiro-Neto, B. and Barbosa, R. (1998), Query Performance Fortnightly Coupled Distributed Digital Libraries. In: Witten, I., Akscyn, R. and Shipman, F. (editors). Proceedings of Digital Libraries'98. pp.182-190 Rowley, J. (1988), The Basis of Information Technology. London: Clive Bingley Saracevic, T. (2000), Digital Library Evaluation: Toward an Evolution of Concepts. Library Trends, 49(3): 350-369. Sir Eric Ashby. Investment in Education: The Report of the Commission on Post-School Certificate and Higher Education (Lagos, 1960) Thompson. J. and Carr (1987), An introduction to university library automation 4th ed: London;Clive Bingley.

Winnebago Software Company (1994), Guide Automation. A Step by Step Introduction Winnebago Science
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to Library Caledonra

APPENDIX I

Dept of Library and Information Science, Faculty of Education, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 4/10/2010 Dear Sir/Madam, QUESTIONNAIRE ON THE CHALLENGES OF IMPLEMENTING A DIGITAL LIBRARY IN ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS CASE STUDY A.B.U ZARIA I am currently undertaking a research on the above subject matter. I will be most obliged if you can assist me in filling this questionnaire for the research. By properly ticking the most appropriate boxes. Your responses will be treated with utmost confidentiality and strictly for academic purposes. Thanks for your cooperation and assistance. Yours Sincerely Imoisili O. Odigie (Researcher)

56

QUESTIONNAIRE TO BE FILLED BY STAFF ONLY Section A: Background information Gender Status Male [ Senior [ ] ] Female Junior [ [ ] ]

Working Experience a. Below 3 yrs. b. 3-8 yrs. c. 8-13 yrs. d. 13-20 yrs. [ [ [ [ ] ] ] ] ]

e. 20 yrs. and Above [ Academic Qualification a. N.C.E/Diploma b. Degree (BLS) c. Masters and Above

[ [ [

] ] ]

Section B: Benefits of a Digital Library 1. Have you ever used a digital library? Yes [ ] No [ ]

2. How did you access the digital library? a. Over the internet b. On your Local Intranet [ [ ] ]

3. What were the benefits of the digital library

57

a. Remote access b. Faster access to information

[ [

] ] ] ]

c. Freedom/reduced bureaucracy [ d. Improved search functionality [

4. How satisfied were you with the services of the digital library as compared the normal library? a. Very satisfied b. Satisfied c. Partially Satisfied d. Not Satisfied [ [ [ [ ] ] ] ]

Section C: Challenges of Implementing a Digital Library 1. Which of the following challenges do you envisage in implementing a digital library in A.B.U? a. Inadequate funds for digital library software b. Network Issues c. Power shortages d. Poor views of the Digital Library e. Lack of qualified staff 2. Who should be in charge of the digital library a. Librarians b. IT Professionals c. Librarians with IT Skills [ [ [
58

[ [ [ [ [

] ] ] ] ]

] ] ]

Section D: Digital Libraries and Academic Performance 1. Are you currently undergoing any form of training? Yes [ ] No [ ]

2. If yes in which of the following ways do you think a digital library would help? a. Provision of relevant information resources b. Supplement Lectures Section E: Forms of information to be provided 1. What form of information should be provided in the digital library a. Paper Based b. Electronic based c. Combination of the two [ [ [ ] ] ] [ [ ] ]

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APPENDIX II

Dept of Library and Information Science, Faculty of Education, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 4/10/2010 Dear Sir/Madam, QUESTIONNAIRE ON THE CHALLENGES OF IMPLEMENTING A DIGITAL LIBRARY IN ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS CASE STUDY A.B.U ZARIA I am currently undertaking a research on the above subject matter. I will be most obliged if you can assist me in filling this questionnaire for the research. By properly ticking the most appropriate boxes. Your responses will be treated with utmost confidentiality and strictly for academic purposes. Thanks for your cooperation and assistance. Yours Sincerely Imoisili O. Odigie (Researcher)

60

QUESTIONNAIRE TO BE FILLED BY STUDENTS ONLY Section A: Background information Gender Academic Status Male [ ] Female Postgraduate [ [ ] ]

Undergraduate [ ]

Section B: Perceived Benefits of a Digital Library 5. Have you ever heard of a digital library? Yes [ ] No [ ]

6. Have you ever use one? c. Yes [ ] No [ ]

7. In your opinion what benefits would you derive from a digital library e. Faster access to information resources f. Stress free search for information g. Reduced bureaucracy [ [ [ ] ] ]

Section C: Challenges of Executing a Digital Library 3. Which of the following challenges do you envisage in implementing a digital library in A.B.U? f. Bandwidth Issues g. Power Issues h. Insufficient Computers i. j. Insufficient Finance Management Problems [ [ [ [ [ ] ] ] ] ]

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Section D: Influence of Digital Libraries on Academic Performance 1. Through which of the following do you think a Digital Library would impact your academic performance? c. Provision of relevant information resources d. Supplement Lectures [ [ ] ]

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